Update Docker image for Ubuntu 24.04 and Clang/LLVM 18

[abeltrano]

Type

• Bug fix
• Feature addition
• Feature update
• Documentation
• Build Infrastructure

Side Effects

• Breaking change
• Non-functional change

Goals

• Ensure Docker container works for all uses, including devcontainer-based development environments.

Technical Details

• Update netremote-build entrypoint to use new CI/CD preset which employs Ubuntu 24.04 noble and LLVM/Clang 18.
• Add inputs to the build-with-docker GitHub action for specifying CMake presets.

Test Results

• Built netremote-build and netremote-dev container images:
  • Validated successful builds of the project in each container.
  • Validated devcontainer worked in VSCode.

Reviewer Focus

• None

Future Work

• None

Checklist

• Build target all compiles cleanly.
• clang-format and clang-tidy deltas produced no new output.
• Newly added functions include doxygen-style comment block.