First draft materials for debugging workshop

docs/community/README.md

@@ -16,3 +16,8 @@ The [three characteristics](https://www.communityofpractice.ca/background/what-i
 3. Domain: A shared interest, problem, or concern.
 
 We regularly meet as a community, report [meeting summaries](meetings/README.md), and collect [case studies](case-studies/README.md) that showcase good practices.
+
+## Training events
+
+To support skill development, we have the capacity to prepare and deliver bespoke training events as standalone session and as part of larger meetings and conferences.
+See our [Training events](training/README.md) page for further details.

docs/community/training/README.md

@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+# Training events
+
+We will be running an [Introduction to Debugging](debugging/README.md) workshop at the [SPECTRUM](https://spectrum.edu.au/) Annual Meeting 2024 (23-25 September).

docs/community/training/debugging/README.md

@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+# Introduction to Debugging
+
+This workshop was prepared for the [SPECTRUM](https://spectrum.edu.au/) Annual Meeting 2024 (23-25 September).
+
+!!! tip
+
+    **We all make mistakes** when writing code and introduce errors.
+
+    Having good debugging skills means that you can spend **less time fixing your code**.
+
+See the discussion in our [August 2024 meeting](../../meetings/2024-08-08.md#debugging) for further background.

docs/community/training/debugging/acknowledgements.md

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+# Acknowledgements
+
+Thank you to everyone who contributed to these materials, participated in the practice run, and/or provided feedback.
+This includes, in no particular order:
+
+- Eamon Conway
+- James Ong
+- Michael Lydeamore
+- Ada Yan
+- Ruarai Tobin
+- Lauren Smith
+- Roben Delos Reyes
+- Nefel Tellioglu
+- Tanaphum Wichaita
+- Jiahao Diao
+- TK Le
+- Dionne Argyropoulos

docs/community/training/debugging/building-your-skills.md

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+# Building your skills
+
+!!! tip
+
+    Whenever you debug some code, consider it as an opportunity to learn, reflect, and [build your debugging skills](manifesto.md).
+
+    Pay attention to your experience — what worked well, and what would you do differently next time?
+
+## Identifying errors
+
+Write a failing test case, this allows you to verify that the bug can be reproduced.
+
+## Developing a plan
+
+What information might help you decide how to begin?
+
+Can you identify a recent "known good" version of the code that doesn't include the error?
+
+If you're using version control, have a look at your recent commits and check whether any of them are likely to have introduced or exposed this error.
+
+## Searching for the root cause
+
+We've shown how a debugger allows you to pause your code and see what it's actually doing.
+This is extremely helpful!
+
+!!! tip
+
+    Other approaches may be useful, but avoid using trial-and-error.
+
+To quickly confirm or rule out specific suspicions, you might consider using:
+
+- `print()` statements;
+- using `assert()` to verify whether specific conditions are met;
+- manually calling functions from an interactive session (a "[REPL](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Read%E2%80%93eval%E2%80%93print_loop)");
+- reverting or commenting out the most recent changes; or
+- using `git bisect` to [identify the commit](../../../guides/using-git/where-did-this-problem-come-from.md) that introduced the error.
+
+## Fixing the root cause
+
+Is there an optimal solution?
+
+This might be the solution that changes as little code as possible, or it might be a solution that involves modifying and/or restructuring other parts of your code.
+
+## After it's fixed
+
+If you didn't write a test case to identify the error (see above), now is the time to write a test case to ensure you don't even make the same error again.
+
+Are there other parts of your code where you might make a similar mistake, for which you could also write test cases?
+
+Are there coding practices that might make this kind of error easier to find next time?
+For example, this might involve dividing your code into smaller functions, using version control to record commits [early and often](../../../guides/version-control/what-should-I-commit.md).
+
+Have you considered defensive programming practices?
+For example, at the start of a function it can often be a good idea to check that all of the arguments have valid values.
+
+Are there tools or approaches that you haven't used before, and which might be worth trying next time?

docs/community/training/debugging/example-square-numbers.md

@@ -0,0 +1,101 @@
+# Example: Square numbers
+
+[Square numbers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Square_number) are positive integers that are equal to the square of an integer.
+Here we have provided example Python and R scripts that print all of the square numbers between 1 and 100:
+
+<div id="square-numbers-demo" data-cast-file="../square-numbers-demo.cast"></div>
+
+You can download these scripts to run on your own computer:
+
+- [square_numbers.py](square_numbers.py)
+- [square_numbers.R](square_numbers.R)
+
+Each script contains three functions:
+
+- `main()`
+- `find_squares(lower_bound, upper_bound)`
+- `is_square(value)`
+
+The diagram below shows how `main()` calls `find_squares()`, which in turn calls `is_square()` many times.
+
+```mermaid
+sequenceDiagram
+    participant M as main()
+    participant F as find_squares()
+    participant I as is_square()
+    activate M
+    M ->>+ F: lower_bound = 1, upper_bound = 100
+    Note over F: squares = [ ]
+    F ->>+ I: value = 1
+    I ->>- F: True/False
+    F ->>+ I: value = 2
+    I ->>- F: True/False
+    F -->>+ I: ...
+    I -->>- F: ...
+    F ->>+ I: value = 100
+    I ->>- F: True/False
+    F ->>- M: squares = [...]
+    Note over M: print(squares)
+    deactivate M
+```
+
+??? info "Source code"
+
+    === "Python"
+
+        ```py title="square_numbers.py" linenums="1"
+        --8<-- "square_numbers.py"
+        ```
+
+    === "R"
+
+        ```R title="square_numbers.R" linenums="1"
+        --8<-- "square_numbers.R"
+        ```
+
+## Stepping through the code
+
+These recorded terminal sessions demonstrate how to use Python and R debuggers from the command line.
+They cover:
+
+- How to define breakpoints;
+- How to inspect the current values of variables; and
+- How to step through, and over, lines of code.
+
+!!! info "Manual breakpoints"
+
+    You can also create breakpoints in your code by calling [`breakpoint()`](https://docs.python.org/3/library/pdb.html) in Python, and [`browser()`](https://adv-r.hadley.nz/debugging.html#browser) in R.
+
+!!! tip "Interactive debugger sessions"
+
+    If your editor supports running a debugger, **use this feature!**
+    See these examples for [RStudio](https://support.posit.co/hc/en-us/articles/205612627-Debugging-with-the-RStudio-IDE), [PyCharm](https://www.jetbrains.com/pycharm/features/debugger.html), [Spyder](https://docs.spyder-ide.org/current/panes/debugging.html), and [VS Code](https://code.visualstudio.com/docs/editor/debugging).
+
+=== "Python debugger"
+
+    <div id="pdb-demo" data-cast-file="../square-numbers-pdb.cast"></div>
+
+    Video timeline:
+
+    1. <a data-video="pdb-demo" data-seek-to="4.7" href="javascript:;">Set a breakpoint</a>
+    2. <a data-video="pdb-demo" data-seek-to="9.081" href="javascript:;">Show current location</a>
+    3. <a data-video="pdb-demo" data-seek-to="16.146" href="javascript:;">Step into `is_square()`</a>
+    4. <a data-video="pdb-demo" data-seek-to="36.744" href="javascript:;">Return from `is_square()`</a>
+    5. <a data-video="pdb-demo" data-seek-to="40.021" href="javascript:;">Show updated `squares` list</a>
+    6. <a data-video="pdb-demo" data-seek-to="57.947" href="javascript:;">Add a conditional breakpoint</a>
+    7. <a data-video="pdb-demo" data-seek-to="69.697" href="javascript:;">Stop at the conditional breakpoint</a>
+    8. <a data-video="pdb-demo" data-seek-to="76.202" href="javascript:;">Continue until the script ends</a>
+
+=== "R debugger"
+
+    <div id="r-debug-demo" data-cast-file="../square-numbers-r-debug.cast"></div>
+
+    Video timeline:
+
+    1. <a data-video="r-debug-demo" data-seek-to="6.568" href="javascript:;">Set a breakpoint</a>
+    2. <a data-video="r-debug-demo" data-seek-to="23.548" href="javascript:;">Step into `is_square()`</a>
+    3. <a data-video="r-debug-demo" data-seek-to="29.654" href="javascript:;">Return from `is_square()`</a>
+    4. <a data-video="r-debug-demo" data-seek-to="33.505" href="javascript:;">Show updated `squares` list</a>
+    5. <a data-video="r-debug-demo" data-seek-to="47.751" href="javascript:;">Add a conditional breakpoint</a>
+    6. <a data-video="r-debug-demo" data-seek-to="67.77" href="javascript:;">Stop at the conditional breakpoint</a>
+    7. <a data-video="r-debug-demo" data-seek-to="74.546" href="javascript:;">Continue until the script ends</a>

docs/community/training/debugging/exercise-perfect-numbers.md

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+# Exercise: Perfect numbers
+
+=== "Overview"
+
+    [Perfect numbers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perfect_number) are positive integers that are equal to the sum of their divisors.
+    Here we have provided example Python and R scripts that should print all of the perfect numbers up to 1,000.
+
+    You can download each script to debug on your own computer:
+
+    - [perfect_numbers.py](perfect_numbers.py)
+    - [perfect_numbers.R](perfect_numbers.R)
+
+=== "Python"
+
+    ```py title="perfect_numbers.py" linenums="1"
+    --8<-- "perfect_numbers.py"
+    ```
+
+=== "R"
+
+    ```R title="perfect_numbers.R" linenums="1"
+    --8<-- "perfect_numbers.R"
+    ```
+
+!!! bug "But there's a problem ..."
+
+    If we run these scripts, we see that **they don't print anything**:
+
+    <div id="demo" data-cast-file="../perfect-numbers-first-run.cast"></div>
+
+    How should we begin investigating?
+
+!!! tip "Interactive debugger sessions"
+
+    If your editor supports running a debugger, **use this feature!**
+    See these examples for [RStudio](https://support.posit.co/hc/en-us/articles/205612627-Debugging-with-the-RStudio-IDE), [PyCharm](https://www.jetbrains.com/pycharm/features/debugger.html), [Spyder](https://docs.spyder-ide.org/current/panes/debugging.html), and [VS Code](https://code.visualstudio.com/docs/editor/debugging).
+
+??? note "Some initial thoughts ..."
+
+    - Are we actually running the `main()` function at all?
+
+    - The `main()` function is almost certainly not the cause of this error.
+
+    - The `is_perfect()` function is very simple, so it's unlikely to be the cause of this error.
+
+    - The `divisors_of()` function doesn't look obviously wrong.
+
+    - But there must be a mistake **somewhere**!
+
+    - Let's **use a debugger** to investigate.

docs/community/training/debugging/exercise-python-vs-r.md

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+# Exercise: Python vs R
+
+=== "Overview"
+
+    Here we have provided SIR ODE model implementations in Python and in R.
+    Each script runs several scenarios and produces a plot of infection prevalence for each scenario.
+
+    You can download each script to debug on your computer:
+
+    - [sir_ode.py](sir_ode.py)
+    - [sir_ode.R](sir_ode.R)
+
+=== "Python"
+
+    ```py title="sir_ode.py" linenums="1"
+    --8<-- "sir_ode.py"
+    ```
+
+=== "R"
+
+    ```R title="sir_ode.R" linenums="1"
+    --8<-- "sir_ode.R"
+    ```
+
+!!! bug "The model outputs differ!"
+
+    Here are prevalence time-series plots produced by each script:
+
+    === "Python plot"
+
+        <figure markdown="span">
+          ![Python outputs](sir_ode_python.png)
+          <figcaption>Model outputs for the Python script.</figcaption>
+        </figure>
+
+    === "R plot"
+
+        <figure markdown="span">
+          ![R outputs](sir_ode_r.png)
+          <figcaption>Model outputs for the R script.</figcaption>
+        </figure>
+
+!!! tip "Interactive debugger sessions"
+
+    If your editor supports running a debugger, **use this feature!**
+    See these examples for [RStudio](https://support.posit.co/hc/en-us/articles/205612627-Debugging-with-the-RStudio-IDE), [PyCharm](https://www.jetbrains.com/pycharm/features/debugger.html), [Spyder](https://docs.spyder-ide.org/current/panes/debugging.html), and [VS Code](https://code.visualstudio.com/docs/editor/debugging).
+
+??? note "Some initial thoughts ..."
+
+    - Is it obvious whether one of the figures is correct and the other is wrong?
+
+    - The `sir_rhs()` functions in the two scripts appear to be equivalent — but are they?
+
+    - The `default_settings()` functions appear to be equivalent — but are they?
+
+    - The `run_model_scaled_beta()` and `run_model_scaled_gamma()` functions also appear to be equivalent.
+
+    - Where might you begin looking?

docs/community/training/debugging/first_demo.R

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+first_function <- function() {
+  total <- 0
+  for (x in seq(49)) {
+    y <- second_function(x)
+    total <- total + y
+  }
+  total
+}
+
+second_function <- function(a) {
+  result <- 3 * a^2 + 5 * a
+  result
+}
+
+total <- first_function()
+cat("Total =", total, "\n")

docs/community/training/debugging/first_demo.py

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+def first_function():
+    total = 0
+    for x in range(1, 50):
+        y = second_function(x)
+        total = total + y
+
+    return total
+
+
+def second_function(a):
+    result = 3 * a**2 + 5 * a
+    return result
+
+
+total = first_function()
+print(f'Total = {total}')

docs/community/training/debugging/learning-objectives.md

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+# Learning objectives
+
+In this workshop, we will introduce the concept of "debugging", and demonstrate techniques and tools that can help us efficiently identify and remove errors from our code.
+
+After completing this workshop, participants will:
+
++ Understand that debugging can be divided into a sequence of actions;
+
++ Understand the purpose of each of these actions;
+
++ Be familiar with techniques and tools that can help perform these actions;
+
++ Be able to apply these techniques and tools to their own code.
+
+!!! info
+
+    By achieving these learning objectives, participants should be able to find and correct errors in their code more quickly and with greater confidence.

docs/community/training/debugging/long_stacktrace.py

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+#!/usr/bin/env python3
+
+import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
+import matplotlib.cm as cm
+
+example_counts = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
+plt.plot(example_counts, cbap=cm.Blues)

docs/community/training/debugging/manifesto.md

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+# Debugging manifesto
+
+<figure markdown="span">
+  ![A debugging manifesto poster.](debugging-manifesto-poster.jpg){ align=left, width="50%" }
+  <figcaption markdown="span">
+  [Julia Evans](https://jvns.ca/) and [Tanya Brassie](https://tanyabrassie.com/): [Debugging Manifesto Poster](https://store.wizardzines.com/products/poster-debugging-manifesto), 2024.
+  </figcaption>
+</figure>
+
+!!! info
+
+    See the [Resources](resources.md) page for links to more of Julia Evans' articles, stories, and zines about debugging.