build(docker): upgrade to ubuntu 24.04 and Python 3.12 (#810)

[mdonadoni]

Closes #808

[codecov]

Codecov Report

Attention: Patch coverage is 40.00000% with 3 lines in your changes missing coverage. Please review.

Project coverage is 19.22%. Comparing base (9698c63) to head (f1291ed).
Report is 18 commits behind head on master.

Files with missing lines	Patch %	Lines
reana/reana_dev/utils.py	0.00%	3 Missing ⚠️

Additional details and impacted files

@@            Coverage Diff             @@
##           master     #810      +/-   ##
==========================================
+ Coverage   18.15%   19.22%   +1.06%     
==========================================
  Files          26       26              
  Lines        2478     2512      +34     
==========================================
+ Hits          450      483      +33     
- Misses       2028     2029       +1     

Files with missing lines	Coverage Δ
reana/config.py	100.00% <100.00%> (ø)
reana/reana_dev/utils.py	35.52% <0.00%> (ø)

... and 1 file with indirect coverage changes