feat: Extend recognised EXTRACT and DATE_PART SQL part abbreviations

[alexander-beedie]

Consolidated parsing code for SQL EXTRACT and DATE_PART (also aligned the allowed INTERVAL sub-second abbreviations) ensuring consistent support across all functions (previously only DATE_PART supported part-extraction using all of the standard abbreviations, and INTERVAL allowed some non-standard shortcuts for ms/us/ns).

The following are all now supported across both part/extract functions, and were validated against a local PostgreSQL instance; interval-parsing abbreviations have also been aligned and tested with the below:

* "millennium" | "millennia"
* "century" | "centuries"
* "decade" | "decades"
* "isoyear"
* "year" | "years" | "y"
* "quarter" | "quarters"
* "month" | "months" | "mon" | "mons"
* "dayofyear" | "doy"
* "dayofweek" | "dow"
* "isoweek" | "week"
* "isodow"
* "day" | "days" | "d"
* "hour" | "hours" | "h"
* "minute" | "minutes" | "mins" | "min" | "m"
* "second" | "seconds" | "sec" | "secs" | "s"
* "millisecond" | "milliseconds" | "ms"
* "microsecond" | "microseconds" | "us"
* "nanosecond" | "nanoseconds" | "ns"
* "timezone"
* "time"
* "epoch"

Note: DATE_PART parameter order was also fixed; should be "DATE_PART(part, col)".

Example

from datetime import datetime
import polars as pl

df = pl.DataFrame({
    "dt": [
        datetime(1969, 12, 31, 1, 2, 3),
        datetime(2026, 8, 22, 4, 5, 6),
        datetime(2077, 2, 10, 7, 8, 9),
    ]
})

df.sql("""
  SELECT
    DATE_PART('years',dt) AS y1,
    EXTRACT(y FROM dt)    AS y2,
    DATE_PART('h',dt)     AS h,
    EXTRACT(min FROM dt)  AS m,
    DATE_PART('secs',dt)  AS s,
  FROM self
""")
# shape: (3, 5)
# ┌──────┬──────┬─────┬─────┬─────┐
# │ y1   ┆ y2   ┆ h   ┆ m   ┆ s   │
# │ ---  ┆ ---  ┆ --- ┆ --- ┆ --- │
# │ i32  ┆ i32  ┆ i8  ┆ i8  ┆ i8  │
# ╞══════╪══════╪═════╪═════╪═════╡
# │ 1969 ┆ 1969 ┆ 1   ┆ 2   ┆ 3   │
# │ 2026 ┆ 2026 ┆ 4   ┆ 5   ┆ 6   │
# │ 2077 ┆ 2077 ┆ 7   ┆ 8   ┆ 9   │
# └──────┴──────┴─────┴─────┴─────┘

[codecov]

Codecov Report

All modified and coverable lines are covered by tests ✅

Project coverage is 81.37%. Comparing base (38149d6) to head (4d7bdb3).
Report is 1 commits behind head on main.

Additional details and impacted files

@@            Coverage Diff             @@
##             main   #16767      +/-   ##
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- Coverage   81.39%   81.37%   -0.03%     
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  Files        1424     1424              
  Lines      187623   187598      -25     
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