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Updated the index
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renatovargas committed Oct 2, 2024
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Expand Up @@ -64,7 +64,7 @@ In 2018, the Costa Rican Government published that country's National Bioeconomy

> "The production, use, conservation, and regeneration of biological resources, including the knowledge, science, technology, and innovation related to these resources, to provide information, products, processes, and services to all economic sectors, with the goal of advancing toward a sustainable economy [@gobiernodecostarica2020]."
Additionally, this strategy details what should be understood as "biological resources" within that framework, which includes **i)** biomass cultivated to produce food, fodder, fibers, and energy; **ii)** biomass from marine resources and that produced through aquaculture; **iii)** forest biomass, especially that cultivated for use in the forestry and paper industries, as well as that legally extracted from natural ecosystems; **iv)** residual biomass from the agricultural, fishing and aquaculture, forestry, and agro-industrial sectors; **v)** biomass that can be recovered from urban waste; **vi)** liquid waste from livestock and human activities; and **vii)** terrestrial and marine biodiversity, including the biodiversity of inland waters.
Additionally, this strategy defines "biological resources" within the framework as **i)** biomass cultivated to produce food, fodder, fibers, and energy; **ii)** biomass from marine resources and that produced through aquaculture; **iii)** forest biomass, especially that cultivated for use in the forestry and paper industries, as well as that legally extracted from natural ecosystems; **iv)** residual biomass from the agricultural, fishing and aquaculture, forestry, and agro-industrial sectors; **v)** biomass that can be recovered from urban waste; **vi)** liquid waste from livestock and human activities; and **vii)** terrestrial and marine biodiversity, including the biodiversity of inland waters.

Public policies informed by data have been shown to be more efficient in reaching their objectives and, while Costa Rica has a long tradition in the production of environmental accounts [@bccr_cuentas_2021] following the System of Environmental and Economic Accounts–SEEA–[@europeancommission2013], there was a gap in the assessment of the direct and indirect contribution of biological resources to the economy that policymakers needed to close.

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### Supply and Use Tables are used as data sources

Supply and Use tables from SNA [@europeancommission2009a] are multi-dimensional matrices that show in great detail the production and import of goods and services by economic activities in a country and how those are used, either in the production process itself as inputs, or are consumed by other agents in the economy or by the rest of the world. The detail of products is arranged according to the Central Product Classification–CPC–[@unitednations2015] and economic activities are arranged according to the International Standard Industrial Classification of All Economic Activities–ISIC–[@unitednations2008] or local adaptations thereof. In addition to products and economic activities, these tables have an additional dimension that shows different types of transactions that those products drive in their journey from producers to consumers.
The main source of information for Bioeconomy Satellite Accounts are Supply and Use tables from SNA [@europeancommission2009a], which are multi-dimensional matrices that show in great detail the production and import of goods and services by economic activities in a country and how those are used, either in the production process itself as inputs, by other agents in the economy, or by the rest of the world. The detail of products is arranged according to the Central Product Classification–CPC–[@unitednations2015] and economic activities are arranged according to the International Standard Industrial Classification of All Economic Activities–ISIC–[@unitednations2008] or local adaptations of both of them. In addition to products and economic activities, these tables have an additional dimension that shows different types of transactions that those products drive in their journey from producers to consumers.

In the case of the supply table, the sequence of those transactions describes a flow where different products in the rows are produced by economic activities in the columns at basic prices (i.e., the price at the farm gate, factory, or commercial establishment). This output is then combined with imports free of insurance and freight costs to form the supply at basic prices. However, this is not the price paid by economic agents. To reach the market, taxes on products are added to the basic price supply, minus any subsidies received, followed by distribution margins (transportation and trade costs). This results in the total supply at purchaser's prices, found in the last column of the table, which represents what is available for purchase by the same economic agents in the use table. For these additional columns of transactions, the product detail (rows) is mantained, but not the economic activity detail.
In the case of the supply table, the sequence of those transactions describes a flow where different products in the rows are produced by economic activities in the columns at basic prices (i.e., the price at the farm gate, factory, or commercial establishment). This output is then combined with imports free of insurance and freight costs to form the supply at basic prices. However, this is not the price paid by economic agents. In its way to market, taxes on products are added to the basic price supply, minus any subsidies received, followed by distribution margins (transportation and trade costs). This results in the total supply at purchaser's or market prices, found in the last column of the table, which represents what is available for purchase by the same economic agents in the use table. For these additional columns of transactions, the product detail (rows) is mantained, but not the economic activity detail.

The Use Table shows how the supply from the last column of the Supply Table is purchased by economic agents for various purposes at market prices, expressed in the form of different transactions. Similar to the production above, this table shows Intermediate Consumption, which refers to the purchase of inputs by economic activities used to produce the goods and services in the first table (essentially, the production recipe for each economic activity). The portion of the supply that does not become an input in the production process remains available on the market for other domestic and foreign economic agents. The other transactions in the remaining columns illustrate that these goods and services can be exported; consumed by households, nonprofit institutions serving households (NPISH), and the general government; or they can be used as durable goods in gross capital formation; moved in or out of storage to be consumed in a different accounting period (changes in inventories); or get sold as valuable items. It is important to note that, row by row (product detail), the Total Use column equals the last column of the Supply Table, adhering to the economic principle of equality between supply and demand.

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