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In the original papers, Brook and Gould clearly thought of the incipit code as being in two parts: "Part I (Preliminary Data)" and "Part II (The Notes)".
The previous version of the spec did not keep this structure, and put clef, time signature, and key signature on equal footing with the notation data. I think I know why -- the clef, key sig, and time sig each have their own MARC field, and then everything else goes in the notation field.
However, I think keeping the distinction is actually clearer: There are some things that capture the "staff definitions" (to borrow a term from MEI) which can be grouped together despite occurring in their own fields in the representations of the incipit (MARC, text, JSON, etc.)
This was made clearer in the discussions around the formalization of inline changes, where changes in clef/key/time are set apart from the notation values by a space character, clearly defining them as something "other" than the notation itself. (See: #91)
So the bulk of this PR is a restructuring to re-introduce the original distinctions in the specification made by Brook and Gould. I found the titles "Preliminary Data" and "The Notes" to be not very specific about their contents, so the new section is called "Staff Definitions" -- terminology borrowed from MEI for the same class of data.
It also contains a new introduction to the specification that attempts to provide the motivation for the new version.