fix: Check strict cookies for image proxy #13902

Job	Run time
php8.0-sqlite integration tests	20s
php8.0-sqlite integration tests	2m 3s
php8.0-mysql integration tests	18s
php8.0-mysql integration tests	2m 35s
php8.0-pgsql integration tests	19s
php8.0-pgsql integration tests	2m 33s
php8.1-pgsql integration tests	15s
php8.1-pgsql integration tests	2m 3s
php8.2-sqlite integration tests	17s
php8.2-sqlite integration tests	2m 5s
Front-end unit tests	2m 26s
Front-end unit tests	2m 36s
Nextcloud master php8.0 unit tests	2m 17s
Nextcloud master php8.0 unit tests	1m 6s
Nextcloud master php8.1 unit tests	59s
Nextcloud master php8.1 unit tests	1m 17s
Nextcloud master php8.2 unit tests	2m 20s
Nextcloud master php8.2 unit tests	49s
Nextcloud stable26 php8.1 unit tests	54s
Nextcloud stable26 php8.1 unit tests	42s
Nextcloud stable27 php8.1 unit tests	1m 19s
Nextcloud stable27 php8.1 unit tests	44s
test-summary	2s
test-summary	1s
	30m 20s

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