[python] add ruff linting support and exclude outdated flake8 rules #26264
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Add support for Ruff linting checks (https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff). This allows contributors to use ruff and ruff lsp and pass the CI linting checks.
The default Ruff config doesn't fully cover some of the flake8 rules we run in CI, so they need explicitly enabling. The only clash I can find at the moment is the flake8 rule W503 which is deprecated as it now goes against the current PEP8 recommendations (updated 2016). The flake8 config is therefore updated to disable the check.