This site contains a collection of notes relating to Bash for beginners that I've written. Hopefully it can be a helpful resource, though at the moment it is primarily incomplete.
Basic file system directory commands - ls, pwd, cd, mkdir
Copying and (Re)Moving files - cp, mv, rm
Utilities - less/head/tail, grep, sed
Codeacademy - Learn the command line
Both of the above let you learn and test your commandline skills.
Despite the title, this assumes you have no programming knowledge. Bash scripting will let you automate and make remarkably complex programs using command line tools.
O'Reilly's excellent reference with examples of using Bash to carry out day to day tasks with sample code. Good for when you ask yourself "How would I...?"
If you want to run Linux on a Windows platform that doesn't support WSL (anything pre-Win10), one option is to create a virtual machine with its own filesystem, etc. that runs on your physical machine as its host.
One of the easier, lightweight alternatives is Vagrant. Their documentation is reasonably good, and vagrant instances can be launched from the Windows Command Prompt.
Note: You will need Oracle's free VirtualBox to facilitate the creation of the VMs for Vagrant.
This method can also be used on MacOS or Linux if you want to play with different distributions.