Use static Linux SDK in Dockerfile

[Cyberbeni]

Partially fixes #1894
provenance: false is for removing unknown/unknown from the OS/Arch tab here: https://github.com/nicklockwood/SwiftFormat/pkgs/container/swiftformat/272228423?tag=latest
Everything else should be self-explanatory.
Building for regular distribution on Linux could be done with the --output flag of docker build: https://docs.docker.com/build/building/export/

[codecov]

Codecov Report

All modified and coverable lines are covered by tests ✅

Project coverage is 95.30%. Comparing base (ed75a31) to head (43ae6a2).
Report is 1 commits behind head on main.

Additional details and impacted files

@@            Coverage Diff             @@
##             main    #1915      +/-   ##
==========================================
+ Coverage   94.78%   95.30%   +0.52%     
==========================================
  Files          20       20              
  Lines       18081    23082    +5001     
==========================================
+ Hits        17138    21999    +4861     
- Misses        943     1083     +140     

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[Cyberbeni]

If we want stripped binaries then adding this to Package.swift should be the equivalent of the current xcodeproj setting:

linkerSettings: [
    .unsafeFlags(["-Xlinker", "-S"], .when(configuration: .release)),
]