From 5e6436420968d150ad05a5348566a75258f938a9 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: GitHub Actions <actions@github.com>
Date: Tue, 5 Mar 2024 00:12:43 +0000
Subject: [PATCH] site deploy

Auto-generated via {sandpaper}
Source  : ddc1a9d11815e6672f4079417fe0fdb43f6f6ddf
Branch  : md-outputs
Author  : GitHub Actions <actions@github.com>
Time    : 2024-03-05 00:12:13 +0000
Message : markdown source builds

Auto-generated via {sandpaper}
Source  : 1f1aac6280b7bb884366f0b6576cf2f4a5e56da0
Branch  : main
Author  : Naupaka Zimmerman <naupaka@gmail.com>
Time    : 2024-03-05 00:06:18 +0000
Message : Merge pull request #884 from swcarpentry/update/packages

Update 17 packages
---
 01-rstudio-intro.html                    |  84 ++--
 02-project-intro.html                    |  37 +-
 03-seeking-help.html                     |  22 +-
 04-data-structures-part1.html            |  75 ++--
 05-data-structures-part2.html            |  21 +-
 06-data-subsetting.html                  |  57 ++-
 07-control-flow.html                     |  75 ++--
 08-plot-ggplot2.html                     |  43 +-
 09-vectorization.html                    |  53 ++-
 10-functions.html                        |  68 ++-
 11-writing-data.html                     |  10 +-
 12-plyr.html                             |  19 +-
 13-dplyr.html                            |  34 +-
 14-tidyr.html                            |   6 +-
 15-knitr-markdown.html                   |  28 +-
 16-wrap-up.html                          |  15 +-
 404.html                                 |   4 +-
 CODE_OF_CONDUCT.html                     |   6 +-
 LICENSE.html                             |   6 +-
 aio.html                                 | 531 ++++++++++++-----------
 discuss.html                             |   6 +-
 images.html                              |   4 +-
 index.html                               |   4 +-
 instructor-notes.html                    |   6 +-
 instructor/01-rstudio-intro.html         |  84 ++--
 instructor/02-project-intro.html         |  37 +-
 instructor/03-seeking-help.html          |  22 +-
 instructor/04-data-structures-part1.html |  75 ++--
 instructor/05-data-structures-part2.html |  21 +-
 instructor/06-data-subsetting.html       |  57 ++-
 instructor/07-control-flow.html          |  75 ++--
 instructor/08-plot-ggplot2.html          |  43 +-
 instructor/09-vectorization.html         |  53 ++-
 instructor/10-functions.html             |  68 ++-
 instructor/11-writing-data.html          |  10 +-
 instructor/12-plyr.html                  |  19 +-
 instructor/13-dplyr.html                 |  34 +-
 instructor/14-tidyr.html                 |   6 +-
 instructor/15-knitr-markdown.html        |  28 +-
 instructor/16-wrap-up.html               |  15 +-
 instructor/404.html                      |   4 +-
 instructor/CODE_OF_CONDUCT.html          |   6 +-
 instructor/LICENSE.html                  |   6 +-
 instructor/aio.html                      | 531 ++++++++++++-----------
 instructor/discuss.html                  |   6 +-
 instructor/images.html                   |   4 +-
 instructor/index.html                    |   4 +-
 instructor/instructor-notes.html         |   6 +-
 instructor/key-points.html               |   4 +-
 instructor/profiles.html                 |   4 +-
 instructor/reference.html                |   6 +-
 key-points.html                          |   4 +-
 md5sum.txt                               |  52 +--
 pkgdown.yml                              |   4 +-
 profiles.html                            |   4 +-
 reference.html                           |   6 +-
 56 files changed, 1218 insertions(+), 1294 deletions(-)

diff --git a/01-rstudio-intro.html b/01-rstudio-intro.html
index c35cb6902..90aecfa52 100644
--- a/01-rstudio-intro.html
+++ b/01-rstudio-intro.html
@@ -360,7 +360,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header" id="flush-headingTwelve">
       </div>
       <hr></nav><main id="main-content" class="main-content"><div class="container lesson-content">
         <h1>Introduction to R and RStudio</h1>
-        <p>Last updated on 2024-02-27 |
+        <p>Last updated on 2024-03-05 |
         
         <a href="https://github.com/swcarpentry/r-novice-gapminder/edit/main/episodes/01-rstudio-intro.Rmd" class="external-link">Edit this page <i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="edit"></i></a></p>
         
@@ -453,13 +453,12 @@ <h3 class="card-title">Objectives</h3>
 <li>Files/Plots/Packages/Help/Viewer (tabbed in lower right)</li>
 </ul><figure><img src="fig/01-rstudio.png" alt="RStudio layout" class="figure mx-auto d-block"></figure><p>Once you open files, such as R scripts, an editor panel will also
 open in the top left.</p>
-<figure><img src="fig/01-rstudio-script.png" alt="RStudio layout with .R file open" class="figure mx-auto d-block"></figure><div id="r-scripts" class="callout callout">
+<figure><img src="fig/01-rstudio-script.png" alt="RStudio layout with .R file open" class="figure mx-auto d-block"></figure><div id="callout1" class="callout">
 <div class="callout-square">
 <i class="callout-icon" data-feather="bell"></i>
 </div>
-<div id="r-scripts" class="callout-inner">
-<h3 class="callout-title">R scripts<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#r-scripts"></a>
-</h3>
+<div class="section level3 callout-title callout-inner">
+<h3 class="callout-title" id="r-scripts">R scripts<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#r-scripts"></a></h3>
 <div class="callout-content">
 <p>Any commands that you write in the R console can be saved to a file
 to be re-run again. Files containing R code to be ran in this way are
@@ -482,13 +481,12 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">R scripts<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#
 </ol><ul><li>This is a great way to start; all your code is saved for later</li>
 <li>You will be able to run the file you create from within RStudio or
 using R’s <code>source()</code> function.</li>
-</ul><div id="tip-running-segments-of-your-code" class="callout callout">
+</ul><div id="callout2" class="callout">
 <div class="callout-square">
 <i class="callout-icon" data-feather="bell"></i>
 </div>
-<div id="tip-running-segments-of-your-code" class="callout-inner">
-<h3 class="callout-title">Tip: Running segments of your code<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#tip-running-segments-of-your-code"></a>
-</h3>
+<div class="section level3 callout-title callout-inner">
+<h3 class="callout-title" id="tip-running-segments-of-your-code">Tip: Running segments of your code<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#tip-running-segments-of-your-code"></a></h3>
 <div class="callout-content">
 <p>RStudio offers you great flexibility in running code from within the
 editor window. There are buttons, menu choices, and keyboard shortcuts.
@@ -543,7 +541,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 <div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb3">
 <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
-<pre class="sourceCode r" tabindex="0"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb3-1"><a href="#cb3-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="sc">&gt;</span> <span class="dv">1</span> <span class="sc">+</span></span></code></pre>
+<pre class="sourceCode r" tabindex="0"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb3-1"><a href="#cb3-1" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="sc">&gt;</span> <span class="dv">1</span> <span class="sc">+</span></span></code></pre>
 </div>
 <div class="codewrapper">
 <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
@@ -554,13 +552,12 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 “&gt;”, it means it’s waiting for you to complete the command. If you
 want to cancel a command you can hit <kbd>Esc</kbd> and RStudio will
 give you back the “&gt;” prompt.</p>
-<div id="tip-canceling-commands" class="callout callout">
+<div id="callout3" class="callout">
 <div class="callout-square">
 <i class="callout-icon" data-feather="bell"></i>
 </div>
-<div id="tip-canceling-commands" class="callout-inner">
-<h3 class="callout-title">Tip: Canceling commands<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#tip-canceling-commands"></a>
-</h3>
+<div class="section level3 callout-title callout-inner">
+<h3 class="callout-title" id="tip-canceling-commands">Tip: Canceling commands<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#tip-canceling-commands"></a></h3>
 <div class="callout-content">
 <p>If you’re using R from the command line instead of from within
 RStudio, you need to use <kbd>Ctrl</kbd>+<kbd>C</kbd> instead of
@@ -794,13 +791,12 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 </h3>
 <pre class="output" tabindex="0"><code>[1] TRUE</code></pre>
 </div>
-<div id="tip-comparing-numbers" class="callout callout">
+<div id="callout4" class="callout">
 <div class="callout-square">
 <i class="callout-icon" data-feather="bell"></i>
 </div>
-<div id="tip-comparing-numbers" class="callout-inner">
-<h3 class="callout-title">Tip: Comparing Numbers<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#tip-comparing-numbers"></a>
-</h3>
+<div class="section level3 callout-title callout-inner">
+<h3 class="callout-title" id="tip-comparing-numbers">Tip: Comparing Numbers<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#tip-comparing-numbers"></a></h3>
 <div class="callout-content">
 <p>A word of warning about comparing numbers: you should never use
 <code>==</code> to compare two numbers unless they are integers (a data
@@ -913,14 +909,14 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Challenge 1<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href=
 <div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb43">
 <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
-<pre class="sourceCode r" tabindex="0"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb43-1"><a href="#cb43-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>min_height</span>
-<span id="cb43-2"><a href="#cb43-2" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>max.height</span>
-<span id="cb43-3"><a href="#cb43-3" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>_age</span>
-<span id="cb43-4"><a href="#cb43-4" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>.mass</span>
-<span id="cb43-5"><a href="#cb43-5" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>MaxLength</span>
-<span id="cb43-6"><a href="#cb43-6" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>min<span class="sc">-</span>length</span>
-<span id="cb43-7"><a href="#cb43-7" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>2widths</span>
-<span id="cb43-8"><a href="#cb43-8" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>celsius2kelvin</span></code></pre>
+<pre class="sourceCode r" tabindex="0"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb43-1"><a href="#cb43-1" tabindex="-1"></a>min_height</span>
+<span id="cb43-2"><a href="#cb43-2" tabindex="-1"></a>max.height</span>
+<span id="cb43-3"><a href="#cb43-3" tabindex="-1"></a>_age</span>
+<span id="cb43-4"><a href="#cb43-4" tabindex="-1"></a>.mass</span>
+<span id="cb43-5"><a href="#cb43-5" tabindex="-1"></a>MaxLength</span>
+<span id="cb43-6"><a href="#cb43-6" tabindex="-1"></a>min<span class="sc">-</span>length</span>
+<span id="cb43-7"><a href="#cb43-7" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="dv">2</span>widths</span>
+<span id="cb43-8"><a href="#cb43-8" tabindex="-1"></a>celsius2kelvin</span></code></pre>
 </div>
 </div>
 </div>
@@ -930,7 +926,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i
 <button class="accordion-button solution-button collapsed" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#collapseSolution1" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseSolution1">
   <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution1">Solution to challenge 1</h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution1" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution1" aria-labelledby="headingSolution1">
+<div id="collapseSolution1" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution1" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution1">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>The following can be used as R variables:</p>
 <div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb44">
@@ -953,9 +949,9 @@ <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i
 <div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb46">
 <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
-<pre class="sourceCode r" tabindex="0"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb46-1"><a href="#cb46-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>_age</span>
-<span id="cb46-2"><a href="#cb46-2" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>min<span class="sc">-</span>length</span>
-<span id="cb46-3"><a href="#cb46-3" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>2widths</span></code></pre>
+<pre class="sourceCode r" tabindex="0"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb46-1"><a href="#cb46-1" tabindex="-1"></a>_age</span>
+<span id="cb46-2"><a href="#cb46-2" tabindex="-1"></a>min<span class="sc">-</span>length</span>
+<span id="cb46-3"><a href="#cb46-3" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="dv">2</span>widths</span></code></pre>
 </div>
 </div>
 </div>
@@ -1020,13 +1016,12 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 </h3>
 <pre class="output" tabindex="0"><code>[1] "x" "y"</code></pre>
 </div>
-<div id="tip-hidden-objects" class="callout callout">
+<div id="callout5" class="callout">
 <div class="callout-square">
 <i class="callout-icon" data-feather="bell"></i>
 </div>
-<div id="tip-hidden-objects" class="callout-inner">
-<h3 class="callout-title">Tip: hidden objects<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#tip-hidden-objects"></a>
-</h3>
+<div class="section level3 callout-title callout-inner">
+<h3 class="callout-title" id="tip-hidden-objects">Tip: hidden objects<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#tip-hidden-objects"></a></h3>
 <div class="callout-content">
 <p>Like in the shell, <code>ls</code> will hide any variables or
 functions starting with a “.” by default. To list all objects, type
@@ -1079,7 +1074,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
     }
     else all.names
 }
-&lt;bytecode: 0x557ba994e868&gt;
+&lt;bytecode: 0x5616fc11a8e8&gt;
 &lt;environment: namespace:base&gt;</code></pre>
 </div>
 <p>What’s going on here?</p>
@@ -1137,13 +1132,12 @@ <h3 class="code-label">ERROR<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></
 </h3>
 <pre class="error" tabindex="0"><code>Error in rm(list &lt;- ls()): ... must contain names or character strings</code></pre>
 </div>
-<div id="tip-warnings-vs.-errors" class="callout callout">
+<div id="callout6" class="callout">
 <div class="callout-square">
 <i class="callout-icon" data-feather="bell"></i>
 </div>
-<div id="tip-warnings-vs.-errors" class="callout-inner">
-<h3 class="callout-title">Tip: Warnings vs. Errors<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#tip-warnings-vs.-errors"></a>
-</h3>
+<div class="section level3 callout-title callout-inner">
+<h3 class="callout-title" id="tip-warnings-vs--errors">Tip: Warnings vs. Errors<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#tip-warnings-vs--errors"></a></h3>
 <div class="callout-content">
 <p>Pay attention when R does something unexpected! Errors, like above,
 are thrown when R cannot proceed with a calculation. Warnings on the
@@ -1210,7 +1204,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i
 <button class="accordion-button solution-button collapsed" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#collapseSolution2" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseSolution2">
   <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution2">Solution to challenge 2</h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution2" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution2" aria-labelledby="headingSolution2">
+<div id="collapseSolution2" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution2" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution2">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb64">
 <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
@@ -1264,7 +1258,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Challenge 3<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href=
 <button class="accordion-button solution-button collapsed" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#collapseSolution3" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseSolution3">
   <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution3">Solution to challenge 3</h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution3" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution3" aria-labelledby="headingSolution3">
+<div id="collapseSolution3" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution3" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution3">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>One way of answering this question in R is to use the
 <code>&gt;</code> to set up the following:</p>
@@ -1303,7 +1297,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Challenge 4<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href=
 <button class="accordion-button solution-button collapsed" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#collapseSolution4" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseSolution4">
   <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution4">Solution to challenge 4</h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution4" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution4" aria-labelledby="headingSolution4">
+<div id="collapseSolution4" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution4" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution4">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>We can use the <code>rm</code> command to accomplish this task</p>
 <div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb70">
@@ -1334,7 +1328,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Challenge 5<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href=
 <button class="accordion-button solution-button collapsed" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#collapseSolution5" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseSolution5">
   <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution5">Solution to challenge 5</h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution5" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution5" aria-labelledby="headingSolution5">
+<div id="collapseSolution5" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution5" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution5">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>We can use the <code>install.packages()</code> command to install the
 required packages.</p>
@@ -1435,8 +1429,8 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Key Points<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="
   "url": "https://swcarpentry.github.io/r-novice-gapminder/01-rstudio-intro.html",
   "identifier": "https://swcarpentry.github.io/r-novice-gapminder/01-rstudio-intro.html",
   "dateCreated": "2015-04-18",
-  "dateModified": "2024-02-27",
-  "datePublished": "2024-02-27"
+  "dateModified": "2024-03-05",
+  "datePublished": "2024-03-05"
 }
 
   </script><script>
diff --git a/02-project-intro.html b/02-project-intro.html
index a30e3d887..a66fc17dd 100644
--- a/02-project-intro.html
+++ b/02-project-intro.html
@@ -351,7 +351,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header" id="flush-headingTwelve">
       </div>
       <hr></nav><main id="main-content" class="main-content"><div class="container lesson-content">
         <h1>Project Management With RStudio</h1>
-        <p>Last updated on 2024-02-27 |
+        <p>Last updated on 2024-03-05 |
         
         <a href="https://github.com/swcarpentry/r-novice-gapminder/edit/main/episodes/02-project-intro.Rmd" class="external-link">Edit this page <i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="edit"></i></a></p>
         
@@ -499,14 +499,13 @@ <h3 id="treat-generated-output-as-disposable">Treat generated output as disposab
 makes it easier later. Since many analyses are exploratory and don’t end
 up being used in the final project, and some of the analyses get shared
 between projects.</p>
-<div id="tip-good-enough-practices-for-scientific-computing" class="callout callout">
+<div id="callout1" class="callout">
 <div class="callout-square">
 <i class="callout-icon" data-feather="bell"></i>
 </div>
-<div id="tip-good-enough-practices-for-scientific-computing" class="callout-inner">
-<h3 class="callout-title">Tip: Good Enough Practices for Scientific
-Computing<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#tip-good-enough-practices-for-scientific-computing"></a>
-</h3>
+<div class="section level3 callout-title callout-inner">
+<h3 class="callout-title" id="tip-good-enough-practices-for-scientific-computing">Tip: Good Enough Practices for Scientific
+Computing<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#tip-good-enough-practices-for-scientific-computing"></a></h3>
 <div class="callout-content">
 <p><a href="https://github.com/swcarpentry/good-enough-practices-in-scientific-computing/blob/gh-pages/good-enough-practices-for-scientific-computing.pdf" class="external-link">Good
 Enough Practices for Scientific Computing</a> gives the following
@@ -595,18 +594,18 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution1">Solution to Challenge 4</h4>
 <div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb1">
 <h3 class="code-label">SH<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
-<pre class="sourceCode sh" tabindex="0"><code class="sourceCode bash"><span id="cb1-1"><a href="#cb1-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="fu">ls</span> <span class="at">-lh</span> data/gapminder_data.csv</span></code></pre>
+<pre class="sourceCode sh" tabindex="0"><code class="sourceCode bash"><span id="cb1-1"><a href="#cb1-1" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="fu">ls</span> <span class="at">-lh</span> data/gapminder_data.csv</span></code></pre>
 </div>
 <div class="codewrapper">
 <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
-<pre class="output" tabindex="0"><code>-rw-r--r-- 1 runner docker 80K Feb 27 00:21 data/gapminder_data.csv</code></pre>
+<pre class="output" tabindex="0"><code>-rw-r--r-- 1 runner docker 80K Mar  5 00:11 data/gapminder_data.csv</code></pre>
 </div>
 <p>The file size is 80K.</p>
 <div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb3">
 <h3 class="code-label">SH<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
-<pre class="sourceCode sh" tabindex="0"><code class="sourceCode bash"><span id="cb3-1"><a href="#cb3-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="fu">wc</span> <span class="at">-l</span> data/gapminder_data.csv</span></code></pre>
+<pre class="sourceCode sh" tabindex="0"><code class="sourceCode bash"><span id="cb3-1"><a href="#cb3-1" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="fu">wc</span> <span class="at">-l</span> data/gapminder_data.csv</span></code></pre>
 </div>
 <div class="codewrapper">
 <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
@@ -617,7 +616,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 <div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb5">
 <h3 class="code-label">SH<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
-<pre class="sourceCode sh" tabindex="0"><code class="sourceCode bash"><span id="cb5-1"><a href="#cb5-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="fu">head</span> data/gapminder_data.csv</span></code></pre>
+<pre class="sourceCode sh" tabindex="0"><code class="sourceCode bash"><span id="cb5-1"><a href="#cb5-1" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="fu">head</span> data/gapminder_data.csv</span></code></pre>
 </div>
 <div class="codewrapper">
 <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
@@ -637,13 +636,12 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 </div>
 </div>
 </div>
-<div id="tip-command-line-in-rstudio" class="callout callout">
+<div id="callout2" class="callout">
 <div class="callout-square">
 <i class="callout-icon" data-feather="bell"></i>
 </div>
-<div id="tip-command-line-in-rstudio" class="callout-inner">
-<h3 class="callout-title">Tip: command line in RStudio<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#tip-command-line-in-rstudio"></a>
-</h3>
+<div class="section level3 callout-title callout-inner">
+<h3 class="callout-title" id="tip-command-line-in-rstudio">Tip: command line in RStudio<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#tip-command-line-in-rstudio"></a></h3>
 <div class="callout-content">
 <p>The Terminal tab in the console pane provides a convenient place
 directly within RStudio to interact directly with the command line.</p>
@@ -689,13 +687,12 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Challenge 5<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href=
 </ol></div>
 </div>
 </div>
-<div id="tip-file-does-not-exist-errors" class="callout callout">
+<div id="callout3" class="callout">
 <div class="callout-square">
 <i class="callout-icon" data-feather="bell"></i>
 </div>
-<div id="tip-file-does-not-exist-errors" class="callout-inner">
-<h3 class="callout-title">Tip: File does not exist errors<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#tip-file-does-not-exist-errors"></a>
-</h3>
+<div class="section level3 callout-title callout-inner">
+<h3 class="callout-title" id="tip-file-does-not-exist-errors">Tip: File does not exist errors<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#tip-file-does-not-exist-errors"></a></h3>
 <div class="callout-content">
 <p>When you’re attempting to reference a file in your R code and you’re
 getting errors saying the file doesn’t exist, it’s a good idea to check
@@ -786,8 +783,8 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Key Points<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="
   "url": "https://swcarpentry.github.io/r-novice-gapminder/02-project-intro.html",
   "identifier": "https://swcarpentry.github.io/r-novice-gapminder/02-project-intro.html",
   "dateCreated": "2015-04-18",
-  "dateModified": "2024-02-27",
-  "datePublished": "2024-02-27"
+  "dateModified": "2024-03-05",
+  "datePublished": "2024-03-05"
 }
 
   </script><script>
diff --git a/03-seeking-help.html b/03-seeking-help.html
index 6bc65f8ce..10fd6c99c 100644
--- a/03-seeking-help.html
+++ b/03-seeking-help.html
@@ -355,7 +355,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header" id="flush-headingTwelve">
       </div>
       <hr></nav><main id="main-content" class="main-content"><div class="container lesson-content">
         <h1>Seeking Help</h1>
-        <p>Last updated on 2024-02-27 |
+        <p>Last updated on 2024-03-05 |
         
         <a href="https://github.com/swcarpentry/r-novice-gapminder/edit/main/episodes/03-seeking-help.Rmd" class="external-link">Edit this page <i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="edit"></i></a></p>
         
@@ -440,13 +440,12 @@ <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i
 often share the same arguments as inputs to the function, so package
 authors often choose to document them together in a single help
 file.</p>
-<div id="tip-running-examples" class="callout callout">
+<div id="callout1" class="callout">
 <div class="callout-square">
 <i class="callout-icon" data-feather="bell"></i>
 </div>
-<div id="tip-running-examples" class="callout-inner">
-<h3 class="callout-title">Tip: Running Examples<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#tip-running-examples"></a>
-</h3>
+<div class="section level3 callout-title callout-inner">
+<h3 class="callout-title" id="tip-running-examples">Tip: Running Examples<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#tip-running-examples"></a></h3>
 <div class="callout-content">
 <p>From within the function help page, you can highlight code in the
 Examples and hit <kbd>Ctrl</kbd>+<kbd>Return</kbd> to run it in RStudio
@@ -455,13 +454,12 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Tip: Running Examples<a class="anchor" aria-label="anc
 </div>
 </div>
 </div>
-<div id="tip-reading-help-files" class="callout callout">
+<div id="callout2" class="callout">
 <div class="callout-square">
 <i class="callout-icon" data-feather="bell"></i>
 </div>
-<div id="tip-reading-help-files" class="callout-inner">
-<h3 class="callout-title">Tip: Reading Help Files<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#tip-reading-help-files"></a>
-</h3>
+<div class="section level3 callout-title callout-inner">
+<h3 class="callout-title" id="tip-reading-help-files">Tip: Reading Help Files<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#tip-reading-help-files"></a></h3>
 <div class="callout-content">
 <p>One of the most daunting aspects of R is the large number of
 functions available. It would be prohibitive, if not impossible to
@@ -565,7 +563,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 
 loaded via a namespace (and not attached):
 [1] compiler_4.3.2 tools_4.3.2    yaml_2.3.8     knitr_1.45     xfun_0.41     
-[6] renv_1.0.4     evaluate_0.23 </code></pre>
+[6] renv_1.0.5     evaluate_0.23 </code></pre>
 </div>
 <p>Will print out your current version of R, as well as any packages you
 have loaded. This can be useful for others to help reproduce and debug
@@ -821,8 +819,8 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Key Points<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="
   "url": "https://swcarpentry.github.io/r-novice-gapminder/03-seeking-help.html",
   "identifier": "https://swcarpentry.github.io/r-novice-gapminder/03-seeking-help.html",
   "dateCreated": "2015-04-18",
-  "dateModified": "2024-02-27",
-  "datePublished": "2024-02-27"
+  "dateModified": "2024-03-05",
+  "datePublished": "2024-03-05"
 }
 
   </script><script>
diff --git a/04-data-structures-part1.html b/04-data-structures-part1.html
index 3f3dff553..269273215 100644
--- a/04-data-structures-part1.html
+++ b/04-data-structures-part1.html
@@ -350,7 +350,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header" id="flush-headingTwelve">
       </div>
       <hr></nav><main id="main-content" class="main-content"><div class="container lesson-content">
         <h1>Data Structures</h1>
-        <p>Last updated on 2024-02-27 |
+        <p>Last updated on 2024-03-05 |
         
         <a href="https://github.com/swcarpentry/r-novice-gapminder/edit/main/episodes/04-data-structures-part1.Rmd" class="external-link">Edit this page <i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="edit"></i></a></p>
         
@@ -419,18 +419,17 @@ <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i
 <div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb3">
 <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
-<pre class="sourceCode r" tabindex="0"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb3-1"><a href="#cb3-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>coat,weight,likes_string</span>
-<span id="cb3-2"><a href="#cb3-2" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>calico,<span class="fl">2.1</span>,<span class="dv">1</span></span>
-<span id="cb3-3"><a href="#cb3-3" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>black,<span class="fl">5.0</span>,<span class="dv">0</span></span>
-<span id="cb3-4"><a href="#cb3-4" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>tabby,<span class="fl">3.2</span>,<span class="dv">1</span></span></code></pre>
+<pre class="sourceCode r" tabindex="0"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb3-1"><a href="#cb3-1" tabindex="-1"></a>coat,weight,likes_string</span>
+<span id="cb3-2"><a href="#cb3-2" tabindex="-1"></a>calico,<span class="fl">2.1</span>,<span class="dv">1</span></span>
+<span id="cb3-3"><a href="#cb3-3" tabindex="-1"></a>black,<span class="fl">5.0</span>,<span class="dv">0</span></span>
+<span id="cb3-4"><a href="#cb3-4" tabindex="-1"></a>tabby,<span class="fl">3.2</span>,<span class="dv">1</span></span></code></pre>
 </div>
-<div id="tip-editing-text-files-in-r" class="callout callout">
+<div id="callout1" class="callout">
 <div class="callout-square">
 <i class="callout-icon" data-feather="bell"></i>
 </div>
-<div id="tip-editing-text-files-in-r" class="callout-inner">
-<h3 class="callout-title">Tip: Editing Text files in R<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#tip-editing-text-files-in-r"></a>
-</h3>
+<div class="section level3 callout-title callout-inner">
+<h3 class="callout-title" id="tip-editing-text-files-in-r">Tip: Editing Text files in R<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#tip-editing-text-files-in-r"></a></h3>
 <div class="callout-content">
 <p>Alternatively, you can create <code>data/feline-data.csv</code> using
 a text editor (Nano), or within RStudio with the <strong>File -&gt; New
@@ -466,13 +465,12 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 commonly used. If needed it is possible to override the default
 delimiting punctuation marks for both <code>read.csv</code> and
 <code>read.delim</code>.</p>
-<div id="check-your-data-for-factors" class="callout callout">
+<div id="callout2" class="callout">
 <div class="callout-square">
 <i class="callout-icon" data-feather="bell"></i>
 </div>
-<div id="check-your-data-for-factors" class="callout-inner">
-<h3 class="callout-title">Check your data for factors<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#check-your-data-for-factors"></a>
-</h3>
+<div class="section level3 callout-title callout-inner">
+<h3 class="callout-title" id="check-your-data-for-factors">Check your data for factors<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#check-your-data-for-factors"></a></h3>
 <div class="callout-content">
 <p>In recent times, the default way how R handles textual data has
 changed. Text data was interpreted by R automatically into a format
@@ -655,11 +653,11 @@ <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i
 <div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb29">
 <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
-<pre class="sourceCode r" tabindex="0"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb29-1"><a href="#cb29-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>coat,weight,likes_string</span>
-<span id="cb29-2"><a href="#cb29-2" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>calico,<span class="fl">2.1</span>,<span class="dv">1</span></span>
-<span id="cb29-3"><a href="#cb29-3" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>black,<span class="fl">5.0</span>,<span class="dv">0</span></span>
-<span id="cb29-4"><a href="#cb29-4" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>tabby,<span class="fl">3.2</span>,<span class="dv">1</span></span>
-<span id="cb29-5"><a href="#cb29-5" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>tabby,<span class="fl">2.3</span> or <span class="fl">2.4</span>,<span class="dv">1</span></span></code></pre>
+<pre class="sourceCode r" tabindex="0"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb29-1"><a href="#cb29-1" tabindex="-1"></a>coat,weight,likes_string</span>
+<span id="cb29-2"><a href="#cb29-2" tabindex="-1"></a>calico,<span class="fl">2.1</span>,<span class="dv">1</span></span>
+<span id="cb29-3"><a href="#cb29-3" tabindex="-1"></a>black,<span class="fl">5.0</span>,<span class="dv">0</span></span>
+<span id="cb29-4"><a href="#cb29-4" tabindex="-1"></a>tabby,<span class="fl">3.2</span>,<span class="dv">1</span></span>
+<span id="cb29-5"><a href="#cb29-5" tabindex="-1"></a>tabby,<span class="fl">2.3</span> or <span class="fl">2.4</span>,<span class="dv">1</span></span></code></pre>
 </div>
 <p>Load the new cats data like before, and check what type of data we
 find in the <code>weight</code> column:</p>
@@ -816,7 +814,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Discussion 1<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href
 <button class="accordion-button solution-button collapsed" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#collapseSolution1" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseSolution1">
   <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution1">Discussion 1</h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution1" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution1" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution1">
+<div id="collapseSolution1" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution1" aria-labelledby="headingSolution1">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>By keeping everything in a column the same, we allow ourselves to
 make simple assumptions about our data; if you can interpret one entry
@@ -1041,7 +1039,7 @@ <h4 id="print-the-data">1. Print the data<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" h
 <button class="accordion-button solution-button collapsed" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#collapseSolution2" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseSolution2">
   <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution2">Tip 1.1</h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution2" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution2" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution2">
+<div id="collapseSolution2" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution2" aria-labelledby="headingSolution2">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>Show the content of any variable by typing its name.</p>
 <div class="section level3">
@@ -1073,7 +1071,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">2. Overview of the data types<a class="anchor" aria-la
 <button class="accordion-button solution-button collapsed" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#collapseSolution3" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseSolution3">
   <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution3">Tip 1.2</h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution3" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution3" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution3">
+<div id="collapseSolution3" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution3" aria-labelledby="headingSolution3">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>In the chapter “Data types” we saw two functions that can show data
 types. One printed just a single word, the data type name. The other
@@ -1112,7 +1110,7 @@ <h4 id="which-data-type-do-we-need">3. Which data type do we need?<a class="anch
 <button class="accordion-button solution-button collapsed" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#collapseSolution4" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseSolution4">
   <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution4">Tip 1.3</h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution4" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution4" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution4">
+<div id="collapseSolution4" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution4" aria-labelledby="headingSolution4">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>Scroll up to the section about the <a href="#the-type-hierarchy">type
 hierarchy</a> to review the available data types</p>
@@ -1125,7 +1123,7 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution4">Tip 1.3</h4>
 <button class="accordion-button solution-button collapsed" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#collapseSolution5" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseSolution5">
   <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution5">Solution to Challenge 1.3</h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution5" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution5" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution5">
+<div id="collapseSolution5" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution5" aria-labelledby="headingSolution5">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <ul><li>Weight is expressed on a continuous scale (real numbers). The R data
 type for this is “double” (also known as “numeric”).</li>
@@ -1157,7 +1155,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">4. Correct the problematic value<a class="anchor" aria
 <button class="accordion-button solution-button collapsed" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#collapseSolution6" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseSolution6">
   <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution6">Tip 1.4</h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution6" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution6" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution6">
+<div id="collapseSolution6" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution6" aria-labelledby="headingSolution6">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>Revisit the hierarchy of data types when two different data types are
 combined.</p>
@@ -1195,7 +1193,7 @@ <h4 id="convert-the-column-weight-to-the-correct-data-type">5. Convert the colum
 <button class="accordion-button solution-button collapsed" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#collapseSolution7" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseSolution7">
   <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution7">Tip 1.5</h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution7" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution7" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution7">
+<div id="collapseSolution7" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution7" aria-labelledby="headingSolution7">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>The functions to convert data types start with <code>as.</code>. You
 can look for the function further up in the manuscript or use the
@@ -1385,7 +1383,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Challenge 2<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href=
 <button class="accordion-button solution-button collapsed" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#collapseSolution8" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseSolution8">
   <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution8">Solution to Challenge 2</h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution8" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution8" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution8">
+<div id="collapseSolution8" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution8" aria-labelledby="headingSolution8">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb92">
 <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
@@ -1609,7 +1607,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Challenge 3<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href=
 <button class="accordion-button solution-button collapsed" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#collapseSolution9" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseSolution9">
   <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution9">Solution to Challenge 3</h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution9" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution9" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution9">
+<div id="collapseSolution9" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution9" aria-labelledby="headingSolution9">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>You get the names of an object by wrapping the object name inside
 <code>names(...)</code>. Similarly, you get the data type of the names
@@ -1652,7 +1650,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Challenge 4<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href=
 <button class="accordion-button solution-button collapsed" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#collapseSolution10" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseSolution10">
   <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution10">Solution to Challenge 4</h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution10" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution10" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution10">
+<div id="collapseSolution10" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution10" aria-labelledby="headingSolution10">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <pre><code><span><span class="va">letter_no</span> <span class="op">&lt;-</span> <span class="fl">1</span><span class="op">:</span><span class="fl">26</span>   <span class="co"># or seq(1,26)</span></span>
 <span><span class="fu">names</span><span class="op">(</span><span class="va">letter_no</span><span class="op">)</span> <span class="op">&lt;-</span> <span class="va">LETTERS</span></span>
@@ -1840,7 +1838,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Challenge 5<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href=
 <button class="accordion-button solution-button collapsed" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#collapseSolution11" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseSolution11">
   <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution11">Solution to Challenge 5</h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution11" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution11" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution11">
+<div id="collapseSolution11" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution11" aria-labelledby="headingSolution11">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb138">
 <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
@@ -1952,13 +1950,12 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 </div>
 </div>
 </div>
-<div id="tip-renaming-data-frame-columns" class="callout callout">
+<div id="callout3" class="callout">
 <div class="callout-square">
 <i class="callout-icon" data-feather="bell"></i>
 </div>
-<div id="tip-renaming-data-frame-columns" class="callout-inner">
-<h3 class="callout-title">Tip: Renaming data frame columns<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#tip-renaming-data-frame-columns"></a>
-</h3>
+<div class="section level3 callout-title callout-inner">
+<h3 class="callout-title" id="tip-renaming-data-frame-columns">Tip: Renaming data frame columns<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#tip-renaming-data-frame-columns"></a></h3>
 <div class="callout-content">
 <p>Data frames have column names, which can be accessed with the
 <code>names()</code> function.</p>
@@ -2100,7 +2097,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Challenge 6<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href=
 <button class="accordion-button solution-button collapsed" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#collapseSolution12" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseSolution12">
   <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution12">Solution to Challenge 6</h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution12" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution12" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution12">
+<div id="collapseSolution12" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution12" aria-labelledby="headingSolution12">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>What do you think will be the result of
 <code>length(matrix_example)</code>?</p>
@@ -2144,7 +2141,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Challenge 7<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href=
 <button class="accordion-button solution-button collapsed" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#collapseSolution13" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseSolution13">
   <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution13">Solution to Challenge 7</h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution13" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution13" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution13">
+<div id="collapseSolution13" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution13" aria-labelledby="headingSolution13">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>Make another matrix, this time containing the numbers 1:50, with 5
 columns and 10 rows. Did the <code>matrix</code> function fill your
@@ -2184,7 +2181,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Challenge 8<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href=
 <button class="accordion-button solution-button collapsed" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#collapseSolution14" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseSolution14">
   <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution14">Solution to Challenge 8</h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution14" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution14" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution14">
+<div id="collapseSolution14" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution14" aria-labelledby="headingSolution14">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb173">
 <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
@@ -2234,7 +2231,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 <button class="accordion-button solution-button collapsed" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#collapseSolution15" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseSolution15">
   <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution15">Solution to Challenge 9</h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution15" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution15" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution15">
+<div id="collapseSolution15" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution15" aria-labelledby="headingSolution15">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>Consider the R output of the matrix below:</p>
 <div class="codewrapper">
@@ -2333,8 +2330,8 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Key Points<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="
   "url": "https://swcarpentry.github.io/r-novice-gapminder/04-data-structures-part1.html",
   "identifier": "https://swcarpentry.github.io/r-novice-gapminder/04-data-structures-part1.html",
   "dateCreated": "2015-04-18",
-  "dateModified": "2024-02-27",
-  "datePublished": "2024-02-27"
+  "dateModified": "2024-03-05",
+  "datePublished": "2024-03-05"
 }
 
   </script><script>
diff --git a/05-data-structures-part2.html b/05-data-structures-part2.html
index 257c50e63..a7489462b 100644
--- a/05-data-structures-part2.html
+++ b/05-data-structures-part2.html
@@ -353,7 +353,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header" id="flush-headingTwelve">
       </div>
       <hr></nav><main id="main-content" class="main-content"><div class="container lesson-content">
         <h1>Exploring Data Frames</h1>
-        <p>Last updated on 2024-02-27 |
+        <p>Last updated on 2024-03-05 |
         
         <a href="https://github.com/swcarpentry/r-novice-gapminder/edit/main/episodes/05-data-structures-part2.Rmd" class="external-link">Edit this page <i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="edit"></i></a></p>
         
@@ -659,7 +659,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i
 <button class="accordion-button solution-button collapsed" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#collapseSolution1" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseSolution1">
   <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution1">Solution to Challenge 1</h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution1" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution1" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution1">
+<div id="collapseSolution1" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution1" aria-labelledby="headingSolution1">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb28">
 <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
@@ -687,13 +687,12 @@ <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i
 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
 <code class="sourceCode R"><span><span class="va">gapminder</span> <span class="op">&lt;-</span> <span class="fu">read.csv</span><span class="op">(</span><span class="st">"data/gapminder_data.csv"</span><span class="op">)</span></span></code></pre>
 </div>
-<div id="miscellaneous-tips" class="callout callout">
+<div id="callout1" class="callout">
 <div class="callout-square">
 <i class="callout-icon" data-feather="bell"></i>
 </div>
-<div id="miscellaneous-tips" class="callout-inner">
-<h3 class="callout-title">Miscellaneous Tips<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#miscellaneous-tips"></a>
-</h3>
+<div class="section level3 callout-title callout-inner">
+<h3 class="callout-title" id="miscellaneous-tips">Miscellaneous Tips<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#miscellaneous-tips"></a></h3>
 <div class="callout-content">
 <ul><li><p>Another type of file you might encounter are tab-separated value
 files (.tsv). To specify a tab as a separator, use <code>"\\t"</code> or
@@ -942,7 +941,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Challenge 2<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href=
 <button class="accordion-button solution-button collapsed" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#collapseSolution2" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseSolution2">
   <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution2">Solution to Challenge 2</h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution2" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution2" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution2">
+<div id="collapseSolution2" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution2" aria-labelledby="headingSolution2">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>To check the last few lines it’s relatively simple as R already has a
 function for this:</p>
@@ -1001,7 +1000,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Challenge 3<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href=
 <button class="accordion-button solution-button collapsed" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#collapseSolution3" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseSolution3">
   <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution3">Solution to Challenge 3</h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution3" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution3" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution3">
+<div id="collapseSolution3" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution3" aria-labelledby="headingSolution3">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>The <code>source</code> function can be used to use a script within a
 script. Assume you would like to load the same type of file over and
@@ -1052,7 +1051,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Challenge 4<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href=
 <button class="accordion-button solution-button collapsed" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#collapseSolution4" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseSolution4">
   <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution4">Solution to Challenge 4</h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution4" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution4" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution4">
+<div id="collapseSolution4" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution4" aria-labelledby="headingSolution4">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>The object <code>gapminder</code> is a data frame with columns</p>
 <ul><li>
@@ -1146,8 +1145,8 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Key Points<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="
   "url": "https://swcarpentry.github.io/r-novice-gapminder/05-data-structures-part2.html",
   "identifier": "https://swcarpentry.github.io/r-novice-gapminder/05-data-structures-part2.html",
   "dateCreated": "2015-04-18",
-  "dateModified": "2024-02-27",
-  "datePublished": "2024-02-27"
+  "dateModified": "2024-03-05",
+  "datePublished": "2024-03-05"
 }
 
   </script><script>
diff --git a/06-data-subsetting.html b/06-data-subsetting.html
index 3f45f483f..512ef6902 100644
--- a/06-data-subsetting.html
+++ b/06-data-subsetting.html
@@ -358,7 +358,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header" id="flush-headingTwelve">
       </div>
       <hr></nav><main id="main-content" class="main-content"><div class="container lesson-content">
         <h1>Subsetting Data</h1>
-        <p>Last updated on 2024-02-27 |
+        <p>Last updated on 2024-03-05 |
         
         <a href="https://github.com/swcarpentry/r-novice-gapminder/edit/main/episodes/06-data-subsetting.Rmd" class="external-link">Edit this page <i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="edit"></i></a></p>
         
@@ -416,13 +416,12 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 <pre class="output" tabindex="0"><code>  a   b   c   d   e 
 5.4 6.2 7.1 4.8 7.5 </code></pre>
 </div>
-<div id="atomic-vectors" class="callout callout">
+<div id="callout1" class="callout">
 <div class="callout-square">
 <i class="callout-icon" data-feather="bell"></i>
 </div>
-<div id="atomic-vectors" class="callout-inner">
-<h3 class="callout-title">Atomic vectors<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#atomic-vectors"></a>
-</h3>
+<div class="section level3 callout-title callout-inner">
+<h3 class="callout-title" id="atomic-vectors">Atomic vectors<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#atomic-vectors"></a></h3>
 <div class="callout-content">
 <p>In R, simple vectors containing character strings, numbers, or
 logical values are called <em>atomic</em> vectors because they can’t be
@@ -554,13 +553,12 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 </h3>
 <pre class="output" tabindex="0"><code>named numeric(0)</code></pre>
 </div>
-<div id="vector-numbering-in-r-starts-at-1" class="callout callout">
+<div id="callout2" class="callout">
 <div class="callout-square">
 <i class="callout-icon" data-feather="bell"></i>
 </div>
-<div id="vector-numbering-in-r-starts-at-1" class="callout-inner">
-<h3 class="callout-title">Vector numbering in R starts at 1<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#vector-numbering-in-r-starts-at-1"></a>
-</h3>
+<div class="section level3 callout-title callout-inner">
+<h3 class="callout-title" id="vector-numbering-in-r-starts-at-1">Vector numbering in R starts at 1<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#vector-numbering-in-r-starts-at-1"></a></h3>
 <div class="callout-content">
 <p>In many programming languages (C and Python, for example), the first
 element of a vector has an index of 0. In R, the first element is 1.</p>
@@ -596,13 +594,12 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 <pre class="output" tabindex="0"><code>  b   c   d 
 6.2 7.1 4.8 </code></pre>
 </div>
-<div id="tip-order-of-operations" class="callout callout">
+<div id="callout3" class="callout">
 <div class="callout-square">
 <i class="callout-icon" data-feather="bell"></i>
 </div>
-<div id="tip-order-of-operations" class="callout-inner">
-<h3 class="callout-title">Tip: Order of operations<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#tip-order-of-operations"></a>
-</h3>
+<div class="section level3 callout-title callout-inner">
+<h3 class="callout-title" id="tip-order-of-operations">Tip: Order of operations<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#tip-order-of-operations"></a></h3>
 <div class="callout-content">
 <p>A common trip up for novices occurs when trying to skip slices of a
 vector. It’s natural to try to negate a sequence like so:</p>
@@ -807,13 +804,12 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 <pre class="output" tabindex="0"><code><span>  <span class="va">a</span> </span>
 <span><span class="fl">5.4</span> </span></code></pre>
 </div>
-<div id="tip-combining-logical-conditions" class="callout callout">
+<div id="callout4" class="callout">
 <div class="callout-square">
 <i class="callout-icon" data-feather="bell"></i>
 </div>
-<div id="tip-combining-logical-conditions" class="callout-inner">
-<h3 class="callout-title">Tip: Combining logical conditions<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#tip-combining-logical-conditions"></a>
-</h3>
+<div class="section level3 callout-title callout-inner">
+<h3 class="callout-title" id="tip-combining-logical-conditions">Tip: Combining logical conditions<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#tip-combining-logical-conditions"></a></h3>
 <div class="callout-content">
 <p>We often want to combine multiple logical criteria. For example, we
 might want to find all the countries that are located in Asia
@@ -900,13 +896,12 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 </div>
 </div>
 </div>
-<div id="tip-non-unique-names" class="callout callout">
+<div id="callout5" class="callout">
 <div class="callout-square">
 <i class="callout-icon" data-feather="bell"></i>
 </div>
-<div id="tip-non-unique-names" class="callout-inner">
-<h3 class="callout-title">Tip: Non-unique names<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#tip-non-unique-names"></a>
-</h3>
+<div class="section level3 callout-title callout-inner">
+<h3 class="callout-title" id="tip-non-unique-names">Tip: Non-unique names<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#tip-non-unique-names"></a></h3>
 <div class="callout-content">
 <p>You should be aware that it is possible for multiple elements in a
 vector to have the same name. (For a data frame, columns can have the
@@ -964,13 +959,12 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 </div>
 </div>
 </div>
-<div id="tip-getting-help-for-operators" class="callout callout">
+<div id="callout6" class="callout">
 <div class="callout-square">
 <i class="callout-icon" data-feather="bell"></i>
 </div>
-<div id="tip-getting-help-for-operators" class="callout-inner">
-<h3 class="callout-title">Tip: Getting help for operators<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#tip-getting-help-for-operators"></a>
-</h3>
+<div class="section level3 callout-title callout-inner">
+<h3 class="callout-title" id="tip-getting-help-for-operators">Tip: Getting help for operators<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#tip-getting-help-for-operators"></a></h3>
 <div class="callout-content">
 <p>Remember you can search for help on operators by wrapping them in
 quotes: <code>help("%in%")</code> or <code>?"%in%"</code>.</p>
@@ -1315,13 +1309,12 @@ <h3 class="code-label">ERROR<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></
 </h3>
 <pre class="error" tabindex="0"><code>Error in m[, c(3, 6)]: subscript out of bounds</code></pre>
 </div>
-<div id="tip-higher-dimensional-arrays" class="callout callout">
+<div id="callout7" class="callout">
 <div class="callout-square">
 <i class="callout-icon" data-feather="bell"></i>
 </div>
-<div id="tip-higher-dimensional-arrays" class="callout-inner">
-<h3 class="callout-title">Tip: Higher dimensional arrays<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#tip-higher-dimensional-arrays"></a>
-</h3>
+<div class="section level3 callout-title callout-inner">
+<h3 class="callout-title" id="tip-higher-dimensional-arrays">Tip: Higher dimensional arrays<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#tip-higher-dimensional-arrays"></a></h3>
 <div class="callout-content">
 <p>when dealing with multi-dimensional arrays, each argument to
 <code>[</code> corresponds to a dimension. For example, a 3D array, the
@@ -1737,7 +1730,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Challenge 7<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href=
 </ol><div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb134">
 <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
-<pre class="sourceCode r" tabindex="0"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb134-1"><a href="#cb134-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>gapminder[gapminder<span class="sc">$</span>year <span class="ot">=</span> <span class="dv">1957</span>,]</span></code></pre>
+<pre class="sourceCode r" tabindex="0"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb134-1"><a href="#cb134-1" tabindex="-1"></a>gapminder[gapminder<span class="sc">$</span>year <span class="ot">=</span> <span class="dv">1957</span>,]</span></code></pre>
 </div>
 <ol start="2" style="list-style-type: decimal"><li>Extract all columns except 1 through to 4</li>
 </ol><div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb135">
@@ -1942,8 +1935,8 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Key Points<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="
   "url": "https://swcarpentry.github.io/r-novice-gapminder/06-data-subsetting.html",
   "identifier": "https://swcarpentry.github.io/r-novice-gapminder/06-data-subsetting.html",
   "dateCreated": "2015-04-18",
-  "dateModified": "2024-02-27",
-  "datePublished": "2024-02-27"
+  "dateModified": "2024-03-05",
+  "datePublished": "2024-03-05"
 }
 
   </script><script>
diff --git a/07-control-flow.html b/07-control-flow.html
index 548d0bdd7..6daa7343d 100644
--- a/07-control-flow.html
+++ b/07-control-flow.html
@@ -349,7 +349,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header" id="flush-headingTwelve">
       </div>
       <hr></nav><main id="main-content" class="main-content"><div class="container lesson-content">
         <h1>Control Flow</h1>
-        <p>Last updated on 2024-02-27 |
+        <p>Last updated on 2024-03-05 |
         
         <a href="https://github.com/swcarpentry/r-novice-gapminder/edit/main/episodes/07-control-flow.Rmd" class="external-link">Edit this page <i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="edit"></i></a></p>
         
@@ -394,17 +394,17 @@ <h3 class="card-title">Objectives</h3>
 <div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb1">
 <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
-<pre class="sourceCode r" tabindex="0"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb1-1"><a href="#cb1-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co"># if</span></span>
-<span id="cb1-2"><a href="#cb1-2" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="cf">if</span> (condition is true) {</span>
-<span id="cb1-3"><a href="#cb1-3" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>  perform action</span>
-<span id="cb1-4"><a href="#cb1-4" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>}</span>
-<span id="cb1-5"><a href="#cb1-5" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
-<span id="cb1-6"><a href="#cb1-6" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co"># if ... else</span></span>
-<span id="cb1-7"><a href="#cb1-7" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="cf">if</span> (condition is true) {</span>
-<span id="cb1-8"><a href="#cb1-8" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>  perform action</span>
-<span id="cb1-9"><a href="#cb1-9" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>} <span class="cf">else</span> {  <span class="co"># that is, if the condition is false,</span></span>
-<span id="cb1-10"><a href="#cb1-10" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>  perform alternative action</span>
-<span id="cb1-11"><a href="#cb1-11" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>}</span></code></pre>
+<pre class="sourceCode r" tabindex="0"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb1-1"><a href="#cb1-1" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co"># if</span></span>
+<span id="cb1-2"><a href="#cb1-2" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="cf">if</span> (condition is true) {</span>
+<span id="cb1-3"><a href="#cb1-3" tabindex="-1"></a>  perform action</span>
+<span id="cb1-4"><a href="#cb1-4" tabindex="-1"></a>}</span>
+<span id="cb1-5"><a href="#cb1-5" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
+<span id="cb1-6"><a href="#cb1-6" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co"># if ... else</span></span>
+<span id="cb1-7"><a href="#cb1-7" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="cf">if</span> (condition is true) {</span>
+<span id="cb1-8"><a href="#cb1-8" tabindex="-1"></a>  perform action</span>
+<span id="cb1-9"><a href="#cb1-9" tabindex="-1"></a>} <span class="cf">else</span> {  <span class="co"># that is, if the condition is false,</span></span>
+<span id="cb1-10"><a href="#cb1-10" tabindex="-1"></a>  perform alternative action</span>
+<span id="cb1-11"><a href="#cb1-11" tabindex="-1"></a>}</span></code></pre>
 </div>
 <p>Say, for example, that we want R to print a message if a variable
 <code>x</code> has a particular value:</p>
@@ -582,13 +582,13 @@ <h3 class="code-label">ERROR<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></
 the condition in the first element of the vector. Therefore, to use the
 <code>if()</code> function, you need to make sure your input is singular
 (of length 1).</p>
-<div id="tip-built-in-ifelse-function" class="callout callout">
+<div id="callout1" class="callout">
 <div class="callout-square">
 <i class="callout-icon" data-feather="bell"></i>
 </div>
-<div id="tip-built-in-ifelse-function" class="callout-inner">
-<h3 class="callout-title">Tip: Built in<code>ifelse()</code>function<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#tip-built-in-ifelse-function"></a>
-</h3>
+<div class="section level3 callout-title callout-inner">
+<h3 class="callout-title" id="tip-built-in-ifelse-function">Tip: Built in <code>ifelse()</code>
+function<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#tip-built-in-ifelse-function"></a></h3>
 <div class="callout-content">
 <p><code>R</code> accepts both <code>if()</code> and
 <code>else if()</code> statements structured as outlined above, but also
@@ -598,8 +598,8 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Tip: Built in<code>ifelse()</code>function<a class="an
 <div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb18">
 <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
-<pre class="sourceCode r" tabindex="0"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb18-1"><a href="#cb18-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co"># ifelse function</span></span>
-<span id="cb18-2"><a href="#cb18-2" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="fu">ifelse</span>(condition is true, perform action, perform alternative action)</span></code></pre>
+<pre class="sourceCode r" tabindex="0"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb18-1"><a href="#cb18-1" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co"># ifelse function</span></span>
+<span id="cb18-2"><a href="#cb18-2" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="fu">ifelse</span>(condition is true, perform action, perform alternative action)</span></code></pre>
 </div>
 <p>where the first argument is the condition or a set of conditions to
 be met, the second argument is the statement that is evaluated when the
@@ -620,13 +620,14 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 </div>
 </div>
 </div>
-<div id="tip-any-and-all" class="callout callout">
+<div id="callout2" class="callout">
 <div class="callout-square">
 <i class="callout-icon" data-feather="bell"></i>
 </div>
-<div id="tip-any-and-all" class="callout-inner">
-<h3 class="callout-title">Tip:<code>any()</code>and<code>all()</code><a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#tip-any-and-all"></a>
-</h3>
+<div class="section level3 callout-title callout-inner">
+<h3 class="callout-title" id="tip-any-and-all">Tip: <code>any()</code> and
+<code>all()</code>
+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#tip-any-and-all"></a></h3>
 <div class="callout-content">
 <p>The <code>any()</code> function will return <code>TRUE</code> if at
 least one <code>TRUE</code> value is found within a vector, otherwise it
@@ -656,9 +657,9 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Tip:<code>any()</code>and<code>all()</code><a class="a
 <div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb21">
 <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
-<pre class="sourceCode r" tabindex="0"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb21-1"><a href="#cb21-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="cf">for</span> (iterator <span class="cf">in</span> set of values) {</span>
-<span id="cb21-2"><a href="#cb21-2" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>  do a thing</span>
-<span id="cb21-3"><a href="#cb21-3" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>}</span></code></pre>
+<pre class="sourceCode r" tabindex="0"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb21-1"><a href="#cb21-1" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="cf">for</span> (iterator <span class="cf">in</span> set of values) {</span>
+<span id="cb21-2"><a href="#cb21-2" tabindex="-1"></a>  do a thing</span>
+<span id="cb21-3"><a href="#cb21-3" tabindex="-1"></a>}</span></code></pre>
 </div>
 <p>For example:</p>
 <div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb22">
@@ -756,13 +757,12 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 <p>This approach can be useful, but ‘growing your results’ (building the
 result object incrementally) is computationally inefficient, so avoid it
 when you are iterating through a lot of values.</p>
-<div id="tip-dont-grow-your-results" class="callout callout">
+<div id="callout3" class="callout">
 <div class="callout-square">
 <i class="callout-icon" data-feather="bell"></i>
 </div>
-<div id="tip-dont-grow-your-results" class="callout-inner">
-<h3 class="callout-title">Tip: don’t grow your results<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#tip-dont-grow-your-results"></a>
-</h3>
+<div class="section level3 callout-title callout-inner">
+<h3 class="callout-title" id="tip-dont-grow-your-results">Tip: don’t grow your results<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#tip-dont-grow-your-results"></a></h3>
 <div class="callout-content">
 <p>One of the biggest things that trips up novices and experienced R
 users alike, is building a results object (vector, list, matrix, data
@@ -802,13 +802,12 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 [13] "3 c" "4 c" "5 c" "1 d" "2 d" "3 d" "4 d" "5 d" "1 e" "2 e" "3 e" "4 e"
 [25] "5 e"</code></pre>
 </div>
-<div id="tip-while-loops" class="callout callout">
+<div id="callout4" class="callout">
 <div class="callout-square">
 <i class="callout-icon" data-feather="bell"></i>
 </div>
-<div id="tip-while-loops" class="callout-inner">
-<h3 class="callout-title">Tip: While loops<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#tip-while-loops"></a>
-</h3>
+<div class="section level3 callout-title callout-inner">
+<h3 class="callout-title" id="tip-while-loops">Tip: While loops<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#tip-while-loops"></a></h3>
 <div class="callout-content">
 <p>Sometimes you will find yourself needing to repeat an operation as
 long as a certain condition is met. You can do this with a
@@ -816,9 +815,9 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Tip: While loops<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor"
 <div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb30">
 <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
-<pre class="sourceCode r" tabindex="0"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb30-1"><a href="#cb30-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="cf">while</span>(this condition is true){</span>
-<span id="cb30-2"><a href="#cb30-2" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>  do a thing</span>
-<span id="cb30-3"><a href="#cb30-3" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>}</span></code></pre>
+<pre class="sourceCode r" tabindex="0"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb30-1"><a href="#cb30-1" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="cf">while</span>(this condition is true){</span>
+<span id="cb30-2"><a href="#cb30-2" tabindex="-1"></a>  do a thing</span>
+<span id="cb30-3"><a href="#cb30-3" tabindex="-1"></a>}</span></code></pre>
 </div>
 <p>R will interpret a condition being met as “TRUE”.</p>
 <p>As an example, here’s a while loop that generates random numbers from
@@ -1202,8 +1201,8 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Key Points<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="
   "url": "https://swcarpentry.github.io/r-novice-gapminder/07-control-flow.html",
   "identifier": "https://swcarpentry.github.io/r-novice-gapminder/07-control-flow.html",
   "dateCreated": "2015-04-18",
-  "dateModified": "2024-02-27",
-  "datePublished": "2024-02-27"
+  "dateModified": "2024-03-05",
+  "datePublished": "2024-03-05"
 }
 
   </script><script>
diff --git a/08-plot-ggplot2.html b/08-plot-ggplot2.html
index 7d3e8fbaa..0fa9327a5 100644
--- a/08-plot-ggplot2.html
+++ b/08-plot-ggplot2.html
@@ -353,7 +353,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header" id="flush-headingTwelve">
       </div>
       <hr></nav><main id="main-content" class="main-content"><div class="container lesson-content">
         <h1>Creating Publication-Quality Graphics with ggplot2</h1>
-        <p>Last updated on 2024-02-27 |
+        <p>Last updated on 2024-03-05 |
         
         <a href="https://github.com/swcarpentry/r-novice-gapminder/edit/main/episodes/08-plot-ggplot2.Rmd" class="external-link">Edit this page <i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="edit"></i></a></p>
         
@@ -494,7 +494,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i
 <button class="accordion-button solution-button collapsed" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#collapseSolution1" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseSolution1">
   <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution1">Solution to challenge 1</h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution1" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution1" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution1">
+<div id="collapseSolution1" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution1" aria-labelledby="headingSolution1">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>Here is one possible solution:</p>
 <div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb5">
@@ -533,7 +533,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Challenge 2<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href=
 <button class="accordion-button solution-button collapsed" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#collapseSolution2" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseSolution2">
   <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution2">Solution to challenge 2</h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution2" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution2" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution2">
+<div id="collapseSolution2" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution2" aria-labelledby="headingSolution2">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>The solution presented below adds <code>color=continent</code> to the
 call of the <code>aes</code> function. The general trend seems to
@@ -603,14 +603,13 @@ <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i
 <code>ggplot</code> to the <code>geom_line</code> layer so it no longer
 applies to the points. Now we can clearly see that the points are drawn
 on top of the lines.</p>
-<div id="tip-setting-an-aesthetic-to-a-value-instead-of-a-mapping" class="callout callout">
+<div id="callout1" class="callout">
 <div class="callout-square">
 <i class="callout-icon" data-feather="bell"></i>
 </div>
-<div id="tip-setting-an-aesthetic-to-a-value-instead-of-a-mapping" class="callout-inner">
-<h3 class="callout-title">Tip: Setting an aesthetic to a value instead
-of a mapping<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#tip-setting-an-aesthetic-to-a-value-instead-of-a-mapping"></a>
-</h3>
+<div class="section level3 callout-title callout-inner">
+<h3 class="callout-title" id="tip-setting-an-aesthetic-to-a-value-instead-of-a-mapping">Tip: Setting an aesthetic to a value instead
+of a mapping<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#tip-setting-an-aesthetic-to-a-value-instead-of-a-mapping"></a></h3>
 <div class="callout-content">
 <p>So far, we’ve seen how to use an aesthetic (such as
 <strong>color</strong>) as a <em>mapping</em> to a variable in the data.
@@ -643,7 +642,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Challenge 3<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href=
 <button class="accordion-button solution-button collapsed" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#collapseSolution3" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseSolution3">
   <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution3">Solution to challenge 3</h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution3" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution3" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution3">
+<div id="collapseSolution3" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution3" aria-labelledby="headingSolution3">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>The lines now get drawn over the points!</p>
 <div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb11">
@@ -691,14 +690,13 @@ <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i
 same horizontal distance away from a value of 10,000 as the 10,000 value
 is from 100,000. This helps to visualize the spread of the data along
 the x-axis.</p>
-<div id="tip-reminder-setting-an-aesthetic-to-a-value-instead-of-a-mapping" class="callout callout">
+<div id="callout2" class="callout">
 <div class="callout-square">
 <i class="callout-icon" data-feather="bell"></i>
 </div>
-<div id="tip-reminder-setting-an-aesthetic-to-a-value-instead-of-a-mapping" class="callout-inner">
-<h3 class="callout-title">Tip Reminder: Setting an aesthetic to a value
-instead of a mapping<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#tip-reminder-setting-an-aesthetic-to-a-value-instead-of-a-mapping"></a>
-</h3>
+<div class="section level3 callout-title callout-inner">
+<h3 class="callout-title" id="tip-reminder-setting-an-aesthetic-to-a-value-instead-of-a-mapping">Tip Reminder: Setting an aesthetic to a value
+instead of a mapping<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#tip-reminder-setting-an-aesthetic-to-a-value-instead-of-a-mapping"></a></h3>
 <div class="callout-content">
 <p>Notice that we used <code>geom_point(alpha = 0.5)</code>. As the
 previous tip mentioned, using a setting outside of the
@@ -773,7 +771,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Challenge 4a<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href
 <button class="accordion-button solution-button collapsed" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#collapseSolution4" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseSolution4">
   <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution4">Solution to challenge 4a</h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution4" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution4" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution4">
+<div id="collapseSolution4" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution4" aria-labelledby="headingSolution4">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>Here a possible solution: Notice that the <code>color</code> argument
 is supplied outside of the <code>aes()</code> function. This means that
@@ -815,7 +813,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Challenge 4b<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href
 <button class="accordion-button solution-button collapsed" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#collapseSolution5" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseSolution5">
   <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution5">Solution to challenge 4b</h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution5" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution5" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution5">
+<div id="collapseSolution5" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution5" aria-labelledby="headingSolution5">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>Here is a possible solution: Notice that supplying the
 <code>color</code> argument inside the <code>aes()</code> functions
@@ -846,13 +844,12 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 <hr class="half-width"><p>Earlier we visualized the change in life expectancy over time across
 all countries in one plot. Alternatively, we can split this out over
 multiple panels by adding a layer of <strong>facet</strong> panels.</p>
-<div id="tip" class="callout callout">
+<div id="callout3" class="callout">
 <div class="callout-square">
 <i class="callout-icon" data-feather="bell"></i>
 </div>
-<div id="tip" class="callout-inner">
-<h3 class="callout-title">Tip<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#tip"></a>
-</h3>
+<div class="section level3 callout-title callout-inner">
+<h3 class="callout-title" id="tip">Tip<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#tip"></a></h3>
 <div class="callout-content">
 <p>We start by making a subset of data including only countries located
 in the Americas. This includes 25 countries, which will begin to clutter
@@ -967,7 +964,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Challenge 5<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href=
 <button class="accordion-button solution-button collapsed" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#collapseSolution6" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseSolution6">
   <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution6">Solution to Challenge 5</h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution6" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution6" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution6">
+<div id="collapseSolution6" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution6" aria-labelledby="headingSolution6">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>Here a possible solution: <code>xlab()</code> and <code>ylab()</code>
 set labels for the x and y axes, respectively The axis title, text and
@@ -1060,8 +1057,8 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Key Points<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="
   "url": "https://swcarpentry.github.io/r-novice-gapminder/08-plot-ggplot2.html",
   "identifier": "https://swcarpentry.github.io/r-novice-gapminder/08-plot-ggplot2.html",
   "dateCreated": "2015-04-18",
-  "dateModified": "2024-02-27",
-  "datePublished": "2024-02-27"
+  "dateModified": "2024-03-05",
+  "datePublished": "2024-03-05"
 }
 
   </script><script>
diff --git a/09-vectorization.html b/09-vectorization.html
index 61cca11e7..e4a08ba18 100644
--- a/09-vectorization.html
+++ b/09-vectorization.html
@@ -342,7 +342,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header" id="flush-headingTwelve">
       </div>
       <hr></nav><main id="main-content" class="main-content"><div class="container lesson-content">
         <h1>Vectorization</h1>
-        <p>Last updated on 2024-02-27 |
+        <p>Last updated on 2024-03-05 |
         
         <a href="https://github.com/swcarpentry/r-novice-gapminder/edit/main/episodes/09-vectorization.Rmd" class="external-link">Edit this page <i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="edit"></i></a></p>
         
@@ -410,11 +410,11 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 <div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb5">
 <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
-<pre class="sourceCode r" tabindex="0"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb5-1"><a href="#cb5-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>x<span class="sc">:</span>  <span class="dv">1</span>  <span class="dv">2</span>  <span class="dv">3</span>  <span class="dv">4</span></span>
-<span id="cb5-2"><a href="#cb5-2" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>    <span class="sc">+</span>  <span class="sc">+</span>  <span class="sc">+</span>  <span class="sc">+</span></span>
-<span id="cb5-3"><a href="#cb5-3" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>y<span class="sc">:</span>  <span class="dv">6</span>  <span class="dv">7</span>  <span class="dv">8</span>  <span class="dv">9</span></span>
-<span id="cb5-4"><a href="#cb5-4" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="sc">---------------</span></span>
-<span id="cb5-5"><a href="#cb5-5" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>    <span class="dv">7</span>  <span class="dv">9</span> <span class="dv">11</span> <span class="dv">13</span></span></code></pre>
+<pre class="sourceCode r" tabindex="0"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb5-1"><a href="#cb5-1" tabindex="-1"></a>x<span class="sc">:</span>  <span class="dv">1</span>  <span class="dv">2</span>  <span class="dv">3</span>  <span class="dv">4</span></span>
+<span id="cb5-2"><a href="#cb5-2" tabindex="-1"></a>    <span class="sc">+</span>  <span class="sc">+</span>  <span class="sc">+</span>  <span class="sc">+</span></span>
+<span id="cb5-3"><a href="#cb5-3" tabindex="-1"></a>y<span class="sc">:</span>  <span class="dv">6</span>  <span class="dv">7</span>  <span class="dv">8</span>  <span class="dv">9</span></span>
+<span id="cb5-4"><a href="#cb5-4" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="sc">---------------</span></span>
+<span id="cb5-5"><a href="#cb5-5" tabindex="-1"></a>    <span class="dv">7</span>  <span class="dv">9</span> <span class="dv">11</span> <span class="dv">13</span></span></code></pre>
 </div>
 <p>Here is how we would add two vectors together using a for loop:</p>
 <div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb6">
@@ -567,14 +567,13 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 </h3>
 <pre class="output" tabindex="0"><code>[1] FALSE FALSE FALSE  TRUE</code></pre>
 </div>
-<div id="tip-some-useful-functions-for-logical-vectors" class="callout callout">
+<div id="callout1" class="callout">
 <div class="callout-square">
 <i class="callout-icon" data-feather="bell"></i>
 </div>
-<div id="tip-some-useful-functions-for-logical-vectors" class="callout-inner">
-<h3 class="callout-title">Tip: some useful functions for logical
-vectors<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#tip-some-useful-functions-for-logical-vectors"></a>
-</h3>
+<div class="section level3 callout-title callout-inner">
+<h3 class="callout-title" id="tip-some-useful-functions-for-logical-vectors">Tip: some useful functions for logical
+vectors<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#tip-some-useful-functions-for-logical-vectors"></a></h3>
 <div class="callout-content">
 <p><code>any()</code> will return <code>TRUE</code> if <em>any</em>
 element of a vector is <code>TRUE</code>.<br><code>all()</code> will return <code>TRUE</code> if <em>all</em>
@@ -612,14 +611,13 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 [2,]   -2   -5   -8  -11
 [3,]   -3   -6   -9  -12</code></pre>
 </div>
-<div id="tip-element-wise-vs.-matrix-multiplication" class="callout callout">
+<div id="callout2" class="callout">
 <div class="callout-square">
 <i class="callout-icon" data-feather="bell"></i>
 </div>
-<div id="tip-element-wise-vs.-matrix-multiplication" class="callout-inner">
-<h3 class="callout-title">Tip: element-wise vs. matrix
-multiplication<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#tip-element-wise-vs.-matrix-multiplication"></a>
-</h3>
+<div class="section level3 callout-title callout-inner">
+<h3 class="callout-title" id="tip-element-wise-vs--matrix-multiplication">Tip: element-wise vs. matrix
+multiplication<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#tip-element-wise-vs--matrix-multiplication"></a></h3>
 <div class="callout-content">
 <p>Very important: the operator <code>*</code> gives you element-wise
 multiplication! To do matrix multiplication, we need to use the
@@ -859,14 +857,13 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 </div>
 </div>
 </div>
-<div id="tip-operations-on-vectors-of-unequal-length" class="callout callout">
+<div id="callout3" class="callout">
 <div class="callout-square">
 <i class="callout-icon" data-feather="bell"></i>
 </div>
-<div id="tip-operations-on-vectors-of-unequal-length" class="callout-inner">
-<h3 class="callout-title">Tip: Operations on vectors of unequal
-length<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#tip-operations-on-vectors-of-unequal-length"></a>
-</h3>
+<div class="section level3 callout-title callout-inner">
+<h3 class="callout-title" id="tip-operations-on-vectors-of-unequal-length">Tip: Operations on vectors of unequal
+length<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#tip-operations-on-vectors-of-unequal-length"></a></h3>
 <div class="callout-content">
 <p>Operations can also be performed on vectors of unequal length,
 through a process known as <em>recycling</em>. This process
@@ -897,11 +894,11 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 <div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb50">
 <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
-<pre class="sourceCode r" tabindex="0"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb50-1"><a href="#cb50-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>x<span class="sc">:</span>  <span class="dv">1</span>  <span class="dv">2</span>  <span class="dv">3</span>  <span class="dv">1</span>  <span class="dv">2</span>  <span class="dv">3</span>  <span class="dv">1</span></span>
-<span id="cb50-2"><a href="#cb50-2" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>    <span class="sc">+</span>  <span class="sc">+</span>  <span class="sc">+</span>  <span class="sc">+</span>  <span class="sc">+</span>  <span class="sc">+</span>  <span class="sc">+</span></span>
-<span id="cb50-3"><a href="#cb50-3" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>y<span class="sc">:</span>  <span class="dv">1</span>  <span class="dv">2</span>  <span class="dv">3</span>  <span class="dv">4</span>  <span class="dv">5</span>  <span class="dv">6</span>  <span class="dv">7</span></span>
-<span id="cb50-4"><a href="#cb50-4" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="sc">-----------------------</span></span>
-<span id="cb50-5"><a href="#cb50-5" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>    <span class="dv">2</span>  <span class="dv">4</span>  <span class="dv">6</span>  <span class="dv">5</span>  <span class="dv">7</span>  <span class="dv">9</span>  <span class="dv">8</span></span></code></pre>
+<pre class="sourceCode r" tabindex="0"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb50-1"><a href="#cb50-1" tabindex="-1"></a>x<span class="sc">:</span>  <span class="dv">1</span>  <span class="dv">2</span>  <span class="dv">3</span>  <span class="dv">1</span>  <span class="dv">2</span>  <span class="dv">3</span>  <span class="dv">1</span></span>
+<span id="cb50-2"><a href="#cb50-2" tabindex="-1"></a>    <span class="sc">+</span>  <span class="sc">+</span>  <span class="sc">+</span>  <span class="sc">+</span>  <span class="sc">+</span>  <span class="sc">+</span>  <span class="sc">+</span></span>
+<span id="cb50-3"><a href="#cb50-3" tabindex="-1"></a>y<span class="sc">:</span>  <span class="dv">1</span>  <span class="dv">2</span>  <span class="dv">3</span>  <span class="dv">4</span>  <span class="dv">5</span>  <span class="dv">6</span>  <span class="dv">7</span></span>
+<span id="cb50-4"><a href="#cb50-4" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="sc">-----------------------</span></span>
+<span id="cb50-5"><a href="#cb50-5" tabindex="-1"></a>    <span class="dv">2</span>  <span class="dv">4</span>  <span class="dv">6</span>  <span class="dv">5</span>  <span class="dv">7</span>  <span class="dv">9</span>  <span class="dv">8</span></span></code></pre>
 </div>
 </div>
 </div>
@@ -979,8 +976,8 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Key Points<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="
   "url": "https://swcarpentry.github.io/r-novice-gapminder/09-vectorization.html",
   "identifier": "https://swcarpentry.github.io/r-novice-gapminder/09-vectorization.html",
   "dateCreated": "2015-04-18",
-  "dateModified": "2024-02-27",
-  "datePublished": "2024-02-27"
+  "dateModified": "2024-03-05",
+  "datePublished": "2024-03-05"
 }
 
   </script><script>
diff --git a/10-functions.html b/10-functions.html
index b2f078b67..9a5578345 100644
--- a/10-functions.html
+++ b/10-functions.html
@@ -352,7 +352,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header" id="flush-headingTwelve">
       </div>
       <hr></nav><main id="main-content" class="main-content"><div class="container lesson-content">
         <h1>Functions Explained</h1>
-        <p>Last updated on 2024-02-27 |
+        <p>Last updated on 2024-03-05 |
         
         <a href="https://github.com/swcarpentry/r-novice-gapminder/edit/main/episodes/10-functions.Rmd" class="external-link">Edit this page <i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="edit"></i></a></p>
         
@@ -400,13 +400,12 @@ <h3 class="card-title">Objectives</h3>
 future.</p>
 <p>In this lesson, we’ll learn how to write a function so that we can
 repeat several operations with a single command.</p>
-<div id="what-is-a-function" class="callout callout">
+<div id="callout1" class="callout">
 <div class="callout-square">
 <i class="callout-icon" data-feather="bell"></i>
 </div>
-<div id="what-is-a-function" class="callout-inner">
-<h3 class="callout-title">What is a function?<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#what-is-a-function"></a>
-</h3>
+<div class="section level3 callout-title callout-inner">
+<h3 class="callout-title" id="what-is-a-function">What is a function?<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#what-is-a-function"></a></h3>
 <div class="callout-content">
 <p>Functions gather a sequence of operations into a whole, preserving it
 for ongoing use. Functions provide:</p>
@@ -463,13 +462,12 @@ <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i
 assigned to those variables so that we can use them inside the function.
 Inside the function, we use a <a href="reference.html#return-statement">return statement</a> to send a
 result back to whoever asked for it.</p>
-<div id="tip" class="callout callout">
+<div id="callout2" class="callout">
 <div class="callout-square">
 <i class="callout-icon" data-feather="bell"></i>
 </div>
-<div id="tip" class="callout-inner">
-<h3 class="callout-title">Tip<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#tip"></a>
-</h3>
+<div class="section level3 callout-title callout-inner">
+<h3 class="callout-title" id="tip">Tip<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#tip"></a></h3>
 <div class="callout-content">
 <p>One feature unique to R is that the return statement is not required.
 R automatically returns whichever variable is on the last line of the
@@ -523,7 +521,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Challenge 1<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href=
 <button class="accordion-button solution-button collapsed" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#collapseSolution1" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseSolution1">
   <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution1">Solution to challenge 1</h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution1" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution1" aria-labelledby="headingSolution1">
+<div id="collapseSolution1" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution1" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution1">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>Write a function called <code>kelvin_to_celsius</code> that takes a
 temperature in Kelvin and returns that temperature in Celsius</p>
@@ -579,7 +577,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Challenge 2<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href=
 <button class="accordion-button solution-button collapsed" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#collapseSolution2" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseSolution2">
   <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution2">Solution to challenge 2</h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution2" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution2" aria-labelledby="headingSolution2">
+<div id="collapseSolution2" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution2" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution2">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>Define the function to convert directly from Fahrenheit to Celsius,
 by reusing these two functions above</p>
@@ -711,7 +709,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Challenge 3<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href=
 <button class="accordion-button solution-button collapsed" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#collapseSolution3" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseSolution3">
   <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution3">Solution to challenge 3</h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution3" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution3" aria-labelledby="headingSolution3">
+<div id="collapseSolution3" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution3" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution3">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>Extend our previous definition of the function by adding in an
 explicit call to <code>stopifnot()</code>. Since
@@ -870,7 +868,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 <div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb29">
 <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
-<pre class="sourceCode r" tabindex="0"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb29-1"><a href="#cb29-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>calcGDP <span class="ot">&lt;-</span> <span class="cf">function</span>(dat, <span class="at">year=</span><span class="cn">NULL</span>, <span class="at">country=</span><span class="cn">NULL</span>) {</span></code></pre>
+<pre class="sourceCode r" tabindex="0"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb29-1"><a href="#cb29-1" tabindex="-1"></a>calcGDP <span class="ot">&lt;-</span> <span class="cf">function</span>(dat, <span class="at">year=</span><span class="cn">NULL</span>, <span class="at">country=</span><span class="cn">NULL</span>) {</span></code></pre>
 </div>
 <p>Here we’ve added two arguments, <code>year</code>, and
 <code>country</code>. We’ve set <em>default arguments</em> for both as
@@ -900,13 +898,12 @@ <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i
 <li>A single combination of year and country.</li>
 </ul><p>By using <code>%in%</code> instead, we can also give multiple years
 or countries to those arguments.</p>
-<div id="tip-pass-by-value" class="callout callout">
+<div id="callout3" class="callout">
 <div class="callout-square">
 <i class="callout-icon" data-feather="bell"></i>
 </div>
-<div id="tip-pass-by-value" class="callout-inner">
-<h3 class="callout-title">Tip: Pass by value<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#tip-pass-by-value"></a>
-</h3>
+<div class="section level3 callout-title callout-inner">
+<h3 class="callout-title" id="tip-pass-by-value">Tip: Pass by value<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#tip-pass-by-value"></a></h3>
 <div class="callout-content">
 <p>Functions in R almost always make copies of the data to operate on
 inside of a function body. When we modify <code>dat</code> inside the
@@ -919,13 +916,12 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Tip: Pass by value<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor
 </div>
 </div>
 </div>
-<div id="tip-function-scope" class="callout callout">
+<div id="callout4" class="callout">
 <div class="callout-square">
 <i class="callout-icon" data-feather="bell"></i>
 </div>
-<div id="tip-function-scope" class="callout-inner">
-<h3 class="callout-title">Tip: Function scope<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#tip-function-scope"></a>
-</h3>
+<div class="section level3 callout-title callout-inner">
+<h3 class="callout-title" id="tip-function-scope">Tip: Function scope<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#tip-function-scope"></a></h3>
 <div class="callout-content">
 <p>Another important concept is scoping: any variables (or functions!)
 you create or modify inside the body of a function only exist for the
@@ -940,10 +936,10 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Tip: Function scope<a class="anchor" aria-label="ancho
 <div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb31">
 <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
-<pre class="sourceCode r" tabindex="0"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb31-1"><a href="#cb31-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>  gdp <span class="ot">&lt;-</span> dat<span class="sc">$</span>pop <span class="sc">*</span> dat<span class="sc">$</span>gdpPercap</span>
-<span id="cb31-2"><a href="#cb31-2" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>  new <span class="ot">&lt;-</span> <span class="fu">cbind</span>(dat, <span class="at">gdp=</span>gdp)</span>
-<span id="cb31-3"><a href="#cb31-3" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>  <span class="fu">return</span>(new)</span>
-<span id="cb31-4"><a href="#cb31-4" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="er">}</span></span></code></pre>
+<pre class="sourceCode r" tabindex="0"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb31-1"><a href="#cb31-1" tabindex="-1"></a>  gdp <span class="ot">&lt;-</span> dat<span class="sc">$</span>pop <span class="sc">*</span> dat<span class="sc">$</span>gdpPercap</span>
+<span id="cb31-2"><a href="#cb31-2" tabindex="-1"></a>  new <span class="ot">&lt;-</span> <span class="fu">cbind</span>(dat, <span class="at">gdp=</span>gdp)</span>
+<span id="cb31-3"><a href="#cb31-3" tabindex="-1"></a>  <span class="fu">return</span>(new)</span>
+<span id="cb31-4"><a href="#cb31-4" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="er">}</span></span></code></pre>
 </div>
 <p>Finally, we calculated the GDP on our new subset, and created a new
 data frame with that column added. This means when we call the function
@@ -967,7 +963,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Challenge 4<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href=
 <button class="accordion-button solution-button collapsed" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#collapseSolution4" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseSolution4">
   <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution4">Solution to challenge 4</h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution4" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution4" aria-labelledby="headingSolution4">
+<div id="collapseSolution4" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution4" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution4">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb32">
 <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
@@ -1024,7 +1020,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i
 <button class="accordion-button solution-button collapsed" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#collapseSolution5" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseSolution5">
   <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution5">Solution to challenge 5</h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution5" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution5" aria-labelledby="headingSolution5">
+<div id="collapseSolution5" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution5" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution5">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>Write a function called <code>fence()</code> that takes two vectors
 as arguments, called <code>text</code> and <code>wrapper</code>, and
@@ -1050,13 +1046,12 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 </div>
 </div>
 </div>
-<div id="tip-1" class="callout callout">
+<div id="callout5" class="callout">
 <div class="callout-square">
 <i class="callout-icon" data-feather="bell"></i>
 </div>
-<div id="tip-1" class="callout-inner">
-<h3 class="callout-title">Tip<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#tip-1"></a>
-</h3>
+<div class="section level3 callout-title callout-inner">
+<h3 class="callout-title" id="tip-1">Tip<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#tip-1"></a></h3>
 <div class="callout-content">
 <p>R has some unique aspects that can be exploited when performing more
 complicated operations. We will not be writing anything that requires
@@ -1067,13 +1062,12 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Tip<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#tip-1"
 </div>
 </div>
 </div>
-<div id="tip-testing-and-documenting" class="callout callout">
+<div id="callout6" class="callout">
 <div class="callout-square">
 <i class="callout-icon" data-feather="bell"></i>
 </div>
-<div id="tip-testing-and-documenting" class="callout-inner">
-<h3 class="callout-title">Tip: Testing and documenting<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#tip-testing-and-documenting"></a>
-</h3>
+<div class="section level3 callout-title callout-inner">
+<h3 class="callout-title" id="tip-testing-and-documenting">Tip: Testing and documenting<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#tip-testing-and-documenting"></a></h3>
 <div class="callout-content">
 <p>It’s important to both test functions and document them:
 Documentation helps you, and others, understand what the purpose of your
@@ -1178,8 +1172,8 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Key Points<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="
   "url": "https://swcarpentry.github.io/r-novice-gapminder/10-functions.html",
   "identifier": "https://swcarpentry.github.io/r-novice-gapminder/10-functions.html",
   "dateCreated": "2015-04-18",
-  "dateModified": "2024-02-27",
-  "datePublished": "2024-02-27"
+  "dateModified": "2024-03-05",
+  "datePublished": "2024-03-05"
 }
 
   </script><script>
diff --git a/11-writing-data.html b/11-writing-data.html
index 159f4658c..28f616d3f 100644
--- a/11-writing-data.html
+++ b/11-writing-data.html
@@ -350,7 +350,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header" id="flush-headingTwelve">
       </div>
       <hr></nav><main id="main-content" class="main-content"><div class="container lesson-content">
         <h1>Writing Data</h1>
-        <p>Last updated on 2024-02-27 |
+        <p>Last updated on 2024-03-05 |
         
         <a href="https://github.com/swcarpentry/r-novice-gapminder/edit/main/episodes/11-writing-data.Rmd" class="external-link">Edit this page <i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="edit"></i></a></p>
         
@@ -482,7 +482,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i
 <div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb5">
 <h3 class="code-label">BASH<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
-<pre class="sourceCode bash" tabindex="0"><code class="sourceCode bash"><span id="cb5-1"><a href="#cb5-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="fu">head</span> cleaned-data/gapminder-aus.csv</span></code></pre>
+<pre class="sourceCode bash" tabindex="0"><code class="sourceCode bash"><span id="cb5-1"><a href="#cb5-1" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="fu">head</span> cleaned-data/gapminder-aus.csv</span></code></pre>
 </div>
 <div class="codewrapper">
 <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
@@ -526,7 +526,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i
 <div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb9">
 <h3 class="code-label">BASH<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
-<pre class="sourceCode bash" tabindex="0"><code class="sourceCode bash"><span id="cb9-1"><a href="#cb9-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="fu">head</span> cleaned-data/gapminder-aus.csv</span></code></pre>
+<pre class="sourceCode bash" tabindex="0"><code class="sourceCode bash"><span id="cb9-1"><a href="#cb9-1" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="fu">head</span> cleaned-data/gapminder-aus.csv</span></code></pre>
 </div>
 <div class="codewrapper">
 <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
@@ -650,8 +650,8 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Key Points<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="
   "url": "https://swcarpentry.github.io/r-novice-gapminder/11-writing-data.html",
   "identifier": "https://swcarpentry.github.io/r-novice-gapminder/11-writing-data.html",
   "dateCreated": "2015-04-18",
-  "dateModified": "2024-02-27",
-  "datePublished": "2024-02-27"
+  "dateModified": "2024-03-05",
+  "datePublished": "2024-03-05"
 }
 
   </script><script>
diff --git a/12-plyr.html b/12-plyr.html
index 91dda7a24..3db4dbb66 100644
--- a/12-plyr.html
+++ b/12-plyr.html
@@ -349,7 +349,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header" id="flush-headingTwelve">
       </div>
       <hr></nav><main id="main-content" class="main-content"><div class="container lesson-content">
         <h1>Splitting and Combining Data Frames with plyr</h1>
-        <p>Last updated on 2024-02-27 |
+        <p>Last updated on 2024-03-05 |
         
         <a href="https://github.com/swcarpentry/r-novice-gapminder/edit/main/episodes/12-plyr.Rmd" class="external-link">Edit this page <i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="edit"></i></a></p>
         
@@ -563,7 +563,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Challenge 1<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href=
 <button class="accordion-button solution-button collapsed" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#collapseSolution1" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseSolution1">
   <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution1">Solution to Challenge 1</h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution1" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution1" aria-labelledby="headingSolution1">
+<div id="collapseSolution1" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution1" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution1">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb12">
 <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
@@ -761,13 +761,12 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 [1] "The mean GDP per capita for Europe is 14,469.48"
 [1] "The mean GDP per capita for Oceania is 18,621.61"</code></pre>
 </div>
-<div id="tip-printing-numbers" class="callout callout">
+<div id="callout1" class="callout">
 <div class="callout-square">
 <i class="callout-icon" data-feather="bell"></i>
 </div>
-<div id="tip-printing-numbers" class="callout-inner">
-<h3 class="callout-title">Tip: printing numbers<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#tip-printing-numbers"></a>
-</h3>
+<div class="section level3 callout-title callout-inner">
+<h3 class="callout-title" id="tip-printing-numbers">Tip: printing numbers<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#tip-printing-numbers"></a></h3>
 <div class="callout-content">
 <p>The <code>format</code> function can be used to make numeric values
 “pretty” for printing out in messages.</p>
@@ -793,7 +792,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Challenge 2<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href=
 <button class="accordion-button solution-button collapsed" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#collapseSolution2" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseSolution2">
   <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution2">Solution to Challenge 2</h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution2" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution2" aria-labelledby="headingSolution2">
+<div id="collapseSolution2" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution2" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution2">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb21">
 <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
@@ -893,7 +892,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i
 <button class="accordion-button solution-button collapsed" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#collapseSolution3" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseSolution3">
   <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution3">Solution to Alternative Challenge</h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution3" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution3" aria-labelledby="headingSolution3">
+<div id="collapseSolution3" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution3" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution3">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>Answer 3 will calculate the average life expectancy per
 continent.</p>
@@ -972,8 +971,8 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Key Points<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="
   "url": "https://swcarpentry.github.io/r-novice-gapminder/12-plyr.html",
   "identifier": "https://swcarpentry.github.io/r-novice-gapminder/12-plyr.html",
   "dateCreated": "2015-04-18",
-  "dateModified": "2024-02-27",
-  "datePublished": "2024-02-27"
+  "dateModified": "2024-03-05",
+  "datePublished": "2024-03-05"
 }
 
   </script><script>
diff --git a/13-dplyr.html b/13-dplyr.html
index ddb49fbd0..5a143f299 100644
--- a/13-dplyr.html
+++ b/13-dplyr.html
@@ -358,7 +358,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header" id="flush-headingTwelve">
       </div>
       <hr></nav><main id="main-content" class="main-content"><div class="container lesson-content">
         <h1>Data Frame Manipulation with dplyr</h1>
-        <p>Last updated on 2024-02-27 |
+        <p>Last updated on 2024-03-05 |
         
         <a href="https://github.com/swcarpentry/r-novice-gapminder/edit/main/episodes/13-dplyr.Rmd" class="external-link">Edit this page <i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="edit"></i></a></p>
         
@@ -444,13 +444,12 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 probability of making errors, and probably even save you some typing. As
 an added bonus, you might even find the <code>dplyr</code> grammar
 easier to read.</p>
-<div id="tip-tidyverse" class="callout callout">
+<div id="callout1" class="callout">
 <div class="callout-square">
 <i class="callout-icon" data-feather="bell"></i>
 </div>
-<div id="tip-tidyverse" class="callout-inner">
-<h3 class="callout-title">Tip: Tidyverse<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#tip-tidyverse"></a>
-</h3>
+<div class="section level3 callout-title callout-inner">
+<h3 class="callout-title" id="tip-tidyverse">Tip: Tidyverse<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#tip-tidyverse"></a></h3>
 <div class="callout-content">
 <p><code>dplyr</code> package belongs to a broader family of opinionated
 R packages designed for data science called the “Tidyverse”. These
@@ -523,13 +522,12 @@ <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i
 There is a good chance you have encountered pipes before in the shell.
 In R, a pipe symbol is <code>%&gt;%</code> while in the shell it is
 <code>|</code> but the concept is the same!</p>
-<div id="tip-renaming-data-frame-columns-in-dplyr" class="callout callout">
+<div id="callout2" class="callout">
 <div class="callout-square">
 <i class="callout-icon" data-feather="bell"></i>
 </div>
-<div id="tip-renaming-data-frame-columns-in-dplyr" class="callout-inner">
-<h3 class="callout-title">Tip: Renaming data frame columns in dplyr<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#tip-renaming-data-frame-columns-in-dplyr"></a>
-</h3>
+<div class="section level3 callout-title callout-inner">
+<h3 class="callout-title" id="tip-renaming-data-frame-columns-in-dplyr">Tip: Renaming data frame columns in dplyr<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#tip-renaming-data-frame-columns-in-dplyr"></a></h3>
 <div class="callout-content">
 <p>In Chapter 4 we covered how you can rename columns with base R by
 assigning a value to the output of the <code>names()</code> function.
@@ -707,13 +705,13 @@ <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i
 <figure><img src="fig/13-dplyr-fig3.png" alt="Diagram illustrating the use of group by and summarize together to create a new variable" class="figure mx-auto d-block"></figure><div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb22">
 <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
-<pre class="sourceCode r" tabindex="0"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb22-1"><a href="#cb22-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>continent mean_gdpPercap</span>
-<span id="cb22-2"><a href="#cb22-2" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>     <span class="sc">&lt;</span>fctr<span class="sc">&gt;</span>          <span class="er">&lt;</span>dbl<span class="sc">&gt;</span></span>
-<span id="cb22-3"><a href="#cb22-3" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="dv">1</span>    Africa       <span class="fl">2193.755</span></span>
-<span id="cb22-4"><a href="#cb22-4" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="dv">2</span>  Americas       <span class="fl">7136.110</span></span>
-<span id="cb22-5"><a href="#cb22-5" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="dv">3</span>      Asia       <span class="fl">7902.150</span></span>
-<span id="cb22-6"><a href="#cb22-6" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="dv">4</span>    Europe      <span class="fl">14469.476</span></span>
-<span id="cb22-7"><a href="#cb22-7" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="dv">5</span>   Oceania      <span class="fl">18621.609</span></span></code></pre>
+<pre class="sourceCode r" tabindex="0"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb22-1"><a href="#cb22-1" tabindex="-1"></a>continent mean_gdpPercap</span>
+<span id="cb22-2"><a href="#cb22-2" tabindex="-1"></a>     <span class="sc">&lt;</span>fctr<span class="sc">&gt;</span>          <span class="er">&lt;</span>dbl<span class="sc">&gt;</span></span>
+<span id="cb22-3"><a href="#cb22-3" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="dv">1</span>    Africa       <span class="fl">2193.755</span></span>
+<span id="cb22-4"><a href="#cb22-4" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="dv">2</span>  Americas       <span class="fl">7136.110</span></span>
+<span id="cb22-5"><a href="#cb22-5" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="dv">3</span>      Asia       <span class="fl">7902.150</span></span>
+<span id="cb22-6"><a href="#cb22-6" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="dv">4</span>    Europe      <span class="fl">14469.476</span></span>
+<span id="cb22-7"><a href="#cb22-7" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="dv">5</span>   Oceania      <span class="fl">18621.609</span></span></code></pre>
 </div>
 <p>That allowed us to calculate the mean gdpPercap for each continent,
 but it gets even better.</p>
@@ -1205,8 +1203,8 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Key Points<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="
   "url": "https://swcarpentry.github.io/r-novice-gapminder/13-dplyr.html",
   "identifier": "https://swcarpentry.github.io/r-novice-gapminder/13-dplyr.html",
   "dateCreated": "2015-04-18",
-  "dateModified": "2024-02-27",
-  "datePublished": "2024-02-27"
+  "dateModified": "2024-03-05",
+  "datePublished": "2024-03-05"
 }
 
   </script><script>
diff --git a/14-tidyr.html b/14-tidyr.html
index 9b1e9f05e..e5d41d3e2 100644
--- a/14-tidyr.html
+++ b/14-tidyr.html
@@ -352,7 +352,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header" id="flush-headingTwelve">
       </div>
       <hr></nav><main id="main-content" class="main-content"><div class="container lesson-content">
         <h1>Data Frame Manipulation with tidyr</h1>
-        <p>Last updated on 2024-02-27 |
+        <p>Last updated on 2024-03-05 |
         
         <a href="https://github.com/swcarpentry/r-novice-gapminder/edit/main/episodes/14-tidyr.Rmd" class="external-link">Edit this page <i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="edit"></i></a></p>
         
@@ -1125,8 +1125,8 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Key Points<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="
   "url": "https://swcarpentry.github.io/r-novice-gapminder/14-tidyr.html",
   "identifier": "https://swcarpentry.github.io/r-novice-gapminder/14-tidyr.html",
   "dateCreated": "2015-04-18",
-  "dateModified": "2024-02-27",
-  "datePublished": "2024-02-27"
+  "dateModified": "2024-03-05",
+  "datePublished": "2024-03-05"
 }
 
   </script><script>
diff --git a/15-knitr-markdown.html b/15-knitr-markdown.html
index 354dc26f0..90b16dfe4 100644
--- a/15-knitr-markdown.html
+++ b/15-knitr-markdown.html
@@ -360,7 +360,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header" id="flush-headingTwelve">
       </div>
       <hr></nav><main id="main-content" class="main-content"><div class="container lesson-content">
         <h1>Producing Reports With knitr</h1>
-        <p>Last updated on 2024-02-27 |
+        <p>Last updated on 2024-03-05 |
         
         <a href="https://github.com/swcarpentry/r-novice-gapminder/edit/main/episodes/15-knitr-markdown.Rmd" class="external-link">Edit this page <i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="edit"></i></a></p>
         
@@ -540,7 +540,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Challenge 1<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href=
 <button class="accordion-button solution-button collapsed" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#collapseSolution1" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseSolution1">
   <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution1">Solution to Challenge 1</h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution1" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution1" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution1">
+<div id="collapseSolution1" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution1" aria-labelledby="headingSolution1">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>In RStudio, select File &gt; New file &gt; R Markdown…</p>
 <p>Delete the placeholder text and add the following:</p>
@@ -617,7 +617,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Challenge 2<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href=
 <button class="accordion-button solution-button collapsed" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#collapseSolution2" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseSolution2">
   <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution2">Solution to Challenge 2</h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution2" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution2" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution2">
+<div id="collapseSolution2" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution2" aria-labelledby="headingSolution2">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <pre>
 ```{r load-ggplot2}
@@ -703,7 +703,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Challenge 3<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href=
 <button class="accordion-button solution-button collapsed" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#collapseSolution3" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseSolution3">
   <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution3">Solution to Challenge 3</h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution3" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution3" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution3">
+<div id="collapseSolution3" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution3" aria-labelledby="headingSolution3">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <pre>
 ```{r echo = FALSE, fig.width = 3}
@@ -751,7 +751,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Challenge 4<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href=
 <button class="accordion-button solution-button collapsed" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#collapseSolution4" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseSolution4">
   <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution4">Solution to Challenge 4</h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution4" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution4" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution4">
+<div id="collapseSolution4" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution4" aria-labelledby="headingSolution4">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>Here’s some inline code to determine that 2 + 2 = <code>4</code>.</p>
 </div>
@@ -764,13 +764,12 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution4">Solution to Challenge 4</h4>
 the little triangle next to the “Knit” button to get a drop-down menu.
 Or you could put <code>pdf_document</code> or <code>word_document</code>
 in the initial header of the file.</p>
-<div id="tip-creating-pdf-documents" class="callout callout">
+<div id="callout1" class="callout">
 <div class="callout-square">
 <i class="callout-icon" data-feather="bell"></i>
 </div>
-<div id="tip-creating-pdf-documents" class="callout-inner">
-<h3 class="callout-title">Tip: Creating PDF documents<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#tip-creating-pdf-documents"></a>
-</h3>
+<div class="section level3 callout-title callout-inner">
+<h3 class="callout-title" id="tip-creating-pdf-documents">Tip: Creating PDF documents<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#tip-creating-pdf-documents"></a></h3>
 <div class="callout-content">
 <p>Creating .pdf documents may require installation of some extra
 software. The R package <code>tinytex</code> provides some tools to help
@@ -784,13 +783,12 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Tip: Creating PDF documents<a class="anchor" aria-labe
 </div>
 </div>
 </div>
-<div id="tip-visual-markdown-editing-in-rstudio" class="callout callout">
+<div id="callout2" class="callout">
 <div class="callout-square">
 <i class="callout-icon" data-feather="bell"></i>
 </div>
-<div id="tip-visual-markdown-editing-in-rstudio" class="callout-inner">
-<h3 class="callout-title">Tip: Visual markdown editing in RStudio<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#tip-visual-markdown-editing-in-rstudio"></a>
-</h3>
+<div class="section level3 callout-title callout-inner">
+<h3 class="callout-title" id="tip-visual-markdown-editing-in-rstudio">Tip: Visual markdown editing in RStudio<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#tip-visual-markdown-editing-in-rstudio"></a></h3>
 <div class="callout-content">
 <p>RStudio versions 1.4 and later include visual markdown editing mode.
 In visual editing mode, markdown expressions (like
@@ -898,8 +896,8 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Key Points<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="
   "url": "https://swcarpentry.github.io/r-novice-gapminder/15-knitr-markdown.html",
   "identifier": "https://swcarpentry.github.io/r-novice-gapminder/15-knitr-markdown.html",
   "dateCreated": "2015-04-18",
-  "dateModified": "2024-02-27",
-  "datePublished": "2024-02-27"
+  "dateModified": "2024-03-05",
+  "datePublished": "2024-03-05"
 }
 
   </script><script>
diff --git a/16-wrap-up.html b/16-wrap-up.html
index 3b78a746f..102caf838 100644
--- a/16-wrap-up.html
+++ b/16-wrap-up.html
@@ -356,7 +356,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header" id="flush-headingTwelve">
       </div>
       <hr></nav><main id="main-content" class="main-content"><div class="container lesson-content">
         <h1>Writing Good Software</h1>
-        <p>Last updated on 2024-02-27 |
+        <p>Last updated on 2024-03-05 |
         
         <a href="https://github.com/swcarpentry/r-novice-gapminder/edit/main/episodes/16-wrap-up.Rmd" class="external-link">Edit this page <i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="edit"></i></a></p>
         
@@ -397,14 +397,13 @@ <h3 class="card-title">Objectives</h3>
 etc. It can be done completely manually, or with the help of RStudio’s
 <code>New Project</code> functionality, or a designated package, such as
 <code>ProjectTemplate</code>.</p>
-<div id="tip-projecttemplate---a-possible-solution" class="callout callout">
+<div id="callout1" class="callout">
 <div class="callout-square">
 <i class="callout-icon" data-feather="bell"></i>
 </div>
-<div id="tip-projecttemplate---a-possible-solution" class="callout-inner">
-<h3 class="callout-title">Tip: ProjectTemplate - a possible
-solution<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#tip-projecttemplate---a-possible-solution"></a>
-</h3>
+<div class="section level3 callout-title callout-inner">
+<h3 class="callout-title" id="tip-projecttemplate---a-possible-solution">Tip: ProjectTemplate - a possible
+solution<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#tip-projecttemplate---a-possible-solution"></a></h3>
 <div class="callout-content">
 <p>One way to automate the management of projects is to install the
 third-party package, <code>ProjectTemplate</code>. This package will set
@@ -554,8 +553,8 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Key Points<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="
   "url": "https://swcarpentry.github.io/r-novice-gapminder/16-wrap-up.html",
   "identifier": "https://swcarpentry.github.io/r-novice-gapminder/16-wrap-up.html",
   "dateCreated": "2015-04-18",
-  "dateModified": "2024-02-27",
-  "datePublished": "2024-02-27"
+  "dateModified": "2024-03-05",
+  "datePublished": "2024-03-05"
 }
 
   </script><script>
diff --git a/404.html b/404.html
index f27a9bf05..cd31d81cb 100644
--- a/404.html
+++ b/404.html
@@ -418,8 +418,8 @@ <h1>Page not found</h1>
   "url": "https://swcarpentry.github.io/r-novice-gapminder/404.html",
   "identifier": "https://swcarpentry.github.io/r-novice-gapminder/404.html",
   "dateCreated": "2015-04-18",
-  "dateModified": "2024-02-27",
-  "datePublished": "2024-02-27"
+  "dateModified": "2024-03-05",
+  "datePublished": "2024-03-05"
 }
 
   </script><script>
diff --git a/CODE_OF_CONDUCT.html b/CODE_OF_CONDUCT.html
index 8216037c6..bad8491b1 100644
--- a/CODE_OF_CONDUCT.html
+++ b/CODE_OF_CONDUCT.html
@@ -338,7 +338,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header" id="flush-headingTwelve">
       </div>
       <hr></nav><main id="main-content" class="main-content"><div class="container lesson-content">
         <h1>Contributor Code of Conduct</h1>
-        <p>Last updated on 2024-02-27 |
+        <p>Last updated on 2024-03-05 |
         
         <a href="https://github.com/swcarpentry/r-novice-gapminder/edit/main/CODE_OF_CONDUCT.md" class="external-link">Edit this page <i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="edit"></i></a></p>
         
@@ -417,8 +417,8 @@ <h1>Contributor Code of Conduct</h1>
   "url": "https://swcarpentry.github.io/r-novice-gapminder/CODE_OF_CONDUCT.html",
   "identifier": "https://swcarpentry.github.io/r-novice-gapminder/CODE_OF_CONDUCT.html",
   "dateCreated": "2015-04-18",
-  "dateModified": "2024-02-27",
-  "datePublished": "2024-02-27"
+  "dateModified": "2024-03-05",
+  "datePublished": "2024-03-05"
 }
 
   </script><script>
diff --git a/LICENSE.html b/LICENSE.html
index b9d70e019..e0c64881b 100644
--- a/LICENSE.html
+++ b/LICENSE.html
@@ -338,7 +338,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header" id="flush-headingTwelve">
       </div>
       <hr></nav><main id="main-content" class="main-content"><div class="container lesson-content">
         <h1>Licenses</h1>
-        <p>Last updated on 2024-02-27 |
+        <p>Last updated on 2024-03-05 |
         
         <a href="https://github.com/swcarpentry/r-novice-gapminder/edit/main/LICENSE.md" class="external-link">Edit this page <i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="edit"></i></a></p>
         
@@ -468,8 +468,8 @@ <h1>Licenses</h1>
   "url": "https://swcarpentry.github.io/r-novice-gapminder/LICENSE.html",
   "identifier": "https://swcarpentry.github.io/r-novice-gapminder/LICENSE.html",
   "dateCreated": "2015-04-18",
-  "dateModified": "2024-02-27",
-  "datePublished": "2024-02-27"
+  "dateModified": "2024-03-05",
+  "datePublished": "2024-03-05"
 }
 
   </script><script>
diff --git a/aio.html b/aio.html
index 138fda999..9c0c311b4 100644
--- a/aio.html
+++ b/aio.html
@@ -421,7 +421,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header" id="flush-headingTwelve">
         
 <section id="aio-01-rstudio-intro"><p>Content from <a href="01-rstudio-intro.html">Introduction to R and RStudio</a></p>
 <hr>
-<p>Last updated on 2024-02-27 |
+<p>Last updated on 2024-03-05 |
         
         <a href="https://github.com/swcarpentry/r-novice-gapminder/edit/main/episodes/01-rstudio-intro.Rmd" class="external-link">Edit this page <i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="edit"></i></a></p>
 <div class="text-end">
@@ -518,12 +518,12 @@ <h3 class="card-title">Objectives</h3>
 </ul>
 <figure><img src="fig/01-rstudio.png" alt="RStudio layout" class="figure mx-auto d-block"></figure><p>Once you open files, such as R scripts, an editor panel will also
 open in the top left.</p>
-<figure><img src="fig/01-rstudio-script.png" alt="RStudio layout with .R file open" class="figure mx-auto d-block"></figure><div id="r-scripts" class="callout callout">
+<figure><img src="fig/01-rstudio-script.png" alt="RStudio layout with .R file open" class="figure mx-auto d-block"></figure><div id="callout1" class="callout">
 <div class="callout-square">
 <i class="callout-icon" data-feather="bell"></i>
 </div>
-<div id="r-scripts" class="callout-inner">
-<h3 class="callout-title">R scripts<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#r-scripts"></a>
+<div class="section level3 callout-title callout-inner">
+<h3 class="callout-title" id="r-scripts">R scripts<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#r-scripts"></a>
 </h3>
 <div class="callout-content">
 <p>Any commands that you write in the R console can be saved to a file
@@ -556,12 +556,12 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">R scripts<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#
 <li>You will be able to run the file you create from within RStudio or
 using R’s <code>source()</code> function.</li>
 </ul>
-<div id="tip-running-segments-of-your-code" class="callout callout">
+<div id="callout2" class="callout">
 <div class="callout-square">
 <i class="callout-icon" data-feather="bell"></i>
 </div>
-<div id="tip-running-segments-of-your-code" class="callout-inner">
-<h3 class="callout-title">Tip: Running segments of your code<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#tip-running-segments-of-your-code"></a>
+<div class="section level3 callout-title callout-inner">
+<h3 class="callout-title" id="tip-running-segments-of-your-code">Tip: Running segments of your code<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#tip-running-segments-of-your-code"></a>
 </h3>
 <div class="callout-content">
 <p>RStudio offers you great flexibility in running code from within the
@@ -621,7 +621,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 <div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb3">
 <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
-<pre class="sourceCode r" tabindex="0"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb3-1"><a href="#cb3-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="sc">&gt;</span> <span class="dv">1</span> <span class="sc">+</span></span></code></pre>
+<pre class="sourceCode r" tabindex="0"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb3-1"><a href="#cb3-1" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="sc">&gt;</span> <span class="dv">1</span> <span class="sc">+</span></span></code></pre>
 </div>
 <div class="codewrapper">
 <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
@@ -632,12 +632,12 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 “&gt;”, it means it’s waiting for you to complete the command. If you
 want to cancel a command you can hit <kbd>Esc</kbd> and RStudio will
 give you back the “&gt;” prompt.</p>
-<div id="tip-canceling-commands" class="callout callout">
+<div id="callout3" class="callout">
 <div class="callout-square">
 <i class="callout-icon" data-feather="bell"></i>
 </div>
-<div id="tip-canceling-commands" class="callout-inner">
-<h3 class="callout-title">Tip: Canceling commands<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#tip-canceling-commands"></a>
+<div class="section level3 callout-title callout-inner">
+<h3 class="callout-title" id="tip-canceling-commands">Tip: Canceling commands<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#tip-canceling-commands"></a>
 </h3>
 <div class="callout-content">
 <p>If you’re using R from the command line instead of from within
@@ -876,12 +876,12 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 </h3>
 <pre class="output" tabindex="0"><code>[1] TRUE</code></pre>
 </div>
-<div id="tip-comparing-numbers" class="callout callout">
+<div id="callout4" class="callout">
 <div class="callout-square">
 <i class="callout-icon" data-feather="bell"></i>
 </div>
-<div id="tip-comparing-numbers" class="callout-inner">
-<h3 class="callout-title">Tip: Comparing Numbers<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#tip-comparing-numbers"></a>
+<div class="section level3 callout-title callout-inner">
+<h3 class="callout-title" id="tip-comparing-numbers">Tip: Comparing Numbers<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#tip-comparing-numbers"></a>
 </h3>
 <div class="callout-content">
 <p>A word of warning about comparing numbers: you should never use
@@ -998,14 +998,14 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Challenge 1<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href=
 <div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb43">
 <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
-<pre class="sourceCode r" tabindex="0"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb43-1"><a href="#cb43-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>min_height</span>
-<span id="cb43-2"><a href="#cb43-2" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>max.height</span>
-<span id="cb43-3"><a href="#cb43-3" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>_age</span>
-<span id="cb43-4"><a href="#cb43-4" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>.mass</span>
-<span id="cb43-5"><a href="#cb43-5" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>MaxLength</span>
-<span id="cb43-6"><a href="#cb43-6" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>min<span class="sc">-</span>length</span>
-<span id="cb43-7"><a href="#cb43-7" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>2widths</span>
-<span id="cb43-8"><a href="#cb43-8" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>celsius2kelvin</span></code></pre>
+<pre class="sourceCode r" tabindex="0"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb43-1"><a href="#cb43-1" tabindex="-1"></a>min_height</span>
+<span id="cb43-2"><a href="#cb43-2" tabindex="-1"></a>max.height</span>
+<span id="cb43-3"><a href="#cb43-3" tabindex="-1"></a>_age</span>
+<span id="cb43-4"><a href="#cb43-4" tabindex="-1"></a>.mass</span>
+<span id="cb43-5"><a href="#cb43-5" tabindex="-1"></a>MaxLength</span>
+<span id="cb43-6"><a href="#cb43-6" tabindex="-1"></a>min<span class="sc">-</span>length</span>
+<span id="cb43-7"><a href="#cb43-7" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="dv">2</span>widths</span>
+<span id="cb43-8"><a href="#cb43-8" tabindex="-1"></a>celsius2kelvin</span></code></pre>
 </div>
 </div>
 </div>
@@ -1015,7 +1015,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i
 <button class="accordion-button solution-button collapsed" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#collapseSolution1" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseSolution1">
   <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution1">Solution to challenge 1</h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution1" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution1" aria-labelledby="headingSolution1">
+<div id="collapseSolution1" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution1" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution1">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>The following can be used as R variables:</p>
 <div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb44">
@@ -1038,9 +1038,9 @@ <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i
 <div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb46">
 <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
-<pre class="sourceCode r" tabindex="0"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb46-1"><a href="#cb46-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>_age</span>
-<span id="cb46-2"><a href="#cb46-2" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>min<span class="sc">-</span>length</span>
-<span id="cb46-3"><a href="#cb46-3" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>2widths</span></code></pre>
+<pre class="sourceCode r" tabindex="0"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb46-1"><a href="#cb46-1" tabindex="-1"></a>_age</span>
+<span id="cb46-2"><a href="#cb46-2" tabindex="-1"></a>min<span class="sc">-</span>length</span>
+<span id="cb46-3"><a href="#cb46-3" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="dv">2</span>widths</span></code></pre>
 </div>
 </div>
 </div>
@@ -1107,12 +1107,12 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 </h3>
 <pre class="output" tabindex="0"><code>[1] "x" "y"</code></pre>
 </div>
-<div id="tip-hidden-objects" class="callout callout">
+<div id="callout5" class="callout">
 <div class="callout-square">
 <i class="callout-icon" data-feather="bell"></i>
 </div>
-<div id="tip-hidden-objects" class="callout-inner">
-<h3 class="callout-title">Tip: hidden objects<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#tip-hidden-objects"></a>
+<div class="section level3 callout-title callout-inner">
+<h3 class="callout-title" id="tip-hidden-objects">Tip: hidden objects<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#tip-hidden-objects"></a>
 </h3>
 <div class="callout-content">
 <p>Like in the shell, <code>ls</code> will hide any variables or
@@ -1166,7 +1166,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
     }
     else all.names
 }
-&lt;bytecode: 0x557ba994e868&gt;
+&lt;bytecode: 0x5616fc11a8e8&gt;
 &lt;environment: namespace:base&gt;</code></pre>
 </div>
 <p>What’s going on here?</p>
@@ -1224,12 +1224,12 @@ <h3 class="code-label">ERROR<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></
 </h3>
 <pre class="error" tabindex="0"><code>Error in rm(list &lt;- ls()): ... must contain names or character strings</code></pre>
 </div>
-<div id="tip-warnings-vs.-errors" class="callout callout">
+<div id="callout6" class="callout">
 <div class="callout-square">
 <i class="callout-icon" data-feather="bell"></i>
 </div>
-<div id="tip-warnings-vs.-errors" class="callout-inner">
-<h3 class="callout-title">Tip: Warnings vs. Errors<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#tip-warnings-vs.-errors"></a>
+<div class="section level3 callout-title callout-inner">
+<h3 class="callout-title" id="tip-warnings-vs--errors">Tip: Warnings vs. Errors<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#tip-warnings-vs--errors"></a>
 </h3>
 <div class="callout-content">
 <p>Pay attention when R does something unexpected! Errors, like above,
@@ -1300,7 +1300,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i
 <button class="accordion-button solution-button collapsed" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#collapseSolution2" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseSolution2">
   <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution2">Solution to challenge 2</h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution2" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution2" aria-labelledby="headingSolution2">
+<div id="collapseSolution2" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution2" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution2">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb64">
 <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
@@ -1354,7 +1354,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Challenge 3<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href=
 <button class="accordion-button solution-button collapsed" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#collapseSolution3" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseSolution3">
   <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution3">Solution to challenge 3</h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution3" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution3" aria-labelledby="headingSolution3">
+<div id="collapseSolution3" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution3" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution3">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>One way of answering this question in R is to use the
 <code>&gt;</code> to set up the following:</p>
@@ -1393,7 +1393,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Challenge 4<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href=
 <button class="accordion-button solution-button collapsed" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#collapseSolution4" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseSolution4">
   <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution4">Solution to challenge 4</h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution4" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution4" aria-labelledby="headingSolution4">
+<div id="collapseSolution4" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution4" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution4">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>We can use the <code>rm</code> command to accomplish this task</p>
 <div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb70">
@@ -1424,7 +1424,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Challenge 5<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href=
 <button class="accordion-button solution-button collapsed" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#collapseSolution5" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseSolution5">
   <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution5">Solution to challenge 5</h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution5" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution5" aria-labelledby="headingSolution5">
+<div id="collapseSolution5" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution5" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution5">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>We can use the <code>install.packages()</code> command to install the
 required packages.</p>
@@ -1471,7 +1471,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Key Points<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="
 </div>
 </section></section><section id="aio-02-project-intro"><p>Content from <a href="02-project-intro.html">Project Management With RStudio</a></p>
 <hr>
-<p>Last updated on 2024-02-27 |
+<p>Last updated on 2024-03-05 |
         
         <a href="https://github.com/swcarpentry/r-novice-gapminder/edit/main/episodes/02-project-intro.Rmd" class="external-link">Edit this page <i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="edit"></i></a></p>
 <div class="text-end">
@@ -1630,12 +1630,12 @@ <h3 id="treat-generated-output-as-disposable">Treat generated output as disposab
 makes it easier later. Since many analyses are exploratory and don’t end
 up being used in the final project, and some of the analyses get shared
 between projects.</p>
-<div id="tip-good-enough-practices-for-scientific-computing" class="callout callout">
+<div id="callout1" class="callout">
 <div class="callout-square">
 <i class="callout-icon" data-feather="bell"></i>
 </div>
-<div id="tip-good-enough-practices-for-scientific-computing" class="callout-inner">
-<h3 class="callout-title">Tip: Good Enough Practices for Scientific
+<div class="section level3 callout-title callout-inner">
+<h3 class="callout-title" id="tip-good-enough-practices-for-scientific-computing">Tip: Good Enough Practices for Scientific
 Computing<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#tip-good-enough-practices-for-scientific-computing"></a>
 </h3>
 <div class="callout-content">
@@ -1734,18 +1734,18 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution1">Solution to Challenge 4</h4>
 <div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb1">
 <h3 class="code-label">SH<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
-<pre class="sourceCode sh" tabindex="0"><code class="sourceCode bash"><span id="cb1-1"><a href="#cb1-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="fu">ls</span> <span class="at">-lh</span> data/gapminder_data.csv</span></code></pre>
+<pre class="sourceCode sh" tabindex="0"><code class="sourceCode bash"><span id="cb1-1"><a href="#cb1-1" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="fu">ls</span> <span class="at">-lh</span> data/gapminder_data.csv</span></code></pre>
 </div>
 <div class="codewrapper">
 <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
-<pre class="output" tabindex="0"><code>-rw-r--r-- 1 runner docker 80K Feb 27 00:21 data/gapminder_data.csv</code></pre>
+<pre class="output" tabindex="0"><code>-rw-r--r-- 1 runner docker 80K Mar  5 00:11 data/gapminder_data.csv</code></pre>
 </div>
 <p>The file size is 80K.</p>
 <div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb3">
 <h3 class="code-label">SH<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
-<pre class="sourceCode sh" tabindex="0"><code class="sourceCode bash"><span id="cb3-1"><a href="#cb3-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="fu">wc</span> <span class="at">-l</span> data/gapminder_data.csv</span></code></pre>
+<pre class="sourceCode sh" tabindex="0"><code class="sourceCode bash"><span id="cb3-1"><a href="#cb3-1" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="fu">wc</span> <span class="at">-l</span> data/gapminder_data.csv</span></code></pre>
 </div>
 <div class="codewrapper">
 <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
@@ -1756,7 +1756,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 <div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb5">
 <h3 class="code-label">SH<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
-<pre class="sourceCode sh" tabindex="0"><code class="sourceCode bash"><span id="cb5-1"><a href="#cb5-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="fu">head</span> data/gapminder_data.csv</span></code></pre>
+<pre class="sourceCode sh" tabindex="0"><code class="sourceCode bash"><span id="cb5-1"><a href="#cb5-1" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="fu">head</span> data/gapminder_data.csv</span></code></pre>
 </div>
 <div class="codewrapper">
 <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
@@ -1776,12 +1776,12 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 </div>
 </div>
 </div>
-<div id="tip-command-line-in-rstudio" class="callout callout">
+<div id="callout2" class="callout">
 <div class="callout-square">
 <i class="callout-icon" data-feather="bell"></i>
 </div>
-<div id="tip-command-line-in-rstudio" class="callout-inner">
-<h3 class="callout-title">Tip: command line in RStudio<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#tip-command-line-in-rstudio"></a>
+<div class="section level3 callout-title callout-inner">
+<h3 class="callout-title" id="tip-command-line-in-rstudio">Tip: command line in RStudio<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#tip-command-line-in-rstudio"></a>
 </h3>
 <div class="callout-content">
 <p>The Terminal tab in the console pane provides a convenient place
@@ -1833,12 +1833,12 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Challenge 5<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href=
 </div>
 </div>
 </div>
-<div id="tip-file-does-not-exist-errors" class="callout callout">
+<div id="callout3" class="callout">
 <div class="callout-square">
 <i class="callout-icon" data-feather="bell"></i>
 </div>
-<div id="tip-file-does-not-exist-errors" class="callout-inner">
-<h3 class="callout-title">Tip: File does not exist errors<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#tip-file-does-not-exist-errors"></a>
+<div class="section level3 callout-title callout-inner">
+<h3 class="callout-title" id="tip-file-does-not-exist-errors">Tip: File does not exist errors<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#tip-file-does-not-exist-errors"></a>
 </h3>
 <div class="callout-content">
 <p>When you’re attempting to reference a file in your R code and you’re
@@ -1877,7 +1877,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Key Points<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="
 </div>
 </section></section><section id="aio-03-seeking-help"><p>Content from <a href="03-seeking-help.html">Seeking Help</a></p>
 <hr>
-<p>Last updated on 2024-02-27 |
+<p>Last updated on 2024-03-05 |
         
         <a href="https://github.com/swcarpentry/r-novice-gapminder/edit/main/episodes/03-seeking-help.Rmd" class="external-link">Edit this page <i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="edit"></i></a></p>
 <div class="text-end">
@@ -1963,12 +1963,12 @@ <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i
 often share the same arguments as inputs to the function, so package
 authors often choose to document them together in a single help
 file.</p>
-<div id="tip-running-examples" class="callout callout">
+<div id="callout1" class="callout">
 <div class="callout-square">
 <i class="callout-icon" data-feather="bell"></i>
 </div>
-<div id="tip-running-examples" class="callout-inner">
-<h3 class="callout-title">Tip: Running Examples<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#tip-running-examples"></a>
+<div class="section level3 callout-title callout-inner">
+<h3 class="callout-title" id="tip-running-examples">Tip: Running Examples<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#tip-running-examples"></a>
 </h3>
 <div class="callout-content">
 <p>From within the function help page, you can highlight code in the
@@ -1978,12 +1978,12 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Tip: Running Examples<a class="anchor" aria-label="anc
 </div>
 </div>
 </div>
-<div id="tip-reading-help-files" class="callout callout">
+<div id="callout2" class="callout">
 <div class="callout-square">
 <i class="callout-icon" data-feather="bell"></i>
 </div>
-<div id="tip-reading-help-files" class="callout-inner">
-<h3 class="callout-title">Tip: Reading Help Files<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#tip-reading-help-files"></a>
+<div class="section level3 callout-title callout-inner">
+<h3 class="callout-title" id="tip-reading-help-files">Tip: Reading Help Files<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#tip-reading-help-files"></a>
 </h3>
 <div class="callout-content">
 <p>One of the most daunting aspects of R is the large number of
@@ -2093,7 +2093,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 
 loaded via a namespace (and not attached):
 [1] compiler_4.3.2 tools_4.3.2    yaml_2.3.8     knitr_1.45     xfun_0.41     
-[6] renv_1.0.4     evaluate_0.23 </code></pre>
+[6] renv_1.0.5     evaluate_0.23 </code></pre>
 </div>
 <p>Will print out your current version of R, as well as any packages you
 have loaded. This can be useful for others to help reproduce and debug
@@ -2298,7 +2298,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Key Points<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="
 </div>
 </section></section><section id="aio-04-data-structures-part1"><p>Content from <a href="04-data-structures-part1.html">Data Structures</a></p>
 <hr>
-<p>Last updated on 2024-02-27 |
+<p>Last updated on 2024-03-05 |
         
         <a href="https://github.com/swcarpentry/r-novice-gapminder/edit/main/episodes/04-data-structures-part1.Rmd" class="external-link">Edit this page <i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="edit"></i></a></p>
 <div class="text-end">
@@ -2365,17 +2365,17 @@ <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i
 <div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb3">
 <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
-<pre class="sourceCode r" tabindex="0"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb3-1"><a href="#cb3-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>coat,weight,likes_string</span>
-<span id="cb3-2"><a href="#cb3-2" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>calico,<span class="fl">2.1</span>,<span class="dv">1</span></span>
-<span id="cb3-3"><a href="#cb3-3" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>black,<span class="fl">5.0</span>,<span class="dv">0</span></span>
-<span id="cb3-4"><a href="#cb3-4" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>tabby,<span class="fl">3.2</span>,<span class="dv">1</span></span></code></pre>
+<pre class="sourceCode r" tabindex="0"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb3-1"><a href="#cb3-1" tabindex="-1"></a>coat,weight,likes_string</span>
+<span id="cb3-2"><a href="#cb3-2" tabindex="-1"></a>calico,<span class="fl">2.1</span>,<span class="dv">1</span></span>
+<span id="cb3-3"><a href="#cb3-3" tabindex="-1"></a>black,<span class="fl">5.0</span>,<span class="dv">0</span></span>
+<span id="cb3-4"><a href="#cb3-4" tabindex="-1"></a>tabby,<span class="fl">3.2</span>,<span class="dv">1</span></span></code></pre>
 </div>
-<div id="tip-editing-text-files-in-r" class="callout callout">
+<div id="callout1" class="callout">
 <div class="callout-square">
 <i class="callout-icon" data-feather="bell"></i>
 </div>
-<div id="tip-editing-text-files-in-r" class="callout-inner">
-<h3 class="callout-title">Tip: Editing Text files in R<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#tip-editing-text-files-in-r"></a>
+<div class="section level3 callout-title callout-inner">
+<h3 class="callout-title" id="tip-editing-text-files-in-r">Tip: Editing Text files in R<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#tip-editing-text-files-in-r"></a>
 </h3>
 <div class="callout-content">
 <p>Alternatively, you can create <code>data/feline-data.csv</code> using
@@ -2412,12 +2412,12 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 commonly used. If needed it is possible to override the default
 delimiting punctuation marks for both <code>read.csv</code> and
 <code>read.delim</code>.</p>
-<div id="check-your-data-for-factors" class="callout callout">
+<div id="callout2" class="callout">
 <div class="callout-square">
 <i class="callout-icon" data-feather="bell"></i>
 </div>
-<div id="check-your-data-for-factors" class="callout-inner">
-<h3 class="callout-title">Check your data for factors<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#check-your-data-for-factors"></a>
+<div class="section level3 callout-title callout-inner">
+<h3 class="callout-title" id="check-your-data-for-factors">Check your data for factors<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#check-your-data-for-factors"></a>
 </h3>
 <div class="callout-content">
 <p>In recent times, the default way how R handles textual data has
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 <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
-<pre class="sourceCode r" tabindex="0"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb29-1"><a href="#cb29-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>coat,weight,likes_string</span>
-<span id="cb29-2"><a href="#cb29-2" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>calico,<span class="fl">2.1</span>,<span class="dv">1</span></span>
-<span id="cb29-3"><a href="#cb29-3" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>black,<span class="fl">5.0</span>,<span class="dv">0</span></span>
-<span id="cb29-4"><a href="#cb29-4" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>tabby,<span class="fl">3.2</span>,<span class="dv">1</span></span>
-<span id="cb29-5"><a href="#cb29-5" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>tabby,<span class="fl">2.3</span> or <span class="fl">2.4</span>,<span class="dv">1</span></span></code></pre>
+<pre class="sourceCode r" tabindex="0"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb29-1"><a href="#cb29-1" tabindex="-1"></a>coat,weight,likes_string</span>
+<span id="cb29-2"><a href="#cb29-2" tabindex="-1"></a>calico,<span class="fl">2.1</span>,<span class="dv">1</span></span>
+<span id="cb29-3"><a href="#cb29-3" tabindex="-1"></a>black,<span class="fl">5.0</span>,<span class="dv">0</span></span>
+<span id="cb29-4"><a href="#cb29-4" tabindex="-1"></a>tabby,<span class="fl">3.2</span>,<span class="dv">1</span></span>
+<span id="cb29-5"><a href="#cb29-5" tabindex="-1"></a>tabby,<span class="fl">2.3</span> or <span class="fl">2.4</span>,<span class="dv">1</span></span></code></pre>
 </div>
 <p>Load the new cats data like before, and check what type of data we
 find in the <code>weight</code> column:</p>
@@ -2766,7 +2766,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Discussion 1<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href
 <button class="accordion-button solution-button collapsed" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#collapseSolution1" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseSolution1">
   <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution1">Discussion 1</h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution1" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution1" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution1">
+<div id="collapseSolution1" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution1" aria-labelledby="headingSolution1">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>By keeping everything in a column the same, we allow ourselves to
 make simple assumptions about our data; if you can interpret one entry
@@ -2996,7 +2996,7 @@ <h4 id="print-the-data">1. Print the data<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" h
 <button class="accordion-button solution-button collapsed" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#collapseSolution2" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseSolution2">
   <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution2">Tip 1.1</h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution2" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution2" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution2">
+<div id="collapseSolution2" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution2" aria-labelledby="headingSolution2">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>Show the content of any variable by typing its name.</p>
 <div class="section level3">
@@ -3029,7 +3029,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">2. Overview of the data types<a class="anchor" aria-la
 <button class="accordion-button solution-button collapsed" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#collapseSolution3" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseSolution3">
   <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution3">Tip 1.2</h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution3" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution3" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution3">
+<div id="collapseSolution3" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution3" aria-labelledby="headingSolution3">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>In the chapter “Data types” we saw two functions that can show data
 types. One printed just a single word, the data type name. The other
@@ -3071,7 +3071,7 @@ <h4 id="which-data-type-do-we-need">3. Which data type do we need?<a class="anch
 <button class="accordion-button solution-button collapsed" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#collapseSolution4" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseSolution4">
   <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution4">Tip 1.3</h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution4" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution4" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution4">
+<div id="collapseSolution4" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution4" aria-labelledby="headingSolution4">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>Scroll up to the section about the <a href="#the-type-hierarchy">type
 hierarchy</a> to review the available data types</p>
@@ -3084,7 +3084,7 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution4">Tip 1.3</h4>
 <button class="accordion-button solution-button collapsed" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#collapseSolution5" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseSolution5">
   <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution5">Solution to Challenge 1.3</h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution5" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution5" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution5">
+<div id="collapseSolution5" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution5" aria-labelledby="headingSolution5">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <ul>
 <li>Weight is expressed on a continuous scale (real numbers). The R data
@@ -3118,7 +3118,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">4. Correct the problematic value<a class="anchor" aria
 <button class="accordion-button solution-button collapsed" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#collapseSolution6" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseSolution6">
   <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution6">Tip 1.4</h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution6" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution6" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution6">
+<div id="collapseSolution6" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution6" aria-labelledby="headingSolution6">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>Revisit the hierarchy of data types when two different data types are
 combined.</p>
@@ -3157,7 +3157,7 @@ <h4 id="convert-the-column-weight-to-the-correct-data-type">5. Convert the colum
 <button class="accordion-button solution-button collapsed" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#collapseSolution7" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseSolution7">
   <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution7">Tip 1.5</h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution7" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution7" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution7">
+<div id="collapseSolution7" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution7" aria-labelledby="headingSolution7">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>The functions to convert data types start with <code>as.</code>. You
 can look for the function further up in the manuscript or use the
@@ -3348,7 +3348,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Challenge 2<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href=
 <button class="accordion-button solution-button collapsed" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#collapseSolution8" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseSolution8">
   <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution8">Solution to Challenge 2</h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution8" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution8" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution8">
+<div id="collapseSolution8" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution8" aria-labelledby="headingSolution8">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb92">
 <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
@@ -3578,7 +3578,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Challenge 3<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href=
 <button class="accordion-button solution-button collapsed" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#collapseSolution9" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseSolution9">
   <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution9">Solution to Challenge 3</h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution9" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution9" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution9">
+<div id="collapseSolution9" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution9" aria-labelledby="headingSolution9">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>You get the names of an object by wrapping the object name inside
 <code>names(...)</code>. Similarly, you get the data type of the names
@@ -3623,7 +3623,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Challenge 4<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href=
 <button class="accordion-button solution-button collapsed" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#collapseSolution10" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseSolution10">
   <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution10">Solution to Challenge 4</h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution10" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution10" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution10">
+<div id="collapseSolution10" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution10" aria-labelledby="headingSolution10">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <pre><code><span><span class="va">letter_no</span> <span class="op">&lt;-</span> <span class="fl">1</span><span class="op">:</span><span class="fl">26</span>   <span class="co"># or seq(1,26)</span></span>
 <span><span class="fu">names</span><span class="op">(</span><span class="va">letter_no</span><span class="op">)</span> <span class="op">&lt;-</span> <span class="va">LETTERS</span></span>
@@ -3814,7 +3814,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Challenge 5<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href=
 <button class="accordion-button solution-button collapsed" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#collapseSolution11" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseSolution11">
   <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution11">Solution to Challenge 5</h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution11" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution11" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution11">
+<div id="collapseSolution11" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution11" aria-labelledby="headingSolution11">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb138">
 <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
@@ -3926,12 +3926,12 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 </div>
 </div>
 </div>
-<div id="tip-renaming-data-frame-columns" class="callout callout">
+<div id="callout3" class="callout">
 <div class="callout-square">
 <i class="callout-icon" data-feather="bell"></i>
 </div>
-<div id="tip-renaming-data-frame-columns" class="callout-inner">
-<h3 class="callout-title">Tip: Renaming data frame columns<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#tip-renaming-data-frame-columns"></a>
+<div class="section level3 callout-title callout-inner">
+<h3 class="callout-title" id="tip-renaming-data-frame-columns">Tip: Renaming data frame columns<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#tip-renaming-data-frame-columns"></a>
 </h3>
 <div class="callout-content">
 <p>Data frames have column names, which can be accessed with the
@@ -4075,7 +4075,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Challenge 6<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href=
 <button class="accordion-button solution-button collapsed" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#collapseSolution12" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseSolution12">
   <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution12">Solution to Challenge 6</h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution12" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution12" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution12">
+<div id="collapseSolution12" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution12" aria-labelledby="headingSolution12">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>What do you think will be the result of
 <code>length(matrix_example)</code>?</p>
@@ -4119,7 +4119,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Challenge 7<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href=
 <button class="accordion-button solution-button collapsed" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#collapseSolution13" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseSolution13">
   <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution13">Solution to Challenge 7</h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution13" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution13" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution13">
+<div id="collapseSolution13" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution13" aria-labelledby="headingSolution13">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>Make another matrix, this time containing the numbers 1:50, with 5
 columns and 10 rows. Did the <code>matrix</code> function fill your
@@ -4161,7 +4161,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Challenge 8<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href=
 <button class="accordion-button solution-button collapsed" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#collapseSolution14" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseSolution14">
   <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution14">Solution to Challenge 8</h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution14" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution14" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution14">
+<div id="collapseSolution14" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution14" aria-labelledby="headingSolution14">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb173">
 <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
@@ -4213,7 +4213,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 <button class="accordion-button solution-button collapsed" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#collapseSolution15" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseSolution15">
   <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution15">Solution to Challenge 9</h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution15" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution15" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution15">
+<div id="collapseSolution15" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution15" aria-labelledby="headingSolution15">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>Consider the R output of the matrix below:</p>
 <div class="codewrapper">
@@ -4258,7 +4258,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Key Points<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="
 </div>
 </section></section><section id="aio-05-data-structures-part2"><p>Content from <a href="05-data-structures-part2.html">Exploring Data Frames</a></p>
 <hr>
-<p>Last updated on 2024-02-27 |
+<p>Last updated on 2024-03-05 |
         
         <a href="https://github.com/swcarpentry/r-novice-gapminder/edit/main/episodes/05-data-structures-part2.Rmd" class="external-link">Edit this page <i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="edit"></i></a></p>
 <div class="text-end">
@@ -4568,7 +4568,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i
 <button class="accordion-button solution-button collapsed" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#collapseSolution1" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseSolution1">
   <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution1">Solution to Challenge 1</h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution1" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution1" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution1">
+<div id="collapseSolution1" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution1" aria-labelledby="headingSolution1">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb28">
 <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
@@ -4597,12 +4597,12 @@ <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i
 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
 <code class="sourceCode R"><span><span class="va">gapminder</span> <span class="op">&lt;-</span> <span class="fu">read.csv</span><span class="op">(</span><span class="st">"data/gapminder_data.csv"</span><span class="op">)</span></span></code></pre>
 </div>
-<div id="miscellaneous-tips" class="callout callout">
+<div id="callout1" class="callout">
 <div class="callout-square">
 <i class="callout-icon" data-feather="bell"></i>
 </div>
-<div id="miscellaneous-tips" class="callout-inner">
-<h3 class="callout-title">Miscellaneous Tips<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#miscellaneous-tips"></a>
+<div class="section level3 callout-title callout-inner">
+<h3 class="callout-title" id="miscellaneous-tips">Miscellaneous Tips<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#miscellaneous-tips"></a>
 </h3>
 <div class="callout-content">
 <ul>
@@ -4858,7 +4858,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Challenge 2<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href=
 <button class="accordion-button solution-button collapsed" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#collapseSolution2" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseSolution2">
   <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution2">Solution to Challenge 2</h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution2" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution2" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution2">
+<div id="collapseSolution2" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution2" aria-labelledby="headingSolution2">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>To check the last few lines it’s relatively simple as R already has a
 function for this:</p>
@@ -4918,7 +4918,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Challenge 3<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href=
 <button class="accordion-button solution-button collapsed" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#collapseSolution3" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseSolution3">
   <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution3">Solution to Challenge 3</h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution3" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution3" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution3">
+<div id="collapseSolution3" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution3" aria-labelledby="headingSolution3">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>The <code>source</code> function can be used to use a script within a
 script. Assume you would like to load the same type of file over and
@@ -4969,7 +4969,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Challenge 4<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href=
 <button class="accordion-button solution-button collapsed" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#collapseSolution4" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseSolution4">
   <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution4">Solution to Challenge 4</h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution4" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution4" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution4">
+<div id="collapseSolution4" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution4" aria-labelledby="headingSolution4">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>The object <code>gapminder</code> is a data frame with columns</p>
 <ul>
@@ -5011,7 +5011,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Key Points<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="
 </div>
 </section></section><section id="aio-06-data-subsetting"><p>Content from <a href="06-data-subsetting.html">Subsetting Data</a></p>
 <hr>
-<p>Last updated on 2024-02-27 |
+<p>Last updated on 2024-03-05 |
         
         <a href="https://github.com/swcarpentry/r-novice-gapminder/edit/main/episodes/06-data-subsetting.Rmd" class="external-link">Edit this page <i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="edit"></i></a></p>
 <div class="text-end">
@@ -5067,12 +5067,12 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 <pre class="output" tabindex="0"><code>  a   b   c   d   e 
 5.4 6.2 7.1 4.8 7.5 </code></pre>
 </div>
-<div id="atomic-vectors" class="callout callout">
+<div id="callout1" class="callout">
 <div class="callout-square">
 <i class="callout-icon" data-feather="bell"></i>
 </div>
-<div id="atomic-vectors" class="callout-inner">
-<h3 class="callout-title">Atomic vectors<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#atomic-vectors"></a>
+<div class="section level3 callout-title callout-inner">
+<h3 class="callout-title" id="atomic-vectors">Atomic vectors<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#atomic-vectors"></a>
 </h3>
 <div class="callout-content">
 <p>In R, simple vectors containing character strings, numbers, or
@@ -5206,12 +5206,12 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 </h3>
 <pre class="output" tabindex="0"><code>named numeric(0)</code></pre>
 </div>
-<div id="vector-numbering-in-r-starts-at-1" class="callout callout">
+<div id="callout2" class="callout">
 <div class="callout-square">
 <i class="callout-icon" data-feather="bell"></i>
 </div>
-<div id="vector-numbering-in-r-starts-at-1" class="callout-inner">
-<h3 class="callout-title">Vector numbering in R starts at 1<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#vector-numbering-in-r-starts-at-1"></a>
+<div class="section level3 callout-title callout-inner">
+<h3 class="callout-title" id="vector-numbering-in-r-starts-at-1">Vector numbering in R starts at 1<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#vector-numbering-in-r-starts-at-1"></a>
 </h3>
 <div class="callout-content">
 <p>In many programming languages (C and Python, for example), the first
@@ -5249,12 +5249,12 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 <pre class="output" tabindex="0"><code>  b   c   d 
 6.2 7.1 4.8 </code></pre>
 </div>
-<div id="tip-order-of-operations" class="callout callout">
+<div id="callout3" class="callout">
 <div class="callout-square">
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-<div id="tip-order-of-operations" class="callout-inner">
-<h3 class="callout-title">Tip: Order of operations<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#tip-order-of-operations"></a>
+<div class="section level3 callout-title callout-inner">
+<h3 class="callout-title" id="tip-order-of-operations">Tip: Order of operations<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#tip-order-of-operations"></a>
 </h3>
 <div class="callout-content">
 <p>A common trip up for novices occurs when trying to skip slices of a
@@ -5462,12 +5462,12 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 <pre class="output" tabindex="0"><code><span>  <span class="va">a</span> </span>
 <span><span class="fl">5.4</span> </span></code></pre>
 </div>
-<div id="tip-combining-logical-conditions" class="callout callout">
+<div id="callout4" class="callout">
 <div class="callout-square">
 <i class="callout-icon" data-feather="bell"></i>
 </div>
-<div id="tip-combining-logical-conditions" class="callout-inner">
-<h3 class="callout-title">Tip: Combining logical conditions<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#tip-combining-logical-conditions"></a>
+<div class="section level3 callout-title callout-inner">
+<h3 class="callout-title" id="tip-combining-logical-conditions">Tip: Combining logical conditions<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#tip-combining-logical-conditions"></a>
 </h3>
 <div class="callout-content">
 <p>We often want to combine multiple logical criteria. For example, we
@@ -5559,12 +5559,12 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 </div>
 </div>
 </div>
-<div id="tip-non-unique-names" class="callout callout">
+<div id="callout5" class="callout">
 <div class="callout-square">
 <i class="callout-icon" data-feather="bell"></i>
 </div>
-<div id="tip-non-unique-names" class="callout-inner">
-<h3 class="callout-title">Tip: Non-unique names<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#tip-non-unique-names"></a>
+<div class="section level3 callout-title callout-inner">
+<h3 class="callout-title" id="tip-non-unique-names">Tip: Non-unique names<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#tip-non-unique-names"></a>
 </h3>
 <div class="callout-content">
 <p>You should be aware that it is possible for multiple elements in a
@@ -5623,12 +5623,12 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 </div>
 </div>
 </div>
-<div id="tip-getting-help-for-operators" class="callout callout">
+<div id="callout6" class="callout">
 <div class="callout-square">
 <i class="callout-icon" data-feather="bell"></i>
 </div>
-<div id="tip-getting-help-for-operators" class="callout-inner">
-<h3 class="callout-title">Tip: Getting help for operators<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#tip-getting-help-for-operators"></a>
+<div class="section level3 callout-title callout-inner">
+<h3 class="callout-title" id="tip-getting-help-for-operators">Tip: Getting help for operators<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#tip-getting-help-for-operators"></a>
 </h3>
 <div class="callout-content">
 <p>Remember you can search for help on operators by wrapping them in
@@ -5984,12 +5984,12 @@ <h3 class="code-label">ERROR<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></
 </h3>
 <pre class="error" tabindex="0"><code>Error in m[, c(3, 6)]: subscript out of bounds</code></pre>
 </div>
-<div id="tip-higher-dimensional-arrays" class="callout callout">
+<div id="callout7" class="callout">
 <div class="callout-square">
 <i class="callout-icon" data-feather="bell"></i>
 </div>
-<div id="tip-higher-dimensional-arrays" class="callout-inner">
-<h3 class="callout-title">Tip: Higher dimensional arrays<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#tip-higher-dimensional-arrays"></a>
+<div class="section level3 callout-title callout-inner">
+<h3 class="callout-title" id="tip-higher-dimensional-arrays">Tip: Higher dimensional arrays<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#tip-higher-dimensional-arrays"></a>
 </h3>
 <div class="callout-content">
 <p>when dealing with multi-dimensional arrays, each argument to
@@ -6412,7 +6412,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Challenge 7<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href=
 <div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb134">
 <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
-<pre class="sourceCode r" tabindex="0"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb134-1"><a href="#cb134-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>gapminder[gapminder<span class="sc">$</span>year <span class="ot">=</span> <span class="dv">1957</span>,]</span></code></pre>
+<pre class="sourceCode r" tabindex="0"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb134-1"><a href="#cb134-1" tabindex="-1"></a>gapminder[gapminder<span class="sc">$</span>year <span class="ot">=</span> <span class="dv">1957</span>,]</span></code></pre>
 </div>
 <ol start="2" style="list-style-type: decimal">
 <li>Extract all columns except 1 through to 4</li>
@@ -6585,7 +6585,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Key Points<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="
 </div>
 </section></section><section id="aio-07-control-flow"><p>Content from <a href="07-control-flow.html">Control Flow</a></p>
 <hr>
-<p>Last updated on 2024-02-27 |
+<p>Last updated on 2024-03-05 |
         
         <a href="https://github.com/swcarpentry/r-novice-gapminder/edit/main/episodes/07-control-flow.Rmd" class="external-link">Edit this page <i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="edit"></i></a></p>
 <div class="text-end">
@@ -6628,17 +6628,17 @@ <h3 class="card-title">Objectives</h3>
 <div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb1">
 <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
-<pre class="sourceCode r" tabindex="0"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb1-1"><a href="#cb1-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co"># if</span></span>
-<span id="cb1-2"><a href="#cb1-2" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="cf">if</span> (condition is true) {</span>
-<span id="cb1-3"><a href="#cb1-3" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>  perform action</span>
-<span id="cb1-4"><a href="#cb1-4" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>}</span>
-<span id="cb1-5"><a href="#cb1-5" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
-<span id="cb1-6"><a href="#cb1-6" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co"># if ... else</span></span>
-<span id="cb1-7"><a href="#cb1-7" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="cf">if</span> (condition is true) {</span>
-<span id="cb1-8"><a href="#cb1-8" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>  perform action</span>
-<span id="cb1-9"><a href="#cb1-9" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>} <span class="cf">else</span> {  <span class="co"># that is, if the condition is false,</span></span>
-<span id="cb1-10"><a href="#cb1-10" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>  perform alternative action</span>
-<span id="cb1-11"><a href="#cb1-11" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>}</span></code></pre>
+<pre class="sourceCode r" tabindex="0"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb1-1"><a href="#cb1-1" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co"># if</span></span>
+<span id="cb1-2"><a href="#cb1-2" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="cf">if</span> (condition is true) {</span>
+<span id="cb1-3"><a href="#cb1-3" tabindex="-1"></a>  perform action</span>
+<span id="cb1-4"><a href="#cb1-4" tabindex="-1"></a>}</span>
+<span id="cb1-5"><a href="#cb1-5" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
+<span id="cb1-6"><a href="#cb1-6" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co"># if ... else</span></span>
+<span id="cb1-7"><a href="#cb1-7" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="cf">if</span> (condition is true) {</span>
+<span id="cb1-8"><a href="#cb1-8" tabindex="-1"></a>  perform action</span>
+<span id="cb1-9"><a href="#cb1-9" tabindex="-1"></a>} <span class="cf">else</span> {  <span class="co"># that is, if the condition is false,</span></span>
+<span id="cb1-10"><a href="#cb1-10" tabindex="-1"></a>  perform alternative action</span>
+<span id="cb1-11"><a href="#cb1-11" tabindex="-1"></a>}</span></code></pre>
 </div>
 <p>Say, for example, that we want R to print a message if a variable
 <code>x</code> has a particular value:</p>
@@ -6816,12 +6816,13 @@ <h3 class="code-label">ERROR<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></
 the condition in the first element of the vector. Therefore, to use the
 <code>if()</code> function, you need to make sure your input is singular
 (of length 1).</p>
-<div id="tip-built-in-ifelse-function" class="callout callout">
+<div id="callout1" class="callout">
 <div class="callout-square">
 <i class="callout-icon" data-feather="bell"></i>
 </div>
-<div id="tip-built-in-ifelse-function" class="callout-inner">
-<h3 class="callout-title">Tip: Built in<code>ifelse()</code>function<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#tip-built-in-ifelse-function"></a>
+<div class="section level3 callout-title callout-inner">
+<h3 class="callout-title" id="tip-built-in-ifelse-function">Tip: Built in <code>ifelse()</code>
+function<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#tip-built-in-ifelse-function"></a>
 </h3>
 <div class="callout-content">
 <p><code>R</code> accepts both <code>if()</code> and
@@ -6832,8 +6833,8 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Tip: Built in<code>ifelse()</code>function<a class="an
 <div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb18">
 <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
-<pre class="sourceCode r" tabindex="0"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb18-1"><a href="#cb18-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co"># ifelse function</span></span>
-<span id="cb18-2"><a href="#cb18-2" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="fu">ifelse</span>(condition is true, perform action, perform alternative action)</span></code></pre>
+<pre class="sourceCode r" tabindex="0"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb18-1"><a href="#cb18-1" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co"># ifelse function</span></span>
+<span id="cb18-2"><a href="#cb18-2" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="fu">ifelse</span>(condition is true, perform action, perform alternative action)</span></code></pre>
 </div>
 <p>where the first argument is the condition or a set of conditions to
 be met, the second argument is the statement that is evaluated when the
@@ -6854,12 +6855,14 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 </div>
 </div>
 </div>
-<div id="tip-any-and-all" class="callout callout">
+<div id="callout2" class="callout">
 <div class="callout-square">
 <i class="callout-icon" data-feather="bell"></i>
 </div>
-<div id="tip-any-and-all" class="callout-inner">
-<h3 class="callout-title">Tip:<code>any()</code>and<code>all()</code><a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#tip-any-and-all"></a>
+<div class="section level3 callout-title callout-inner">
+<h3 class="callout-title" id="tip-any-and-all">Tip: <code>any()</code> and
+<code>all()</code>
+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#tip-any-and-all"></a>
 </h3>
 <div class="callout-content">
 <p>The <code>any()</code> function will return <code>TRUE</code> if at
@@ -6891,9 +6894,9 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Tip:<code>any()</code>and<code>all()</code><a class="a
 <div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb21">
 <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
-<pre class="sourceCode r" tabindex="0"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb21-1"><a href="#cb21-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="cf">for</span> (iterator <span class="cf">in</span> set of values) {</span>
-<span id="cb21-2"><a href="#cb21-2" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>  do a thing</span>
-<span id="cb21-3"><a href="#cb21-3" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>}</span></code></pre>
+<pre class="sourceCode r" tabindex="0"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb21-1"><a href="#cb21-1" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="cf">for</span> (iterator <span class="cf">in</span> set of values) {</span>
+<span id="cb21-2"><a href="#cb21-2" tabindex="-1"></a>  do a thing</span>
+<span id="cb21-3"><a href="#cb21-3" tabindex="-1"></a>}</span></code></pre>
 </div>
 <p>For example:</p>
 <div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb22">
@@ -6991,12 +6994,12 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 <p>This approach can be useful, but ‘growing your results’ (building the
 result object incrementally) is computationally inefficient, so avoid it
 when you are iterating through a lot of values.</p>
-<div id="tip-dont-grow-your-results" class="callout callout">
+<div id="callout3" class="callout">
 <div class="callout-square">
 <i class="callout-icon" data-feather="bell"></i>
 </div>
-<div id="tip-dont-grow-your-results" class="callout-inner">
-<h3 class="callout-title">Tip: don’t grow your results<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#tip-dont-grow-your-results"></a>
+<div class="section level3 callout-title callout-inner">
+<h3 class="callout-title" id="tip-dont-grow-your-results">Tip: don’t grow your results<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#tip-dont-grow-your-results"></a>
 </h3>
 <div class="callout-content">
 <p>One of the biggest things that trips up novices and experienced R
@@ -7037,12 +7040,12 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 [13] "3 c" "4 c" "5 c" "1 d" "2 d" "3 d" "4 d" "5 d" "1 e" "2 e" "3 e" "4 e"
 [25] "5 e"</code></pre>
 </div>
-<div id="tip-while-loops" class="callout callout">
+<div id="callout4" class="callout">
 <div class="callout-square">
 <i class="callout-icon" data-feather="bell"></i>
 </div>
-<div id="tip-while-loops" class="callout-inner">
-<h3 class="callout-title">Tip: While loops<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#tip-while-loops"></a>
+<div class="section level3 callout-title callout-inner">
+<h3 class="callout-title" id="tip-while-loops">Tip: While loops<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#tip-while-loops"></a>
 </h3>
 <div class="callout-content">
 <p>Sometimes you will find yourself needing to repeat an operation as
@@ -7051,9 +7054,9 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Tip: While loops<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor"
 <div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb30">
 <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
-<pre class="sourceCode r" tabindex="0"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb30-1"><a href="#cb30-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="cf">while</span>(this condition is true){</span>
-<span id="cb30-2"><a href="#cb30-2" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>  do a thing</span>
-<span id="cb30-3"><a href="#cb30-3" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>}</span></code></pre>
+<pre class="sourceCode r" tabindex="0"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb30-1"><a href="#cb30-1" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="cf">while</span>(this condition is true){</span>
+<span id="cb30-2"><a href="#cb30-2" tabindex="-1"></a>  do a thing</span>
+<span id="cb30-3"><a href="#cb30-3" tabindex="-1"></a>}</span></code></pre>
 </div>
 <p>R will interpret a condition being met as “TRUE”.</p>
 <p>As an example, here’s a while loop that generates random numbers from
@@ -7385,7 +7388,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Key Points<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="
 </div>
 </section></section><section id="aio-08-plot-ggplot2"><p>Content from <a href="08-plot-ggplot2.html">Creating Publication-Quality Graphics with ggplot2</a></p>
 <hr>
-<p>Last updated on 2024-02-27 |
+<p>Last updated on 2024-03-05 |
         
         <a href="https://github.com/swcarpentry/r-novice-gapminder/edit/main/episodes/08-plot-ggplot2.Rmd" class="external-link">Edit this page <i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="edit"></i></a></p>
 <div class="text-end">
@@ -7526,7 +7529,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i
 <button class="accordion-button solution-button collapsed" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#collapseSolution1" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseSolution1">
   <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution1">Solution to challenge 1</h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution1" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution1" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution1">
+<div id="collapseSolution1" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution1" aria-labelledby="headingSolution1">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>Here is one possible solution:</p>
 <div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb5">
@@ -7566,7 +7569,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Challenge 2<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href=
 <button class="accordion-button solution-button collapsed" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#collapseSolution2" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseSolution2">
   <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution2">Solution to challenge 2</h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution2" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution2" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution2">
+<div id="collapseSolution2" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution2" aria-labelledby="headingSolution2">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>The solution presented below adds <code>color=continent</code> to the
 call of the <code>aes</code> function. The general trend seems to
@@ -7638,12 +7641,12 @@ <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i
 <code>ggplot</code> to the <code>geom_line</code> layer so it no longer
 applies to the points. Now we can clearly see that the points are drawn
 on top of the lines.</p>
-<div id="tip-setting-an-aesthetic-to-a-value-instead-of-a-mapping" class="callout callout">
+<div id="callout1" class="callout">
 <div class="callout-square">
 <i class="callout-icon" data-feather="bell"></i>
 </div>
-<div id="tip-setting-an-aesthetic-to-a-value-instead-of-a-mapping" class="callout-inner">
-<h3 class="callout-title">Tip: Setting an aesthetic to a value instead
+<div class="section level3 callout-title callout-inner">
+<h3 class="callout-title" id="tip-setting-an-aesthetic-to-a-value-instead-of-a-mapping">Tip: Setting an aesthetic to a value instead
 of a mapping<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#tip-setting-an-aesthetic-to-a-value-instead-of-a-mapping"></a>
 </h3>
 <div class="callout-content">
@@ -7678,7 +7681,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Challenge 3<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href=
 <button class="accordion-button solution-button collapsed" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#collapseSolution3" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseSolution3">
   <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution3">Solution to challenge 3</h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution3" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution3" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution3">
+<div id="collapseSolution3" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution3" aria-labelledby="headingSolution3">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>The lines now get drawn over the points!</p>
 <div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb11">
@@ -7728,12 +7731,12 @@ <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i
 same horizontal distance away from a value of 10,000 as the 10,000 value
 is from 100,000. This helps to visualize the spread of the data along
 the x-axis.</p>
-<div id="tip-reminder-setting-an-aesthetic-to-a-value-instead-of-a-mapping" class="callout callout">
+<div id="callout2" class="callout">
 <div class="callout-square">
 <i class="callout-icon" data-feather="bell"></i>
 </div>
-<div id="tip-reminder-setting-an-aesthetic-to-a-value-instead-of-a-mapping" class="callout-inner">
-<h3 class="callout-title">Tip Reminder: Setting an aesthetic to a value
+<div class="section level3 callout-title callout-inner">
+<h3 class="callout-title" id="tip-reminder-setting-an-aesthetic-to-a-value-instead-of-a-mapping">Tip Reminder: Setting an aesthetic to a value
 instead of a mapping<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#tip-reminder-setting-an-aesthetic-to-a-value-instead-of-a-mapping"></a>
 </h3>
 <div class="callout-content">
@@ -7810,7 +7813,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Challenge 4a<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href
 <button class="accordion-button solution-button collapsed" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#collapseSolution4" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseSolution4">
   <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution4">Solution to challenge 4a</h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution4" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution4" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution4">
+<div id="collapseSolution4" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution4" aria-labelledby="headingSolution4">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>Here a possible solution: Notice that the <code>color</code> argument
 is supplied outside of the <code>aes()</code> function. This means that
@@ -7853,7 +7856,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Challenge 4b<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href
 <button class="accordion-button solution-button collapsed" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#collapseSolution5" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseSolution5">
   <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution5">Solution to challenge 4b</h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution5" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution5" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution5">
+<div id="collapseSolution5" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution5" aria-labelledby="headingSolution5">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>Here is a possible solution: Notice that supplying the
 <code>color</code> argument inside the <code>aes()</code> functions
@@ -7886,12 +7889,12 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 <p>Earlier we visualized the change in life expectancy over time across
 all countries in one plot. Alternatively, we can split this out over
 multiple panels by adding a layer of <strong>facet</strong> panels.</p>
-<div id="tip" class="callout callout">
+<div id="callout3" class="callout">
 <div class="callout-square">
 <i class="callout-icon" data-feather="bell"></i>
 </div>
-<div id="tip" class="callout-inner">
-<h3 class="callout-title">Tip<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#tip"></a>
+<div class="section level3 callout-title callout-inner">
+<h3 class="callout-title" id="tip">Tip<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#tip"></a>
 </h3>
 <div class="callout-content">
 <p>We start by making a subset of data including only countries located
@@ -8011,7 +8014,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Challenge 5<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href=
 <button class="accordion-button solution-button collapsed" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#collapseSolution6" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseSolution6">
   <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution6">Solution to Challenge 5</h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution6" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution6" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution6">
+<div id="collapseSolution6" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution6" aria-labelledby="headingSolution6">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>Here a possible solution: <code>xlab()</code> and <code>ylab()</code>
 set labels for the x and y axes, respectively The axis title, text and
@@ -8051,7 +8054,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Key Points<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="
 </div>
 </section></section><section id="aio-09-vectorization"><p>Content from <a href="09-vectorization.html">Vectorization</a></p>
 <hr>
-<p>Last updated on 2024-02-27 |
+<p>Last updated on 2024-03-05 |
         
         <a href="https://github.com/swcarpentry/r-novice-gapminder/edit/main/episodes/09-vectorization.Rmd" class="external-link">Edit this page <i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="edit"></i></a></p>
 <div class="text-end">
@@ -8117,11 +8120,11 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 <div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb5">
 <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
-<pre class="sourceCode r" tabindex="0"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb5-1"><a href="#cb5-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>x<span class="sc">:</span>  <span class="dv">1</span>  <span class="dv">2</span>  <span class="dv">3</span>  <span class="dv">4</span></span>
-<span id="cb5-2"><a href="#cb5-2" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>    <span class="sc">+</span>  <span class="sc">+</span>  <span class="sc">+</span>  <span class="sc">+</span></span>
-<span id="cb5-3"><a href="#cb5-3" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>y<span class="sc">:</span>  <span class="dv">6</span>  <span class="dv">7</span>  <span class="dv">8</span>  <span class="dv">9</span></span>
-<span id="cb5-4"><a href="#cb5-4" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="sc">---------------</span></span>
-<span id="cb5-5"><a href="#cb5-5" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>    <span class="dv">7</span>  <span class="dv">9</span> <span class="dv">11</span> <span class="dv">13</span></span></code></pre>
+<pre class="sourceCode r" tabindex="0"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb5-1"><a href="#cb5-1" tabindex="-1"></a>x<span class="sc">:</span>  <span class="dv">1</span>  <span class="dv">2</span>  <span class="dv">3</span>  <span class="dv">4</span></span>
+<span id="cb5-2"><a href="#cb5-2" tabindex="-1"></a>    <span class="sc">+</span>  <span class="sc">+</span>  <span class="sc">+</span>  <span class="sc">+</span></span>
+<span id="cb5-3"><a href="#cb5-3" tabindex="-1"></a>y<span class="sc">:</span>  <span class="dv">6</span>  <span class="dv">7</span>  <span class="dv">8</span>  <span class="dv">9</span></span>
+<span id="cb5-4"><a href="#cb5-4" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="sc">---------------</span></span>
+<span id="cb5-5"><a href="#cb5-5" tabindex="-1"></a>    <span class="dv">7</span>  <span class="dv">9</span> <span class="dv">11</span> <span class="dv">13</span></span></code></pre>
 </div>
 <p>Here is how we would add two vectors together using a for loop:</p>
 <div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb6">
@@ -8275,12 +8278,12 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 </h3>
 <pre class="output" tabindex="0"><code>[1] FALSE FALSE FALSE  TRUE</code></pre>
 </div>
-<div id="tip-some-useful-functions-for-logical-vectors" class="callout callout">
+<div id="callout1" class="callout">
 <div class="callout-square">
 <i class="callout-icon" data-feather="bell"></i>
 </div>
-<div id="tip-some-useful-functions-for-logical-vectors" class="callout-inner">
-<h3 class="callout-title">Tip: some useful functions for logical
+<div class="section level3 callout-title callout-inner">
+<h3 class="callout-title" id="tip-some-useful-functions-for-logical-vectors">Tip: some useful functions for logical
 vectors<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#tip-some-useful-functions-for-logical-vectors"></a>
 </h3>
 <div class="callout-content">
@@ -8320,13 +8323,13 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 [2,]   -2   -5   -8  -11
 [3,]   -3   -6   -9  -12</code></pre>
 </div>
-<div id="tip-element-wise-vs.-matrix-multiplication" class="callout callout">
+<div id="callout2" class="callout">
 <div class="callout-square">
 <i class="callout-icon" data-feather="bell"></i>
 </div>
-<div id="tip-element-wise-vs.-matrix-multiplication" class="callout-inner">
-<h3 class="callout-title">Tip: element-wise vs. matrix
-multiplication<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#tip-element-wise-vs.-matrix-multiplication"></a>
+<div class="section level3 callout-title callout-inner">
+<h3 class="callout-title" id="tip-element-wise-vs--matrix-multiplication">Tip: element-wise vs. matrix
+multiplication<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#tip-element-wise-vs--matrix-multiplication"></a>
 </h3>
 <div class="callout-content">
 <p>Very important: the operator <code>*</code> gives you element-wise
@@ -8575,12 +8578,12 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 </div>
 </div>
 </div>
-<div id="tip-operations-on-vectors-of-unequal-length" class="callout callout">
+<div id="callout3" class="callout">
 <div class="callout-square">
 <i class="callout-icon" data-feather="bell"></i>
 </div>
-<div id="tip-operations-on-vectors-of-unequal-length" class="callout-inner">
-<h3 class="callout-title">Tip: Operations on vectors of unequal
+<div class="section level3 callout-title callout-inner">
+<h3 class="callout-title" id="tip-operations-on-vectors-of-unequal-length">Tip: Operations on vectors of unequal
 length<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#tip-operations-on-vectors-of-unequal-length"></a>
 </h3>
 <div class="callout-content">
@@ -8613,11 +8616,11 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 <div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb50">
 <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
-<pre class="sourceCode r" tabindex="0"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb50-1"><a href="#cb50-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>x<span class="sc">:</span>  <span class="dv">1</span>  <span class="dv">2</span>  <span class="dv">3</span>  <span class="dv">1</span>  <span class="dv">2</span>  <span class="dv">3</span>  <span class="dv">1</span></span>
-<span id="cb50-2"><a href="#cb50-2" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>    <span class="sc">+</span>  <span class="sc">+</span>  <span class="sc">+</span>  <span class="sc">+</span>  <span class="sc">+</span>  <span class="sc">+</span>  <span class="sc">+</span></span>
-<span id="cb50-3"><a href="#cb50-3" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>y<span class="sc">:</span>  <span class="dv">1</span>  <span class="dv">2</span>  <span class="dv">3</span>  <span class="dv">4</span>  <span class="dv">5</span>  <span class="dv">6</span>  <span class="dv">7</span></span>
-<span id="cb50-4"><a href="#cb50-4" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="sc">-----------------------</span></span>
-<span id="cb50-5"><a href="#cb50-5" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>    <span class="dv">2</span>  <span class="dv">4</span>  <span class="dv">6</span>  <span class="dv">5</span>  <span class="dv">7</span>  <span class="dv">9</span>  <span class="dv">8</span></span></code></pre>
+<pre class="sourceCode r" tabindex="0"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb50-1"><a href="#cb50-1" tabindex="-1"></a>x<span class="sc">:</span>  <span class="dv">1</span>  <span class="dv">2</span>  <span class="dv">3</span>  <span class="dv">1</span>  <span class="dv">2</span>  <span class="dv">3</span>  <span class="dv">1</span></span>
+<span id="cb50-2"><a href="#cb50-2" tabindex="-1"></a>    <span class="sc">+</span>  <span class="sc">+</span>  <span class="sc">+</span>  <span class="sc">+</span>  <span class="sc">+</span>  <span class="sc">+</span>  <span class="sc">+</span></span>
+<span id="cb50-3"><a href="#cb50-3" tabindex="-1"></a>y<span class="sc">:</span>  <span class="dv">1</span>  <span class="dv">2</span>  <span class="dv">3</span>  <span class="dv">4</span>  <span class="dv">5</span>  <span class="dv">6</span>  <span class="dv">7</span></span>
+<span id="cb50-4"><a href="#cb50-4" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="sc">-----------------------</span></span>
+<span id="cb50-5"><a href="#cb50-5" tabindex="-1"></a>    <span class="dv">2</span>  <span class="dv">4</span>  <span class="dv">6</span>  <span class="dv">5</span>  <span class="dv">7</span>  <span class="dv">9</span>  <span class="dv">8</span></span></code></pre>
 </div>
 </div>
 </div>
@@ -8637,7 +8640,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Key Points<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="
 </div>
 </div></section><section id="aio-10-functions"><p>Content from <a href="10-functions.html">Functions Explained</a></p>
 <hr>
-<p>Last updated on 2024-02-27 |
+<p>Last updated on 2024-03-05 |
         
         <a href="https://github.com/swcarpentry/r-novice-gapminder/edit/main/episodes/10-functions.Rmd" class="external-link">Edit this page <i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="edit"></i></a></p>
 <div class="text-end">
@@ -8683,12 +8686,12 @@ <h3 class="card-title">Objectives</h3>
 future.</p>
 <p>In this lesson, we’ll learn how to write a function so that we can
 repeat several operations with a single command.</p>
-<div id="what-is-a-function" class="callout callout">
+<div id="callout1" class="callout">
 <div class="callout-square">
 <i class="callout-icon" data-feather="bell"></i>
 </div>
-<div id="what-is-a-function" class="callout-inner">
-<h3 class="callout-title">What is a function?<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#what-is-a-function"></a>
+<div class="section level3 callout-title callout-inner">
+<h3 class="callout-title" id="what-is-a-function">What is a function?<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#what-is-a-function"></a>
 </h3>
 <div class="callout-content">
 <p>Functions gather a sequence of operations into a whole, preserving it
@@ -8749,12 +8752,12 @@ <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i
 assigned to those variables so that we can use them inside the function.
 Inside the function, we use a <a href="reference.html#return-statement">return statement</a> to send a
 result back to whoever asked for it.</p>
-<div id="tip" class="callout callout">
+<div id="callout2" class="callout">
 <div class="callout-square">
 <i class="callout-icon" data-feather="bell"></i>
 </div>
-<div id="tip" class="callout-inner">
-<h3 class="callout-title">Tip<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#tip"></a>
+<div class="section level3 callout-title callout-inner">
+<h3 class="callout-title" id="tip">Tip<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#tip"></a>
 </h3>
 <div class="callout-content">
 <p>One feature unique to R is that the return statement is not required.
@@ -8809,7 +8812,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Challenge 1<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href=
 <button class="accordion-button solution-button collapsed" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#collapseSolution1" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseSolution1">
   <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution1">Solution to challenge 1</h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution1" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution1" aria-labelledby="headingSolution1">
+<div id="collapseSolution1" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution1" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution1">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>Write a function called <code>kelvin_to_celsius</code> that takes a
 temperature in Kelvin and returns that temperature in Celsius</p>
@@ -8866,7 +8869,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Challenge 2<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href=
 <button class="accordion-button solution-button collapsed" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#collapseSolution2" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseSolution2">
   <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution2">Solution to challenge 2</h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution2" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution2" aria-labelledby="headingSolution2">
+<div id="collapseSolution2" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution2" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution2">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>Define the function to convert directly from Fahrenheit to Celsius,
 by reusing these two functions above</p>
@@ -9000,7 +9003,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Challenge 3<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href=
 <button class="accordion-button solution-button collapsed" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#collapseSolution3" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseSolution3">
   <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution3">Solution to challenge 3</h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution3" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution3" aria-labelledby="headingSolution3">
+<div id="collapseSolution3" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution3" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution3">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>Extend our previous definition of the function by adding in an
 explicit call to <code>stopifnot()</code>. Since
@@ -9160,7 +9163,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 <div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb29">
 <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
-<pre class="sourceCode r" tabindex="0"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb29-1"><a href="#cb29-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>calcGDP <span class="ot">&lt;-</span> <span class="cf">function</span>(dat, <span class="at">year=</span><span class="cn">NULL</span>, <span class="at">country=</span><span class="cn">NULL</span>) {</span></code></pre>
+<pre class="sourceCode r" tabindex="0"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb29-1"><a href="#cb29-1" tabindex="-1"></a>calcGDP <span class="ot">&lt;-</span> <span class="cf">function</span>(dat, <span class="at">year=</span><span class="cn">NULL</span>, <span class="at">country=</span><span class="cn">NULL</span>) {</span></code></pre>
 </div>
 <p>Here we’ve added two arguments, <code>year</code>, and
 <code>country</code>. We’ve set <em>default arguments</em> for both as
@@ -9192,12 +9195,12 @@ <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i
 </ul>
 <p>By using <code>%in%</code> instead, we can also give multiple years
 or countries to those arguments.</p>
-<div id="tip-pass-by-value" class="callout callout">
+<div id="callout3" class="callout">
 <div class="callout-square">
 <i class="callout-icon" data-feather="bell"></i>
 </div>
-<div id="tip-pass-by-value" class="callout-inner">
-<h3 class="callout-title">Tip: Pass by value<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#tip-pass-by-value"></a>
+<div class="section level3 callout-title callout-inner">
+<h3 class="callout-title" id="tip-pass-by-value">Tip: Pass by value<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#tip-pass-by-value"></a>
 </h3>
 <div class="callout-content">
 <p>Functions in R almost always make copies of the data to operate on
@@ -9211,12 +9214,12 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Tip: Pass by value<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor
 </div>
 </div>
 </div>
-<div id="tip-function-scope" class="callout callout">
+<div id="callout4" class="callout">
 <div class="callout-square">
 <i class="callout-icon" data-feather="bell"></i>
 </div>
-<div id="tip-function-scope" class="callout-inner">
-<h3 class="callout-title">Tip: Function scope<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#tip-function-scope"></a>
+<div class="section level3 callout-title callout-inner">
+<h3 class="callout-title" id="tip-function-scope">Tip: Function scope<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#tip-function-scope"></a>
 </h3>
 <div class="callout-content">
 <p>Another important concept is scoping: any variables (or functions!)
@@ -9232,10 +9235,10 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Tip: Function scope<a class="anchor" aria-label="ancho
 <div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb31">
 <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
-<pre class="sourceCode r" tabindex="0"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb31-1"><a href="#cb31-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>  gdp <span class="ot">&lt;-</span> dat<span class="sc">$</span>pop <span class="sc">*</span> dat<span class="sc">$</span>gdpPercap</span>
-<span id="cb31-2"><a href="#cb31-2" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>  new <span class="ot">&lt;-</span> <span class="fu">cbind</span>(dat, <span class="at">gdp=</span>gdp)</span>
-<span id="cb31-3"><a href="#cb31-3" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>  <span class="fu">return</span>(new)</span>
-<span id="cb31-4"><a href="#cb31-4" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="er">}</span></span></code></pre>
+<pre class="sourceCode r" tabindex="0"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb31-1"><a href="#cb31-1" tabindex="-1"></a>  gdp <span class="ot">&lt;-</span> dat<span class="sc">$</span>pop <span class="sc">*</span> dat<span class="sc">$</span>gdpPercap</span>
+<span id="cb31-2"><a href="#cb31-2" tabindex="-1"></a>  new <span class="ot">&lt;-</span> <span class="fu">cbind</span>(dat, <span class="at">gdp=</span>gdp)</span>
+<span id="cb31-3"><a href="#cb31-3" tabindex="-1"></a>  <span class="fu">return</span>(new)</span>
+<span id="cb31-4"><a href="#cb31-4" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="er">}</span></span></code></pre>
 </div>
 <p>Finally, we calculated the GDP on our new subset, and created a new
 data frame with that column added. This means when we call the function
@@ -9259,7 +9262,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Challenge 4<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href=
 <button class="accordion-button solution-button collapsed" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#collapseSolution4" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseSolution4">
   <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution4">Solution to challenge 4</h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution4" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution4" aria-labelledby="headingSolution4">
+<div id="collapseSolution4" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution4" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution4">
 <div class="accordion-body">
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   <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution5">Solution to challenge 5</h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution5" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution5" aria-labelledby="headingSolution5">
+<div id="collapseSolution5" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution5" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution5">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>Write a function called <code>fence()</code> that takes two vectors
 as arguments, called <code>text</code> and <code>wrapper</code>, and
@@ -9342,12 +9345,12 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 </div>
 </div>
 </div>
-<div id="tip-1" class="callout callout">
+<div id="callout5" class="callout">
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 </div>
-<div id="tip-1" class="callout-inner">
-<h3 class="callout-title">Tip<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#tip-1"></a>
+<div class="section level3 callout-title callout-inner">
+<h3 class="callout-title" id="tip-1">Tip<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#tip-1"></a>
 </h3>
 <div class="callout-content">
 <p>R has some unique aspects that can be exploited when performing more
@@ -9359,12 +9362,12 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Tip<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#tip-1"
 </div>
 </div>
 </div>
-<div id="tip-testing-and-documenting" class="callout callout">
+<div id="callout6" class="callout">
 <div class="callout-square">
 <i class="callout-icon" data-feather="bell"></i>
 </div>
-<div id="tip-testing-and-documenting" class="callout-inner">
-<h3 class="callout-title">Tip: Testing and documenting<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#tip-testing-and-documenting"></a>
+<div class="section level3 callout-title callout-inner">
+<h3 class="callout-title" id="tip-testing-and-documenting">Tip: Testing and documenting<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#tip-testing-and-documenting"></a>
 </h3>
 <div class="callout-content">
 <p>It’s important to both test functions and document them:
@@ -9418,7 +9421,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Key Points<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="
 </div>
 </section></section><section id="aio-11-writing-data"><p>Content from <a href="11-writing-data.html">Writing Data</a></p>
 <hr>
-<p>Last updated on 2024-02-27 |
+<p>Last updated on 2024-03-05 |
         
         <a href="https://github.com/swcarpentry/r-novice-gapminder/edit/main/episodes/11-writing-data.Rmd" class="external-link">Edit this page <i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="edit"></i></a></p>
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-<pre class="sourceCode bash" tabindex="0"><code class="sourceCode bash"><span id="cb5-1"><a href="#cb5-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="fu">head</span> cleaned-data/gapminder-aus.csv</span></code></pre>
+<pre class="sourceCode bash" tabindex="0"><code class="sourceCode bash"><span id="cb5-1"><a href="#cb5-1" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="fu">head</span> cleaned-data/gapminder-aus.csv</span></code></pre>
 </div>
 <div class="codewrapper">
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-<pre class="sourceCode bash" tabindex="0"><code class="sourceCode bash"><span id="cb9-1"><a href="#cb9-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="fu">head</span> cleaned-data/gapminder-aus.csv</span></code></pre>
+<pre class="sourceCode bash" tabindex="0"><code class="sourceCode bash"><span id="cb9-1"><a href="#cb9-1" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="fu">head</span> cleaned-data/gapminder-aus.csv</span></code></pre>
 </div>
 <div class="codewrapper">
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 </div>
 </section></section><section id="aio-12-plyr"><p>Content from <a href="12-plyr.html">Splitting and Combining Data Frames with plyr</a></p>
 <hr>
-<p>Last updated on 2024-02-27 |
+<p>Last updated on 2024-03-05 |
         
         <a href="https://github.com/swcarpentry/r-novice-gapminder/edit/main/episodes/12-plyr.Rmd" class="external-link">Edit this page <i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="edit"></i></a></p>
 <div class="text-end">
@@ -9883,7 +9886,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Challenge 1<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href=
 <button class="accordion-button solution-button collapsed" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#collapseSolution1" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseSolution1">
   <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution1">Solution to Challenge 1</h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution1" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution1" aria-labelledby="headingSolution1">
+<div id="collapseSolution1" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution1" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution1">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb12">
 <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
@@ -10081,12 +10084,12 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 [1] "The mean GDP per capita for Europe is 14,469.48"
 [1] "The mean GDP per capita for Oceania is 18,621.61"</code></pre>
 </div>
-<div id="tip-printing-numbers" class="callout callout">
+<div id="callout1" class="callout">
 <div class="callout-square">
 <i class="callout-icon" data-feather="bell"></i>
 </div>
-<div id="tip-printing-numbers" class="callout-inner">
-<h3 class="callout-title">Tip: printing numbers<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#tip-printing-numbers"></a>
+<div class="section level3 callout-title callout-inner">
+<h3 class="callout-title" id="tip-printing-numbers">Tip: printing numbers<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#tip-printing-numbers"></a>
 </h3>
 <div class="callout-content">
 <p>The <code>format</code> function can be used to make numeric values
@@ -10113,7 +10116,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Challenge 2<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href=
 <button class="accordion-button solution-button collapsed" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#collapseSolution2" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseSolution2">
   <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution2">Solution to Challenge 2</h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution2" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution2" aria-labelledby="headingSolution2">
+<div id="collapseSolution2" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution2" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution2">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb21">
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 <button class="accordion-button solution-button collapsed" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#collapseSolution3" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseSolution3">
   <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution3">Solution to Alternative Challenge</h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution3" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution3" aria-labelledby="headingSolution3">
+<div id="collapseSolution3" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution3" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution3">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>Answer 3 will calculate the average life expectancy per
 continent.</p>
@@ -10242,7 +10245,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Key Points<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="
 </div>
 </section></section><section id="aio-13-dplyr"><p>Content from <a href="13-dplyr.html">Data Frame Manipulation with dplyr</a></p>
 <hr>
-<p>Last updated on 2024-02-27 |
+<p>Last updated on 2024-03-05 |
         
         <a href="https://github.com/swcarpentry/r-novice-gapminder/edit/main/episodes/13-dplyr.Rmd" class="external-link">Edit this page <i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="edit"></i></a></p>
 <div class="text-end">
@@ -10327,12 +10330,12 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 probability of making errors, and probably even save you some typing. As
 an added bonus, you might even find the <code>dplyr</code> grammar
 easier to read.</p>
-<div id="tip-tidyverse" class="callout callout">
+<div id="callout1" class="callout">
 <div class="callout-square">
 <i class="callout-icon" data-feather="bell"></i>
 </div>
-<div id="tip-tidyverse" class="callout-inner">
-<h3 class="callout-title">Tip: Tidyverse<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#tip-tidyverse"></a>
+<div class="section level3 callout-title callout-inner">
+<h3 class="callout-title" id="tip-tidyverse">Tip: Tidyverse<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#tip-tidyverse"></a>
 </h3>
 <div class="callout-content">
 <p><code>dplyr</code> package belongs to a broader family of opinionated
@@ -10409,12 +10412,12 @@ <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i
 There is a good chance you have encountered pipes before in the shell.
 In R, a pipe symbol is <code>%&gt;%</code> while in the shell it is
 <code>|</code> but the concept is the same!</p>
-<div id="tip-renaming-data-frame-columns-in-dplyr" class="callout callout">
+<div id="callout2" class="callout">
 <div class="callout-square">
 <i class="callout-icon" data-feather="bell"></i>
 </div>
-<div id="tip-renaming-data-frame-columns-in-dplyr" class="callout-inner">
-<h3 class="callout-title">Tip: Renaming data frame columns in dplyr<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#tip-renaming-data-frame-columns-in-dplyr"></a>
+<div class="section level3 callout-title callout-inner">
+<h3 class="callout-title" id="tip-renaming-data-frame-columns-in-dplyr">Tip: Renaming data frame columns in dplyr<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#tip-renaming-data-frame-columns-in-dplyr"></a>
 </h3>
 <div class="callout-content">
 <p>In Chapter 4 we covered how you can rename columns with base R by
@@ -10596,13 +10599,13 @@ <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i
 <figure><img src="fig/13-dplyr-fig3.png" alt="Diagram illustrating the use of group by and summarize together to create a new variable" class="figure mx-auto d-block"></figure><div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb22">
 <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
-<pre class="sourceCode r" tabindex="0"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb22-1"><a href="#cb22-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>continent mean_gdpPercap</span>
-<span id="cb22-2"><a href="#cb22-2" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>     <span class="sc">&lt;</span>fctr<span class="sc">&gt;</span>          <span class="er">&lt;</span>dbl<span class="sc">&gt;</span></span>
-<span id="cb22-3"><a href="#cb22-3" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="dv">1</span>    Africa       <span class="fl">2193.755</span></span>
-<span id="cb22-4"><a href="#cb22-4" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="dv">2</span>  Americas       <span class="fl">7136.110</span></span>
-<span id="cb22-5"><a href="#cb22-5" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="dv">3</span>      Asia       <span class="fl">7902.150</span></span>
-<span id="cb22-6"><a href="#cb22-6" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="dv">4</span>    Europe      <span class="fl">14469.476</span></span>
-<span id="cb22-7"><a href="#cb22-7" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="dv">5</span>   Oceania      <span class="fl">18621.609</span></span></code></pre>
+<pre class="sourceCode r" tabindex="0"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb22-1"><a href="#cb22-1" tabindex="-1"></a>continent mean_gdpPercap</span>
+<span id="cb22-2"><a href="#cb22-2" tabindex="-1"></a>     <span class="sc">&lt;</span>fctr<span class="sc">&gt;</span>          <span class="er">&lt;</span>dbl<span class="sc">&gt;</span></span>
+<span id="cb22-3"><a href="#cb22-3" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="dv">1</span>    Africa       <span class="fl">2193.755</span></span>
+<span id="cb22-4"><a href="#cb22-4" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="dv">2</span>  Americas       <span class="fl">7136.110</span></span>
+<span id="cb22-5"><a href="#cb22-5" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="dv">3</span>      Asia       <span class="fl">7902.150</span></span>
+<span id="cb22-6"><a href="#cb22-6" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="dv">4</span>    Europe      <span class="fl">14469.476</span></span>
+<span id="cb22-7"><a href="#cb22-7" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="dv">5</span>   Oceania      <span class="fl">18621.609</span></span></code></pre>
 </div>
 <p>That allowed us to calculate the mean gdpPercap for each continent,
 but it gets even better.</p>
@@ -11047,7 +11050,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Key Points<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="
 </div>
 </section></section><section id="aio-14-tidyr"><p>Content from <a href="14-tidyr.html">Data Frame Manipulation with tidyr</a></p>
 <hr>
-<p>Last updated on 2024-02-27 |
+<p>Last updated on 2024-03-05 |
         
         <a href="https://github.com/swcarpentry/r-novice-gapminder/edit/main/episodes/14-tidyr.Rmd" class="external-link">Edit this page <i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="edit"></i></a></p>
 <div class="text-end">
@@ -11772,7 +11775,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Key Points<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="
 </div>
 </section></section><section id="aio-15-knitr-markdown"><p>Content from <a href="15-knitr-markdown.html">Producing Reports With knitr</a></p>
 <hr>
-<p>Last updated on 2024-02-27 |
+<p>Last updated on 2024-03-05 |
         
         <a href="https://github.com/swcarpentry/r-novice-gapminder/edit/main/episodes/15-knitr-markdown.Rmd" class="external-link">Edit this page <i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="edit"></i></a></p>
 <div class="text-end">
@@ -11959,7 +11962,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Challenge 1<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href=
 <button class="accordion-button solution-button collapsed" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#collapseSolution1" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseSolution1">
   <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution1">Solution to Challenge 1</h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution1" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution1" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution1">
+<div id="collapseSolution1" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution1" aria-labelledby="headingSolution1">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>In RStudio, select File &gt; New file &gt; R Markdown…</p>
 <p>Delete the placeholder text and add the following:</p>
@@ -12040,7 +12043,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Challenge 2<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href=
 <button class="accordion-button solution-button collapsed" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#collapseSolution2" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseSolution2">
   <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution2">Solution to Challenge 2</h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution2" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution2" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution2">
+<div id="collapseSolution2" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution2" aria-labelledby="headingSolution2">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <pre>
 ```{r load-ggplot2}
@@ -12130,7 +12133,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Challenge 3<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href=
 <button class="accordion-button solution-button collapsed" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#collapseSolution3" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseSolution3">
   <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution3">Solution to Challenge 3</h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution3" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution3" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution3">
+<div id="collapseSolution3" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution3" aria-labelledby="headingSolution3">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <pre>
 ```{r echo = FALSE, fig.width = 3}
@@ -12179,7 +12182,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Challenge 4<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href=
 <button class="accordion-button solution-button collapsed" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#collapseSolution4" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseSolution4">
   <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution4">Solution to Challenge 4</h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution4" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution4" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution4">
+<div id="collapseSolution4" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution4" aria-labelledby="headingSolution4">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>Here’s some inline code to determine that 2 + 2 = <code>4</code>.</p>
 </div>
@@ -12193,12 +12196,12 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution4">Solution to Challenge 4</h4>
 the little triangle next to the “Knit” button to get a drop-down menu.
 Or you could put <code>pdf_document</code> or <code>word_document</code>
 in the initial header of the file.</p>
-<div id="tip-creating-pdf-documents" class="callout callout">
+<div id="callout1" class="callout">
 <div class="callout-square">
 <i class="callout-icon" data-feather="bell"></i>
 </div>
-<div id="tip-creating-pdf-documents" class="callout-inner">
-<h3 class="callout-title">Tip: Creating PDF documents<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#tip-creating-pdf-documents"></a>
+<div class="section level3 callout-title callout-inner">
+<h3 class="callout-title" id="tip-creating-pdf-documents">Tip: Creating PDF documents<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#tip-creating-pdf-documents"></a>
 </h3>
 <div class="callout-content">
 <p>Creating .pdf documents may require installation of some extra
@@ -12213,12 +12216,12 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Tip: Creating PDF documents<a class="anchor" aria-labe
 </div>
 </div>
 </div>
-<div id="tip-visual-markdown-editing-in-rstudio" class="callout callout">
+<div id="callout2" class="callout">
 <div class="callout-square">
 <i class="callout-icon" data-feather="bell"></i>
 </div>
-<div id="tip-visual-markdown-editing-in-rstudio" class="callout-inner">
-<h3 class="callout-title">Tip: Visual markdown editing in RStudio<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#tip-visual-markdown-editing-in-rstudio"></a>
+<div class="section level3 callout-title callout-inner">
+<h3 class="callout-title" id="tip-visual-markdown-editing-in-rstudio">Tip: Visual markdown editing in RStudio<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#tip-visual-markdown-editing-in-rstudio"></a>
 </h3>
 <div class="callout-content">
 <p>RStudio versions 1.4 and later include visual markdown editing mode.
@@ -12276,7 +12279,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Key Points<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="
 </div>
 </section></section><section id="aio-16-wrap-up"><p>Content from <a href="16-wrap-up.html">Writing Good Software</a></p>
 <hr>
-<p>Last updated on 2024-02-27 |
+<p>Last updated on 2024-03-05 |
         
         <a href="https://github.com/swcarpentry/r-novice-gapminder/edit/main/episodes/16-wrap-up.Rmd" class="external-link">Edit this page <i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="edit"></i></a></p>
 <div class="text-end">
@@ -12316,12 +12319,12 @@ <h3 class="card-title">Objectives</h3>
 etc. It can be done completely manually, or with the help of RStudio’s
 <code>New Project</code> functionality, or a designated package, such as
 <code>ProjectTemplate</code>.</p>
-<div id="tip-projecttemplate---a-possible-solution" class="callout callout">
+<div id="callout1" class="callout">
 <div class="callout-square">
 <i class="callout-icon" data-feather="bell"></i>
 </div>
-<div id="tip-projecttemplate---a-possible-solution" class="callout-inner">
-<h3 class="callout-title">Tip: ProjectTemplate - a possible
+<div class="section level3 callout-title callout-inner">
+<h3 class="callout-title" id="tip-projecttemplate---a-possible-solution">Tip: ProjectTemplate - a possible
 solution<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#tip-projecttemplate---a-possible-solution"></a>
 </h3>
 <div class="callout-content">
@@ -12474,8 +12477,8 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Key Points<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="
   "url": "https://swcarpentry.github.io/r-novice-gapminder/aio.html",
   "identifier": "https://swcarpentry.github.io/r-novice-gapminder/aio.html",
   "dateCreated": "2015-04-18",
-  "dateModified": "2024-02-27",
-  "datePublished": "2024-02-27"
+  "dateModified": "2024-03-05",
+  "datePublished": "2024-03-05"
 }
 
   </script><script>
diff --git a/discuss.html b/discuss.html
index da68afe2d..2972f767f 100644
--- a/discuss.html
+++ b/discuss.html
@@ -338,7 +338,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header" id="flush-headingTwelve">
       </div>
       <hr></nav><main id="main-content" class="main-content"><div class="container lesson-content">
         <h1>Discussion</h1>
-        <p>Last updated on 2024-02-27 |
+        <p>Last updated on 2024-03-05 |
         
         <a href="https://github.com/swcarpentry/r-novice-gapminder/edit/main/learners/discuss.md" class="external-link">Edit this page <i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="edit"></i></a></p>
         
@@ -411,8 +411,8 @@ <h1>Discussion</h1>
   "url": "https://swcarpentry.github.io/r-novice-gapminder/discuss.html",
   "identifier": "https://swcarpentry.github.io/r-novice-gapminder/discuss.html",
   "dateCreated": "2015-04-18",
-  "dateModified": "2024-02-27",
-  "datePublished": "2024-02-27"
+  "dateModified": "2024-03-05",
+  "datePublished": "2024-03-05"
 }
 
   </script><script>
diff --git a/images.html b/images.html
index 872306cba..cfb2b597c 100644
--- a/images.html
+++ b/images.html
@@ -613,8 +613,8 @@ <h3 id="15-knitr-markdown-figure-3">Figure 3</h3>
   "url": "https://swcarpentry.github.io/r-novice-gapminder/images.html",
   "identifier": "https://swcarpentry.github.io/r-novice-gapminder/images.html",
   "dateCreated": "2015-04-18",
-  "dateModified": "2024-02-27",
-  "datePublished": "2024-02-27"
+  "dateModified": "2024-03-05",
+  "datePublished": "2024-03-05"
 }
 
   </script><script>
diff --git a/index.html b/index.html
index 49825cd9d..ddf707649 100644
--- a/index.html
+++ b/index.html
@@ -431,8 +431,8 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Prerequisites<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" hre
   "url": "https://swcarpentry.github.io/r-novice-gapminder/index.html",
   "identifier": "https://swcarpentry.github.io/r-novice-gapminder/index.html",
   "dateCreated": "2015-04-18",
-  "dateModified": "2024-02-27",
-  "datePublished": "2024-02-27"
+  "dateModified": "2024-03-05",
+  "datePublished": "2024-03-05"
 }
 
   </script><script>
diff --git a/instructor-notes.html b/instructor-notes.html
index 0e96bc795..bf629d4b6 100644
--- a/instructor-notes.html
+++ b/instructor-notes.html
@@ -506,7 +506,7 @@ <h1>Instructor Notes</h1>
 <div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb1">
 <h3 class="code-label">BASH<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
-<pre class="sourceCode bash" tabindex="0"><code class="sourceCode bash"><span id="cb1-1"><a href="#cb1-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="ex">$</span> git config <span class="at">--global</span> credential.helper <span class="st">'cache --timeout=10000000'</span></span></code></pre>
+<pre class="sourceCode bash" tabindex="0"><code class="sourceCode bash"><span id="cb1-1"><a href="#cb1-1" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="ex">$</span> git config <span class="at">--global</span> credential.helper <span class="st">'cache --timeout=10000000'</span></span></code></pre>
 </div>
 </section><section id="rstudio-color-preview"><h2 class="section-heading">RStudio Color Preview<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#rstudio-color-preview"></a>
 </h2>
@@ -613,8 +613,8 @@ <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i
   "url": "https://swcarpentry.github.io/r-novice-gapminder/instructor-notes.html",
   "identifier": "https://swcarpentry.github.io/r-novice-gapminder/instructor-notes.html",
   "dateCreated": "2015-04-18",
-  "dateModified": "2024-02-27",
-  "datePublished": "2024-02-27"
+  "dateModified": "2024-03-05",
+  "datePublished": "2024-03-05"
 }
 
   </script><script>
diff --git a/instructor/01-rstudio-intro.html b/instructor/01-rstudio-intro.html
index 4b50e428c..23a67e714 100644
--- a/instructor/01-rstudio-intro.html
+++ b/instructor/01-rstudio-intro.html
@@ -360,7 +360,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header" id="flush-headingTwelve">
       </div>
       <hr></nav><main id="main-content" class="main-content"><div class="container lesson-content">
         <h1>Introduction to R and RStudio</h1>
-        <p>Last updated on 2024-02-27 |
+        <p>Last updated on 2024-03-05 |
         
         <a href="https://github.com/swcarpentry/r-novice-gapminder/edit/main/episodes/01-rstudio-intro.Rmd" class="external-link">Edit this page <i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="edit"></i></a></p>
         
@@ -455,13 +455,12 @@ <h3 class="card-title">Objectives</h3>
 <li>Files/Plots/Packages/Help/Viewer (tabbed in lower right)</li>
 </ul><figure><img src="../fig/01-rstudio.png" alt="RStudio layout" class="figure mx-auto d-block"></figure><p>Once you open files, such as R scripts, an editor panel will also
 open in the top left.</p>
-<figure><img src="../fig/01-rstudio-script.png" alt="RStudio layout with .R file open" class="figure mx-auto d-block"></figure><div id="r-scripts" class="callout callout">
+<figure><img src="../fig/01-rstudio-script.png" alt="RStudio layout with .R file open" class="figure mx-auto d-block"></figure><div id="callout1" class="callout">
 <div class="callout-square">
 <i class="callout-icon" data-feather="bell"></i>
 </div>
-<div id="r-scripts" class="callout-inner">
-<h3 class="callout-title">R scripts<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#r-scripts"></a>
-</h3>
+<div class="section level3 callout-title callout-inner">
+<h3 class="callout-title" id="r-scripts">R scripts<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#r-scripts"></a></h3>
 <div class="callout-content">
 <p>Any commands that you write in the R console can be saved to a file
 to be re-run again. Files containing R code to be ran in this way are
@@ -484,13 +483,12 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">R scripts<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#
 </ol><ul><li>This is a great way to start; all your code is saved for later</li>
 <li>You will be able to run the file you create from within RStudio or
 using R’s <code>source()</code> function.</li>
-</ul><div id="tip-running-segments-of-your-code" class="callout callout">
+</ul><div id="callout2" class="callout">
 <div class="callout-square">
 <i class="callout-icon" data-feather="bell"></i>
 </div>
-<div id="tip-running-segments-of-your-code" class="callout-inner">
-<h3 class="callout-title">Tip: Running segments of your code<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#tip-running-segments-of-your-code"></a>
-</h3>
+<div class="section level3 callout-title callout-inner">
+<h3 class="callout-title" id="tip-running-segments-of-your-code">Tip: Running segments of your code<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#tip-running-segments-of-your-code"></a></h3>
 <div class="callout-content">
 <p>RStudio offers you great flexibility in running code from within the
 editor window. There are buttons, menu choices, and keyboard shortcuts.
@@ -545,7 +543,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 <div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb3">
 <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
-<pre class="sourceCode r" tabindex="0"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb3-1"><a href="#cb3-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="sc">&gt;</span> <span class="dv">1</span> <span class="sc">+</span></span></code></pre>
+<pre class="sourceCode r" tabindex="0"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb3-1"><a href="#cb3-1" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="sc">&gt;</span> <span class="dv">1</span> <span class="sc">+</span></span></code></pre>
 </div>
 <div class="codewrapper">
 <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
@@ -556,13 +554,12 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 “&gt;”, it means it’s waiting for you to complete the command. If you
 want to cancel a command you can hit <kbd>Esc</kbd> and RStudio will
 give you back the “&gt;” prompt.</p>
-<div id="tip-canceling-commands" class="callout callout">
+<div id="callout3" class="callout">
 <div class="callout-square">
 <i class="callout-icon" data-feather="bell"></i>
 </div>
-<div id="tip-canceling-commands" class="callout-inner">
-<h3 class="callout-title">Tip: Canceling commands<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#tip-canceling-commands"></a>
-</h3>
+<div class="section level3 callout-title callout-inner">
+<h3 class="callout-title" id="tip-canceling-commands">Tip: Canceling commands<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#tip-canceling-commands"></a></h3>
 <div class="callout-content">
 <p>If you’re using R from the command line instead of from within
 RStudio, you need to use <kbd>Ctrl</kbd>+<kbd>C</kbd> instead of
@@ -796,13 +793,12 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 </h3>
 <pre class="output" tabindex="0"><code>[1] TRUE</code></pre>
 </div>
-<div id="tip-comparing-numbers" class="callout callout">
+<div id="callout4" class="callout">
 <div class="callout-square">
 <i class="callout-icon" data-feather="bell"></i>
 </div>
-<div id="tip-comparing-numbers" class="callout-inner">
-<h3 class="callout-title">Tip: Comparing Numbers<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#tip-comparing-numbers"></a>
-</h3>
+<div class="section level3 callout-title callout-inner">
+<h3 class="callout-title" id="tip-comparing-numbers">Tip: Comparing Numbers<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#tip-comparing-numbers"></a></h3>
 <div class="callout-content">
 <p>A word of warning about comparing numbers: you should never use
 <code>==</code> to compare two numbers unless they are integers (a data
@@ -915,14 +911,14 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Challenge 1<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href=
 <div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb43">
 <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
-<pre class="sourceCode r" tabindex="0"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb43-1"><a href="#cb43-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>min_height</span>
-<span id="cb43-2"><a href="#cb43-2" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>max.height</span>
-<span id="cb43-3"><a href="#cb43-3" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>_age</span>
-<span id="cb43-4"><a href="#cb43-4" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>.mass</span>
-<span id="cb43-5"><a href="#cb43-5" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>MaxLength</span>
-<span id="cb43-6"><a href="#cb43-6" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>min<span class="sc">-</span>length</span>
-<span id="cb43-7"><a href="#cb43-7" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>2widths</span>
-<span id="cb43-8"><a href="#cb43-8" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>celsius2kelvin</span></code></pre>
+<pre class="sourceCode r" tabindex="0"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb43-1"><a href="#cb43-1" tabindex="-1"></a>min_height</span>
+<span id="cb43-2"><a href="#cb43-2" tabindex="-1"></a>max.height</span>
+<span id="cb43-3"><a href="#cb43-3" tabindex="-1"></a>_age</span>
+<span id="cb43-4"><a href="#cb43-4" tabindex="-1"></a>.mass</span>
+<span id="cb43-5"><a href="#cb43-5" tabindex="-1"></a>MaxLength</span>
+<span id="cb43-6"><a href="#cb43-6" tabindex="-1"></a>min<span class="sc">-</span>length</span>
+<span id="cb43-7"><a href="#cb43-7" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="dv">2</span>widths</span>
+<span id="cb43-8"><a href="#cb43-8" tabindex="-1"></a>celsius2kelvin</span></code></pre>
 </div>
 </div>
 </div>
@@ -932,7 +928,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i
 <button class="accordion-button solution-button collapsed" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#collapseSolution1" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseSolution1">
   <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution1">Solution to challenge 1</h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution1" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution1" aria-labelledby="headingSolution1">
+<div id="collapseSolution1" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution1" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution1">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>The following can be used as R variables:</p>
 <div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb44">
@@ -955,9 +951,9 @@ <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i
 <div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb46">
 <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
-<pre class="sourceCode r" tabindex="0"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb46-1"><a href="#cb46-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>_age</span>
-<span id="cb46-2"><a href="#cb46-2" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>min<span class="sc">-</span>length</span>
-<span id="cb46-3"><a href="#cb46-3" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>2widths</span></code></pre>
+<pre class="sourceCode r" tabindex="0"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb46-1"><a href="#cb46-1" tabindex="-1"></a>_age</span>
+<span id="cb46-2"><a href="#cb46-2" tabindex="-1"></a>min<span class="sc">-</span>length</span>
+<span id="cb46-3"><a href="#cb46-3" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="dv">2</span>widths</span></code></pre>
 </div>
 </div>
 </div>
@@ -1022,13 +1018,12 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 </h3>
 <pre class="output" tabindex="0"><code>[1] "x" "y"</code></pre>
 </div>
-<div id="tip-hidden-objects" class="callout callout">
+<div id="callout5" class="callout">
 <div class="callout-square">
 <i class="callout-icon" data-feather="bell"></i>
 </div>
-<div id="tip-hidden-objects" class="callout-inner">
-<h3 class="callout-title">Tip: hidden objects<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#tip-hidden-objects"></a>
-</h3>
+<div class="section level3 callout-title callout-inner">
+<h3 class="callout-title" id="tip-hidden-objects">Tip: hidden objects<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#tip-hidden-objects"></a></h3>
 <div class="callout-content">
 <p>Like in the shell, <code>ls</code> will hide any variables or
 functions starting with a “.” by default. To list all objects, type
@@ -1081,7 +1076,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
     }
     else all.names
 }
-&lt;bytecode: 0x557ba994e868&gt;
+&lt;bytecode: 0x5616fc11a8e8&gt;
 &lt;environment: namespace:base&gt;</code></pre>
 </div>
 <p>What’s going on here?</p>
@@ -1139,13 +1134,12 @@ <h3 class="code-label">ERROR<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></
 </h3>
 <pre class="error" tabindex="0"><code>Error in rm(list &lt;- ls()): ... must contain names or character strings</code></pre>
 </div>
-<div id="tip-warnings-vs.-errors" class="callout callout">
+<div id="callout6" class="callout">
 <div class="callout-square">
 <i class="callout-icon" data-feather="bell"></i>
 </div>
-<div id="tip-warnings-vs.-errors" class="callout-inner">
-<h3 class="callout-title">Tip: Warnings vs. Errors<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#tip-warnings-vs.-errors"></a>
-</h3>
+<div class="section level3 callout-title callout-inner">
+<h3 class="callout-title" id="tip-warnings-vs--errors">Tip: Warnings vs. Errors<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#tip-warnings-vs--errors"></a></h3>
 <div class="callout-content">
 <p>Pay attention when R does something unexpected! Errors, like above,
 are thrown when R cannot proceed with a calculation. Warnings on the
@@ -1212,7 +1206,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i
 <button class="accordion-button solution-button collapsed" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#collapseSolution2" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseSolution2">
   <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution2">Solution to challenge 2</h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution2" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution2" aria-labelledby="headingSolution2">
+<div id="collapseSolution2" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution2" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution2">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb64">
 <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
@@ -1266,7 +1260,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Challenge 3<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href=
 <button class="accordion-button solution-button collapsed" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#collapseSolution3" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseSolution3">
   <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution3">Solution to challenge 3</h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution3" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution3" aria-labelledby="headingSolution3">
+<div id="collapseSolution3" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution3" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution3">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>One way of answering this question in R is to use the
 <code>&gt;</code> to set up the following:</p>
@@ -1305,7 +1299,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Challenge 4<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href=
 <button class="accordion-button solution-button collapsed" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#collapseSolution4" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseSolution4">
   <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution4">Solution to challenge 4</h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution4" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution4" aria-labelledby="headingSolution4">
+<div id="collapseSolution4" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution4" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution4">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>We can use the <code>rm</code> command to accomplish this task</p>
 <div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb70">
@@ -1336,7 +1330,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Challenge 5<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href=
 <button class="accordion-button solution-button collapsed" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#collapseSolution5" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseSolution5">
   <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution5">Solution to challenge 5</h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution5" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution5" aria-labelledby="headingSolution5">
+<div id="collapseSolution5" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution5" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution5">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>We can use the <code>install.packages()</code> command to install the
 required packages.</p>
@@ -1437,8 +1431,8 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Key Points<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="
   "url": "https://swcarpentry.github.io/r-novice-gapminder/instructor/01-rstudio-intro.html",
   "identifier": "https://swcarpentry.github.io/r-novice-gapminder/instructor/01-rstudio-intro.html",
   "dateCreated": "2015-04-18",
-  "dateModified": "2024-02-27",
-  "datePublished": "2024-02-27"
+  "dateModified": "2024-03-05",
+  "datePublished": "2024-03-05"
 }
 
   </script><script>
diff --git a/instructor/02-project-intro.html b/instructor/02-project-intro.html
index 9e1e239c4..2f00f8b46 100644
--- a/instructor/02-project-intro.html
+++ b/instructor/02-project-intro.html
@@ -351,7 +351,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header" id="flush-headingTwelve">
       </div>
       <hr></nav><main id="main-content" class="main-content"><div class="container lesson-content">
         <h1>Project Management With RStudio</h1>
-        <p>Last updated on 2024-02-27 |
+        <p>Last updated on 2024-03-05 |
         
         <a href="https://github.com/swcarpentry/r-novice-gapminder/edit/main/episodes/02-project-intro.Rmd" class="external-link">Edit this page <i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="edit"></i></a></p>
         
@@ -501,14 +501,13 @@ <h3 id="treat-generated-output-as-disposable">Treat generated output as disposab
 makes it easier later. Since many analyses are exploratory and don’t end
 up being used in the final project, and some of the analyses get shared
 between projects.</p>
-<div id="tip-good-enough-practices-for-scientific-computing" class="callout callout">
+<div id="callout1" class="callout">
 <div class="callout-square">
 <i class="callout-icon" data-feather="bell"></i>
 </div>
-<div id="tip-good-enough-practices-for-scientific-computing" class="callout-inner">
-<h3 class="callout-title">Tip: Good Enough Practices for Scientific
-Computing<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#tip-good-enough-practices-for-scientific-computing"></a>
-</h3>
+<div class="section level3 callout-title callout-inner">
+<h3 class="callout-title" id="tip-good-enough-practices-for-scientific-computing">Tip: Good Enough Practices for Scientific
+Computing<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#tip-good-enough-practices-for-scientific-computing"></a></h3>
 <div class="callout-content">
 <p><a href="https://github.com/swcarpentry/good-enough-practices-in-scientific-computing/blob/gh-pages/good-enough-practices-for-scientific-computing.pdf" class="external-link">Good
 Enough Practices for Scientific Computing</a> gives the following
@@ -597,18 +596,18 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution1">Solution to Challenge 4</h4>
 <div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb1">
 <h3 class="code-label">SH<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
-<pre class="sourceCode sh" tabindex="0"><code class="sourceCode bash"><span id="cb1-1"><a href="#cb1-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="fu">ls</span> <span class="at">-lh</span> data/gapminder_data.csv</span></code></pre>
+<pre class="sourceCode sh" tabindex="0"><code class="sourceCode bash"><span id="cb1-1"><a href="#cb1-1" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="fu">ls</span> <span class="at">-lh</span> data/gapminder_data.csv</span></code></pre>
 </div>
 <div class="codewrapper">
 <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
-<pre class="output" tabindex="0"><code>-rw-r--r-- 1 runner docker 80K Feb 27 00:21 data/gapminder_data.csv</code></pre>
+<pre class="output" tabindex="0"><code>-rw-r--r-- 1 runner docker 80K Mar  5 00:11 data/gapminder_data.csv</code></pre>
 </div>
 <p>The file size is 80K.</p>
 <div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb3">
 <h3 class="code-label">SH<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
-<pre class="sourceCode sh" tabindex="0"><code class="sourceCode bash"><span id="cb3-1"><a href="#cb3-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="fu">wc</span> <span class="at">-l</span> data/gapminder_data.csv</span></code></pre>
+<pre class="sourceCode sh" tabindex="0"><code class="sourceCode bash"><span id="cb3-1"><a href="#cb3-1" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="fu">wc</span> <span class="at">-l</span> data/gapminder_data.csv</span></code></pre>
 </div>
 <div class="codewrapper">
 <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
@@ -619,7 +618,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 <div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb5">
 <h3 class="code-label">SH<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
-<pre class="sourceCode sh" tabindex="0"><code class="sourceCode bash"><span id="cb5-1"><a href="#cb5-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="fu">head</span> data/gapminder_data.csv</span></code></pre>
+<pre class="sourceCode sh" tabindex="0"><code class="sourceCode bash"><span id="cb5-1"><a href="#cb5-1" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="fu">head</span> data/gapminder_data.csv</span></code></pre>
 </div>
 <div class="codewrapper">
 <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
@@ -639,13 +638,12 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 </div>
 </div>
 </div>
-<div id="tip-command-line-in-rstudio" class="callout callout">
+<div id="callout2" class="callout">
 <div class="callout-square">
 <i class="callout-icon" data-feather="bell"></i>
 </div>
-<div id="tip-command-line-in-rstudio" class="callout-inner">
-<h3 class="callout-title">Tip: command line in RStudio<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#tip-command-line-in-rstudio"></a>
-</h3>
+<div class="section level3 callout-title callout-inner">
+<h3 class="callout-title" id="tip-command-line-in-rstudio">Tip: command line in RStudio<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#tip-command-line-in-rstudio"></a></h3>
 <div class="callout-content">
 <p>The Terminal tab in the console pane provides a convenient place
 directly within RStudio to interact directly with the command line.</p>
@@ -691,13 +689,12 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Challenge 5<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href=
 </ol></div>
 </div>
 </div>
-<div id="tip-file-does-not-exist-errors" class="callout callout">
+<div id="callout3" class="callout">
 <div class="callout-square">
 <i class="callout-icon" data-feather="bell"></i>
 </div>
-<div id="tip-file-does-not-exist-errors" class="callout-inner">
-<h3 class="callout-title">Tip: File does not exist errors<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#tip-file-does-not-exist-errors"></a>
-</h3>
+<div class="section level3 callout-title callout-inner">
+<h3 class="callout-title" id="tip-file-does-not-exist-errors">Tip: File does not exist errors<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#tip-file-does-not-exist-errors"></a></h3>
 <div class="callout-content">
 <p>When you’re attempting to reference a file in your R code and you’re
 getting errors saying the file doesn’t exist, it’s a good idea to check
@@ -788,8 +785,8 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Key Points<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="
   "url": "https://swcarpentry.github.io/r-novice-gapminder/instructor/02-project-intro.html",
   "identifier": "https://swcarpentry.github.io/r-novice-gapminder/instructor/02-project-intro.html",
   "dateCreated": "2015-04-18",
-  "dateModified": "2024-02-27",
-  "datePublished": "2024-02-27"
+  "dateModified": "2024-03-05",
+  "datePublished": "2024-03-05"
 }
 
   </script><script>
diff --git a/instructor/03-seeking-help.html b/instructor/03-seeking-help.html
index 8d303341b..8ccbeac3f 100644
--- a/instructor/03-seeking-help.html
+++ b/instructor/03-seeking-help.html
@@ -355,7 +355,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header" id="flush-headingTwelve">
       </div>
       <hr></nav><main id="main-content" class="main-content"><div class="container lesson-content">
         <h1>Seeking Help</h1>
-        <p>Last updated on 2024-02-27 |
+        <p>Last updated on 2024-03-05 |
         
         <a href="https://github.com/swcarpentry/r-novice-gapminder/edit/main/episodes/03-seeking-help.Rmd" class="external-link">Edit this page <i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="edit"></i></a></p>
         
@@ -442,13 +442,12 @@ <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i
 often share the same arguments as inputs to the function, so package
 authors often choose to document them together in a single help
 file.</p>
-<div id="tip-running-examples" class="callout callout">
+<div id="callout1" class="callout">
 <div class="callout-square">
 <i class="callout-icon" data-feather="bell"></i>
 </div>
-<div id="tip-running-examples" class="callout-inner">
-<h3 class="callout-title">Tip: Running Examples<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#tip-running-examples"></a>
-</h3>
+<div class="section level3 callout-title callout-inner">
+<h3 class="callout-title" id="tip-running-examples">Tip: Running Examples<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#tip-running-examples"></a></h3>
 <div class="callout-content">
 <p>From within the function help page, you can highlight code in the
 Examples and hit <kbd>Ctrl</kbd>+<kbd>Return</kbd> to run it in RStudio
@@ -457,13 +456,12 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Tip: Running Examples<a class="anchor" aria-label="anc
 </div>
 </div>
 </div>
-<div id="tip-reading-help-files" class="callout callout">
+<div id="callout2" class="callout">
 <div class="callout-square">
 <i class="callout-icon" data-feather="bell"></i>
 </div>
-<div id="tip-reading-help-files" class="callout-inner">
-<h3 class="callout-title">Tip: Reading Help Files<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#tip-reading-help-files"></a>
-</h3>
+<div class="section level3 callout-title callout-inner">
+<h3 class="callout-title" id="tip-reading-help-files">Tip: Reading Help Files<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#tip-reading-help-files"></a></h3>
 <div class="callout-content">
 <p>One of the most daunting aspects of R is the large number of
 functions available. It would be prohibitive, if not impossible to
@@ -567,7 +565,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 
 loaded via a namespace (and not attached):
 [1] compiler_4.3.2 tools_4.3.2    yaml_2.3.8     knitr_1.45     xfun_0.41     
-[6] renv_1.0.4     evaluate_0.23 </code></pre>
+[6] renv_1.0.5     evaluate_0.23 </code></pre>
 </div>
 <p>Will print out your current version of R, as well as any packages you
 have loaded. This can be useful for others to help reproduce and debug
@@ -823,8 +821,8 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Key Points<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="
   "url": "https://swcarpentry.github.io/r-novice-gapminder/instructor/03-seeking-help.html",
   "identifier": "https://swcarpentry.github.io/r-novice-gapminder/instructor/03-seeking-help.html",
   "dateCreated": "2015-04-18",
-  "dateModified": "2024-02-27",
-  "datePublished": "2024-02-27"
+  "dateModified": "2024-03-05",
+  "datePublished": "2024-03-05"
 }
 
   </script><script>
diff --git a/instructor/04-data-structures-part1.html b/instructor/04-data-structures-part1.html
index 90a375a6a..547b65951 100644
--- a/instructor/04-data-structures-part1.html
+++ b/instructor/04-data-structures-part1.html
@@ -350,7 +350,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header" id="flush-headingTwelve">
       </div>
       <hr></nav><main id="main-content" class="main-content"><div class="container lesson-content">
         <h1>Data Structures</h1>
-        <p>Last updated on 2024-02-27 |
+        <p>Last updated on 2024-03-05 |
         
         <a href="https://github.com/swcarpentry/r-novice-gapminder/edit/main/episodes/04-data-structures-part1.Rmd" class="external-link">Edit this page <i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="edit"></i></a></p>
         
@@ -421,18 +421,17 @@ <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i
 <div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb3">
 <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
-<pre class="sourceCode r" tabindex="0"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb3-1"><a href="#cb3-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>coat,weight,likes_string</span>
-<span id="cb3-2"><a href="#cb3-2" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>calico,<span class="fl">2.1</span>,<span class="dv">1</span></span>
-<span id="cb3-3"><a href="#cb3-3" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>black,<span class="fl">5.0</span>,<span class="dv">0</span></span>
-<span id="cb3-4"><a href="#cb3-4" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>tabby,<span class="fl">3.2</span>,<span class="dv">1</span></span></code></pre>
+<pre class="sourceCode r" tabindex="0"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb3-1"><a href="#cb3-1" tabindex="-1"></a>coat,weight,likes_string</span>
+<span id="cb3-2"><a href="#cb3-2" tabindex="-1"></a>calico,<span class="fl">2.1</span>,<span class="dv">1</span></span>
+<span id="cb3-3"><a href="#cb3-3" tabindex="-1"></a>black,<span class="fl">5.0</span>,<span class="dv">0</span></span>
+<span id="cb3-4"><a href="#cb3-4" tabindex="-1"></a>tabby,<span class="fl">3.2</span>,<span class="dv">1</span></span></code></pre>
 </div>
-<div id="tip-editing-text-files-in-r" class="callout callout">
+<div id="callout1" class="callout">
 <div class="callout-square">
 <i class="callout-icon" data-feather="bell"></i>
 </div>
-<div id="tip-editing-text-files-in-r" class="callout-inner">
-<h3 class="callout-title">Tip: Editing Text files in R<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#tip-editing-text-files-in-r"></a>
-</h3>
+<div class="section level3 callout-title callout-inner">
+<h3 class="callout-title" id="tip-editing-text-files-in-r">Tip: Editing Text files in R<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#tip-editing-text-files-in-r"></a></h3>
 <div class="callout-content">
 <p>Alternatively, you can create <code>data/feline-data.csv</code> using
 a text editor (Nano), or within RStudio with the <strong>File -&gt; New
@@ -468,13 +467,12 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 commonly used. If needed it is possible to override the default
 delimiting punctuation marks for both <code>read.csv</code> and
 <code>read.delim</code>.</p>
-<div id="check-your-data-for-factors" class="callout callout">
+<div id="callout2" class="callout">
 <div class="callout-square">
 <i class="callout-icon" data-feather="bell"></i>
 </div>
-<div id="check-your-data-for-factors" class="callout-inner">
-<h3 class="callout-title">Check your data for factors<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#check-your-data-for-factors"></a>
-</h3>
+<div class="section level3 callout-title callout-inner">
+<h3 class="callout-title" id="check-your-data-for-factors">Check your data for factors<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#check-your-data-for-factors"></a></h3>
 <div class="callout-content">
 <p>In recent times, the default way how R handles textual data has
 changed. Text data was interpreted by R automatically into a format
@@ -657,11 +655,11 @@ <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i
 <div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb29">
 <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
-<pre class="sourceCode r" tabindex="0"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb29-1"><a href="#cb29-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>coat,weight,likes_string</span>
-<span id="cb29-2"><a href="#cb29-2" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>calico,<span class="fl">2.1</span>,<span class="dv">1</span></span>
-<span id="cb29-3"><a href="#cb29-3" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>black,<span class="fl">5.0</span>,<span class="dv">0</span></span>
-<span id="cb29-4"><a href="#cb29-4" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>tabby,<span class="fl">3.2</span>,<span class="dv">1</span></span>
-<span id="cb29-5"><a href="#cb29-5" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>tabby,<span class="fl">2.3</span> or <span class="fl">2.4</span>,<span class="dv">1</span></span></code></pre>
+<pre class="sourceCode r" tabindex="0"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb29-1"><a href="#cb29-1" tabindex="-1"></a>coat,weight,likes_string</span>
+<span id="cb29-2"><a href="#cb29-2" tabindex="-1"></a>calico,<span class="fl">2.1</span>,<span class="dv">1</span></span>
+<span id="cb29-3"><a href="#cb29-3" tabindex="-1"></a>black,<span class="fl">5.0</span>,<span class="dv">0</span></span>
+<span id="cb29-4"><a href="#cb29-4" tabindex="-1"></a>tabby,<span class="fl">3.2</span>,<span class="dv">1</span></span>
+<span id="cb29-5"><a href="#cb29-5" tabindex="-1"></a>tabby,<span class="fl">2.3</span> or <span class="fl">2.4</span>,<span class="dv">1</span></span></code></pre>
 </div>
 <p>Load the new cats data like before, and check what type of data we
 find in the <code>weight</code> column:</p>
@@ -818,7 +816,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Discussion 1<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href
 <button class="accordion-button solution-button collapsed" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#collapseSolution1" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseSolution1">
   <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution1">Discussion 1</h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution1" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution1" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution1">
+<div id="collapseSolution1" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution1" aria-labelledby="headingSolution1">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>By keeping everything in a column the same, we allow ourselves to
 make simple assumptions about our data; if you can interpret one entry
@@ -1043,7 +1041,7 @@ <h4 id="print-the-data">1. Print the data<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" h
 <button class="accordion-button solution-button collapsed" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#collapseSolution2" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseSolution2">
   <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution2">Tip 1.1</h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution2" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution2" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution2">
+<div id="collapseSolution2" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution2" aria-labelledby="headingSolution2">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>Show the content of any variable by typing its name.</p>
 <div class="section level3">
@@ -1075,7 +1073,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">2. Overview of the data types<a class="anchor" aria-la
 <button class="accordion-button solution-button collapsed" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#collapseSolution3" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseSolution3">
   <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution3">Tip 1.2</h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution3" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution3" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution3">
+<div id="collapseSolution3" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution3" aria-labelledby="headingSolution3">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>In the chapter “Data types” we saw two functions that can show data
 types. One printed just a single word, the data type name. The other
@@ -1114,7 +1112,7 @@ <h4 id="which-data-type-do-we-need">3. Which data type do we need?<a class="anch
 <button class="accordion-button solution-button collapsed" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#collapseSolution4" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseSolution4">
   <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution4">Tip 1.3</h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution4" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution4" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution4">
+<div id="collapseSolution4" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution4" aria-labelledby="headingSolution4">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>Scroll up to the section about the <a href="#the-type-hierarchy">type
 hierarchy</a> to review the available data types</p>
@@ -1127,7 +1125,7 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution4">Tip 1.3</h4>
 <button class="accordion-button solution-button collapsed" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#collapseSolution5" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseSolution5">
   <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution5">Solution to Challenge 1.3</h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution5" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution5" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution5">
+<div id="collapseSolution5" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution5" aria-labelledby="headingSolution5">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <ul><li>Weight is expressed on a continuous scale (real numbers). The R data
 type for this is “double” (also known as “numeric”).</li>
@@ -1159,7 +1157,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">4. Correct the problematic value<a class="anchor" aria
 <button class="accordion-button solution-button collapsed" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#collapseSolution6" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseSolution6">
   <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution6">Tip 1.4</h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution6" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution6" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution6">
+<div id="collapseSolution6" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution6" aria-labelledby="headingSolution6">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>Revisit the hierarchy of data types when two different data types are
 combined.</p>
@@ -1197,7 +1195,7 @@ <h4 id="convert-the-column-weight-to-the-correct-data-type">5. Convert the colum
 <button class="accordion-button solution-button collapsed" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#collapseSolution7" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseSolution7">
   <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution7">Tip 1.5</h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution7" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution7" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution7">
+<div id="collapseSolution7" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution7" aria-labelledby="headingSolution7">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>The functions to convert data types start with <code>as.</code>. You
 can look for the function further up in the manuscript or use the
@@ -1387,7 +1385,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Challenge 2<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href=
 <button class="accordion-button solution-button collapsed" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#collapseSolution8" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseSolution8">
   <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution8">Solution to Challenge 2</h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution8" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution8" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution8">
+<div id="collapseSolution8" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution8" aria-labelledby="headingSolution8">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb92">
 <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
@@ -1611,7 +1609,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Challenge 3<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href=
 <button class="accordion-button solution-button collapsed" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#collapseSolution9" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseSolution9">
   <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution9">Solution to Challenge 3</h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution9" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution9" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution9">
+<div id="collapseSolution9" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution9" aria-labelledby="headingSolution9">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>You get the names of an object by wrapping the object name inside
 <code>names(...)</code>. Similarly, you get the data type of the names
@@ -1654,7 +1652,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Challenge 4<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href=
 <button class="accordion-button solution-button collapsed" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#collapseSolution10" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseSolution10">
   <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution10">Solution to Challenge 4</h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution10" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution10" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution10">
+<div id="collapseSolution10" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution10" aria-labelledby="headingSolution10">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <pre><code><span><span class="va">letter_no</span> <span class="op">&lt;-</span> <span class="fl">1</span><span class="op">:</span><span class="fl">26</span>   <span class="co"># or seq(1,26)</span></span>
 <span><span class="fu">names</span><span class="op">(</span><span class="va">letter_no</span><span class="op">)</span> <span class="op">&lt;-</span> <span class="va">LETTERS</span></span>
@@ -1842,7 +1840,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Challenge 5<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href=
 <button class="accordion-button solution-button collapsed" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#collapseSolution11" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseSolution11">
   <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution11">Solution to Challenge 5</h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution11" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution11" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution11">
+<div id="collapseSolution11" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution11" aria-labelledby="headingSolution11">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb138">
 <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
@@ -1954,13 +1952,12 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 </div>
 </div>
 </div>
-<div id="tip-renaming-data-frame-columns" class="callout callout">
+<div id="callout3" class="callout">
 <div class="callout-square">
 <i class="callout-icon" data-feather="bell"></i>
 </div>
-<div id="tip-renaming-data-frame-columns" class="callout-inner">
-<h3 class="callout-title">Tip: Renaming data frame columns<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#tip-renaming-data-frame-columns"></a>
-</h3>
+<div class="section level3 callout-title callout-inner">
+<h3 class="callout-title" id="tip-renaming-data-frame-columns">Tip: Renaming data frame columns<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#tip-renaming-data-frame-columns"></a></h3>
 <div class="callout-content">
 <p>Data frames have column names, which can be accessed with the
 <code>names()</code> function.</p>
@@ -2102,7 +2099,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Challenge 6<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href=
 <button class="accordion-button solution-button collapsed" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#collapseSolution12" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseSolution12">
   <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution12">Solution to Challenge 6</h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution12" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution12" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution12">
+<div id="collapseSolution12" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution12" aria-labelledby="headingSolution12">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>What do you think will be the result of
 <code>length(matrix_example)</code>?</p>
@@ -2146,7 +2143,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Challenge 7<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href=
 <button class="accordion-button solution-button collapsed" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#collapseSolution13" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseSolution13">
   <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution13">Solution to Challenge 7</h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution13" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution13" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution13">
+<div id="collapseSolution13" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution13" aria-labelledby="headingSolution13">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>Make another matrix, this time containing the numbers 1:50, with 5
 columns and 10 rows. Did the <code>matrix</code> function fill your
@@ -2186,7 +2183,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Challenge 8<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href=
 <button class="accordion-button solution-button collapsed" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#collapseSolution14" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseSolution14">
   <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution14">Solution to Challenge 8</h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution14" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution14" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution14">
+<div id="collapseSolution14" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution14" aria-labelledby="headingSolution14">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb173">
 <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
@@ -2236,7 +2233,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 <button class="accordion-button solution-button collapsed" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#collapseSolution15" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseSolution15">
   <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution15">Solution to Challenge 9</h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution15" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution15" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution15">
+<div id="collapseSolution15" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution15" aria-labelledby="headingSolution15">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>Consider the R output of the matrix below:</p>
 <div class="codewrapper">
@@ -2335,8 +2332,8 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Key Points<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="
   "url": "https://swcarpentry.github.io/r-novice-gapminder/instructor/04-data-structures-part1.html",
   "identifier": "https://swcarpentry.github.io/r-novice-gapminder/instructor/04-data-structures-part1.html",
   "dateCreated": "2015-04-18",
-  "dateModified": "2024-02-27",
-  "datePublished": "2024-02-27"
+  "dateModified": "2024-03-05",
+  "datePublished": "2024-03-05"
 }
 
   </script><script>
diff --git a/instructor/05-data-structures-part2.html b/instructor/05-data-structures-part2.html
index d59242525..9d40662bc 100644
--- a/instructor/05-data-structures-part2.html
+++ b/instructor/05-data-structures-part2.html
@@ -353,7 +353,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header" id="flush-headingTwelve">
       </div>
       <hr></nav><main id="main-content" class="main-content"><div class="container lesson-content">
         <h1>Exploring Data Frames</h1>
-        <p>Last updated on 2024-02-27 |
+        <p>Last updated on 2024-03-05 |
         
         <a href="https://github.com/swcarpentry/r-novice-gapminder/edit/main/episodes/05-data-structures-part2.Rmd" class="external-link">Edit this page <i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="edit"></i></a></p>
         
@@ -661,7 +661,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i
 <button class="accordion-button solution-button collapsed" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#collapseSolution1" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseSolution1">
   <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution1">Solution to Challenge 1</h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution1" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution1" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution1">
+<div id="collapseSolution1" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution1" aria-labelledby="headingSolution1">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb28">
 <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
@@ -689,13 +689,12 @@ <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i
 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
 <code class="sourceCode R"><span><span class="va">gapminder</span> <span class="op">&lt;-</span> <span class="fu">read.csv</span><span class="op">(</span><span class="st">"data/gapminder_data.csv"</span><span class="op">)</span></span></code></pre>
 </div>
-<div id="miscellaneous-tips" class="callout callout">
+<div id="callout1" class="callout">
 <div class="callout-square">
 <i class="callout-icon" data-feather="bell"></i>
 </div>
-<div id="miscellaneous-tips" class="callout-inner">
-<h3 class="callout-title">Miscellaneous Tips<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#miscellaneous-tips"></a>
-</h3>
+<div class="section level3 callout-title callout-inner">
+<h3 class="callout-title" id="miscellaneous-tips">Miscellaneous Tips<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#miscellaneous-tips"></a></h3>
 <div class="callout-content">
 <ul><li><p>Another type of file you might encounter are tab-separated value
 files (.tsv). To specify a tab as a separator, use <code>"\\t"</code> or
@@ -944,7 +943,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Challenge 2<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href=
 <button class="accordion-button solution-button collapsed" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#collapseSolution2" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseSolution2">
   <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution2">Solution to Challenge 2</h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution2" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution2" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution2">
+<div id="collapseSolution2" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution2" aria-labelledby="headingSolution2">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>To check the last few lines it’s relatively simple as R already has a
 function for this:</p>
@@ -1003,7 +1002,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Challenge 3<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href=
 <button class="accordion-button solution-button collapsed" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#collapseSolution3" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseSolution3">
   <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution3">Solution to Challenge 3</h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution3" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution3" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution3">
+<div id="collapseSolution3" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution3" aria-labelledby="headingSolution3">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>The <code>source</code> function can be used to use a script within a
 script. Assume you would like to load the same type of file over and
@@ -1054,7 +1053,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Challenge 4<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href=
 <button class="accordion-button solution-button collapsed" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#collapseSolution4" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseSolution4">
   <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution4">Solution to Challenge 4</h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution4" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution4" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution4">
+<div id="collapseSolution4" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution4" aria-labelledby="headingSolution4">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>The object <code>gapminder</code> is a data frame with columns</p>
 <ul><li>
@@ -1148,8 +1147,8 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Key Points<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="
   "url": "https://swcarpentry.github.io/r-novice-gapminder/instructor/05-data-structures-part2.html",
   "identifier": "https://swcarpentry.github.io/r-novice-gapminder/instructor/05-data-structures-part2.html",
   "dateCreated": "2015-04-18",
-  "dateModified": "2024-02-27",
-  "datePublished": "2024-02-27"
+  "dateModified": "2024-03-05",
+  "datePublished": "2024-03-05"
 }
 
   </script><script>
diff --git a/instructor/06-data-subsetting.html b/instructor/06-data-subsetting.html
index aa043bae3..6ea3305f6 100644
--- a/instructor/06-data-subsetting.html
+++ b/instructor/06-data-subsetting.html
@@ -358,7 +358,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header" id="flush-headingTwelve">
       </div>
       <hr></nav><main id="main-content" class="main-content"><div class="container lesson-content">
         <h1>Subsetting Data</h1>
-        <p>Last updated on 2024-02-27 |
+        <p>Last updated on 2024-03-05 |
         
         <a href="https://github.com/swcarpentry/r-novice-gapminder/edit/main/episodes/06-data-subsetting.Rmd" class="external-link">Edit this page <i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="edit"></i></a></p>
         
@@ -418,13 +418,12 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 <pre class="output" tabindex="0"><code>  a   b   c   d   e 
 5.4 6.2 7.1 4.8 7.5 </code></pre>
 </div>
-<div id="atomic-vectors" class="callout callout">
+<div id="callout1" class="callout">
 <div class="callout-square">
 <i class="callout-icon" data-feather="bell"></i>
 </div>
-<div id="atomic-vectors" class="callout-inner">
-<h3 class="callout-title">Atomic vectors<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#atomic-vectors"></a>
-</h3>
+<div class="section level3 callout-title callout-inner">
+<h3 class="callout-title" id="atomic-vectors">Atomic vectors<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#atomic-vectors"></a></h3>
 <div class="callout-content">
 <p>In R, simple vectors containing character strings, numbers, or
 logical values are called <em>atomic</em> vectors because they can’t be
@@ -556,13 +555,12 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 </h3>
 <pre class="output" tabindex="0"><code>named numeric(0)</code></pre>
 </div>
-<div id="vector-numbering-in-r-starts-at-1" class="callout callout">
+<div id="callout2" class="callout">
 <div class="callout-square">
 <i class="callout-icon" data-feather="bell"></i>
 </div>
-<div id="vector-numbering-in-r-starts-at-1" class="callout-inner">
-<h3 class="callout-title">Vector numbering in R starts at 1<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#vector-numbering-in-r-starts-at-1"></a>
-</h3>
+<div class="section level3 callout-title callout-inner">
+<h3 class="callout-title" id="vector-numbering-in-r-starts-at-1">Vector numbering in R starts at 1<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#vector-numbering-in-r-starts-at-1"></a></h3>
 <div class="callout-content">
 <p>In many programming languages (C and Python, for example), the first
 element of a vector has an index of 0. In R, the first element is 1.</p>
@@ -598,13 +596,12 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 <pre class="output" tabindex="0"><code>  b   c   d 
 6.2 7.1 4.8 </code></pre>
 </div>
-<div id="tip-order-of-operations" class="callout callout">
+<div id="callout3" class="callout">
 <div class="callout-square">
 <i class="callout-icon" data-feather="bell"></i>
 </div>
-<div id="tip-order-of-operations" class="callout-inner">
-<h3 class="callout-title">Tip: Order of operations<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#tip-order-of-operations"></a>
-</h3>
+<div class="section level3 callout-title callout-inner">
+<h3 class="callout-title" id="tip-order-of-operations">Tip: Order of operations<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#tip-order-of-operations"></a></h3>
 <div class="callout-content">
 <p>A common trip up for novices occurs when trying to skip slices of a
 vector. It’s natural to try to negate a sequence like so:</p>
@@ -809,13 +806,12 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 <pre class="output" tabindex="0"><code><span>  <span class="va">a</span> </span>
 <span><span class="fl">5.4</span> </span></code></pre>
 </div>
-<div id="tip-combining-logical-conditions" class="callout callout">
+<div id="callout4" class="callout">
 <div class="callout-square">
 <i class="callout-icon" data-feather="bell"></i>
 </div>
-<div id="tip-combining-logical-conditions" class="callout-inner">
-<h3 class="callout-title">Tip: Combining logical conditions<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#tip-combining-logical-conditions"></a>
-</h3>
+<div class="section level3 callout-title callout-inner">
+<h3 class="callout-title" id="tip-combining-logical-conditions">Tip: Combining logical conditions<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#tip-combining-logical-conditions"></a></h3>
 <div class="callout-content">
 <p>We often want to combine multiple logical criteria. For example, we
 might want to find all the countries that are located in Asia
@@ -902,13 +898,12 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 </div>
 </div>
 </div>
-<div id="tip-non-unique-names" class="callout callout">
+<div id="callout5" class="callout">
 <div class="callout-square">
 <i class="callout-icon" data-feather="bell"></i>
 </div>
-<div id="tip-non-unique-names" class="callout-inner">
-<h3 class="callout-title">Tip: Non-unique names<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#tip-non-unique-names"></a>
-</h3>
+<div class="section level3 callout-title callout-inner">
+<h3 class="callout-title" id="tip-non-unique-names">Tip: Non-unique names<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#tip-non-unique-names"></a></h3>
 <div class="callout-content">
 <p>You should be aware that it is possible for multiple elements in a
 vector to have the same name. (For a data frame, columns can have the
@@ -966,13 +961,12 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 </div>
 </div>
 </div>
-<div id="tip-getting-help-for-operators" class="callout callout">
+<div id="callout6" class="callout">
 <div class="callout-square">
 <i class="callout-icon" data-feather="bell"></i>
 </div>
-<div id="tip-getting-help-for-operators" class="callout-inner">
-<h3 class="callout-title">Tip: Getting help for operators<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#tip-getting-help-for-operators"></a>
-</h3>
+<div class="section level3 callout-title callout-inner">
+<h3 class="callout-title" id="tip-getting-help-for-operators">Tip: Getting help for operators<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#tip-getting-help-for-operators"></a></h3>
 <div class="callout-content">
 <p>Remember you can search for help on operators by wrapping them in
 quotes: <code>help("%in%")</code> or <code>?"%in%"</code>.</p>
@@ -1317,13 +1311,12 @@ <h3 class="code-label">ERROR<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></
 </h3>
 <pre class="error" tabindex="0"><code>Error in m[, c(3, 6)]: subscript out of bounds</code></pre>
 </div>
-<div id="tip-higher-dimensional-arrays" class="callout callout">
+<div id="callout7" class="callout">
 <div class="callout-square">
 <i class="callout-icon" data-feather="bell"></i>
 </div>
-<div id="tip-higher-dimensional-arrays" class="callout-inner">
-<h3 class="callout-title">Tip: Higher dimensional arrays<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#tip-higher-dimensional-arrays"></a>
-</h3>
+<div class="section level3 callout-title callout-inner">
+<h3 class="callout-title" id="tip-higher-dimensional-arrays">Tip: Higher dimensional arrays<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#tip-higher-dimensional-arrays"></a></h3>
 <div class="callout-content">
 <p>when dealing with multi-dimensional arrays, each argument to
 <code>[</code> corresponds to a dimension. For example, a 3D array, the
@@ -1739,7 +1732,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Challenge 7<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href=
 </ol><div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb134">
 <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
-<pre class="sourceCode r" tabindex="0"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb134-1"><a href="#cb134-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>gapminder[gapminder<span class="sc">$</span>year <span class="ot">=</span> <span class="dv">1957</span>,]</span></code></pre>
+<pre class="sourceCode r" tabindex="0"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb134-1"><a href="#cb134-1" tabindex="-1"></a>gapminder[gapminder<span class="sc">$</span>year <span class="ot">=</span> <span class="dv">1957</span>,]</span></code></pre>
 </div>
 <ol start="2" style="list-style-type: decimal"><li>Extract all columns except 1 through to 4</li>
 </ol><div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb135">
@@ -1944,8 +1937,8 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Key Points<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="
   "url": "https://swcarpentry.github.io/r-novice-gapminder/instructor/06-data-subsetting.html",
   "identifier": "https://swcarpentry.github.io/r-novice-gapminder/instructor/06-data-subsetting.html",
   "dateCreated": "2015-04-18",
-  "dateModified": "2024-02-27",
-  "datePublished": "2024-02-27"
+  "dateModified": "2024-03-05",
+  "datePublished": "2024-03-05"
 }
 
   </script><script>
diff --git a/instructor/07-control-flow.html b/instructor/07-control-flow.html
index 6e55e208c..31e4501dd 100644
--- a/instructor/07-control-flow.html
+++ b/instructor/07-control-flow.html
@@ -349,7 +349,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header" id="flush-headingTwelve">
       </div>
       <hr></nav><main id="main-content" class="main-content"><div class="container lesson-content">
         <h1>Control Flow</h1>
-        <p>Last updated on 2024-02-27 |
+        <p>Last updated on 2024-03-05 |
         
         <a href="https://github.com/swcarpentry/r-novice-gapminder/edit/main/episodes/07-control-flow.Rmd" class="external-link">Edit this page <i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="edit"></i></a></p>
         
@@ -396,17 +396,17 @@ <h3 class="card-title">Objectives</h3>
 <div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb1">
 <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
-<pre class="sourceCode r" tabindex="0"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb1-1"><a href="#cb1-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co"># if</span></span>
-<span id="cb1-2"><a href="#cb1-2" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="cf">if</span> (condition is true) {</span>
-<span id="cb1-3"><a href="#cb1-3" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>  perform action</span>
-<span id="cb1-4"><a href="#cb1-4" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>}</span>
-<span id="cb1-5"><a href="#cb1-5" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
-<span id="cb1-6"><a href="#cb1-6" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co"># if ... else</span></span>
-<span id="cb1-7"><a href="#cb1-7" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="cf">if</span> (condition is true) {</span>
-<span id="cb1-8"><a href="#cb1-8" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>  perform action</span>
-<span id="cb1-9"><a href="#cb1-9" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>} <span class="cf">else</span> {  <span class="co"># that is, if the condition is false,</span></span>
-<span id="cb1-10"><a href="#cb1-10" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>  perform alternative action</span>
-<span id="cb1-11"><a href="#cb1-11" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>}</span></code></pre>
+<pre class="sourceCode r" tabindex="0"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb1-1"><a href="#cb1-1" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co"># if</span></span>
+<span id="cb1-2"><a href="#cb1-2" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="cf">if</span> (condition is true) {</span>
+<span id="cb1-3"><a href="#cb1-3" tabindex="-1"></a>  perform action</span>
+<span id="cb1-4"><a href="#cb1-4" tabindex="-1"></a>}</span>
+<span id="cb1-5"><a href="#cb1-5" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
+<span id="cb1-6"><a href="#cb1-6" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co"># if ... else</span></span>
+<span id="cb1-7"><a href="#cb1-7" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="cf">if</span> (condition is true) {</span>
+<span id="cb1-8"><a href="#cb1-8" tabindex="-1"></a>  perform action</span>
+<span id="cb1-9"><a href="#cb1-9" tabindex="-1"></a>} <span class="cf">else</span> {  <span class="co"># that is, if the condition is false,</span></span>
+<span id="cb1-10"><a href="#cb1-10" tabindex="-1"></a>  perform alternative action</span>
+<span id="cb1-11"><a href="#cb1-11" tabindex="-1"></a>}</span></code></pre>
 </div>
 <p>Say, for example, that we want R to print a message if a variable
 <code>x</code> has a particular value:</p>
@@ -584,13 +584,13 @@ <h3 class="code-label">ERROR<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></
 the condition in the first element of the vector. Therefore, to use the
 <code>if()</code> function, you need to make sure your input is singular
 (of length 1).</p>
-<div id="tip-built-in-ifelse-function" class="callout callout">
+<div id="callout1" class="callout">
 <div class="callout-square">
 <i class="callout-icon" data-feather="bell"></i>
 </div>
-<div id="tip-built-in-ifelse-function" class="callout-inner">
-<h3 class="callout-title">Tip: Built in<code>ifelse()</code>function<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#tip-built-in-ifelse-function"></a>
-</h3>
+<div class="section level3 callout-title callout-inner">
+<h3 class="callout-title" id="tip-built-in-ifelse-function">Tip: Built in <code>ifelse()</code>
+function<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#tip-built-in-ifelse-function"></a></h3>
 <div class="callout-content">
 <p><code>R</code> accepts both <code>if()</code> and
 <code>else if()</code> statements structured as outlined above, but also
@@ -600,8 +600,8 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Tip: Built in<code>ifelse()</code>function<a class="an
 <div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb18">
 <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
-<pre class="sourceCode r" tabindex="0"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb18-1"><a href="#cb18-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co"># ifelse function</span></span>
-<span id="cb18-2"><a href="#cb18-2" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="fu">ifelse</span>(condition is true, perform action, perform alternative action)</span></code></pre>
+<pre class="sourceCode r" tabindex="0"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb18-1"><a href="#cb18-1" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co"># ifelse function</span></span>
+<span id="cb18-2"><a href="#cb18-2" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="fu">ifelse</span>(condition is true, perform action, perform alternative action)</span></code></pre>
 </div>
 <p>where the first argument is the condition or a set of conditions to
 be met, the second argument is the statement that is evaluated when the
@@ -622,13 +622,14 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 </div>
 </div>
 </div>
-<div id="tip-any-and-all" class="callout callout">
+<div id="callout2" class="callout">
 <div class="callout-square">
 <i class="callout-icon" data-feather="bell"></i>
 </div>
-<div id="tip-any-and-all" class="callout-inner">
-<h3 class="callout-title">Tip:<code>any()</code>and<code>all()</code><a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#tip-any-and-all"></a>
-</h3>
+<div class="section level3 callout-title callout-inner">
+<h3 class="callout-title" id="tip-any-and-all">Tip: <code>any()</code> and
+<code>all()</code>
+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#tip-any-and-all"></a></h3>
 <div class="callout-content">
 <p>The <code>any()</code> function will return <code>TRUE</code> if at
 least one <code>TRUE</code> value is found within a vector, otherwise it
@@ -658,9 +659,9 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Tip:<code>any()</code>and<code>all()</code><a class="a
 <div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb21">
 <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
-<pre class="sourceCode r" tabindex="0"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb21-1"><a href="#cb21-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="cf">for</span> (iterator <span class="cf">in</span> set of values) {</span>
-<span id="cb21-2"><a href="#cb21-2" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>  do a thing</span>
-<span id="cb21-3"><a href="#cb21-3" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>}</span></code></pre>
+<pre class="sourceCode r" tabindex="0"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb21-1"><a href="#cb21-1" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="cf">for</span> (iterator <span class="cf">in</span> set of values) {</span>
+<span id="cb21-2"><a href="#cb21-2" tabindex="-1"></a>  do a thing</span>
+<span id="cb21-3"><a href="#cb21-3" tabindex="-1"></a>}</span></code></pre>
 </div>
 <p>For example:</p>
 <div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb22">
@@ -758,13 +759,12 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 <p>This approach can be useful, but ‘growing your results’ (building the
 result object incrementally) is computationally inefficient, so avoid it
 when you are iterating through a lot of values.</p>
-<div id="tip-dont-grow-your-results" class="callout callout">
+<div id="callout3" class="callout">
 <div class="callout-square">
 <i class="callout-icon" data-feather="bell"></i>
 </div>
-<div id="tip-dont-grow-your-results" class="callout-inner">
-<h3 class="callout-title">Tip: don’t grow your results<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#tip-dont-grow-your-results"></a>
-</h3>
+<div class="section level3 callout-title callout-inner">
+<h3 class="callout-title" id="tip-dont-grow-your-results">Tip: don’t grow your results<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#tip-dont-grow-your-results"></a></h3>
 <div class="callout-content">
 <p>One of the biggest things that trips up novices and experienced R
 users alike, is building a results object (vector, list, matrix, data
@@ -804,13 +804,12 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 [13] "3 c" "4 c" "5 c" "1 d" "2 d" "3 d" "4 d" "5 d" "1 e" "2 e" "3 e" "4 e"
 [25] "5 e"</code></pre>
 </div>
-<div id="tip-while-loops" class="callout callout">
+<div id="callout4" class="callout">
 <div class="callout-square">
 <i class="callout-icon" data-feather="bell"></i>
 </div>
-<div id="tip-while-loops" class="callout-inner">
-<h3 class="callout-title">Tip: While loops<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#tip-while-loops"></a>
-</h3>
+<div class="section level3 callout-title callout-inner">
+<h3 class="callout-title" id="tip-while-loops">Tip: While loops<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#tip-while-loops"></a></h3>
 <div class="callout-content">
 <p>Sometimes you will find yourself needing to repeat an operation as
 long as a certain condition is met. You can do this with a
@@ -818,9 +817,9 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Tip: While loops<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor"
 <div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb30">
 <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
-<pre class="sourceCode r" tabindex="0"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb30-1"><a href="#cb30-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="cf">while</span>(this condition is true){</span>
-<span id="cb30-2"><a href="#cb30-2" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>  do a thing</span>
-<span id="cb30-3"><a href="#cb30-3" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>}</span></code></pre>
+<pre class="sourceCode r" tabindex="0"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb30-1"><a href="#cb30-1" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="cf">while</span>(this condition is true){</span>
+<span id="cb30-2"><a href="#cb30-2" tabindex="-1"></a>  do a thing</span>
+<span id="cb30-3"><a href="#cb30-3" tabindex="-1"></a>}</span></code></pre>
 </div>
 <p>R will interpret a condition being met as “TRUE”.</p>
 <p>As an example, here’s a while loop that generates random numbers from
@@ -1204,8 +1203,8 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Key Points<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="
   "url": "https://swcarpentry.github.io/r-novice-gapminder/instructor/07-control-flow.html",
   "identifier": "https://swcarpentry.github.io/r-novice-gapminder/instructor/07-control-flow.html",
   "dateCreated": "2015-04-18",
-  "dateModified": "2024-02-27",
-  "datePublished": "2024-02-27"
+  "dateModified": "2024-03-05",
+  "datePublished": "2024-03-05"
 }
 
   </script><script>
diff --git a/instructor/08-plot-ggplot2.html b/instructor/08-plot-ggplot2.html
index dde90e1c3..ae50e4d83 100644
--- a/instructor/08-plot-ggplot2.html
+++ b/instructor/08-plot-ggplot2.html
@@ -353,7 +353,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header" id="flush-headingTwelve">
       </div>
       <hr></nav><main id="main-content" class="main-content"><div class="container lesson-content">
         <h1>Creating Publication-Quality Graphics with ggplot2</h1>
-        <p>Last updated on 2024-02-27 |
+        <p>Last updated on 2024-03-05 |
         
         <a href="https://github.com/swcarpentry/r-novice-gapminder/edit/main/episodes/08-plot-ggplot2.Rmd" class="external-link">Edit this page <i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="edit"></i></a></p>
         
@@ -496,7 +496,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i
 <button class="accordion-button solution-button collapsed" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#collapseSolution1" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseSolution1">
   <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution1">Solution to challenge 1</h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution1" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution1" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution1">
+<div id="collapseSolution1" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution1" aria-labelledby="headingSolution1">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>Here is one possible solution:</p>
 <div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb5">
@@ -535,7 +535,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Challenge 2<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href=
 <button class="accordion-button solution-button collapsed" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#collapseSolution2" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseSolution2">
   <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution2">Solution to challenge 2</h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution2" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution2" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution2">
+<div id="collapseSolution2" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution2" aria-labelledby="headingSolution2">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>The solution presented below adds <code>color=continent</code> to the
 call of the <code>aes</code> function. The general trend seems to
@@ -605,14 +605,13 @@ <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i
 <code>ggplot</code> to the <code>geom_line</code> layer so it no longer
 applies to the points. Now we can clearly see that the points are drawn
 on top of the lines.</p>
-<div id="tip-setting-an-aesthetic-to-a-value-instead-of-a-mapping" class="callout callout">
+<div id="callout1" class="callout">
 <div class="callout-square">
 <i class="callout-icon" data-feather="bell"></i>
 </div>
-<div id="tip-setting-an-aesthetic-to-a-value-instead-of-a-mapping" class="callout-inner">
-<h3 class="callout-title">Tip: Setting an aesthetic to a value instead
-of a mapping<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#tip-setting-an-aesthetic-to-a-value-instead-of-a-mapping"></a>
-</h3>
+<div class="section level3 callout-title callout-inner">
+<h3 class="callout-title" id="tip-setting-an-aesthetic-to-a-value-instead-of-a-mapping">Tip: Setting an aesthetic to a value instead
+of a mapping<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#tip-setting-an-aesthetic-to-a-value-instead-of-a-mapping"></a></h3>
 <div class="callout-content">
 <p>So far, we’ve seen how to use an aesthetic (such as
 <strong>color</strong>) as a <em>mapping</em> to a variable in the data.
@@ -645,7 +644,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Challenge 3<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href=
 <button class="accordion-button solution-button collapsed" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#collapseSolution3" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseSolution3">
   <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution3">Solution to challenge 3</h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution3" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution3" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution3">
+<div id="collapseSolution3" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution3" aria-labelledby="headingSolution3">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>The lines now get drawn over the points!</p>
 <div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb11">
@@ -693,14 +692,13 @@ <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i
 same horizontal distance away from a value of 10,000 as the 10,000 value
 is from 100,000. This helps to visualize the spread of the data along
 the x-axis.</p>
-<div id="tip-reminder-setting-an-aesthetic-to-a-value-instead-of-a-mapping" class="callout callout">
+<div id="callout2" class="callout">
 <div class="callout-square">
 <i class="callout-icon" data-feather="bell"></i>
 </div>
-<div id="tip-reminder-setting-an-aesthetic-to-a-value-instead-of-a-mapping" class="callout-inner">
-<h3 class="callout-title">Tip Reminder: Setting an aesthetic to a value
-instead of a mapping<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#tip-reminder-setting-an-aesthetic-to-a-value-instead-of-a-mapping"></a>
-</h3>
+<div class="section level3 callout-title callout-inner">
+<h3 class="callout-title" id="tip-reminder-setting-an-aesthetic-to-a-value-instead-of-a-mapping">Tip Reminder: Setting an aesthetic to a value
+instead of a mapping<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#tip-reminder-setting-an-aesthetic-to-a-value-instead-of-a-mapping"></a></h3>
 <div class="callout-content">
 <p>Notice that we used <code>geom_point(alpha = 0.5)</code>. As the
 previous tip mentioned, using a setting outside of the
@@ -775,7 +773,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Challenge 4a<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href
 <button class="accordion-button solution-button collapsed" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#collapseSolution4" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseSolution4">
   <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution4">Solution to challenge 4a</h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution4" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution4" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution4">
+<div id="collapseSolution4" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution4" aria-labelledby="headingSolution4">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>Here a possible solution: Notice that the <code>color</code> argument
 is supplied outside of the <code>aes()</code> function. This means that
@@ -817,7 +815,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Challenge 4b<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href
 <button class="accordion-button solution-button collapsed" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#collapseSolution5" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseSolution5">
   <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution5">Solution to challenge 4b</h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution5" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution5" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution5">
+<div id="collapseSolution5" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution5" aria-labelledby="headingSolution5">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>Here is a possible solution: Notice that supplying the
 <code>color</code> argument inside the <code>aes()</code> functions
@@ -848,13 +846,12 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 <hr class="half-width"><p>Earlier we visualized the change in life expectancy over time across
 all countries in one plot. Alternatively, we can split this out over
 multiple panels by adding a layer of <strong>facet</strong> panels.</p>
-<div id="tip" class="callout callout">
+<div id="callout3" class="callout">
 <div class="callout-square">
 <i class="callout-icon" data-feather="bell"></i>
 </div>
-<div id="tip" class="callout-inner">
-<h3 class="callout-title">Tip<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#tip"></a>
-</h3>
+<div class="section level3 callout-title callout-inner">
+<h3 class="callout-title" id="tip">Tip<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#tip"></a></h3>
 <div class="callout-content">
 <p>We start by making a subset of data including only countries located
 in the Americas. This includes 25 countries, which will begin to clutter
@@ -969,7 +966,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Challenge 5<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href=
 <button class="accordion-button solution-button collapsed" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#collapseSolution6" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseSolution6">
   <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution6">Solution to Challenge 5</h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution6" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution6" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution6">
+<div id="collapseSolution6" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution6" aria-labelledby="headingSolution6">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>Here a possible solution: <code>xlab()</code> and <code>ylab()</code>
 set labels for the x and y axes, respectively The axis title, text and
@@ -1062,8 +1059,8 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Key Points<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="
   "url": "https://swcarpentry.github.io/r-novice-gapminder/instructor/08-plot-ggplot2.html",
   "identifier": "https://swcarpentry.github.io/r-novice-gapminder/instructor/08-plot-ggplot2.html",
   "dateCreated": "2015-04-18",
-  "dateModified": "2024-02-27",
-  "datePublished": "2024-02-27"
+  "dateModified": "2024-03-05",
+  "datePublished": "2024-03-05"
 }
 
   </script><script>
diff --git a/instructor/09-vectorization.html b/instructor/09-vectorization.html
index cc19a9f3c..d41f5c8cb 100644
--- a/instructor/09-vectorization.html
+++ b/instructor/09-vectorization.html
@@ -342,7 +342,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header" id="flush-headingTwelve">
       </div>
       <hr></nav><main id="main-content" class="main-content"><div class="container lesson-content">
         <h1>Vectorization</h1>
-        <p>Last updated on 2024-02-27 |
+        <p>Last updated on 2024-03-05 |
         
         <a href="https://github.com/swcarpentry/r-novice-gapminder/edit/main/episodes/09-vectorization.Rmd" class="external-link">Edit this page <i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="edit"></i></a></p>
         
@@ -412,11 +412,11 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 <div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb5">
 <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
-<pre class="sourceCode r" tabindex="0"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb5-1"><a href="#cb5-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>x<span class="sc">:</span>  <span class="dv">1</span>  <span class="dv">2</span>  <span class="dv">3</span>  <span class="dv">4</span></span>
-<span id="cb5-2"><a href="#cb5-2" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>    <span class="sc">+</span>  <span class="sc">+</span>  <span class="sc">+</span>  <span class="sc">+</span></span>
-<span id="cb5-3"><a href="#cb5-3" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>y<span class="sc">:</span>  <span class="dv">6</span>  <span class="dv">7</span>  <span class="dv">8</span>  <span class="dv">9</span></span>
-<span id="cb5-4"><a href="#cb5-4" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="sc">---------------</span></span>
-<span id="cb5-5"><a href="#cb5-5" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>    <span class="dv">7</span>  <span class="dv">9</span> <span class="dv">11</span> <span class="dv">13</span></span></code></pre>
+<pre class="sourceCode r" tabindex="0"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb5-1"><a href="#cb5-1" tabindex="-1"></a>x<span class="sc">:</span>  <span class="dv">1</span>  <span class="dv">2</span>  <span class="dv">3</span>  <span class="dv">4</span></span>
+<span id="cb5-2"><a href="#cb5-2" tabindex="-1"></a>    <span class="sc">+</span>  <span class="sc">+</span>  <span class="sc">+</span>  <span class="sc">+</span></span>
+<span id="cb5-3"><a href="#cb5-3" tabindex="-1"></a>y<span class="sc">:</span>  <span class="dv">6</span>  <span class="dv">7</span>  <span class="dv">8</span>  <span class="dv">9</span></span>
+<span id="cb5-4"><a href="#cb5-4" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="sc">---------------</span></span>
+<span id="cb5-5"><a href="#cb5-5" tabindex="-1"></a>    <span class="dv">7</span>  <span class="dv">9</span> <span class="dv">11</span> <span class="dv">13</span></span></code></pre>
 </div>
 <p>Here is how we would add two vectors together using a for loop:</p>
 <div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb6">
@@ -569,14 +569,13 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 </h3>
 <pre class="output" tabindex="0"><code>[1] FALSE FALSE FALSE  TRUE</code></pre>
 </div>
-<div id="tip-some-useful-functions-for-logical-vectors" class="callout callout">
+<div id="callout1" class="callout">
 <div class="callout-square">
 <i class="callout-icon" data-feather="bell"></i>
 </div>
-<div id="tip-some-useful-functions-for-logical-vectors" class="callout-inner">
-<h3 class="callout-title">Tip: some useful functions for logical
-vectors<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#tip-some-useful-functions-for-logical-vectors"></a>
-</h3>
+<div class="section level3 callout-title callout-inner">
+<h3 class="callout-title" id="tip-some-useful-functions-for-logical-vectors">Tip: some useful functions for logical
+vectors<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#tip-some-useful-functions-for-logical-vectors"></a></h3>
 <div class="callout-content">
 <p><code>any()</code> will return <code>TRUE</code> if <em>any</em>
 element of a vector is <code>TRUE</code>.<br><code>all()</code> will return <code>TRUE</code> if <em>all</em>
@@ -614,14 +613,13 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 [2,]   -2   -5   -8  -11
 [3,]   -3   -6   -9  -12</code></pre>
 </div>
-<div id="tip-element-wise-vs.-matrix-multiplication" class="callout callout">
+<div id="callout2" class="callout">
 <div class="callout-square">
 <i class="callout-icon" data-feather="bell"></i>
 </div>
-<div id="tip-element-wise-vs.-matrix-multiplication" class="callout-inner">
-<h3 class="callout-title">Tip: element-wise vs. matrix
-multiplication<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#tip-element-wise-vs.-matrix-multiplication"></a>
-</h3>
+<div class="section level3 callout-title callout-inner">
+<h3 class="callout-title" id="tip-element-wise-vs--matrix-multiplication">Tip: element-wise vs. matrix
+multiplication<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#tip-element-wise-vs--matrix-multiplication"></a></h3>
 <div class="callout-content">
 <p>Very important: the operator <code>*</code> gives you element-wise
 multiplication! To do matrix multiplication, we need to use the
@@ -861,14 +859,13 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 </div>
 </div>
 </div>
-<div id="tip-operations-on-vectors-of-unequal-length" class="callout callout">
+<div id="callout3" class="callout">
 <div class="callout-square">
 <i class="callout-icon" data-feather="bell"></i>
 </div>
-<div id="tip-operations-on-vectors-of-unequal-length" class="callout-inner">
-<h3 class="callout-title">Tip: Operations on vectors of unequal
-length<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#tip-operations-on-vectors-of-unequal-length"></a>
-</h3>
+<div class="section level3 callout-title callout-inner">
+<h3 class="callout-title" id="tip-operations-on-vectors-of-unequal-length">Tip: Operations on vectors of unequal
+length<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#tip-operations-on-vectors-of-unequal-length"></a></h3>
 <div class="callout-content">
 <p>Operations can also be performed on vectors of unequal length,
 through a process known as <em>recycling</em>. This process
@@ -899,11 +896,11 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 <div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb50">
 <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
-<pre class="sourceCode r" tabindex="0"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb50-1"><a href="#cb50-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>x<span class="sc">:</span>  <span class="dv">1</span>  <span class="dv">2</span>  <span class="dv">3</span>  <span class="dv">1</span>  <span class="dv">2</span>  <span class="dv">3</span>  <span class="dv">1</span></span>
-<span id="cb50-2"><a href="#cb50-2" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>    <span class="sc">+</span>  <span class="sc">+</span>  <span class="sc">+</span>  <span class="sc">+</span>  <span class="sc">+</span>  <span class="sc">+</span>  <span class="sc">+</span></span>
-<span id="cb50-3"><a href="#cb50-3" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>y<span class="sc">:</span>  <span class="dv">1</span>  <span class="dv">2</span>  <span class="dv">3</span>  <span class="dv">4</span>  <span class="dv">5</span>  <span class="dv">6</span>  <span class="dv">7</span></span>
-<span id="cb50-4"><a href="#cb50-4" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="sc">-----------------------</span></span>
-<span id="cb50-5"><a href="#cb50-5" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>    <span class="dv">2</span>  <span class="dv">4</span>  <span class="dv">6</span>  <span class="dv">5</span>  <span class="dv">7</span>  <span class="dv">9</span>  <span class="dv">8</span></span></code></pre>
+<pre class="sourceCode r" tabindex="0"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb50-1"><a href="#cb50-1" tabindex="-1"></a>x<span class="sc">:</span>  <span class="dv">1</span>  <span class="dv">2</span>  <span class="dv">3</span>  <span class="dv">1</span>  <span class="dv">2</span>  <span class="dv">3</span>  <span class="dv">1</span></span>
+<span id="cb50-2"><a href="#cb50-2" tabindex="-1"></a>    <span class="sc">+</span>  <span class="sc">+</span>  <span class="sc">+</span>  <span class="sc">+</span>  <span class="sc">+</span>  <span class="sc">+</span>  <span class="sc">+</span></span>
+<span id="cb50-3"><a href="#cb50-3" tabindex="-1"></a>y<span class="sc">:</span>  <span class="dv">1</span>  <span class="dv">2</span>  <span class="dv">3</span>  <span class="dv">4</span>  <span class="dv">5</span>  <span class="dv">6</span>  <span class="dv">7</span></span>
+<span id="cb50-4"><a href="#cb50-4" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="sc">-----------------------</span></span>
+<span id="cb50-5"><a href="#cb50-5" tabindex="-1"></a>    <span class="dv">2</span>  <span class="dv">4</span>  <span class="dv">6</span>  <span class="dv">5</span>  <span class="dv">7</span>  <span class="dv">9</span>  <span class="dv">8</span></span></code></pre>
 </div>
 </div>
 </div>
@@ -981,8 +978,8 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Key Points<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="
   "url": "https://swcarpentry.github.io/r-novice-gapminder/instructor/09-vectorization.html",
   "identifier": "https://swcarpentry.github.io/r-novice-gapminder/instructor/09-vectorization.html",
   "dateCreated": "2015-04-18",
-  "dateModified": "2024-02-27",
-  "datePublished": "2024-02-27"
+  "dateModified": "2024-03-05",
+  "datePublished": "2024-03-05"
 }
 
   </script><script>
diff --git a/instructor/10-functions.html b/instructor/10-functions.html
index 12cbba7df..405efacd3 100644
--- a/instructor/10-functions.html
+++ b/instructor/10-functions.html
@@ -352,7 +352,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header" id="flush-headingTwelve">
       </div>
       <hr></nav><main id="main-content" class="main-content"><div class="container lesson-content">
         <h1>Functions Explained</h1>
-        <p>Last updated on 2024-02-27 |
+        <p>Last updated on 2024-03-05 |
         
         <a href="https://github.com/swcarpentry/r-novice-gapminder/edit/main/episodes/10-functions.Rmd" class="external-link">Edit this page <i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="edit"></i></a></p>
         
@@ -402,13 +402,12 @@ <h3 class="card-title">Objectives</h3>
 future.</p>
 <p>In this lesson, we’ll learn how to write a function so that we can
 repeat several operations with a single command.</p>
-<div id="what-is-a-function" class="callout callout">
+<div id="callout1" class="callout">
 <div class="callout-square">
 <i class="callout-icon" data-feather="bell"></i>
 </div>
-<div id="what-is-a-function" class="callout-inner">
-<h3 class="callout-title">What is a function?<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#what-is-a-function"></a>
-</h3>
+<div class="section level3 callout-title callout-inner">
+<h3 class="callout-title" id="what-is-a-function">What is a function?<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#what-is-a-function"></a></h3>
 <div class="callout-content">
 <p>Functions gather a sequence of operations into a whole, preserving it
 for ongoing use. Functions provide:</p>
@@ -465,13 +464,12 @@ <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i
 assigned to those variables so that we can use them inside the function.
 Inside the function, we use a <a href="reference.html#return-statement">return statement</a> to send a
 result back to whoever asked for it.</p>
-<div id="tip" class="callout callout">
+<div id="callout2" class="callout">
 <div class="callout-square">
 <i class="callout-icon" data-feather="bell"></i>
 </div>
-<div id="tip" class="callout-inner">
-<h3 class="callout-title">Tip<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#tip"></a>
-</h3>
+<div class="section level3 callout-title callout-inner">
+<h3 class="callout-title" id="tip">Tip<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#tip"></a></h3>
 <div class="callout-content">
 <p>One feature unique to R is that the return statement is not required.
 R automatically returns whichever variable is on the last line of the
@@ -525,7 +523,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Challenge 1<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href=
 <button class="accordion-button solution-button collapsed" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#collapseSolution1" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseSolution1">
   <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution1">Solution to challenge 1</h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution1" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution1" aria-labelledby="headingSolution1">
+<div id="collapseSolution1" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution1" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution1">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>Write a function called <code>kelvin_to_celsius</code> that takes a
 temperature in Kelvin and returns that temperature in Celsius</p>
@@ -581,7 +579,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Challenge 2<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href=
 <button class="accordion-button solution-button collapsed" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#collapseSolution2" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseSolution2">
   <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution2">Solution to challenge 2</h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution2" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution2" aria-labelledby="headingSolution2">
+<div id="collapseSolution2" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution2" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution2">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>Define the function to convert directly from Fahrenheit to Celsius,
 by reusing these two functions above</p>
@@ -713,7 +711,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Challenge 3<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href=
 <button class="accordion-button solution-button collapsed" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#collapseSolution3" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseSolution3">
   <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution3">Solution to challenge 3</h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution3" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution3" aria-labelledby="headingSolution3">
+<div id="collapseSolution3" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution3" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution3">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>Extend our previous definition of the function by adding in an
 explicit call to <code>stopifnot()</code>. Since
@@ -872,7 +870,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 <div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb29">
 <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
-<pre class="sourceCode r" tabindex="0"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb29-1"><a href="#cb29-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>calcGDP <span class="ot">&lt;-</span> <span class="cf">function</span>(dat, <span class="at">year=</span><span class="cn">NULL</span>, <span class="at">country=</span><span class="cn">NULL</span>) {</span></code></pre>
+<pre class="sourceCode r" tabindex="0"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb29-1"><a href="#cb29-1" tabindex="-1"></a>calcGDP <span class="ot">&lt;-</span> <span class="cf">function</span>(dat, <span class="at">year=</span><span class="cn">NULL</span>, <span class="at">country=</span><span class="cn">NULL</span>) {</span></code></pre>
 </div>
 <p>Here we’ve added two arguments, <code>year</code>, and
 <code>country</code>. We’ve set <em>default arguments</em> for both as
@@ -902,13 +900,12 @@ <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i
 <li>A single combination of year and country.</li>
 </ul><p>By using <code>%in%</code> instead, we can also give multiple years
 or countries to those arguments.</p>
-<div id="tip-pass-by-value" class="callout callout">
+<div id="callout3" class="callout">
 <div class="callout-square">
 <i class="callout-icon" data-feather="bell"></i>
 </div>
-<div id="tip-pass-by-value" class="callout-inner">
-<h3 class="callout-title">Tip: Pass by value<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#tip-pass-by-value"></a>
-</h3>
+<div class="section level3 callout-title callout-inner">
+<h3 class="callout-title" id="tip-pass-by-value">Tip: Pass by value<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#tip-pass-by-value"></a></h3>
 <div class="callout-content">
 <p>Functions in R almost always make copies of the data to operate on
 inside of a function body. When we modify <code>dat</code> inside the
@@ -921,13 +918,12 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Tip: Pass by value<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor
 </div>
 </div>
 </div>
-<div id="tip-function-scope" class="callout callout">
+<div id="callout4" class="callout">
 <div class="callout-square">
 <i class="callout-icon" data-feather="bell"></i>
 </div>
-<div id="tip-function-scope" class="callout-inner">
-<h3 class="callout-title">Tip: Function scope<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#tip-function-scope"></a>
-</h3>
+<div class="section level3 callout-title callout-inner">
+<h3 class="callout-title" id="tip-function-scope">Tip: Function scope<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#tip-function-scope"></a></h3>
 <div class="callout-content">
 <p>Another important concept is scoping: any variables (or functions!)
 you create or modify inside the body of a function only exist for the
@@ -942,10 +938,10 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Tip: Function scope<a class="anchor" aria-label="ancho
 <div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb31">
 <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
-<pre class="sourceCode r" tabindex="0"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb31-1"><a href="#cb31-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>  gdp <span class="ot">&lt;-</span> dat<span class="sc">$</span>pop <span class="sc">*</span> dat<span class="sc">$</span>gdpPercap</span>
-<span id="cb31-2"><a href="#cb31-2" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>  new <span class="ot">&lt;-</span> <span class="fu">cbind</span>(dat, <span class="at">gdp=</span>gdp)</span>
-<span id="cb31-3"><a href="#cb31-3" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>  <span class="fu">return</span>(new)</span>
-<span id="cb31-4"><a href="#cb31-4" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="er">}</span></span></code></pre>
+<pre class="sourceCode r" tabindex="0"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb31-1"><a href="#cb31-1" tabindex="-1"></a>  gdp <span class="ot">&lt;-</span> dat<span class="sc">$</span>pop <span class="sc">*</span> dat<span class="sc">$</span>gdpPercap</span>
+<span id="cb31-2"><a href="#cb31-2" tabindex="-1"></a>  new <span class="ot">&lt;-</span> <span class="fu">cbind</span>(dat, <span class="at">gdp=</span>gdp)</span>
+<span id="cb31-3"><a href="#cb31-3" tabindex="-1"></a>  <span class="fu">return</span>(new)</span>
+<span id="cb31-4"><a href="#cb31-4" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="er">}</span></span></code></pre>
 </div>
 <p>Finally, we calculated the GDP on our new subset, and created a new
 data frame with that column added. This means when we call the function
@@ -969,7 +965,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Challenge 4<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href=
 <button class="accordion-button solution-button collapsed" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#collapseSolution4" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseSolution4">
   <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution4">Solution to challenge 4</h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution4" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution4" aria-labelledby="headingSolution4">
+<div id="collapseSolution4" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution4" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution4">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb32">
 <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
@@ -1026,7 +1022,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i
 <button class="accordion-button solution-button collapsed" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#collapseSolution5" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseSolution5">
   <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution5">Solution to challenge 5</h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution5" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution5" aria-labelledby="headingSolution5">
+<div id="collapseSolution5" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution5" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution5">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>Write a function called <code>fence()</code> that takes two vectors
 as arguments, called <code>text</code> and <code>wrapper</code>, and
@@ -1052,13 +1048,12 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 </div>
 </div>
 </div>
-<div id="tip-1" class="callout callout">
+<div id="callout5" class="callout">
 <div class="callout-square">
 <i class="callout-icon" data-feather="bell"></i>
 </div>
-<div id="tip-1" class="callout-inner">
-<h3 class="callout-title">Tip<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#tip-1"></a>
-</h3>
+<div class="section level3 callout-title callout-inner">
+<h3 class="callout-title" id="tip-1">Tip<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#tip-1"></a></h3>
 <div class="callout-content">
 <p>R has some unique aspects that can be exploited when performing more
 complicated operations. We will not be writing anything that requires
@@ -1069,13 +1064,12 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Tip<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#tip-1"
 </div>
 </div>
 </div>
-<div id="tip-testing-and-documenting" class="callout callout">
+<div id="callout6" class="callout">
 <div class="callout-square">
 <i class="callout-icon" data-feather="bell"></i>
 </div>
-<div id="tip-testing-and-documenting" class="callout-inner">
-<h3 class="callout-title">Tip: Testing and documenting<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#tip-testing-and-documenting"></a>
-</h3>
+<div class="section level3 callout-title callout-inner">
+<h3 class="callout-title" id="tip-testing-and-documenting">Tip: Testing and documenting<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#tip-testing-and-documenting"></a></h3>
 <div class="callout-content">
 <p>It’s important to both test functions and document them:
 Documentation helps you, and others, understand what the purpose of your
@@ -1180,8 +1174,8 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Key Points<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="
   "url": "https://swcarpentry.github.io/r-novice-gapminder/instructor/10-functions.html",
   "identifier": "https://swcarpentry.github.io/r-novice-gapminder/instructor/10-functions.html",
   "dateCreated": "2015-04-18",
-  "dateModified": "2024-02-27",
-  "datePublished": "2024-02-27"
+  "dateModified": "2024-03-05",
+  "datePublished": "2024-03-05"
 }
 
   </script><script>
diff --git a/instructor/11-writing-data.html b/instructor/11-writing-data.html
index 23fde80a8..579afe08f 100644
--- a/instructor/11-writing-data.html
+++ b/instructor/11-writing-data.html
@@ -350,7 +350,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header" id="flush-headingTwelve">
       </div>
       <hr></nav><main id="main-content" class="main-content"><div class="container lesson-content">
         <h1>Writing Data</h1>
-        <p>Last updated on 2024-02-27 |
+        <p>Last updated on 2024-03-05 |
         
         <a href="https://github.com/swcarpentry/r-novice-gapminder/edit/main/episodes/11-writing-data.Rmd" class="external-link">Edit this page <i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="edit"></i></a></p>
         
@@ -484,7 +484,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i
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 <h3 class="code-label">BASH<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
-<pre class="sourceCode bash" tabindex="0"><code class="sourceCode bash"><span id="cb5-1"><a href="#cb5-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="fu">head</span> cleaned-data/gapminder-aus.csv</span></code></pre>
+<pre class="sourceCode bash" tabindex="0"><code class="sourceCode bash"><span id="cb5-1"><a href="#cb5-1" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="fu">head</span> cleaned-data/gapminder-aus.csv</span></code></pre>
 </div>
 <div class="codewrapper">
 <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
@@ -528,7 +528,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i
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-<pre class="sourceCode bash" tabindex="0"><code class="sourceCode bash"><span id="cb9-1"><a href="#cb9-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="fu">head</span> cleaned-data/gapminder-aus.csv</span></code></pre>
+<pre class="sourceCode bash" tabindex="0"><code class="sourceCode bash"><span id="cb9-1"><a href="#cb9-1" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="fu">head</span> cleaned-data/gapminder-aus.csv</span></code></pre>
 </div>
 <div class="codewrapper">
 <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
@@ -652,8 +652,8 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Key Points<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="
   "url": "https://swcarpentry.github.io/r-novice-gapminder/instructor/11-writing-data.html",
   "identifier": "https://swcarpentry.github.io/r-novice-gapminder/instructor/11-writing-data.html",
   "dateCreated": "2015-04-18",
-  "dateModified": "2024-02-27",
-  "datePublished": "2024-02-27"
+  "dateModified": "2024-03-05",
+  "datePublished": "2024-03-05"
 }
 
   </script><script>
diff --git a/instructor/12-plyr.html b/instructor/12-plyr.html
index c70124a9c..761b3917b 100644
--- a/instructor/12-plyr.html
+++ b/instructor/12-plyr.html
@@ -349,7 +349,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header" id="flush-headingTwelve">
       </div>
       <hr></nav><main id="main-content" class="main-content"><div class="container lesson-content">
         <h1>Splitting and Combining Data Frames with plyr</h1>
-        <p>Last updated on 2024-02-27 |
+        <p>Last updated on 2024-03-05 |
         
         <a href="https://github.com/swcarpentry/r-novice-gapminder/edit/main/episodes/12-plyr.Rmd" class="external-link">Edit this page <i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="edit"></i></a></p>
         
@@ -565,7 +565,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Challenge 1<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href=
 <button class="accordion-button solution-button collapsed" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#collapseSolution1" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseSolution1">
   <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution1">Solution to Challenge 1</h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution1" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution1" aria-labelledby="headingSolution1">
+<div id="collapseSolution1" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution1" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution1">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb12">
 <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
@@ -763,13 +763,12 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 [1] "The mean GDP per capita for Europe is 14,469.48"
 [1] "The mean GDP per capita for Oceania is 18,621.61"</code></pre>
 </div>
-<div id="tip-printing-numbers" class="callout callout">
+<div id="callout1" class="callout">
 <div class="callout-square">
 <i class="callout-icon" data-feather="bell"></i>
 </div>
-<div id="tip-printing-numbers" class="callout-inner">
-<h3 class="callout-title">Tip: printing numbers<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#tip-printing-numbers"></a>
-</h3>
+<div class="section level3 callout-title callout-inner">
+<h3 class="callout-title" id="tip-printing-numbers">Tip: printing numbers<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#tip-printing-numbers"></a></h3>
 <div class="callout-content">
 <p>The <code>format</code> function can be used to make numeric values
 “pretty” for printing out in messages.</p>
@@ -795,7 +794,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Challenge 2<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href=
 <button class="accordion-button solution-button collapsed" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#collapseSolution2" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseSolution2">
   <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution2">Solution to Challenge 2</h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution2" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution2" aria-labelledby="headingSolution2">
+<div id="collapseSolution2" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution2" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution2">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb21">
 <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
@@ -895,7 +894,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i
 <button class="accordion-button solution-button collapsed" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#collapseSolution3" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseSolution3">
   <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution3">Solution to Alternative Challenge</h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution3" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution3" aria-labelledby="headingSolution3">
+<div id="collapseSolution3" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution3" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution3">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>Answer 3 will calculate the average life expectancy per
 continent.</p>
@@ -974,8 +973,8 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Key Points<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="
   "url": "https://swcarpentry.github.io/r-novice-gapminder/instructor/12-plyr.html",
   "identifier": "https://swcarpentry.github.io/r-novice-gapminder/instructor/12-plyr.html",
   "dateCreated": "2015-04-18",
-  "dateModified": "2024-02-27",
-  "datePublished": "2024-02-27"
+  "dateModified": "2024-03-05",
+  "datePublished": "2024-03-05"
 }
 
   </script><script>
diff --git a/instructor/13-dplyr.html b/instructor/13-dplyr.html
index 6af1271dd..a321ecbd5 100644
--- a/instructor/13-dplyr.html
+++ b/instructor/13-dplyr.html
@@ -358,7 +358,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header" id="flush-headingTwelve">
       </div>
       <hr></nav><main id="main-content" class="main-content"><div class="container lesson-content">
         <h1>Data Frame Manipulation with dplyr</h1>
-        <p>Last updated on 2024-02-27 |
+        <p>Last updated on 2024-03-05 |
         
         <a href="https://github.com/swcarpentry/r-novice-gapminder/edit/main/episodes/13-dplyr.Rmd" class="external-link">Edit this page <i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="edit"></i></a></p>
         
@@ -446,13 +446,12 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 probability of making errors, and probably even save you some typing. As
 an added bonus, you might even find the <code>dplyr</code> grammar
 easier to read.</p>
-<div id="tip-tidyverse" class="callout callout">
+<div id="callout1" class="callout">
 <div class="callout-square">
 <i class="callout-icon" data-feather="bell"></i>
 </div>
-<div id="tip-tidyverse" class="callout-inner">
-<h3 class="callout-title">Tip: Tidyverse<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#tip-tidyverse"></a>
-</h3>
+<div class="section level3 callout-title callout-inner">
+<h3 class="callout-title" id="tip-tidyverse">Tip: Tidyverse<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#tip-tidyverse"></a></h3>
 <div class="callout-content">
 <p><code>dplyr</code> package belongs to a broader family of opinionated
 R packages designed for data science called the “Tidyverse”. These
@@ -525,13 +524,12 @@ <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i
 There is a good chance you have encountered pipes before in the shell.
 In R, a pipe symbol is <code>%&gt;%</code> while in the shell it is
 <code>|</code> but the concept is the same!</p>
-<div id="tip-renaming-data-frame-columns-in-dplyr" class="callout callout">
+<div id="callout2" class="callout">
 <div class="callout-square">
 <i class="callout-icon" data-feather="bell"></i>
 </div>
-<div id="tip-renaming-data-frame-columns-in-dplyr" class="callout-inner">
-<h3 class="callout-title">Tip: Renaming data frame columns in dplyr<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#tip-renaming-data-frame-columns-in-dplyr"></a>
-</h3>
+<div class="section level3 callout-title callout-inner">
+<h3 class="callout-title" id="tip-renaming-data-frame-columns-in-dplyr">Tip: Renaming data frame columns in dplyr<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#tip-renaming-data-frame-columns-in-dplyr"></a></h3>
 <div class="callout-content">
 <p>In Chapter 4 we covered how you can rename columns with base R by
 assigning a value to the output of the <code>names()</code> function.
@@ -709,13 +707,13 @@ <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i
 <figure><img src="../fig/13-dplyr-fig3.png" alt="Diagram illustrating the use of group by and summarize together to create a new variable" class="figure mx-auto d-block"></figure><div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb22">
 <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
-<pre class="sourceCode r" tabindex="0"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb22-1"><a href="#cb22-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>continent mean_gdpPercap</span>
-<span id="cb22-2"><a href="#cb22-2" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>     <span class="sc">&lt;</span>fctr<span class="sc">&gt;</span>          <span class="er">&lt;</span>dbl<span class="sc">&gt;</span></span>
-<span id="cb22-3"><a href="#cb22-3" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="dv">1</span>    Africa       <span class="fl">2193.755</span></span>
-<span id="cb22-4"><a href="#cb22-4" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="dv">2</span>  Americas       <span class="fl">7136.110</span></span>
-<span id="cb22-5"><a href="#cb22-5" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="dv">3</span>      Asia       <span class="fl">7902.150</span></span>
-<span id="cb22-6"><a href="#cb22-6" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="dv">4</span>    Europe      <span class="fl">14469.476</span></span>
-<span id="cb22-7"><a href="#cb22-7" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="dv">5</span>   Oceania      <span class="fl">18621.609</span></span></code></pre>
+<pre class="sourceCode r" tabindex="0"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb22-1"><a href="#cb22-1" tabindex="-1"></a>continent mean_gdpPercap</span>
+<span id="cb22-2"><a href="#cb22-2" tabindex="-1"></a>     <span class="sc">&lt;</span>fctr<span class="sc">&gt;</span>          <span class="er">&lt;</span>dbl<span class="sc">&gt;</span></span>
+<span id="cb22-3"><a href="#cb22-3" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="dv">1</span>    Africa       <span class="fl">2193.755</span></span>
+<span id="cb22-4"><a href="#cb22-4" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="dv">2</span>  Americas       <span class="fl">7136.110</span></span>
+<span id="cb22-5"><a href="#cb22-5" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="dv">3</span>      Asia       <span class="fl">7902.150</span></span>
+<span id="cb22-6"><a href="#cb22-6" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="dv">4</span>    Europe      <span class="fl">14469.476</span></span>
+<span id="cb22-7"><a href="#cb22-7" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="dv">5</span>   Oceania      <span class="fl">18621.609</span></span></code></pre>
 </div>
 <p>That allowed us to calculate the mean gdpPercap for each continent,
 but it gets even better.</p>
@@ -1207,8 +1205,8 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Key Points<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="
   "url": "https://swcarpentry.github.io/r-novice-gapminder/instructor/13-dplyr.html",
   "identifier": "https://swcarpentry.github.io/r-novice-gapminder/instructor/13-dplyr.html",
   "dateCreated": "2015-04-18",
-  "dateModified": "2024-02-27",
-  "datePublished": "2024-02-27"
+  "dateModified": "2024-03-05",
+  "datePublished": "2024-03-05"
 }
 
   </script><script>
diff --git a/instructor/14-tidyr.html b/instructor/14-tidyr.html
index 14e47798a..ec6be7bb6 100644
--- a/instructor/14-tidyr.html
+++ b/instructor/14-tidyr.html
@@ -352,7 +352,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header" id="flush-headingTwelve">
       </div>
       <hr></nav><main id="main-content" class="main-content"><div class="container lesson-content">
         <h1>Data Frame Manipulation with tidyr</h1>
-        <p>Last updated on 2024-02-27 |
+        <p>Last updated on 2024-03-05 |
         
         <a href="https://github.com/swcarpentry/r-novice-gapminder/edit/main/episodes/14-tidyr.Rmd" class="external-link">Edit this page <i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="edit"></i></a></p>
         
@@ -1127,8 +1127,8 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Key Points<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="
   "url": "https://swcarpentry.github.io/r-novice-gapminder/instructor/14-tidyr.html",
   "identifier": "https://swcarpentry.github.io/r-novice-gapminder/instructor/14-tidyr.html",
   "dateCreated": "2015-04-18",
-  "dateModified": "2024-02-27",
-  "datePublished": "2024-02-27"
+  "dateModified": "2024-03-05",
+  "datePublished": "2024-03-05"
 }
 
   </script><script>
diff --git a/instructor/15-knitr-markdown.html b/instructor/15-knitr-markdown.html
index 852cb1a45..5fdccd55c 100644
--- a/instructor/15-knitr-markdown.html
+++ b/instructor/15-knitr-markdown.html
@@ -360,7 +360,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header" id="flush-headingTwelve">
       </div>
       <hr></nav><main id="main-content" class="main-content"><div class="container lesson-content">
         <h1>Producing Reports With knitr</h1>
-        <p>Last updated on 2024-02-27 |
+        <p>Last updated on 2024-03-05 |
         
         <a href="https://github.com/swcarpentry/r-novice-gapminder/edit/main/episodes/15-knitr-markdown.Rmd" class="external-link">Edit this page <i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="edit"></i></a></p>
         
@@ -542,7 +542,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Challenge 1<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href=
 <button class="accordion-button solution-button collapsed" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#collapseSolution1" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseSolution1">
   <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution1">Solution to Challenge 1</h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution1" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution1" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution1">
+<div id="collapseSolution1" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution1" aria-labelledby="headingSolution1">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>In RStudio, select File &gt; New file &gt; R Markdown…</p>
 <p>Delete the placeholder text and add the following:</p>
@@ -619,7 +619,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Challenge 2<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href=
 <button class="accordion-button solution-button collapsed" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#collapseSolution2" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseSolution2">
   <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution2">Solution to Challenge 2</h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution2" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution2" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution2">
+<div id="collapseSolution2" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution2" aria-labelledby="headingSolution2">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <pre>
 ```{r load-ggplot2}
@@ -705,7 +705,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Challenge 3<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href=
 <button class="accordion-button solution-button collapsed" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#collapseSolution3" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseSolution3">
   <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution3">Solution to Challenge 3</h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution3" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution3" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution3">
+<div id="collapseSolution3" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution3" aria-labelledby="headingSolution3">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <pre>
 ```{r echo = FALSE, fig.width = 3}
@@ -753,7 +753,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Challenge 4<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href=
 <button class="accordion-button solution-button collapsed" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#collapseSolution4" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseSolution4">
   <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution4">Solution to Challenge 4</h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution4" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution4" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution4">
+<div id="collapseSolution4" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution4" aria-labelledby="headingSolution4">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>Here’s some inline code to determine that 2 + 2 = <code>4</code>.</p>
 </div>
@@ -766,13 +766,12 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution4">Solution to Challenge 4</h4>
 the little triangle next to the “Knit” button to get a drop-down menu.
 Or you could put <code>pdf_document</code> or <code>word_document</code>
 in the initial header of the file.</p>
-<div id="tip-creating-pdf-documents" class="callout callout">
+<div id="callout1" class="callout">
 <div class="callout-square">
 <i class="callout-icon" data-feather="bell"></i>
 </div>
-<div id="tip-creating-pdf-documents" class="callout-inner">
-<h3 class="callout-title">Tip: Creating PDF documents<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#tip-creating-pdf-documents"></a>
-</h3>
+<div class="section level3 callout-title callout-inner">
+<h3 class="callout-title" id="tip-creating-pdf-documents">Tip: Creating PDF documents<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#tip-creating-pdf-documents"></a></h3>
 <div class="callout-content">
 <p>Creating .pdf documents may require installation of some extra
 software. The R package <code>tinytex</code> provides some tools to help
@@ -786,13 +785,12 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Tip: Creating PDF documents<a class="anchor" aria-labe
 </div>
 </div>
 </div>
-<div id="tip-visual-markdown-editing-in-rstudio" class="callout callout">
+<div id="callout2" class="callout">
 <div class="callout-square">
 <i class="callout-icon" data-feather="bell"></i>
 </div>
-<div id="tip-visual-markdown-editing-in-rstudio" class="callout-inner">
-<h3 class="callout-title">Tip: Visual markdown editing in RStudio<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#tip-visual-markdown-editing-in-rstudio"></a>
-</h3>
+<div class="section level3 callout-title callout-inner">
+<h3 class="callout-title" id="tip-visual-markdown-editing-in-rstudio">Tip: Visual markdown editing in RStudio<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#tip-visual-markdown-editing-in-rstudio"></a></h3>
 <div class="callout-content">
 <p>RStudio versions 1.4 and later include visual markdown editing mode.
 In visual editing mode, markdown expressions (like
@@ -900,8 +898,8 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Key Points<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="
   "url": "https://swcarpentry.github.io/r-novice-gapminder/instructor/15-knitr-markdown.html",
   "identifier": "https://swcarpentry.github.io/r-novice-gapminder/instructor/15-knitr-markdown.html",
   "dateCreated": "2015-04-18",
-  "dateModified": "2024-02-27",
-  "datePublished": "2024-02-27"
+  "dateModified": "2024-03-05",
+  "datePublished": "2024-03-05"
 }
 
   </script><script>
diff --git a/instructor/16-wrap-up.html b/instructor/16-wrap-up.html
index de08a3b04..6d7a1b5c2 100644
--- a/instructor/16-wrap-up.html
+++ b/instructor/16-wrap-up.html
@@ -356,7 +356,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header" id="flush-headingTwelve">
       </div>
       <hr></nav><main id="main-content" class="main-content"><div class="container lesson-content">
         <h1>Writing Good Software</h1>
-        <p>Last updated on 2024-02-27 |
+        <p>Last updated on 2024-03-05 |
         
         <a href="https://github.com/swcarpentry/r-novice-gapminder/edit/main/episodes/16-wrap-up.Rmd" class="external-link">Edit this page <i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="edit"></i></a></p>
         
@@ -399,14 +399,13 @@ <h3 class="card-title">Objectives</h3>
 etc. It can be done completely manually, or with the help of RStudio’s
 <code>New Project</code> functionality, or a designated package, such as
 <code>ProjectTemplate</code>.</p>
-<div id="tip-projecttemplate---a-possible-solution" class="callout callout">
+<div id="callout1" class="callout">
 <div class="callout-square">
 <i class="callout-icon" data-feather="bell"></i>
 </div>
-<div id="tip-projecttemplate---a-possible-solution" class="callout-inner">
-<h3 class="callout-title">Tip: ProjectTemplate - a possible
-solution<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#tip-projecttemplate---a-possible-solution"></a>
-</h3>
+<div class="section level3 callout-title callout-inner">
+<h3 class="callout-title" id="tip-projecttemplate---a-possible-solution">Tip: ProjectTemplate - a possible
+solution<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#tip-projecttemplate---a-possible-solution"></a></h3>
 <div class="callout-content">
 <p>One way to automate the management of projects is to install the
 third-party package, <code>ProjectTemplate</code>. This package will set
@@ -556,8 +555,8 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Key Points<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="
   "url": "https://swcarpentry.github.io/r-novice-gapminder/instructor/16-wrap-up.html",
   "identifier": "https://swcarpentry.github.io/r-novice-gapminder/instructor/16-wrap-up.html",
   "dateCreated": "2015-04-18",
-  "dateModified": "2024-02-27",
-  "datePublished": "2024-02-27"
+  "dateModified": "2024-03-05",
+  "datePublished": "2024-03-05"
 }
 
   </script><script>
diff --git a/instructor/404.html b/instructor/404.html
index 2766b601a..8aed53f6e 100644
--- a/instructor/404.html
+++ b/instructor/404.html
@@ -418,8 +418,8 @@ <h1>Page not found</h1>
   "url": "https://swcarpentry.github.io/r-novice-gapminder/instructor/404.html",
   "identifier": "https://swcarpentry.github.io/r-novice-gapminder/instructor/404.html",
   "dateCreated": "2015-04-18",
-  "dateModified": "2024-02-27",
-  "datePublished": "2024-02-27"
+  "dateModified": "2024-03-05",
+  "datePublished": "2024-03-05"
 }
 
   </script><script>
diff --git a/instructor/CODE_OF_CONDUCT.html b/instructor/CODE_OF_CONDUCT.html
index 0d71f604d..8578417db 100644
--- a/instructor/CODE_OF_CONDUCT.html
+++ b/instructor/CODE_OF_CONDUCT.html
@@ -338,7 +338,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header" id="flush-headingTwelve">
       </div>
       <hr></nav><main id="main-content" class="main-content"><div class="container lesson-content">
         <h1>Contributor Code of Conduct</h1>
-        <p>Last updated on 2024-02-27 |
+        <p>Last updated on 2024-03-05 |
         
         <a href="https://github.com/swcarpentry/r-novice-gapminder/edit/main/CODE_OF_CONDUCT.md" class="external-link">Edit this page <i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="edit"></i></a></p>
         
@@ -419,8 +419,8 @@ <h1>Contributor Code of Conduct</h1>
   "url": "https://swcarpentry.github.io/r-novice-gapminder/instructor/CODE_OF_CONDUCT.html",
   "identifier": "https://swcarpentry.github.io/r-novice-gapminder/instructor/CODE_OF_CONDUCT.html",
   "dateCreated": "2015-04-18",
-  "dateModified": "2024-02-27",
-  "datePublished": "2024-02-27"
+  "dateModified": "2024-03-05",
+  "datePublished": "2024-03-05"
 }
 
   </script><script>
diff --git a/instructor/LICENSE.html b/instructor/LICENSE.html
index 289646ce6..20d4166e2 100644
--- a/instructor/LICENSE.html
+++ b/instructor/LICENSE.html
@@ -338,7 +338,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header" id="flush-headingTwelve">
       </div>
       <hr></nav><main id="main-content" class="main-content"><div class="container lesson-content">
         <h1>Licenses</h1>
-        <p>Last updated on 2024-02-27 |
+        <p>Last updated on 2024-03-05 |
         
         <a href="https://github.com/swcarpentry/r-novice-gapminder/edit/main/LICENSE.md" class="external-link">Edit this page <i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="edit"></i></a></p>
         
@@ -470,8 +470,8 @@ <h1>Licenses</h1>
   "url": "https://swcarpentry.github.io/r-novice-gapminder/instructor/LICENSE.html",
   "identifier": "https://swcarpentry.github.io/r-novice-gapminder/instructor/LICENSE.html",
   "dateCreated": "2015-04-18",
-  "dateModified": "2024-02-27",
-  "datePublished": "2024-02-27"
+  "dateModified": "2024-03-05",
+  "datePublished": "2024-03-05"
 }
 
   </script><script>
diff --git a/instructor/aio.html b/instructor/aio.html
index 161e4ea16..0f5443865 100644
--- a/instructor/aio.html
+++ b/instructor/aio.html
@@ -423,7 +423,7 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header" id="flush-headingTwelve">
         
 <section id="aio-01-rstudio-intro"><p>Content from <a href="01-rstudio-intro.html">Introduction to R and RStudio</a></p>
 <hr>
-<p>Last updated on 2024-02-27 |
+<p>Last updated on 2024-03-05 |
         
         <a href="https://github.com/swcarpentry/r-novice-gapminder/edit/main/episodes/01-rstudio-intro.Rmd" class="external-link">Edit this page <i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="edit"></i></a></p>
 <p>Estimated time: <i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="clock"></i> 55 minutes</p>
@@ -521,12 +521,12 @@ <h3 class="card-title">Objectives</h3>
 </ul>
 <figure><img src="../fig/01-rstudio.png" alt="RStudio layout" class="figure mx-auto d-block"></figure><p>Once you open files, such as R scripts, an editor panel will also
 open in the top left.</p>
-<figure><img src="../fig/01-rstudio-script.png" alt="RStudio layout with .R file open" class="figure mx-auto d-block"></figure><div id="r-scripts" class="callout callout">
+<figure><img src="../fig/01-rstudio-script.png" alt="RStudio layout with .R file open" class="figure mx-auto d-block"></figure><div id="callout1" class="callout">
 <div class="callout-square">
 <i class="callout-icon" data-feather="bell"></i>
 </div>
-<div id="r-scripts" class="callout-inner">
-<h3 class="callout-title">R scripts<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#r-scripts"></a>
+<div class="section level3 callout-title callout-inner">
+<h3 class="callout-title" id="r-scripts">R scripts<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#r-scripts"></a>
 </h3>
 <div class="callout-content">
 <p>Any commands that you write in the R console can be saved to a file
@@ -559,12 +559,12 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">R scripts<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#
 <li>You will be able to run the file you create from within RStudio or
 using R’s <code>source()</code> function.</li>
 </ul>
-<div id="tip-running-segments-of-your-code" class="callout callout">
+<div id="callout2" class="callout">
 <div class="callout-square">
 <i class="callout-icon" data-feather="bell"></i>
 </div>
-<div id="tip-running-segments-of-your-code" class="callout-inner">
-<h3 class="callout-title">Tip: Running segments of your code<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#tip-running-segments-of-your-code"></a>
+<div class="section level3 callout-title callout-inner">
+<h3 class="callout-title" id="tip-running-segments-of-your-code">Tip: Running segments of your code<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#tip-running-segments-of-your-code"></a>
 </h3>
 <div class="callout-content">
 <p>RStudio offers you great flexibility in running code from within the
@@ -624,7 +624,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 <div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb3">
 <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
-<pre class="sourceCode r" tabindex="0"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb3-1"><a href="#cb3-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="sc">&gt;</span> <span class="dv">1</span> <span class="sc">+</span></span></code></pre>
+<pre class="sourceCode r" tabindex="0"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb3-1"><a href="#cb3-1" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="sc">&gt;</span> <span class="dv">1</span> <span class="sc">+</span></span></code></pre>
 </div>
 <div class="codewrapper">
 <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
@@ -635,12 +635,12 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 “&gt;”, it means it’s waiting for you to complete the command. If you
 want to cancel a command you can hit <kbd>Esc</kbd> and RStudio will
 give you back the “&gt;” prompt.</p>
-<div id="tip-canceling-commands" class="callout callout">
+<div id="callout3" class="callout">
 <div class="callout-square">
 <i class="callout-icon" data-feather="bell"></i>
 </div>
-<div id="tip-canceling-commands" class="callout-inner">
-<h3 class="callout-title">Tip: Canceling commands<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#tip-canceling-commands"></a>
+<div class="section level3 callout-title callout-inner">
+<h3 class="callout-title" id="tip-canceling-commands">Tip: Canceling commands<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#tip-canceling-commands"></a>
 </h3>
 <div class="callout-content">
 <p>If you’re using R from the command line instead of from within
@@ -879,12 +879,12 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 </h3>
 <pre class="output" tabindex="0"><code>[1] TRUE</code></pre>
 </div>
-<div id="tip-comparing-numbers" class="callout callout">
+<div id="callout4" class="callout">
 <div class="callout-square">
 <i class="callout-icon" data-feather="bell"></i>
 </div>
-<div id="tip-comparing-numbers" class="callout-inner">
-<h3 class="callout-title">Tip: Comparing Numbers<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#tip-comparing-numbers"></a>
+<div class="section level3 callout-title callout-inner">
+<h3 class="callout-title" id="tip-comparing-numbers">Tip: Comparing Numbers<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#tip-comparing-numbers"></a>
 </h3>
 <div class="callout-content">
 <p>A word of warning about comparing numbers: you should never use
@@ -1001,14 +1001,14 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Challenge 1<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href=
 <div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb43">
 <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
-<pre class="sourceCode r" tabindex="0"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb43-1"><a href="#cb43-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>min_height</span>
-<span id="cb43-2"><a href="#cb43-2" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>max.height</span>
-<span id="cb43-3"><a href="#cb43-3" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>_age</span>
-<span id="cb43-4"><a href="#cb43-4" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>.mass</span>
-<span id="cb43-5"><a href="#cb43-5" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>MaxLength</span>
-<span id="cb43-6"><a href="#cb43-6" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>min<span class="sc">-</span>length</span>
-<span id="cb43-7"><a href="#cb43-7" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>2widths</span>
-<span id="cb43-8"><a href="#cb43-8" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>celsius2kelvin</span></code></pre>
+<pre class="sourceCode r" tabindex="0"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb43-1"><a href="#cb43-1" tabindex="-1"></a>min_height</span>
+<span id="cb43-2"><a href="#cb43-2" tabindex="-1"></a>max.height</span>
+<span id="cb43-3"><a href="#cb43-3" tabindex="-1"></a>_age</span>
+<span id="cb43-4"><a href="#cb43-4" tabindex="-1"></a>.mass</span>
+<span id="cb43-5"><a href="#cb43-5" tabindex="-1"></a>MaxLength</span>
+<span id="cb43-6"><a href="#cb43-6" tabindex="-1"></a>min<span class="sc">-</span>length</span>
+<span id="cb43-7"><a href="#cb43-7" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="dv">2</span>widths</span>
+<span id="cb43-8"><a href="#cb43-8" tabindex="-1"></a>celsius2kelvin</span></code></pre>
 </div>
 </div>
 </div>
@@ -1018,7 +1018,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i
 <button class="accordion-button solution-button collapsed" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#collapseSolution1" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseSolution1">
   <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution1">Solution to challenge 1</h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution1" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution1" aria-labelledby="headingSolution1">
+<div id="collapseSolution1" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution1" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution1">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>The following can be used as R variables:</p>
 <div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb44">
@@ -1041,9 +1041,9 @@ <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i
 <div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb46">
 <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
-<pre class="sourceCode r" tabindex="0"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb46-1"><a href="#cb46-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>_age</span>
-<span id="cb46-2"><a href="#cb46-2" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>min<span class="sc">-</span>length</span>
-<span id="cb46-3"><a href="#cb46-3" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>2widths</span></code></pre>
+<pre class="sourceCode r" tabindex="0"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb46-1"><a href="#cb46-1" tabindex="-1"></a>_age</span>
+<span id="cb46-2"><a href="#cb46-2" tabindex="-1"></a>min<span class="sc">-</span>length</span>
+<span id="cb46-3"><a href="#cb46-3" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="dv">2</span>widths</span></code></pre>
 </div>
 </div>
 </div>
@@ -1110,12 +1110,12 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 </h3>
 <pre class="output" tabindex="0"><code>[1] "x" "y"</code></pre>
 </div>
-<div id="tip-hidden-objects" class="callout callout">
+<div id="callout5" class="callout">
 <div class="callout-square">
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 </div>
-<div id="tip-hidden-objects" class="callout-inner">
-<h3 class="callout-title">Tip: hidden objects<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#tip-hidden-objects"></a>
+<div class="section level3 callout-title callout-inner">
+<h3 class="callout-title" id="tip-hidden-objects">Tip: hidden objects<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#tip-hidden-objects"></a>
 </h3>
 <div class="callout-content">
 <p>Like in the shell, <code>ls</code> will hide any variables or
@@ -1169,7 +1169,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
     }
     else all.names
 }
-&lt;bytecode: 0x557ba994e868&gt;
+&lt;bytecode: 0x5616fc11a8e8&gt;
 &lt;environment: namespace:base&gt;</code></pre>
 </div>
 <p>What’s going on here?</p>
@@ -1227,12 +1227,12 @@ <h3 class="code-label">ERROR<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></
 </h3>
 <pre class="error" tabindex="0"><code>Error in rm(list &lt;- ls()): ... must contain names or character strings</code></pre>
 </div>
-<div id="tip-warnings-vs.-errors" class="callout callout">
+<div id="callout6" class="callout">
 <div class="callout-square">
 <i class="callout-icon" data-feather="bell"></i>
 </div>
-<div id="tip-warnings-vs.-errors" class="callout-inner">
-<h3 class="callout-title">Tip: Warnings vs. Errors<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#tip-warnings-vs.-errors"></a>
+<div class="section level3 callout-title callout-inner">
+<h3 class="callout-title" id="tip-warnings-vs--errors">Tip: Warnings vs. Errors<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#tip-warnings-vs--errors"></a>
 </h3>
 <div class="callout-content">
 <p>Pay attention when R does something unexpected! Errors, like above,
@@ -1303,7 +1303,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i
 <button class="accordion-button solution-button collapsed" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#collapseSolution2" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseSolution2">
   <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution2">Solution to challenge 2</h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution2" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution2" aria-labelledby="headingSolution2">
+<div id="collapseSolution2" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution2" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution2">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb64">
 <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
@@ -1357,7 +1357,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Challenge 3<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href=
 <button class="accordion-button solution-button collapsed" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#collapseSolution3" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseSolution3">
   <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution3">Solution to challenge 3</h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution3" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution3" aria-labelledby="headingSolution3">
+<div id="collapseSolution3" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution3" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution3">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>One way of answering this question in R is to use the
 <code>&gt;</code> to set up the following:</p>
@@ -1396,7 +1396,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Challenge 4<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href=
 <button class="accordion-button solution-button collapsed" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#collapseSolution4" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseSolution4">
   <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution4">Solution to challenge 4</h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution4" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution4" aria-labelledby="headingSolution4">
+<div id="collapseSolution4" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution4" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution4">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>We can use the <code>rm</code> command to accomplish this task</p>
 <div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb70">
@@ -1427,7 +1427,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Challenge 5<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href=
 <button class="accordion-button solution-button collapsed" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#collapseSolution5" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseSolution5">
   <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution5">Solution to challenge 5</h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution5" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution5" aria-labelledby="headingSolution5">
+<div id="collapseSolution5" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution5" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution5">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>We can use the <code>install.packages()</code> command to install the
 required packages.</p>
@@ -1474,7 +1474,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Key Points<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="
 </div>
 </section></section><section id="aio-02-project-intro"><p>Content from <a href="02-project-intro.html">Project Management With RStudio</a></p>
 <hr>
-<p>Last updated on 2024-02-27 |
+<p>Last updated on 2024-03-05 |
         
         <a href="https://github.com/swcarpentry/r-novice-gapminder/edit/main/episodes/02-project-intro.Rmd" class="external-link">Edit this page <i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="edit"></i></a></p>
 <p>Estimated time: <i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="clock"></i> 30 minutes</p>
@@ -1634,12 +1634,12 @@ <h3 id="treat-generated-output-as-disposable">Treat generated output as disposab
 makes it easier later. Since many analyses are exploratory and don’t end
 up being used in the final project, and some of the analyses get shared
 between projects.</p>
-<div id="tip-good-enough-practices-for-scientific-computing" class="callout callout">
+<div id="callout1" class="callout">
 <div class="callout-square">
 <i class="callout-icon" data-feather="bell"></i>
 </div>
-<div id="tip-good-enough-practices-for-scientific-computing" class="callout-inner">
-<h3 class="callout-title">Tip: Good Enough Practices for Scientific
+<div class="section level3 callout-title callout-inner">
+<h3 class="callout-title" id="tip-good-enough-practices-for-scientific-computing">Tip: Good Enough Practices for Scientific
 Computing<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#tip-good-enough-practices-for-scientific-computing"></a>
 </h3>
 <div class="callout-content">
@@ -1738,18 +1738,18 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution1">Solution to Challenge 4</h4>
 <div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb1">
 <h3 class="code-label">SH<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
-<pre class="sourceCode sh" tabindex="0"><code class="sourceCode bash"><span id="cb1-1"><a href="#cb1-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="fu">ls</span> <span class="at">-lh</span> data/gapminder_data.csv</span></code></pre>
+<pre class="sourceCode sh" tabindex="0"><code class="sourceCode bash"><span id="cb1-1"><a href="#cb1-1" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="fu">ls</span> <span class="at">-lh</span> data/gapminder_data.csv</span></code></pre>
 </div>
 <div class="codewrapper">
 <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
-<pre class="output" tabindex="0"><code>-rw-r--r-- 1 runner docker 80K Feb 27 00:21 data/gapminder_data.csv</code></pre>
+<pre class="output" tabindex="0"><code>-rw-r--r-- 1 runner docker 80K Mar  5 00:11 data/gapminder_data.csv</code></pre>
 </div>
 <p>The file size is 80K.</p>
 <div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb3">
 <h3 class="code-label">SH<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
-<pre class="sourceCode sh" tabindex="0"><code class="sourceCode bash"><span id="cb3-1"><a href="#cb3-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="fu">wc</span> <span class="at">-l</span> data/gapminder_data.csv</span></code></pre>
+<pre class="sourceCode sh" tabindex="0"><code class="sourceCode bash"><span id="cb3-1"><a href="#cb3-1" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="fu">wc</span> <span class="at">-l</span> data/gapminder_data.csv</span></code></pre>
 </div>
 <div class="codewrapper">
 <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
@@ -1760,7 +1760,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 <div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb5">
 <h3 class="code-label">SH<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
-<pre class="sourceCode sh" tabindex="0"><code class="sourceCode bash"><span id="cb5-1"><a href="#cb5-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="fu">head</span> data/gapminder_data.csv</span></code></pre>
+<pre class="sourceCode sh" tabindex="0"><code class="sourceCode bash"><span id="cb5-1"><a href="#cb5-1" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="fu">head</span> data/gapminder_data.csv</span></code></pre>
 </div>
 <div class="codewrapper">
 <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
@@ -1780,12 +1780,12 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 </div>
 </div>
 </div>
-<div id="tip-command-line-in-rstudio" class="callout callout">
+<div id="callout2" class="callout">
 <div class="callout-square">
 <i class="callout-icon" data-feather="bell"></i>
 </div>
-<div id="tip-command-line-in-rstudio" class="callout-inner">
-<h3 class="callout-title">Tip: command line in RStudio<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#tip-command-line-in-rstudio"></a>
+<div class="section level3 callout-title callout-inner">
+<h3 class="callout-title" id="tip-command-line-in-rstudio">Tip: command line in RStudio<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#tip-command-line-in-rstudio"></a>
 </h3>
 <div class="callout-content">
 <p>The Terminal tab in the console pane provides a convenient place
@@ -1837,12 +1837,12 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Challenge 5<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href=
 </div>
 </div>
 </div>
-<div id="tip-file-does-not-exist-errors" class="callout callout">
+<div id="callout3" class="callout">
 <div class="callout-square">
 <i class="callout-icon" data-feather="bell"></i>
 </div>
-<div id="tip-file-does-not-exist-errors" class="callout-inner">
-<h3 class="callout-title">Tip: File does not exist errors<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#tip-file-does-not-exist-errors"></a>
+<div class="section level3 callout-title callout-inner">
+<h3 class="callout-title" id="tip-file-does-not-exist-errors">Tip: File does not exist errors<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#tip-file-does-not-exist-errors"></a>
 </h3>
 <div class="callout-content">
 <p>When you’re attempting to reference a file in your R code and you’re
@@ -1881,7 +1881,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Key Points<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="
 </div>
 </section></section><section id="aio-03-seeking-help"><p>Content from <a href="03-seeking-help.html">Seeking Help</a></p>
 <hr>
-<p>Last updated on 2024-02-27 |
+<p>Last updated on 2024-03-05 |
         
         <a href="https://github.com/swcarpentry/r-novice-gapminder/edit/main/episodes/03-seeking-help.Rmd" class="external-link">Edit this page <i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="edit"></i></a></p>
 <p>Estimated time: <i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="clock"></i> 20 minutes</p>
@@ -1968,12 +1968,12 @@ <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i
 often share the same arguments as inputs to the function, so package
 authors often choose to document them together in a single help
 file.</p>
-<div id="tip-running-examples" class="callout callout">
+<div id="callout1" class="callout">
 <div class="callout-square">
 <i class="callout-icon" data-feather="bell"></i>
 </div>
-<div id="tip-running-examples" class="callout-inner">
-<h3 class="callout-title">Tip: Running Examples<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#tip-running-examples"></a>
+<div class="section level3 callout-title callout-inner">
+<h3 class="callout-title" id="tip-running-examples">Tip: Running Examples<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#tip-running-examples"></a>
 </h3>
 <div class="callout-content">
 <p>From within the function help page, you can highlight code in the
@@ -1983,12 +1983,12 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Tip: Running Examples<a class="anchor" aria-label="anc
 </div>
 </div>
 </div>
-<div id="tip-reading-help-files" class="callout callout">
+<div id="callout2" class="callout">
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 <i class="callout-icon" data-feather="bell"></i>
 </div>
-<div id="tip-reading-help-files" class="callout-inner">
-<h3 class="callout-title">Tip: Reading Help Files<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#tip-reading-help-files"></a>
+<div class="section level3 callout-title callout-inner">
+<h3 class="callout-title" id="tip-reading-help-files">Tip: Reading Help Files<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#tip-reading-help-files"></a>
 </h3>
 <div class="callout-content">
 <p>One of the most daunting aspects of R is the large number of
@@ -2098,7 +2098,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 
 loaded via a namespace (and not attached):
 [1] compiler_4.3.2 tools_4.3.2    yaml_2.3.8     knitr_1.45     xfun_0.41     
-[6] renv_1.0.4     evaluate_0.23 </code></pre>
+[6] renv_1.0.5     evaluate_0.23 </code></pre>
 </div>
 <p>Will print out your current version of R, as well as any packages you
 have loaded. This can be useful for others to help reproduce and debug
@@ -2303,7 +2303,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Key Points<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="
 </div>
 </section></section><section id="aio-04-data-structures-part1"><p>Content from <a href="04-data-structures-part1.html">Data Structures</a></p>
 <hr>
-<p>Last updated on 2024-02-27 |
+<p>Last updated on 2024-03-05 |
         
         <a href="https://github.com/swcarpentry/r-novice-gapminder/edit/main/episodes/04-data-structures-part1.Rmd" class="external-link">Edit this page <i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="edit"></i></a></p>
 <p>Estimated time: <i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="clock"></i> 55 minutes</p>
@@ -2371,17 +2371,17 @@ <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i
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 <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
-<pre class="sourceCode r" tabindex="0"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb3-1"><a href="#cb3-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>coat,weight,likes_string</span>
-<span id="cb3-2"><a href="#cb3-2" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>calico,<span class="fl">2.1</span>,<span class="dv">1</span></span>
-<span id="cb3-3"><a href="#cb3-3" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>black,<span class="fl">5.0</span>,<span class="dv">0</span></span>
-<span id="cb3-4"><a href="#cb3-4" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>tabby,<span class="fl">3.2</span>,<span class="dv">1</span></span></code></pre>
+<pre class="sourceCode r" tabindex="0"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb3-1"><a href="#cb3-1" tabindex="-1"></a>coat,weight,likes_string</span>
+<span id="cb3-2"><a href="#cb3-2" tabindex="-1"></a>calico,<span class="fl">2.1</span>,<span class="dv">1</span></span>
+<span id="cb3-3"><a href="#cb3-3" tabindex="-1"></a>black,<span class="fl">5.0</span>,<span class="dv">0</span></span>
+<span id="cb3-4"><a href="#cb3-4" tabindex="-1"></a>tabby,<span class="fl">3.2</span>,<span class="dv">1</span></span></code></pre>
 </div>
-<div id="tip-editing-text-files-in-r" class="callout callout">
+<div id="callout1" class="callout">
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 </div>
-<div id="tip-editing-text-files-in-r" class="callout-inner">
-<h3 class="callout-title">Tip: Editing Text files in R<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#tip-editing-text-files-in-r"></a>
+<div class="section level3 callout-title callout-inner">
+<h3 class="callout-title" id="tip-editing-text-files-in-r">Tip: Editing Text files in R<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#tip-editing-text-files-in-r"></a>
 </h3>
 <div class="callout-content">
 <p>Alternatively, you can create <code>data/feline-data.csv</code> using
@@ -2418,12 +2418,12 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 commonly used. If needed it is possible to override the default
 delimiting punctuation marks for both <code>read.csv</code> and
 <code>read.delim</code>.</p>
-<div id="check-your-data-for-factors" class="callout callout">
+<div id="callout2" class="callout">
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-<h3 class="callout-title">Check your data for factors<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#check-your-data-for-factors"></a>
+<div class="section level3 callout-title callout-inner">
+<h3 class="callout-title" id="check-your-data-for-factors">Check your data for factors<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#check-your-data-for-factors"></a>
 </h3>
 <div class="callout-content">
 <p>In recent times, the default way how R handles textual data has
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 </h3>
-<pre class="sourceCode r" tabindex="0"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb29-1"><a href="#cb29-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>coat,weight,likes_string</span>
-<span id="cb29-2"><a href="#cb29-2" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>calico,<span class="fl">2.1</span>,<span class="dv">1</span></span>
-<span id="cb29-3"><a href="#cb29-3" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>black,<span class="fl">5.0</span>,<span class="dv">0</span></span>
-<span id="cb29-4"><a href="#cb29-4" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>tabby,<span class="fl">3.2</span>,<span class="dv">1</span></span>
-<span id="cb29-5"><a href="#cb29-5" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>tabby,<span class="fl">2.3</span> or <span class="fl">2.4</span>,<span class="dv">1</span></span></code></pre>
+<pre class="sourceCode r" tabindex="0"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb29-1"><a href="#cb29-1" tabindex="-1"></a>coat,weight,likes_string</span>
+<span id="cb29-2"><a href="#cb29-2" tabindex="-1"></a>calico,<span class="fl">2.1</span>,<span class="dv">1</span></span>
+<span id="cb29-3"><a href="#cb29-3" tabindex="-1"></a>black,<span class="fl">5.0</span>,<span class="dv">0</span></span>
+<span id="cb29-4"><a href="#cb29-4" tabindex="-1"></a>tabby,<span class="fl">3.2</span>,<span class="dv">1</span></span>
+<span id="cb29-5"><a href="#cb29-5" tabindex="-1"></a>tabby,<span class="fl">2.3</span> or <span class="fl">2.4</span>,<span class="dv">1</span></span></code></pre>
 </div>
 <p>Load the new cats data like before, and check what type of data we
 find in the <code>weight</code> column:</p>
@@ -2772,7 +2772,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Discussion 1<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href
 <button class="accordion-button solution-button collapsed" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#collapseSolution1" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseSolution1">
   <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution1">Discussion 1</h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution1" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution1" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution1">
+<div id="collapseSolution1" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution1" aria-labelledby="headingSolution1">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>By keeping everything in a column the same, we allow ourselves to
 make simple assumptions about our data; if you can interpret one entry
@@ -3002,7 +3002,7 @@ <h4 id="print-the-data">1. Print the data<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" h
 <button class="accordion-button solution-button collapsed" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#collapseSolution2" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseSolution2">
   <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution2">Tip 1.1</h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution2" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution2" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution2">
+<div id="collapseSolution2" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution2" aria-labelledby="headingSolution2">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>Show the content of any variable by typing its name.</p>
 <div class="section level3">
@@ -3035,7 +3035,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">2. Overview of the data types<a class="anchor" aria-la
 <button class="accordion-button solution-button collapsed" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#collapseSolution3" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseSolution3">
   <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution3">Tip 1.2</h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution3" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution3" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution3">
+<div id="collapseSolution3" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution3" aria-labelledby="headingSolution3">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>In the chapter “Data types” we saw two functions that can show data
 types. One printed just a single word, the data type name. The other
@@ -3077,7 +3077,7 @@ <h4 id="which-data-type-do-we-need">3. Which data type do we need?<a class="anch
 <button class="accordion-button solution-button collapsed" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#collapseSolution4" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseSolution4">
   <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution4">Tip 1.3</h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution4" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution4" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution4">
+<div id="collapseSolution4" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution4" aria-labelledby="headingSolution4">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>Scroll up to the section about the <a href="#the-type-hierarchy">type
 hierarchy</a> to review the available data types</p>
@@ -3090,7 +3090,7 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution4">Tip 1.3</h4>
 <button class="accordion-button solution-button collapsed" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#collapseSolution5" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseSolution5">
   <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution5">Solution to Challenge 1.3</h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution5" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution5" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution5">
+<div id="collapseSolution5" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution5" aria-labelledby="headingSolution5">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <ul>
 <li>Weight is expressed on a continuous scale (real numbers). The R data
@@ -3124,7 +3124,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">4. Correct the problematic value<a class="anchor" aria
 <button class="accordion-button solution-button collapsed" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#collapseSolution6" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseSolution6">
   <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution6">Tip 1.4</h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution6" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution6" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution6">
+<div id="collapseSolution6" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution6" aria-labelledby="headingSolution6">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>Revisit the hierarchy of data types when two different data types are
 combined.</p>
@@ -3163,7 +3163,7 @@ <h4 id="convert-the-column-weight-to-the-correct-data-type">5. Convert the colum
 <button class="accordion-button solution-button collapsed" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#collapseSolution7" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseSolution7">
   <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution7">Tip 1.5</h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution7" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution7" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution7">
+<div id="collapseSolution7" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution7" aria-labelledby="headingSolution7">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>The functions to convert data types start with <code>as.</code>. You
 can look for the function further up in the manuscript or use the
@@ -3354,7 +3354,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Challenge 2<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href=
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   <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution8">Solution to Challenge 2</h4>
 </button>
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 <div class="accordion-body">
 <div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb92">
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   <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution9">Solution to Challenge 3</h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution9" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution9" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution9">
+<div id="collapseSolution9" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution9" aria-labelledby="headingSolution9">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>You get the names of an object by wrapping the object name inside
 <code>names(...)</code>. Similarly, you get the data type of the names
@@ -3629,7 +3629,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Challenge 4<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href=
 <button class="accordion-button solution-button collapsed" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#collapseSolution10" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseSolution10">
   <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution10">Solution to Challenge 4</h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution10" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution10" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution10">
+<div id="collapseSolution10" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution10" aria-labelledby="headingSolution10">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <pre><code><span><span class="va">letter_no</span> <span class="op">&lt;-</span> <span class="fl">1</span><span class="op">:</span><span class="fl">26</span>   <span class="co"># or seq(1,26)</span></span>
 <span><span class="fu">names</span><span class="op">(</span><span class="va">letter_no</span><span class="op">)</span> <span class="op">&lt;-</span> <span class="va">LETTERS</span></span>
@@ -3820,7 +3820,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Challenge 5<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href=
 <button class="accordion-button solution-button collapsed" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#collapseSolution11" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseSolution11">
   <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution11">Solution to Challenge 5</h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution11" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution11" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution11">
+<div id="collapseSolution11" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution11" aria-labelledby="headingSolution11">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb138">
 <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
@@ -3932,12 +3932,12 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 </div>
 </div>
 </div>
-<div id="tip-renaming-data-frame-columns" class="callout callout">
+<div id="callout3" class="callout">
 <div class="callout-square">
 <i class="callout-icon" data-feather="bell"></i>
 </div>
-<div id="tip-renaming-data-frame-columns" class="callout-inner">
-<h3 class="callout-title">Tip: Renaming data frame columns<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#tip-renaming-data-frame-columns"></a>
+<div class="section level3 callout-title callout-inner">
+<h3 class="callout-title" id="tip-renaming-data-frame-columns">Tip: Renaming data frame columns<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#tip-renaming-data-frame-columns"></a>
 </h3>
 <div class="callout-content">
 <p>Data frames have column names, which can be accessed with the
@@ -4081,7 +4081,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Challenge 6<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href=
 <button class="accordion-button solution-button collapsed" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#collapseSolution12" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseSolution12">
   <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution12">Solution to Challenge 6</h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution12" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution12" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution12">
+<div id="collapseSolution12" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution12" aria-labelledby="headingSolution12">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>What do you think will be the result of
 <code>length(matrix_example)</code>?</p>
@@ -4125,7 +4125,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Challenge 7<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href=
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 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution13" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution13" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution13">
+<div id="collapseSolution13" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution13" aria-labelledby="headingSolution13">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>Make another matrix, this time containing the numbers 1:50, with 5
 columns and 10 rows. Did the <code>matrix</code> function fill your
@@ -4167,7 +4167,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Challenge 8<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href=
 <button class="accordion-button solution-button collapsed" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#collapseSolution14" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseSolution14">
   <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution14">Solution to Challenge 8</h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution14" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution14" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution14">
+<div id="collapseSolution14" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution14" aria-labelledby="headingSolution14">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb173">
 <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
@@ -4219,7 +4219,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 <button class="accordion-button solution-button collapsed" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#collapseSolution15" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseSolution15">
   <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution15">Solution to Challenge 9</h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution15" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution15" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution15">
+<div id="collapseSolution15" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution15" aria-labelledby="headingSolution15">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>Consider the R output of the matrix below:</p>
 <div class="codewrapper">
@@ -4264,7 +4264,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Key Points<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="
 </div>
 </section></section><section id="aio-05-data-structures-part2"><p>Content from <a href="05-data-structures-part2.html">Exploring Data Frames</a></p>
 <hr>
-<p>Last updated on 2024-02-27 |
+<p>Last updated on 2024-03-05 |
         
         <a href="https://github.com/swcarpentry/r-novice-gapminder/edit/main/episodes/05-data-structures-part2.Rmd" class="external-link">Edit this page <i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="edit"></i></a></p>
 <p>Estimated time: <i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="clock"></i> 30 minutes</p>
@@ -4575,7 +4575,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i
 <button class="accordion-button solution-button collapsed" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#collapseSolution1" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseSolution1">
   <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution1">Solution to Challenge 1</h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution1" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution1" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution1">
+<div id="collapseSolution1" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution1" aria-labelledby="headingSolution1">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb28">
 <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
@@ -4604,12 +4604,12 @@ <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i
 <pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
 <code class="sourceCode R"><span><span class="va">gapminder</span> <span class="op">&lt;-</span> <span class="fu">read.csv</span><span class="op">(</span><span class="st">"data/gapminder_data.csv"</span><span class="op">)</span></span></code></pre>
 </div>
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+<div id="callout1" class="callout">
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 <i class="callout-icon" data-feather="bell"></i>
 </div>
-<div id="miscellaneous-tips" class="callout-inner">
-<h3 class="callout-title">Miscellaneous Tips<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#miscellaneous-tips"></a>
+<div class="section level3 callout-title callout-inner">
+<h3 class="callout-title" id="miscellaneous-tips">Miscellaneous Tips<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#miscellaneous-tips"></a>
 </h3>
 <div class="callout-content">
 <ul>
@@ -4865,7 +4865,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Challenge 2<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href=
 <button class="accordion-button solution-button collapsed" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#collapseSolution2" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseSolution2">
   <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution2">Solution to Challenge 2</h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution2" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution2" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution2">
+<div id="collapseSolution2" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution2" aria-labelledby="headingSolution2">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>To check the last few lines it’s relatively simple as R already has a
 function for this:</p>
@@ -4925,7 +4925,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Challenge 3<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href=
 <button class="accordion-button solution-button collapsed" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#collapseSolution3" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseSolution3">
   <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution3">Solution to Challenge 3</h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution3" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution3" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution3">
+<div id="collapseSolution3" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution3" aria-labelledby="headingSolution3">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>The <code>source</code> function can be used to use a script within a
 script. Assume you would like to load the same type of file over and
@@ -4976,7 +4976,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Challenge 4<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href=
 <button class="accordion-button solution-button collapsed" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#collapseSolution4" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseSolution4">
   <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution4">Solution to Challenge 4</h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution4" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution4" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution4">
+<div id="collapseSolution4" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution4" aria-labelledby="headingSolution4">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>The object <code>gapminder</code> is a data frame with columns</p>
 <ul>
@@ -5018,7 +5018,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Key Points<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="
 </div>
 </section></section><section id="aio-06-data-subsetting"><p>Content from <a href="06-data-subsetting.html">Subsetting Data</a></p>
 <hr>
-<p>Last updated on 2024-02-27 |
+<p>Last updated on 2024-03-05 |
         
         <a href="https://github.com/swcarpentry/r-novice-gapminder/edit/main/episodes/06-data-subsetting.Rmd" class="external-link">Edit this page <i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="edit"></i></a></p>
 <p>Estimated time: <i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="clock"></i> 50 minutes</p>
@@ -5075,12 +5075,12 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 <pre class="output" tabindex="0"><code>  a   b   c   d   e 
 5.4 6.2 7.1 4.8 7.5 </code></pre>
 </div>
-<div id="atomic-vectors" class="callout callout">
+<div id="callout1" class="callout">
 <div class="callout-square">
 <i class="callout-icon" data-feather="bell"></i>
 </div>
-<div id="atomic-vectors" class="callout-inner">
-<h3 class="callout-title">Atomic vectors<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#atomic-vectors"></a>
+<div class="section level3 callout-title callout-inner">
+<h3 class="callout-title" id="atomic-vectors">Atomic vectors<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#atomic-vectors"></a>
 </h3>
 <div class="callout-content">
 <p>In R, simple vectors containing character strings, numbers, or
@@ -5214,12 +5214,12 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 </h3>
 <pre class="output" tabindex="0"><code>named numeric(0)</code></pre>
 </div>
-<div id="vector-numbering-in-r-starts-at-1" class="callout callout">
+<div id="callout2" class="callout">
 <div class="callout-square">
 <i class="callout-icon" data-feather="bell"></i>
 </div>
-<div id="vector-numbering-in-r-starts-at-1" class="callout-inner">
-<h3 class="callout-title">Vector numbering in R starts at 1<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#vector-numbering-in-r-starts-at-1"></a>
+<div class="section level3 callout-title callout-inner">
+<h3 class="callout-title" id="vector-numbering-in-r-starts-at-1">Vector numbering in R starts at 1<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#vector-numbering-in-r-starts-at-1"></a>
 </h3>
 <div class="callout-content">
 <p>In many programming languages (C and Python, for example), the first
@@ -5257,12 +5257,12 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 <pre class="output" tabindex="0"><code>  b   c   d 
 6.2 7.1 4.8 </code></pre>
 </div>
-<div id="tip-order-of-operations" class="callout callout">
+<div id="callout3" class="callout">
 <div class="callout-square">
 <i class="callout-icon" data-feather="bell"></i>
 </div>
-<div id="tip-order-of-operations" class="callout-inner">
-<h3 class="callout-title">Tip: Order of operations<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#tip-order-of-operations"></a>
+<div class="section level3 callout-title callout-inner">
+<h3 class="callout-title" id="tip-order-of-operations">Tip: Order of operations<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#tip-order-of-operations"></a>
 </h3>
 <div class="callout-content">
 <p>A common trip up for novices occurs when trying to skip slices of a
@@ -5470,12 +5470,12 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 <pre class="output" tabindex="0"><code><span>  <span class="va">a</span> </span>
 <span><span class="fl">5.4</span> </span></code></pre>
 </div>
-<div id="tip-combining-logical-conditions" class="callout callout">
+<div id="callout4" class="callout">
 <div class="callout-square">
 <i class="callout-icon" data-feather="bell"></i>
 </div>
-<div id="tip-combining-logical-conditions" class="callout-inner">
-<h3 class="callout-title">Tip: Combining logical conditions<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#tip-combining-logical-conditions"></a>
+<div class="section level3 callout-title callout-inner">
+<h3 class="callout-title" id="tip-combining-logical-conditions">Tip: Combining logical conditions<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#tip-combining-logical-conditions"></a>
 </h3>
 <div class="callout-content">
 <p>We often want to combine multiple logical criteria. For example, we
@@ -5567,12 +5567,12 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 </div>
 </div>
 </div>
-<div id="tip-non-unique-names" class="callout callout">
+<div id="callout5" class="callout">
 <div class="callout-square">
 <i class="callout-icon" data-feather="bell"></i>
 </div>
-<div id="tip-non-unique-names" class="callout-inner">
-<h3 class="callout-title">Tip: Non-unique names<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#tip-non-unique-names"></a>
+<div class="section level3 callout-title callout-inner">
+<h3 class="callout-title" id="tip-non-unique-names">Tip: Non-unique names<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#tip-non-unique-names"></a>
 </h3>
 <div class="callout-content">
 <p>You should be aware that it is possible for multiple elements in a
@@ -5631,12 +5631,12 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 </div>
 </div>
 </div>
-<div id="tip-getting-help-for-operators" class="callout callout">
+<div id="callout6" class="callout">
 <div class="callout-square">
 <i class="callout-icon" data-feather="bell"></i>
 </div>
-<div id="tip-getting-help-for-operators" class="callout-inner">
-<h3 class="callout-title">Tip: Getting help for operators<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#tip-getting-help-for-operators"></a>
+<div class="section level3 callout-title callout-inner">
+<h3 class="callout-title" id="tip-getting-help-for-operators">Tip: Getting help for operators<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#tip-getting-help-for-operators"></a>
 </h3>
 <div class="callout-content">
 <p>Remember you can search for help on operators by wrapping them in
@@ -5992,12 +5992,12 @@ <h3 class="code-label">ERROR<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></
 </h3>
 <pre class="error" tabindex="0"><code>Error in m[, c(3, 6)]: subscript out of bounds</code></pre>
 </div>
-<div id="tip-higher-dimensional-arrays" class="callout callout">
+<div id="callout7" class="callout">
 <div class="callout-square">
 <i class="callout-icon" data-feather="bell"></i>
 </div>
-<div id="tip-higher-dimensional-arrays" class="callout-inner">
-<h3 class="callout-title">Tip: Higher dimensional arrays<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#tip-higher-dimensional-arrays"></a>
+<div class="section level3 callout-title callout-inner">
+<h3 class="callout-title" id="tip-higher-dimensional-arrays">Tip: Higher dimensional arrays<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#tip-higher-dimensional-arrays"></a>
 </h3>
 <div class="callout-content">
 <p>when dealing with multi-dimensional arrays, each argument to
@@ -6420,7 +6420,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Challenge 7<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href=
 <div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb134">
 <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
-<pre class="sourceCode r" tabindex="0"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb134-1"><a href="#cb134-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>gapminder[gapminder<span class="sc">$</span>year <span class="ot">=</span> <span class="dv">1957</span>,]</span></code></pre>
+<pre class="sourceCode r" tabindex="0"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb134-1"><a href="#cb134-1" tabindex="-1"></a>gapminder[gapminder<span class="sc">$</span>year <span class="ot">=</span> <span class="dv">1957</span>,]</span></code></pre>
 </div>
 <ol start="2" style="list-style-type: decimal">
 <li>Extract all columns except 1 through to 4</li>
@@ -6593,7 +6593,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Key Points<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="
 </div>
 </section></section><section id="aio-07-control-flow"><p>Content from <a href="07-control-flow.html">Control Flow</a></p>
 <hr>
-<p>Last updated on 2024-02-27 |
+<p>Last updated on 2024-03-05 |
         
         <a href="https://github.com/swcarpentry/r-novice-gapminder/edit/main/episodes/07-control-flow.Rmd" class="external-link">Edit this page <i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="edit"></i></a></p>
 <p>Estimated time: <i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="clock"></i> 65 minutes</p>
@@ -6637,17 +6637,17 @@ <h3 class="card-title">Objectives</h3>
 <div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb1">
 <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
-<pre class="sourceCode r" tabindex="0"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb1-1"><a href="#cb1-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co"># if</span></span>
-<span id="cb1-2"><a href="#cb1-2" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="cf">if</span> (condition is true) {</span>
-<span id="cb1-3"><a href="#cb1-3" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>  perform action</span>
-<span id="cb1-4"><a href="#cb1-4" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>}</span>
-<span id="cb1-5"><a href="#cb1-5" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
-<span id="cb1-6"><a href="#cb1-6" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co"># if ... else</span></span>
-<span id="cb1-7"><a href="#cb1-7" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="cf">if</span> (condition is true) {</span>
-<span id="cb1-8"><a href="#cb1-8" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>  perform action</span>
-<span id="cb1-9"><a href="#cb1-9" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>} <span class="cf">else</span> {  <span class="co"># that is, if the condition is false,</span></span>
-<span id="cb1-10"><a href="#cb1-10" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>  perform alternative action</span>
-<span id="cb1-11"><a href="#cb1-11" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>}</span></code></pre>
+<pre class="sourceCode r" tabindex="0"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb1-1"><a href="#cb1-1" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co"># if</span></span>
+<span id="cb1-2"><a href="#cb1-2" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="cf">if</span> (condition is true) {</span>
+<span id="cb1-3"><a href="#cb1-3" tabindex="-1"></a>  perform action</span>
+<span id="cb1-4"><a href="#cb1-4" tabindex="-1"></a>}</span>
+<span id="cb1-5"><a href="#cb1-5" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
+<span id="cb1-6"><a href="#cb1-6" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co"># if ... else</span></span>
+<span id="cb1-7"><a href="#cb1-7" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="cf">if</span> (condition is true) {</span>
+<span id="cb1-8"><a href="#cb1-8" tabindex="-1"></a>  perform action</span>
+<span id="cb1-9"><a href="#cb1-9" tabindex="-1"></a>} <span class="cf">else</span> {  <span class="co"># that is, if the condition is false,</span></span>
+<span id="cb1-10"><a href="#cb1-10" tabindex="-1"></a>  perform alternative action</span>
+<span id="cb1-11"><a href="#cb1-11" tabindex="-1"></a>}</span></code></pre>
 </div>
 <p>Say, for example, that we want R to print a message if a variable
 <code>x</code> has a particular value:</p>
@@ -6825,12 +6825,13 @@ <h3 class="code-label">ERROR<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></
 the condition in the first element of the vector. Therefore, to use the
 <code>if()</code> function, you need to make sure your input is singular
 (of length 1).</p>
-<div id="tip-built-in-ifelse-function" class="callout callout">
+<div id="callout1" class="callout">
 <div class="callout-square">
 <i class="callout-icon" data-feather="bell"></i>
 </div>
-<div id="tip-built-in-ifelse-function" class="callout-inner">
-<h3 class="callout-title">Tip: Built in<code>ifelse()</code>function<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#tip-built-in-ifelse-function"></a>
+<div class="section level3 callout-title callout-inner">
+<h3 class="callout-title" id="tip-built-in-ifelse-function">Tip: Built in <code>ifelse()</code>
+function<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#tip-built-in-ifelse-function"></a>
 </h3>
 <div class="callout-content">
 <p><code>R</code> accepts both <code>if()</code> and
@@ -6841,8 +6842,8 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Tip: Built in<code>ifelse()</code>function<a class="an
 <div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb18">
 <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
-<pre class="sourceCode r" tabindex="0"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb18-1"><a href="#cb18-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co"># ifelse function</span></span>
-<span id="cb18-2"><a href="#cb18-2" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="fu">ifelse</span>(condition is true, perform action, perform alternative action)</span></code></pre>
+<pre class="sourceCode r" tabindex="0"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb18-1"><a href="#cb18-1" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co"># ifelse function</span></span>
+<span id="cb18-2"><a href="#cb18-2" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="fu">ifelse</span>(condition is true, perform action, perform alternative action)</span></code></pre>
 </div>
 <p>where the first argument is the condition or a set of conditions to
 be met, the second argument is the statement that is evaluated when the
@@ -6863,12 +6864,14 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 </div>
 </div>
 </div>
-<div id="tip-any-and-all" class="callout callout">
+<div id="callout2" class="callout">
 <div class="callout-square">
 <i class="callout-icon" data-feather="bell"></i>
 </div>
-<div id="tip-any-and-all" class="callout-inner">
-<h3 class="callout-title">Tip:<code>any()</code>and<code>all()</code><a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#tip-any-and-all"></a>
+<div class="section level3 callout-title callout-inner">
+<h3 class="callout-title" id="tip-any-and-all">Tip: <code>any()</code> and
+<code>all()</code>
+<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#tip-any-and-all"></a>
 </h3>
 <div class="callout-content">
 <p>The <code>any()</code> function will return <code>TRUE</code> if at
@@ -6900,9 +6903,9 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Tip:<code>any()</code>and<code>all()</code><a class="a
 <div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb21">
 <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
-<pre class="sourceCode r" tabindex="0"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb21-1"><a href="#cb21-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="cf">for</span> (iterator <span class="cf">in</span> set of values) {</span>
-<span id="cb21-2"><a href="#cb21-2" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>  do a thing</span>
-<span id="cb21-3"><a href="#cb21-3" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>}</span></code></pre>
+<pre class="sourceCode r" tabindex="0"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb21-1"><a href="#cb21-1" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="cf">for</span> (iterator <span class="cf">in</span> set of values) {</span>
+<span id="cb21-2"><a href="#cb21-2" tabindex="-1"></a>  do a thing</span>
+<span id="cb21-3"><a href="#cb21-3" tabindex="-1"></a>}</span></code></pre>
 </div>
 <p>For example:</p>
 <div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb22">
@@ -7000,12 +7003,12 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 <p>This approach can be useful, but ‘growing your results’ (building the
 result object incrementally) is computationally inefficient, so avoid it
 when you are iterating through a lot of values.</p>
-<div id="tip-dont-grow-your-results" class="callout callout">
+<div id="callout3" class="callout">
 <div class="callout-square">
 <i class="callout-icon" data-feather="bell"></i>
 </div>
-<div id="tip-dont-grow-your-results" class="callout-inner">
-<h3 class="callout-title">Tip: don’t grow your results<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#tip-dont-grow-your-results"></a>
+<div class="section level3 callout-title callout-inner">
+<h3 class="callout-title" id="tip-dont-grow-your-results">Tip: don’t grow your results<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#tip-dont-grow-your-results"></a>
 </h3>
 <div class="callout-content">
 <p>One of the biggest things that trips up novices and experienced R
@@ -7046,12 +7049,12 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 [13] "3 c" "4 c" "5 c" "1 d" "2 d" "3 d" "4 d" "5 d" "1 e" "2 e" "3 e" "4 e"
 [25] "5 e"</code></pre>
 </div>
-<div id="tip-while-loops" class="callout callout">
+<div id="callout4" class="callout">
 <div class="callout-square">
 <i class="callout-icon" data-feather="bell"></i>
 </div>
-<div id="tip-while-loops" class="callout-inner">
-<h3 class="callout-title">Tip: While loops<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#tip-while-loops"></a>
+<div class="section level3 callout-title callout-inner">
+<h3 class="callout-title" id="tip-while-loops">Tip: While loops<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#tip-while-loops"></a>
 </h3>
 <div class="callout-content">
 <p>Sometimes you will find yourself needing to repeat an operation as
@@ -7060,9 +7063,9 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Tip: While loops<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor"
 <div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb30">
 <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
-<pre class="sourceCode r" tabindex="0"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb30-1"><a href="#cb30-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="cf">while</span>(this condition is true){</span>
-<span id="cb30-2"><a href="#cb30-2" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>  do a thing</span>
-<span id="cb30-3"><a href="#cb30-3" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>}</span></code></pre>
+<pre class="sourceCode r" tabindex="0"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb30-1"><a href="#cb30-1" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="cf">while</span>(this condition is true){</span>
+<span id="cb30-2"><a href="#cb30-2" tabindex="-1"></a>  do a thing</span>
+<span id="cb30-3"><a href="#cb30-3" tabindex="-1"></a>}</span></code></pre>
 </div>
 <p>R will interpret a condition being met as “TRUE”.</p>
 <p>As an example, here’s a while loop that generates random numbers from
@@ -7394,7 +7397,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Key Points<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="
 </div>
 </section></section><section id="aio-08-plot-ggplot2"><p>Content from <a href="08-plot-ggplot2.html">Creating Publication-Quality Graphics with ggplot2</a></p>
 <hr>
-<p>Last updated on 2024-02-27 |
+<p>Last updated on 2024-03-05 |
         
         <a href="https://github.com/swcarpentry/r-novice-gapminder/edit/main/episodes/08-plot-ggplot2.Rmd" class="external-link">Edit this page <i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="edit"></i></a></p>
 <p>Estimated time: <i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="clock"></i> 80 minutes</p>
@@ -7536,7 +7539,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i
 <button class="accordion-button solution-button collapsed" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#collapseSolution1" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseSolution1">
   <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution1">Solution to challenge 1</h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution1" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution1" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution1">
+<div id="collapseSolution1" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution1" aria-labelledby="headingSolution1">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>Here is one possible solution:</p>
 <div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb5">
@@ -7576,7 +7579,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Challenge 2<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href=
 <button class="accordion-button solution-button collapsed" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#collapseSolution2" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseSolution2">
   <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution2">Solution to challenge 2</h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution2" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution2" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution2">
+<div id="collapseSolution2" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution2" aria-labelledby="headingSolution2">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>The solution presented below adds <code>color=continent</code> to the
 call of the <code>aes</code> function. The general trend seems to
@@ -7648,12 +7651,12 @@ <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i
 <code>ggplot</code> to the <code>geom_line</code> layer so it no longer
 applies to the points. Now we can clearly see that the points are drawn
 on top of the lines.</p>
-<div id="tip-setting-an-aesthetic-to-a-value-instead-of-a-mapping" class="callout callout">
+<div id="callout1" class="callout">
 <div class="callout-square">
 <i class="callout-icon" data-feather="bell"></i>
 </div>
-<div id="tip-setting-an-aesthetic-to-a-value-instead-of-a-mapping" class="callout-inner">
-<h3 class="callout-title">Tip: Setting an aesthetic to a value instead
+<div class="section level3 callout-title callout-inner">
+<h3 class="callout-title" id="tip-setting-an-aesthetic-to-a-value-instead-of-a-mapping">Tip: Setting an aesthetic to a value instead
 of a mapping<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#tip-setting-an-aesthetic-to-a-value-instead-of-a-mapping"></a>
 </h3>
 <div class="callout-content">
@@ -7688,7 +7691,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Challenge 3<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href=
 <button class="accordion-button solution-button collapsed" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#collapseSolution3" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseSolution3">
   <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution3">Solution to challenge 3</h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution3" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution3" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution3">
+<div id="collapseSolution3" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution3" aria-labelledby="headingSolution3">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>The lines now get drawn over the points!</p>
 <div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb11">
@@ -7738,12 +7741,12 @@ <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i
 same horizontal distance away from a value of 10,000 as the 10,000 value
 is from 100,000. This helps to visualize the spread of the data along
 the x-axis.</p>
-<div id="tip-reminder-setting-an-aesthetic-to-a-value-instead-of-a-mapping" class="callout callout">
+<div id="callout2" class="callout">
 <div class="callout-square">
 <i class="callout-icon" data-feather="bell"></i>
 </div>
-<div id="tip-reminder-setting-an-aesthetic-to-a-value-instead-of-a-mapping" class="callout-inner">
-<h3 class="callout-title">Tip Reminder: Setting an aesthetic to a value
+<div class="section level3 callout-title callout-inner">
+<h3 class="callout-title" id="tip-reminder-setting-an-aesthetic-to-a-value-instead-of-a-mapping">Tip Reminder: Setting an aesthetic to a value
 instead of a mapping<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#tip-reminder-setting-an-aesthetic-to-a-value-instead-of-a-mapping"></a>
 </h3>
 <div class="callout-content">
@@ -7820,7 +7823,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Challenge 4a<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href
 <button class="accordion-button solution-button collapsed" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#collapseSolution4" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseSolution4">
   <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution4">Solution to challenge 4a</h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution4" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution4" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution4">
+<div id="collapseSolution4" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution4" aria-labelledby="headingSolution4">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>Here a possible solution: Notice that the <code>color</code> argument
 is supplied outside of the <code>aes()</code> function. This means that
@@ -7863,7 +7866,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Challenge 4b<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href
 <button class="accordion-button solution-button collapsed" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#collapseSolution5" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseSolution5">
   <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution5">Solution to challenge 4b</h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution5" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution5" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution5">
+<div id="collapseSolution5" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution5" aria-labelledby="headingSolution5">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>Here is a possible solution: Notice that supplying the
 <code>color</code> argument inside the <code>aes()</code> functions
@@ -7896,12 +7899,12 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 <p>Earlier we visualized the change in life expectancy over time across
 all countries in one plot. Alternatively, we can split this out over
 multiple panels by adding a layer of <strong>facet</strong> panels.</p>
-<div id="tip" class="callout callout">
+<div id="callout3" class="callout">
 <div class="callout-square">
 <i class="callout-icon" data-feather="bell"></i>
 </div>
-<div id="tip" class="callout-inner">
-<h3 class="callout-title">Tip<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#tip"></a>
+<div class="section level3 callout-title callout-inner">
+<h3 class="callout-title" id="tip">Tip<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#tip"></a>
 </h3>
 <div class="callout-content">
 <p>We start by making a subset of data including only countries located
@@ -8021,7 +8024,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Challenge 5<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href=
 <button class="accordion-button solution-button collapsed" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#collapseSolution6" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseSolution6">
   <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution6">Solution to Challenge 5</h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution6" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution6" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution6">
+<div id="collapseSolution6" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution6" aria-labelledby="headingSolution6">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>Here a possible solution: <code>xlab()</code> and <code>ylab()</code>
 set labels for the x and y axes, respectively The axis title, text and
@@ -8061,7 +8064,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Key Points<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="
 </div>
 </section></section><section id="aio-09-vectorization"><p>Content from <a href="09-vectorization.html">Vectorization</a></p>
 <hr>
-<p>Last updated on 2024-02-27 |
+<p>Last updated on 2024-03-05 |
         
         <a href="https://github.com/swcarpentry/r-novice-gapminder/edit/main/episodes/09-vectorization.Rmd" class="external-link">Edit this page <i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="edit"></i></a></p>
 <p>Estimated time: <i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="clock"></i> 25 minutes</p>
@@ -8128,11 +8131,11 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 <div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb5">
 <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
-<pre class="sourceCode r" tabindex="0"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb5-1"><a href="#cb5-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>x<span class="sc">:</span>  <span class="dv">1</span>  <span class="dv">2</span>  <span class="dv">3</span>  <span class="dv">4</span></span>
-<span id="cb5-2"><a href="#cb5-2" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>    <span class="sc">+</span>  <span class="sc">+</span>  <span class="sc">+</span>  <span class="sc">+</span></span>
-<span id="cb5-3"><a href="#cb5-3" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>y<span class="sc">:</span>  <span class="dv">6</span>  <span class="dv">7</span>  <span class="dv">8</span>  <span class="dv">9</span></span>
-<span id="cb5-4"><a href="#cb5-4" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="sc">---------------</span></span>
-<span id="cb5-5"><a href="#cb5-5" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>    <span class="dv">7</span>  <span class="dv">9</span> <span class="dv">11</span> <span class="dv">13</span></span></code></pre>
+<pre class="sourceCode r" tabindex="0"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb5-1"><a href="#cb5-1" tabindex="-1"></a>x<span class="sc">:</span>  <span class="dv">1</span>  <span class="dv">2</span>  <span class="dv">3</span>  <span class="dv">4</span></span>
+<span id="cb5-2"><a href="#cb5-2" tabindex="-1"></a>    <span class="sc">+</span>  <span class="sc">+</span>  <span class="sc">+</span>  <span class="sc">+</span></span>
+<span id="cb5-3"><a href="#cb5-3" tabindex="-1"></a>y<span class="sc">:</span>  <span class="dv">6</span>  <span class="dv">7</span>  <span class="dv">8</span>  <span class="dv">9</span></span>
+<span id="cb5-4"><a href="#cb5-4" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="sc">---------------</span></span>
+<span id="cb5-5"><a href="#cb5-5" tabindex="-1"></a>    <span class="dv">7</span>  <span class="dv">9</span> <span class="dv">11</span> <span class="dv">13</span></span></code></pre>
 </div>
 <p>Here is how we would add two vectors together using a for loop:</p>
 <div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb6">
@@ -8286,12 +8289,12 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 </h3>
 <pre class="output" tabindex="0"><code>[1] FALSE FALSE FALSE  TRUE</code></pre>
 </div>
-<div id="tip-some-useful-functions-for-logical-vectors" class="callout callout">
+<div id="callout1" class="callout">
 <div class="callout-square">
 <i class="callout-icon" data-feather="bell"></i>
 </div>
-<div id="tip-some-useful-functions-for-logical-vectors" class="callout-inner">
-<h3 class="callout-title">Tip: some useful functions for logical
+<div class="section level3 callout-title callout-inner">
+<h3 class="callout-title" id="tip-some-useful-functions-for-logical-vectors">Tip: some useful functions for logical
 vectors<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#tip-some-useful-functions-for-logical-vectors"></a>
 </h3>
 <div class="callout-content">
@@ -8331,13 +8334,13 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 [2,]   -2   -5   -8  -11
 [3,]   -3   -6   -9  -12</code></pre>
 </div>
-<div id="tip-element-wise-vs.-matrix-multiplication" class="callout callout">
+<div id="callout2" class="callout">
 <div class="callout-square">
 <i class="callout-icon" data-feather="bell"></i>
 </div>
-<div id="tip-element-wise-vs.-matrix-multiplication" class="callout-inner">
-<h3 class="callout-title">Tip: element-wise vs. matrix
-multiplication<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#tip-element-wise-vs.-matrix-multiplication"></a>
+<div class="section level3 callout-title callout-inner">
+<h3 class="callout-title" id="tip-element-wise-vs--matrix-multiplication">Tip: element-wise vs. matrix
+multiplication<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#tip-element-wise-vs--matrix-multiplication"></a>
 </h3>
 <div class="callout-content">
 <p>Very important: the operator <code>*</code> gives you element-wise
@@ -8586,12 +8589,12 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 </div>
 </div>
 </div>
-<div id="tip-operations-on-vectors-of-unequal-length" class="callout callout">
+<div id="callout3" class="callout">
 <div class="callout-square">
 <i class="callout-icon" data-feather="bell"></i>
 </div>
-<div id="tip-operations-on-vectors-of-unequal-length" class="callout-inner">
-<h3 class="callout-title">Tip: Operations on vectors of unequal
+<div class="section level3 callout-title callout-inner">
+<h3 class="callout-title" id="tip-operations-on-vectors-of-unequal-length">Tip: Operations on vectors of unequal
 length<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#tip-operations-on-vectors-of-unequal-length"></a>
 </h3>
 <div class="callout-content">
@@ -8624,11 +8627,11 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 <div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb50">
 <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
-<pre class="sourceCode r" tabindex="0"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb50-1"><a href="#cb50-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>x<span class="sc">:</span>  <span class="dv">1</span>  <span class="dv">2</span>  <span class="dv">3</span>  <span class="dv">1</span>  <span class="dv">2</span>  <span class="dv">3</span>  <span class="dv">1</span></span>
-<span id="cb50-2"><a href="#cb50-2" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>    <span class="sc">+</span>  <span class="sc">+</span>  <span class="sc">+</span>  <span class="sc">+</span>  <span class="sc">+</span>  <span class="sc">+</span>  <span class="sc">+</span></span>
-<span id="cb50-3"><a href="#cb50-3" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>y<span class="sc">:</span>  <span class="dv">1</span>  <span class="dv">2</span>  <span class="dv">3</span>  <span class="dv">4</span>  <span class="dv">5</span>  <span class="dv">6</span>  <span class="dv">7</span></span>
-<span id="cb50-4"><a href="#cb50-4" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="sc">-----------------------</span></span>
-<span id="cb50-5"><a href="#cb50-5" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>    <span class="dv">2</span>  <span class="dv">4</span>  <span class="dv">6</span>  <span class="dv">5</span>  <span class="dv">7</span>  <span class="dv">9</span>  <span class="dv">8</span></span></code></pre>
+<pre class="sourceCode r" tabindex="0"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb50-1"><a href="#cb50-1" tabindex="-1"></a>x<span class="sc">:</span>  <span class="dv">1</span>  <span class="dv">2</span>  <span class="dv">3</span>  <span class="dv">1</span>  <span class="dv">2</span>  <span class="dv">3</span>  <span class="dv">1</span></span>
+<span id="cb50-2"><a href="#cb50-2" tabindex="-1"></a>    <span class="sc">+</span>  <span class="sc">+</span>  <span class="sc">+</span>  <span class="sc">+</span>  <span class="sc">+</span>  <span class="sc">+</span>  <span class="sc">+</span></span>
+<span id="cb50-3"><a href="#cb50-3" tabindex="-1"></a>y<span class="sc">:</span>  <span class="dv">1</span>  <span class="dv">2</span>  <span class="dv">3</span>  <span class="dv">4</span>  <span class="dv">5</span>  <span class="dv">6</span>  <span class="dv">7</span></span>
+<span id="cb50-4"><a href="#cb50-4" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="sc">-----------------------</span></span>
+<span id="cb50-5"><a href="#cb50-5" tabindex="-1"></a>    <span class="dv">2</span>  <span class="dv">4</span>  <span class="dv">6</span>  <span class="dv">5</span>  <span class="dv">7</span>  <span class="dv">9</span>  <span class="dv">8</span></span></code></pre>
 </div>
 </div>
 </div>
@@ -8648,7 +8651,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Key Points<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="
 </div>
 </div></section><section id="aio-10-functions"><p>Content from <a href="10-functions.html">Functions Explained</a></p>
 <hr>
-<p>Last updated on 2024-02-27 |
+<p>Last updated on 2024-03-05 |
         
         <a href="https://github.com/swcarpentry/r-novice-gapminder/edit/main/episodes/10-functions.Rmd" class="external-link">Edit this page <i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="edit"></i></a></p>
 <p>Estimated time: <i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="clock"></i> 60 minutes</p>
@@ -8695,12 +8698,12 @@ <h3 class="card-title">Objectives</h3>
 future.</p>
 <p>In this lesson, we’ll learn how to write a function so that we can
 repeat several operations with a single command.</p>
-<div id="what-is-a-function" class="callout callout">
+<div id="callout1" class="callout">
 <div class="callout-square">
 <i class="callout-icon" data-feather="bell"></i>
 </div>
-<div id="what-is-a-function" class="callout-inner">
-<h3 class="callout-title">What is a function?<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#what-is-a-function"></a>
+<div class="section level3 callout-title callout-inner">
+<h3 class="callout-title" id="what-is-a-function">What is a function?<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#what-is-a-function"></a>
 </h3>
 <div class="callout-content">
 <p>Functions gather a sequence of operations into a whole, preserving it
@@ -8761,12 +8764,12 @@ <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i
 assigned to those variables so that we can use them inside the function.
 Inside the function, we use a <a href="reference.html#return-statement">return statement</a> to send a
 result back to whoever asked for it.</p>
-<div id="tip" class="callout callout">
+<div id="callout2" class="callout">
 <div class="callout-square">
 <i class="callout-icon" data-feather="bell"></i>
 </div>
-<div id="tip" class="callout-inner">
-<h3 class="callout-title">Tip<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#tip"></a>
+<div class="section level3 callout-title callout-inner">
+<h3 class="callout-title" id="tip">Tip<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#tip"></a>
 </h3>
 <div class="callout-content">
 <p>One feature unique to R is that the return statement is not required.
@@ -8821,7 +8824,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Challenge 1<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href=
 <button class="accordion-button solution-button collapsed" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#collapseSolution1" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseSolution1">
   <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution1">Solution to challenge 1</h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution1" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution1" aria-labelledby="headingSolution1">
+<div id="collapseSolution1" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution1" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution1">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>Write a function called <code>kelvin_to_celsius</code> that takes a
 temperature in Kelvin and returns that temperature in Celsius</p>
@@ -8878,7 +8881,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Challenge 2<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href=
 <button class="accordion-button solution-button collapsed" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#collapseSolution2" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseSolution2">
   <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution2">Solution to challenge 2</h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution2" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution2" aria-labelledby="headingSolution2">
+<div id="collapseSolution2" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution2" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution2">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>Define the function to convert directly from Fahrenheit to Celsius,
 by reusing these two functions above</p>
@@ -9012,7 +9015,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Challenge 3<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href=
 <button class="accordion-button solution-button collapsed" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#collapseSolution3" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseSolution3">
   <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution3">Solution to challenge 3</h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution3" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution3" aria-labelledby="headingSolution3">
+<div id="collapseSolution3" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution3" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution3">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>Extend our previous definition of the function by adding in an
 explicit call to <code>stopifnot()</code>. Since
@@ -9172,7 +9175,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 <div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb29">
 <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
-<pre class="sourceCode r" tabindex="0"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb29-1"><a href="#cb29-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>calcGDP <span class="ot">&lt;-</span> <span class="cf">function</span>(dat, <span class="at">year=</span><span class="cn">NULL</span>, <span class="at">country=</span><span class="cn">NULL</span>) {</span></code></pre>
+<pre class="sourceCode r" tabindex="0"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb29-1"><a href="#cb29-1" tabindex="-1"></a>calcGDP <span class="ot">&lt;-</span> <span class="cf">function</span>(dat, <span class="at">year=</span><span class="cn">NULL</span>, <span class="at">country=</span><span class="cn">NULL</span>) {</span></code></pre>
 </div>
 <p>Here we’ve added two arguments, <code>year</code>, and
 <code>country</code>. We’ve set <em>default arguments</em> for both as
@@ -9204,12 +9207,12 @@ <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i
 </ul>
 <p>By using <code>%in%</code> instead, we can also give multiple years
 or countries to those arguments.</p>
-<div id="tip-pass-by-value" class="callout callout">
+<div id="callout3" class="callout">
 <div class="callout-square">
 <i class="callout-icon" data-feather="bell"></i>
 </div>
-<div id="tip-pass-by-value" class="callout-inner">
-<h3 class="callout-title">Tip: Pass by value<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#tip-pass-by-value"></a>
+<div class="section level3 callout-title callout-inner">
+<h3 class="callout-title" id="tip-pass-by-value">Tip: Pass by value<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#tip-pass-by-value"></a>
 </h3>
 <div class="callout-content">
 <p>Functions in R almost always make copies of the data to operate on
@@ -9223,12 +9226,12 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Tip: Pass by value<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor
 </div>
 </div>
 </div>
-<div id="tip-function-scope" class="callout callout">
+<div id="callout4" class="callout">
 <div class="callout-square">
 <i class="callout-icon" data-feather="bell"></i>
 </div>
-<div id="tip-function-scope" class="callout-inner">
-<h3 class="callout-title">Tip: Function scope<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#tip-function-scope"></a>
+<div class="section level3 callout-title callout-inner">
+<h3 class="callout-title" id="tip-function-scope">Tip: Function scope<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#tip-function-scope"></a>
 </h3>
 <div class="callout-content">
 <p>Another important concept is scoping: any variables (or functions!)
@@ -9244,10 +9247,10 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Tip: Function scope<a class="anchor" aria-label="ancho
 <div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb31">
 <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
-<pre class="sourceCode r" tabindex="0"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb31-1"><a href="#cb31-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>  gdp <span class="ot">&lt;-</span> dat<span class="sc">$</span>pop <span class="sc">*</span> dat<span class="sc">$</span>gdpPercap</span>
-<span id="cb31-2"><a href="#cb31-2" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>  new <span class="ot">&lt;-</span> <span class="fu">cbind</span>(dat, <span class="at">gdp=</span>gdp)</span>
-<span id="cb31-3"><a href="#cb31-3" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>  <span class="fu">return</span>(new)</span>
-<span id="cb31-4"><a href="#cb31-4" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="er">}</span></span></code></pre>
+<pre class="sourceCode r" tabindex="0"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb31-1"><a href="#cb31-1" tabindex="-1"></a>  gdp <span class="ot">&lt;-</span> dat<span class="sc">$</span>pop <span class="sc">*</span> dat<span class="sc">$</span>gdpPercap</span>
+<span id="cb31-2"><a href="#cb31-2" tabindex="-1"></a>  new <span class="ot">&lt;-</span> <span class="fu">cbind</span>(dat, <span class="at">gdp=</span>gdp)</span>
+<span id="cb31-3"><a href="#cb31-3" tabindex="-1"></a>  <span class="fu">return</span>(new)</span>
+<span id="cb31-4"><a href="#cb31-4" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="er">}</span></span></code></pre>
 </div>
 <p>Finally, we calculated the GDP on our new subset, and created a new
 data frame with that column added. This means when we call the function
@@ -9271,7 +9274,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Challenge 4<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href=
 <button class="accordion-button solution-button collapsed" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#collapseSolution4" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseSolution4">
   <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution4">Solution to challenge 4</h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution4" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution4" aria-labelledby="headingSolution4">
+<div id="collapseSolution4" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution4" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution4">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb32">
 <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
@@ -9328,7 +9331,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i
 <button class="accordion-button solution-button collapsed" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#collapseSolution5" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseSolution5">
   <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution5">Solution to challenge 5</h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution5" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution5" aria-labelledby="headingSolution5">
+<div id="collapseSolution5" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution5" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution5">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>Write a function called <code>fence()</code> that takes two vectors
 as arguments, called <code>text</code> and <code>wrapper</code>, and
@@ -9354,12 +9357,12 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 </div>
 </div>
 </div>
-<div id="tip-1" class="callout callout">
+<div id="callout5" class="callout">
 <div class="callout-square">
 <i class="callout-icon" data-feather="bell"></i>
 </div>
-<div id="tip-1" class="callout-inner">
-<h3 class="callout-title">Tip<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#tip-1"></a>
+<div class="section level3 callout-title callout-inner">
+<h3 class="callout-title" id="tip-1">Tip<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#tip-1"></a>
 </h3>
 <div class="callout-content">
 <p>R has some unique aspects that can be exploited when performing more
@@ -9371,12 +9374,12 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Tip<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#tip-1"
 </div>
 </div>
 </div>
-<div id="tip-testing-and-documenting" class="callout callout">
+<div id="callout6" class="callout">
 <div class="callout-square">
 <i class="callout-icon" data-feather="bell"></i>
 </div>
-<div id="tip-testing-and-documenting" class="callout-inner">
-<h3 class="callout-title">Tip: Testing and documenting<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#tip-testing-and-documenting"></a>
+<div class="section level3 callout-title callout-inner">
+<h3 class="callout-title" id="tip-testing-and-documenting">Tip: Testing and documenting<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#tip-testing-and-documenting"></a>
 </h3>
 <div class="callout-content">
 <p>It’s important to both test functions and document them:
@@ -9430,7 +9433,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Key Points<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="
 </div>
 </section></section><section id="aio-11-writing-data"><p>Content from <a href="11-writing-data.html">Writing Data</a></p>
 <hr>
-<p>Last updated on 2024-02-27 |
+<p>Last updated on 2024-03-05 |
         
         <a href="https://github.com/swcarpentry/r-novice-gapminder/edit/main/episodes/11-writing-data.Rmd" class="external-link">Edit this page <i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="edit"></i></a></p>
 <p>Estimated time: <i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="clock"></i> 20 minutes</p>
@@ -9563,7 +9566,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i
 <div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb5">
 <h3 class="code-label">BASH<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
-<pre class="sourceCode bash" tabindex="0"><code class="sourceCode bash"><span id="cb5-1"><a href="#cb5-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="fu">head</span> cleaned-data/gapminder-aus.csv</span></code></pre>
+<pre class="sourceCode bash" tabindex="0"><code class="sourceCode bash"><span id="cb5-1"><a href="#cb5-1" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="fu">head</span> cleaned-data/gapminder-aus.csv</span></code></pre>
 </div>
 <div class="codewrapper">
 <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
@@ -9607,7 +9610,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i
 <div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb9">
 <h3 class="code-label">BASH<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
-<pre class="sourceCode bash" tabindex="0"><code class="sourceCode bash"><span id="cb9-1"><a href="#cb9-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="fu">head</span> cleaned-data/gapminder-aus.csv</span></code></pre>
+<pre class="sourceCode bash" tabindex="0"><code class="sourceCode bash"><span id="cb9-1"><a href="#cb9-1" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="fu">head</span> cleaned-data/gapminder-aus.csv</span></code></pre>
 </div>
 <div class="codewrapper">
 <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
@@ -9677,7 +9680,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Key Points<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="
 </div>
 </section></section><section id="aio-12-plyr"><p>Content from <a href="12-plyr.html">Splitting and Combining Data Frames with plyr</a></p>
 <hr>
-<p>Last updated on 2024-02-27 |
+<p>Last updated on 2024-03-05 |
         
         <a href="https://github.com/swcarpentry/r-novice-gapminder/edit/main/episodes/12-plyr.Rmd" class="external-link">Edit this page <i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="edit"></i></a></p>
 <p>Estimated time: <i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="clock"></i> 60 minutes</p>
@@ -9897,7 +9900,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Challenge 1<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href=
 <button class="accordion-button solution-button collapsed" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#collapseSolution1" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseSolution1">
   <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution1">Solution to Challenge 1</h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution1" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution1" aria-labelledby="headingSolution1">
+<div id="collapseSolution1" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution1" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution1">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb12">
 <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
@@ -10095,12 +10098,12 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 [1] "The mean GDP per capita for Europe is 14,469.48"
 [1] "The mean GDP per capita for Oceania is 18,621.61"</code></pre>
 </div>
-<div id="tip-printing-numbers" class="callout callout">
+<div id="callout1" class="callout">
 <div class="callout-square">
 <i class="callout-icon" data-feather="bell"></i>
 </div>
-<div id="tip-printing-numbers" class="callout-inner">
-<h3 class="callout-title">Tip: printing numbers<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#tip-printing-numbers"></a>
+<div class="section level3 callout-title callout-inner">
+<h3 class="callout-title" id="tip-printing-numbers">Tip: printing numbers<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#tip-printing-numbers"></a>
 </h3>
 <div class="callout-content">
 <p>The <code>format</code> function can be used to make numeric values
@@ -10127,7 +10130,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Challenge 2<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href=
 <button class="accordion-button solution-button collapsed" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#collapseSolution2" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseSolution2">
   <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution2">Solution to Challenge 2</h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution2" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution2" aria-labelledby="headingSolution2">
+<div id="collapseSolution2" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution2" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution2">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb21">
 <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
@@ -10231,7 +10234,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i
 <button class="accordion-button solution-button collapsed" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#collapseSolution3" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseSolution3">
   <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution3">Solution to Alternative Challenge</h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution3" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution3" aria-labelledby="headingSolution3">
+<div id="collapseSolution3" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution3" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution3">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>Answer 3 will calculate the average life expectancy per
 continent.</p>
@@ -10256,7 +10259,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Key Points<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="
 </div>
 </section></section><section id="aio-13-dplyr"><p>Content from <a href="13-dplyr.html">Data Frame Manipulation with dplyr</a></p>
 <hr>
-<p>Last updated on 2024-02-27 |
+<p>Last updated on 2024-03-05 |
         
         <a href="https://github.com/swcarpentry/r-novice-gapminder/edit/main/episodes/13-dplyr.Rmd" class="external-link">Edit this page <i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="edit"></i></a></p>
 <p>Estimated time: <i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="clock"></i> 55 minutes</p>
@@ -10342,12 +10345,12 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 probability of making errors, and probably even save you some typing. As
 an added bonus, you might even find the <code>dplyr</code> grammar
 easier to read.</p>
-<div id="tip-tidyverse" class="callout callout">
+<div id="callout1" class="callout">
 <div class="callout-square">
 <i class="callout-icon" data-feather="bell"></i>
 </div>
-<div id="tip-tidyverse" class="callout-inner">
-<h3 class="callout-title">Tip: Tidyverse<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#tip-tidyverse"></a>
+<div class="section level3 callout-title callout-inner">
+<h3 class="callout-title" id="tip-tidyverse">Tip: Tidyverse<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#tip-tidyverse"></a>
 </h3>
 <div class="callout-content">
 <p><code>dplyr</code> package belongs to a broader family of opinionated
@@ -10424,12 +10427,12 @@ <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i
 There is a good chance you have encountered pipes before in the shell.
 In R, a pipe symbol is <code>%&gt;%</code> while in the shell it is
 <code>|</code> but the concept is the same!</p>
-<div id="tip-renaming-data-frame-columns-in-dplyr" class="callout callout">
+<div id="callout2" class="callout">
 <div class="callout-square">
 <i class="callout-icon" data-feather="bell"></i>
 </div>
-<div id="tip-renaming-data-frame-columns-in-dplyr" class="callout-inner">
-<h3 class="callout-title">Tip: Renaming data frame columns in dplyr<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#tip-renaming-data-frame-columns-in-dplyr"></a>
+<div class="section level3 callout-title callout-inner">
+<h3 class="callout-title" id="tip-renaming-data-frame-columns-in-dplyr">Tip: Renaming data frame columns in dplyr<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#tip-renaming-data-frame-columns-in-dplyr"></a>
 </h3>
 <div class="callout-content">
 <p>In Chapter 4 we covered how you can rename columns with base R by
@@ -10611,13 +10614,13 @@ <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i
 <figure><img src="../fig/13-dplyr-fig3.png" alt="Diagram illustrating the use of group by and summarize together to create a new variable" class="figure mx-auto d-block"></figure><div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb22">
 <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
 </h3>
-<pre class="sourceCode r" tabindex="0"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb22-1"><a href="#cb22-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>continent mean_gdpPercap</span>
-<span id="cb22-2"><a href="#cb22-2" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>     <span class="sc">&lt;</span>fctr<span class="sc">&gt;</span>          <span class="er">&lt;</span>dbl<span class="sc">&gt;</span></span>
-<span id="cb22-3"><a href="#cb22-3" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="dv">1</span>    Africa       <span class="fl">2193.755</span></span>
-<span id="cb22-4"><a href="#cb22-4" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="dv">2</span>  Americas       <span class="fl">7136.110</span></span>
-<span id="cb22-5"><a href="#cb22-5" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="dv">3</span>      Asia       <span class="fl">7902.150</span></span>
-<span id="cb22-6"><a href="#cb22-6" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="dv">4</span>    Europe      <span class="fl">14469.476</span></span>
-<span id="cb22-7"><a href="#cb22-7" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="dv">5</span>   Oceania      <span class="fl">18621.609</span></span></code></pre>
+<pre class="sourceCode r" tabindex="0"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb22-1"><a href="#cb22-1" tabindex="-1"></a>continent mean_gdpPercap</span>
+<span id="cb22-2"><a href="#cb22-2" tabindex="-1"></a>     <span class="sc">&lt;</span>fctr<span class="sc">&gt;</span>          <span class="er">&lt;</span>dbl<span class="sc">&gt;</span></span>
+<span id="cb22-3"><a href="#cb22-3" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="dv">1</span>    Africa       <span class="fl">2193.755</span></span>
+<span id="cb22-4"><a href="#cb22-4" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="dv">2</span>  Americas       <span class="fl">7136.110</span></span>
+<span id="cb22-5"><a href="#cb22-5" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="dv">3</span>      Asia       <span class="fl">7902.150</span></span>
+<span id="cb22-6"><a href="#cb22-6" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="dv">4</span>    Europe      <span class="fl">14469.476</span></span>
+<span id="cb22-7"><a href="#cb22-7" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="dv">5</span>   Oceania      <span class="fl">18621.609</span></span></code></pre>
 </div>
 <p>That allowed us to calculate the mean gdpPercap for each continent,
 but it gets even better.</p>
@@ -11062,7 +11065,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Key Points<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="
 </div>
 </section></section><section id="aio-14-tidyr"><p>Content from <a href="14-tidyr.html">Data Frame Manipulation with tidyr</a></p>
 <hr>
-<p>Last updated on 2024-02-27 |
+<p>Last updated on 2024-03-05 |
         
         <a href="https://github.com/swcarpentry/r-novice-gapminder/edit/main/episodes/14-tidyr.Rmd" class="external-link">Edit this page <i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="edit"></i></a></p>
 <p>Estimated time: <i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="clock"></i> 45 minutes</p>
@@ -11788,7 +11791,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Key Points<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="
 </div>
 </section></section><section id="aio-15-knitr-markdown"><p>Content from <a href="15-knitr-markdown.html">Producing Reports With knitr</a></p>
 <hr>
-<p>Last updated on 2024-02-27 |
+<p>Last updated on 2024-03-05 |
         
         <a href="https://github.com/swcarpentry/r-novice-gapminder/edit/main/episodes/15-knitr-markdown.Rmd" class="external-link">Edit this page <i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="edit"></i></a></p>
 <p>Estimated time: <i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="clock"></i> 75 minutes</p>
@@ -11976,7 +11979,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Challenge 1<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href=
 <button class="accordion-button solution-button collapsed" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#collapseSolution1" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseSolution1">
   <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution1">Solution to Challenge 1</h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution1" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution1" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution1">
+<div id="collapseSolution1" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution1" aria-labelledby="headingSolution1">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>In RStudio, select File &gt; New file &gt; R Markdown…</p>
 <p>Delete the placeholder text and add the following:</p>
@@ -12057,7 +12060,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Challenge 2<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href=
 <button class="accordion-button solution-button collapsed" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#collapseSolution2" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseSolution2">
   <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution2">Solution to Challenge 2</h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution2" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution2" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution2">
+<div id="collapseSolution2" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution2" aria-labelledby="headingSolution2">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <pre>
 ```{r load-ggplot2}
@@ -12147,7 +12150,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Challenge 3<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href=
 <button class="accordion-button solution-button collapsed" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#collapseSolution3" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseSolution3">
   <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution3">Solution to Challenge 3</h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution3" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution3" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution3">
+<div id="collapseSolution3" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution3" aria-labelledby="headingSolution3">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <pre>
 ```{r echo = FALSE, fig.width = 3}
@@ -12196,7 +12199,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Challenge 4<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href=
 <button class="accordion-button solution-button collapsed" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#collapseSolution4" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseSolution4">
   <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution4">Solution to Challenge 4</h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution4" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution4" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution4">
+<div id="collapseSolution4" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution4" aria-labelledby="headingSolution4">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>Here’s some inline code to determine that 2 + 2 = <code>4</code>.</p>
 </div>
@@ -12210,12 +12213,12 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution4">Solution to Challenge 4</h4>
 the little triangle next to the “Knit” button to get a drop-down menu.
 Or you could put <code>pdf_document</code> or <code>word_document</code>
 in the initial header of the file.</p>
-<div id="tip-creating-pdf-documents" class="callout callout">
+<div id="callout1" class="callout">
 <div class="callout-square">
 <i class="callout-icon" data-feather="bell"></i>
 </div>
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-<div id="tip-visual-markdown-editing-in-rstudio" class="callout callout">
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+<div class="section level3 callout-title callout-inner">
+<h3 class="callout-title" id="tip-visual-markdown-editing-in-rstudio">Tip: Visual markdown editing in RStudio<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#tip-visual-markdown-editing-in-rstudio"></a>
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+<p>Last updated on 2024-03-05 |
         
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+        <p>Last updated on 2024-03-05 |
         
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+        <p>Last updated on 2024-03-05 |
         
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index 3517bc779..c4f49eba1 100644
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index 69c7a4468..5ccf92374 100644
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+++ b/profiles.html
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index bdcfd6a08..bbca6734e 100644
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+        <p>Last updated on 2024-03-05 |
         
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