This CL stores coverage profile data in the GOCACHE under the
'coverprofile' subkey alongside tests. This makes tests which use
coverage profiles cacheable. The values of the -coverprofile and
-outputdir flags are not included in the cache key to allow cached
profile data to be written to any output file.

Note: This is a rebase and squash from the original PRs below that
was created/closed/abandoned by @jproberts and @macnibblet that I
plan to maintain.

- golang#50483
- golang#65657

I made improvements to the change based on feedback from @bcmills in Gerrit
https://go-review.googlesource.com/c/go/+/563138.

From @macnibblet:

I don't know if anyone has considered the environmental impact
(Yes, of course, dev experience too), but on a team with 3 backend
developers, when I replaced our CI Golang version with this build,
it reduced the build time by 50%, which would have
equated to about 5000 hours of CI reduced in the past year.

Fixes golang#23565

…rf and return