This repo contains the data behind the story Police Misconduct Costs Cities Millions Every Year, But That's Where The Accountability Ends.
As we describe in an accompanying article, this data has major issues. It constitutes our best guess at the amount of money that was paid out as settlements for police misconduct from 2010-19 (or for the range otherwise provided), but different cities have different ways of collecting, storing and categorizing such settlements. As a result, this data should not be compared across cities. We have no way of knowing (or checking) whether the kinds of misconduct this covers are comparable across cities. (For example, city officials in Boston likely interpreted our request more narrowly than those in New York City.) Descriptions of the types of misconduct are included where provided, but are also not comparable across cities. For this reason, while we are making all the data we obtained available, we are not providing it in an easy-to-use, collated data set. This is because we don’t want you to use it this way!
Moreover, while records within the same city might be more comparable across time, this is also not encouraged. Data storage may have changed in this time period, as have the humans who entered the information into it, and much of the information entered is subject to human categorization based on judgement calls that cannot be assumed to have stayed constant over time. And even if the data collection had stayed the same for the entire period, other factors (such as whether cities are likely to settle in response to police misconduct and if so, for how much) may have changed such that the settlements themselves are a poor measure of police misconduct. For these reasons, we advise extreme caution when comparing this data across time and within a city.
Each city folder contains:
- an R script that cleans the data
- an
original/folder that contains original data as provided by the city. - an
intermediate/folder - if we did any manual data cleaning. This folder contains data after the manual data cleaning step (e.g. anxlsxsheet into which data from a pdf was copied). - a
final/folder that contains data output of the cleaning script, with columns described by the data dictionary below.
| Variable name | Definition |
|---|---|
| incident_date | Date on which incident took place |
| incident_year | Pulled from filed_year |
| filed_date | Date claim or lawsuit was filed |
| filed_year | Pulled from filed_date |
| closed_date | Date at which settlement was reached OR paid (depending on what was provided) |
| calendar_year | Pulled from settlement date or closed_date |
| city | City name |
| state | State abbreviation |
| amount_awarded | Amount awarded to claimant in the settlement |
| other_expenses | Additional expenses, such as legal fees (e.g. in Charleston, North Charleston), when available |
| total_incurred | Total expenses: amount_awarded + other_expenses |
| collection | Whether money was collected? |
| case_outcome | Case status as of the date the data was collected, e.g. whether a case was settled, went to jury, or is still pending |
| docket_number | Case docket number, when available |
| claim_number | Claim number, when available |
| court | Court in which the settlement was reached, when available |
| plaintiff_name | Name of plaintiff/claimant |
| matter_name | Case name (generally of the form "Plaintiff v Defendant") |
| plaintiff_attorney | Legal representation of plaintiff |
| location | Location at which the incident happened, when available |
| summary_allegations | Description of allegations -- sometimes aggregated into categories, sometimes very detailed. We retained as much detail as was available. Separated by ";" |
| claim_or_lawsuit | Indicator of whether the entry was a claim or a lawsuit, when available |
| defendant | Name of defendant(s), when available. Sometimes a list of police officers was provided separately. |
This is the text of the FOIA request we sent to each city:
Dear Records Officer,
Pursuant to all laws and traditions governing the release of public records in your jurisdiction, I am requesting records related to any and all civil lawsuits brought forth against the [CITY] Police Department or [CITY] PD law enforcement officials that resulted in a monetary legal settlement between the period of January 1, 2010 and December 31, 2019.
Specifically, I am requesting any and all records concerning each legal settlement, including:
- Name(s) of plaintiff(s)
- Name(s) of officer(s) involved
- Name of court and docket number
- Date of incident at issue
- Location of incident at issue
- Date lawsuit filed
- Date lawsuit resolved
- Type of misconduct
- Summary of allegations
- Settlement amount
- Name of plaintiff’s attorney (or pro se status if plaintiff represented him/herself)
Please provide the records in an electronic spreadsheet. In addition, I request you send along any data dictionaries that accompany these records.
Please waive any applicable fees. I am a representative of the news media through FiveThirtyEight and The Marshall Project. Release of this information is in the public interest because it will help the public understand how taxpayer dollars are used to compensate victims of police misconduct.
If my request is denied in whole or part, I ask that you justify all deletions and denials by reference to specific exemptions of the laws and traditions in your state. I also request that you release all segregable portions of the otherwise exempt material. I reserve the right to appeal your decision to withhold any information or to deny any waiver of fees.
As I am making this request as a journalist and this information is of timely value, I would appreciate your communication through telephone or email if you have any questions regarding this request. I can be reached by email at [email] and by phone at [phone].
Thank you for your assistance.
| City | Outcome | Time period |
|---|---|---|
| Atlanta, GA | Received data | 2015-2020 |
| Baltimore, MD | Received data that was not responsive to FOIA | 2015-2020 |
| Baton Rouge, LA | Received data | 2010-2019 |
| Birmingham, AL | Did not receive data | |
| Boston, MA | Received data | 2010-2019 |
| Bridgeport, CT | Did not receive data | |
| Buffalo, NY | Did not receive data | |
| Cambridge, MA | Received data | 2010-2019 |
| Charleston, SC | Received data | 2010-2019 |
| Chattanooga, TN | Did not receive data | |
| Chicago, IL | Received data | 2010-2019 |
| Cincinnati, OH | Received data | 2010-2020 |
| Cleveland, OH | Received data | 2010-2020 |
| Columbia, SC | Received data | 2010-2019 |
| Dayton, OH | Did not receive data | |
| Detroit, MI | Received data | 2010-2019 |
| Elizabeth, NJ | Did not receive data | |
| Fort Lauderdale, FL | Received data | 2011-2019 |
| Hartford, CT | Received data, unusable | |
| Indianapolis, IN | Received data | 2010-2019 |
| Jersey City, NJ | Received data, unusable | |
| Kansas City, MO | Received data, unusable | |
| Little Rock, AR | Received data | 2010-2019 |
| Los Angeles, CA | Received data | 2010-2019 |
| Memphis, TN | Received data | 2013-2019 |
| Miami, FL | Received data | 2010-2020 |
| Milwaukee, WI | Received data | 2010-2019 |
| New Haven, CT | Did not receive data | |
| New Orleans, LA | Received data | 2010-2019 |
| New York City, NY | Received data | 2010-2019 |
| Newark, NJ | Did not receive data | |
| Norfolk, VA | Did not receive data | |
| North Charleston, SC | Received data | 2010-2019 |
| Orlando, FL | Received data | 2010-2018 |
| Paterson, NJ | Received data | 2010-2019 |
| Philadelphia, PA | Received data | 2009-2019 |
| Pittsburgh, PA | Did not receive data | |
| Richmond, VA | Received data | 2010-2019 |
| Roanoke, VA | Received data | 2010-2019 |
| Rochester, NY | Did not receive data | |
| San Francisco, CA | Received data | 2010-2019 |
| Shreveport, LA | Received data, unusable | |
| Springfield, MA | Received data | 2006-2020 |
| St Louis, MO | Received data | 2015-2019 |
| Syracuse, NY | Did not receive data | |
| Tuscaloosa, AL | Did not receive data | |
| Washington, DC | Received data | 2010-2019 |
| Waterbury, CT | Received data | 2011-2019 |
| West Palm Beach, FL | Did not receive data | |
| Yonkers, NY | Did not receive data |