refactor(framework:skip) Refactor docker build matrix

[Robert-Steiner]

Issue

Description

The Pull Request includes a refactor of the Docker workflows to minimize code duplication. This refactor makes it easier to add or remove Docker images without changing multiple workflow files. Specifically:

• The binary matrices for the nightly and unstable workflows have been moved into the dev/build-docker-image-matrix.py script.
• The creation of tags and independent build arguments (except for setuptools and pip versions, which are defined elsewhere) are now managed within the script.
• Base and binary images now support multiple tags for nightly and unstable. This allows us to use nightly/unstable for CPU images and nightly-cuda/unstable-cuda for CUDA images.
• CUDA images will be enabled in a separate PR.
• stable CI run: https://github.com/adap/flower/actions/runs/11800915246
• unstable CI run: https://github.com/adap/flower/actions/runs/11798418661
• nightly CI run: https://github.com/adap/flower/actions/runs/11798750268

Related issues/PRs

Proposal

Explanation

Checklist

• Implement proposed change
• Write tests
• Update documentation
• Make CI checks pass
• Ping maintainers on Slack (channel #contributions)

Any other comments?

[tanertopal]

lgtm!