Bump Golang version to v1.22.9

[RainbowMango]

What type of PR is this?

/kind cleanup

What this PR does / why we need it:

Thist PR bump Golang to the latest v1.22 release.

Which issue(s) this PR fixes:
Part of #5796

Special notes for your reviewer:

Does this PR introduce a user-facing change?:

Karmada now built with Golang v1.22.9.

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[RainbowMango]

Found a weird failing test:

=== Failed
=== FAIL: pkg/search/proxy/store TestMultiClusterCache_Get/get_pod_with_large_resource_version (0.00s)
    multi_cluster_cache_test.go:423: Unexpected error: <nil>
    --- FAIL: TestMultiClusterCache_Get/get_pod_with_large_resource_version (0.00s)

=== FAIL: pkg/search/proxy/store TestMultiClusterCache_Get (0.00s)
I1115 02:35:53.177859   28832 multi_cluster_cache.go:100] Add cache for cluster cluster1
I1115 02:35:53.177907   28832 cluster_cache.go:86] Add cache for cluster1 /v1, Resource=pods
I1115 02:35:53.178040   28832 cluster_cache.go:86] Add cache for cluster1 /v1, Resource=nodes
I1115 02:35:53.178163   28832 multi_cluster_cache.go:100] Add cache for cluster cluster2
I1115 02:35:53.178203   28832 cluster_cache.go:86] Add cache for cluster2 /v1, Resource=pods

But I can't reproduce it after several runs on my side.
@XiShanYongYe-Chang Any thougts?

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Codecov Report

All modified and coverable lines are covered by tests ✅

Project coverage is 44.85%. Comparing base (35b7e8f) to head (82aa1e7).

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Additional details and impacted files

@@           Coverage Diff           @@
##           master    #5820   +/-   ##
=======================================
  Coverage   44.84%   44.85%           
=======================================
  Files         658      658           
  Lines       53917    53917           
=======================================
+ Hits        24180    24185    +5     
+ Misses      28169    28165    -4     
+ Partials     1568     1567    -1     

Flag	Coverage Δ
unittests	44.85% <ø> (+<0.01%)	⬆️

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