python: capture flow through comprehensions

python/ql/lib/change-notes/2024-10-01-comprehension-flow.md

@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+---
+category: minorAnalysis
+---
+* More precise modelling of the dataflow through comprehensions. In particular, captured variables are now handled correctly.
+* Dataflow out of yield is added, allowing proper tracing through generators.

python/ql/lib/semmle/python/dataflow/new/internal/DataFlowDispatch.qll

@@ -163,6 +163,10 @@ newtype TArgumentPosition =
     // position, we need to ensure we make these available (these are specified as
     // parameters in the flow-summary spec)
     FlowSummaryImpl::ParsePositions::isParsedPositionalParameterPosition(_, index)
+    or
+    // the generated function inside a comprehension has a positional argument at index 0
+    exists(Comp c) and
+    index = 0
   } or
   TKeywordArgumentPosition(string name) {
     exists(any(CallNode c).getArgByName(name))
@@ -314,12 +318,11 @@ newtype TDataFlowCallable =
    * class instantiations, and (in the future) special methods.
    */
   TFunction(Function func) {
-    // For generators/list-comprehensions we create a synthetic function. In the
-    // points-to call-graph these were not considered callable, and instead we added
-    // data-flow steps (read/write) for these. As an easy solution for now, we do the
-    // same to keep things easy to reason about (and therefore exclude things that do
-    // not have a definition)
+    // Functions with an explicit definition
     exists(func.getDefinition())
+    or
+    // For generators/list-comprehensions we create a synthetic function.
+    exists(Comp c | c.getFunction() = func)
   } or
   /** see QLDoc for `DataFlowModuleScope` for why we need this. */
   TModule(Module m) or
@@ -1381,6 +1384,8 @@ private predicate sameEnclosingCallable(Node node1, Node node2) {
 // =============================================================================
 newtype TDataFlowCall =
   TNormalCall(CallNode call, Function target, CallType type) { resolveCall(call, target, type) } or
+  /** A call to the generated function inside a comprehension */
+  TComprehensionCall(Comp c) or
   TPotentialLibraryCall(CallNode call) or
   /** A synthesized call inside a summarized callable */
   TSummaryCall(
@@ -1467,6 +1472,34 @@ class NormalCall extends ExtractedDataFlowCall, TNormalCall {
   CallType getCallType() { result = type }
 }
 
+/** A call to the generated function inside a comprhension */
+class ComprehensionCall extends ExtractedDataFlowCall, TComprehensionCall {
+  Comp c;
+  Function target;
+
+  ComprehensionCall() {
+    this = TComprehensionCall(c) and
+    target = c.getFunction()
+  }
+
+  Comp getComprehension() { result = c }
+
+  override string toString() { result = "comprehension call" }
+
+  override ControlFlowNode getNode() { result.getNode() = c }
+
+  override Scope getScope() { result = c.getScope() }
+
+  override DataFlowCallable getCallable() { result.(DataFlowFunction).getScope() = target }
+
+  override ArgumentNode getArgument(ArgumentPosition apos) {
+    result.asExpr() = c.getIterable() and
+    apos.isPositional(0)
+  }
+
+  override Location getLocation() { result = c.getLocation() }
+}
+
 /**
  * A potential call to a summarized callable, a `LibraryCallable`.
  *
@@ -1697,6 +1730,47 @@ class CapturedVariablesArgumentNode extends CfgNode, ArgumentNode {
   }
 }
 
+/** A synthetic node representing the values of variables captured by a comprehension. */
+class SynthCompCapturedVariablesArgumentNode extends Node, TSynthCompCapturedVariablesArgumentNode,
+  ArgumentNode
+{
+  Comp comp;
+
+  SynthCompCapturedVariablesArgumentNode() { this = TSynthCompCapturedVariablesArgumentNode(comp) }
+
+  override string toString() { result = "Capturing closure argument (comp)" }
+
+  override Scope getScope() { result = comp.getScope() }
+
+  override Location getLocation() { result = comp.getLocation() }
+
+  Comp getComprehension() { result = comp }
+
+  override predicate argumentOf(DataFlowCall call, ArgumentPosition pos) {
+    call.(ComprehensionCall).getComprehension() = comp and
+    pos.isLambdaSelf()
+  }
+}
+
+/** A synthetic node representing the values of variables captured by a comprehension after the output has been computed. */
+class SynthCompCapturedVariablesArgumentPostUpdateNode extends PostUpdateNodeImpl,
+  TSynthCompCapturedVariablesArgumentPostUpdateNode
+{
+  Comp comp;
+
+  SynthCompCapturedVariablesArgumentPostUpdateNode() {
+    this = TSynthCompCapturedVariablesArgumentPostUpdateNode(comp)
+  }
+
+  override string toString() { result = "[post] Capturing closure argument (comp)" }
+
+  override Scope getScope() { result = comp.getScope() }
+
+  override Location getLocation() { result = comp.getLocation() }
+
+  override Node getPreUpdateNode() { result = TSynthCompCapturedVariablesArgumentNode(comp) }
+}
+
 /** Gets a viable run-time target for the call `call`. */
 DataFlowCallable viableCallable(DataFlowCall call) {
   call instanceof ExtractedDataFlowCall and
@@ -1736,7 +1810,10 @@ abstract class ReturnNode extends Node {
 /** A data flow node that represents a value returned by a callable. */
 class ExtractedReturnNode extends ReturnNode, CfgNode {
   // See `TaintTrackingImplementation::returnFlowStep`
-  ExtractedReturnNode() { node = any(Return ret).getValue().getAFlowNode() }
+  ExtractedReturnNode() {
+    node = any(Return ret).getValue().getAFlowNode() or
+    node = any(Yield yield).getAFlowNode()
+  }
 
   override ReturnKind getKind() { any() }
 }

python/ql/lib/semmle/python/dataflow/new/internal/DataFlowPrivate.qll

@@ -168,6 +168,26 @@ private predicate synthDictSplatArgumentNodeStoreStep(
   )
 }
 
+/**
+ * Holds if `nodeFrom` is the value yielded by the `yield` found at `nodeTo`.
+ *
+ * For example, in
+ * ```python
+ * for x in l:
+ *   yield x.name
+ * ```
+ * data from `x.name` is stored into the `yield` (and can subsequently be read out of the iterable).
+ */
+predicate yieldStoreStep(Node nodeFrom, Content c, Node nodeTo) {
+  exists(Yield yield |
+    nodeTo.asCfgNode() = yield.getAFlowNode() and
+    nodeFrom.asCfgNode() = yield.getValue().getAFlowNode() and
+    // TODO: Consider if this will also need to transfer dictionary content
+    // once dictionary comprehensions are supported.
+    c instanceof ListElementContent
+  )
+}
+
 /**
  * Ensures that the a `**kwargs` parameter will not contain elements with names of
  * keyword parameters.
@@ -256,6 +276,12 @@ abstract class PostUpdateNodeImpl extends Node {
   abstract Node getPreUpdateNode();
 }
 
+/**
+ * A post-update node synthesised for an existing control flow node.
+ * Add to `TSyntheticPostUpdateNode` to get the synthetic post-update node synthesised.
+ *
+ * Synthetic post-update nodes for synthetic nodes need to be listed one by one.
+ */
 class SyntheticPostUpdateNode extends PostUpdateNodeImpl, TSyntheticPostUpdateNode {
   ControlFlowNode node;
 
@@ -270,6 +296,11 @@ class SyntheticPostUpdateNode extends PostUpdateNodeImpl, TSyntheticPostUpdateNo
   override Location getLocation() { result = node.getLocation() }
 }
 
+/**
+ * An existsing control flow node being the post-update node of a synthetic pre-update node.
+ *
+ * Synthetic post-update nodes for synthetic nodes need to be listed one by one.
+ */
 class NonSyntheticPostUpdateNode extends PostUpdateNodeImpl, CfgNode {
   SyntheticPreUpdateNode pre;
 
@@ -668,8 +699,6 @@ predicate storeStep(Node nodeFrom, ContentSet c, Node nodeTo) {
   or
   setStoreStep(nodeFrom, c, nodeTo)
   or
-  comprehensionStoreStep(nodeFrom, c, nodeTo)
-  or
   attributeStoreStep(nodeFrom, c, nodeTo)
   or
   matchStoreStep(nodeFrom, c, nodeTo)
@@ -683,6 +712,8 @@ predicate storeStep(Node nodeFrom, ContentSet c, Node nodeTo) {
   or
   synthDictSplatArgumentNodeStoreStep(nodeFrom, c, nodeTo)
   or
+  yieldStoreStep(nodeFrom, c, nodeTo)
+  or
   VariableCapture::storeStep(nodeFrom, c, nodeTo)
 }
 
@@ -843,31 +874,6 @@ predicate dictClearStep(Node node, DictionaryElementContent c) {
   )
 }
 
-/** Data flows from an element expression in a comprehension to the comprehension. */
-predicate comprehensionStoreStep(CfgNode nodeFrom, Content c, CfgNode nodeTo) {
-  // Comprehension
-  //   `[x+1 for x in l]`
-  //   nodeFrom is `x+1`, cfg node
-  //   nodeTo is `[x+1 for x in l]`, cfg node
-  //   c denotes list or set or dictionary without index
-  //
-  // List
-  nodeTo.getNode().getNode().(ListComp).getElt() = nodeFrom.getNode().getNode() and
-  c instanceof ListElementContent
-  or
-  // Set
-  nodeTo.getNode().getNode().(SetComp).getElt() = nodeFrom.getNode().getNode() and
-  c instanceof SetElementContent
-  or
-  // Dictionary
-  nodeTo.getNode().getNode().(DictComp).getElt() = nodeFrom.getNode().getNode() and
-  c instanceof DictionaryElementAnyContent
-  or
-  // Generator
-  nodeTo.getNode().getNode().(GeneratorExp).getElt() = nodeFrom.getNode().getNode() and
-  c instanceof ListElementContent
-}
-
 /**
  * Holds if `nodeFrom` flows into the attribute `c` of `nodeTo` via an attribute assignment.
  *

python/ql/lib/semmle/python/dataflow/new/internal/DataFlowPublic.qll

@@ -71,6 +71,9 @@ newtype TNode =
       def.getDefiningNode() = node and
       def.getParameter() = func.getArg(0)
     )
+    or
+    // the iterable argument to the implicit comprehension function
+    node.getNode() = any(Comp c).getIterable()
   } or
   /** A node representing a global (module-level) variable in a specific module. */
   TModuleVariableNode(Module m, GlobalVariable v) {
@@ -124,9 +127,16 @@ newtype TNode =
   /** A synthetic node representing the heap of a function. Used for variable capture. */
   TSynthCapturedVariablesParameterNode(Function f) {
     f = any(VariableCapture::CapturedVariable v).getACapturingScope() and
-    // TODO: Remove this restriction when adding proper support for captured variables in the body of the function we generate for comprehensions
     exists(TFunction(f))
   } or
+  /** A synthetic node representing the values of variables captured by a comprehension. */
+  TSynthCompCapturedVariablesArgumentNode(Comp comp) {
+    comp.getFunction() = any(VariableCapture::CapturedVariable v).getACapturingScope()
+  } or
+  /** A synthetic node representing the values of variables captured by a comprehension after the output has been computed. */
+  TSynthCompCapturedVariablesArgumentPostUpdateNode(Comp comp) {
+    comp.getFunction() = any(VariableCapture::CapturedVariable v).getACapturingScope()
+  } or
   /** An empty, unused node type that exists to prevent unwanted dependencies on data flow nodes. */
   TForbiddenRecursionGuard() {
     none() and
@@ -350,6 +360,9 @@ class ExtractedArgumentNode extends ArgumentNode {
     or
     // and self arguments
     this.asCfgNode() = any(CallNode c).getFunction().(AttrNode).getObject()
+    or
+    // for comprehensions, we allow the synthetic `iterable` argument
+    this.asExpr() = any(Comp c).getIterable()
   }
 
   final override predicate argumentOf(DataFlowCall call, ArgumentPosition pos) {

python/ql/lib/semmle/python/dataflow/new/internal/IterableUnpacking.qll

@@ -187,7 +187,7 @@ class ForTarget extends ControlFlowNode {
     )
     or
     exists(Comp comp |
-      source = comp.getIterable() and
+      source = comp.getFunction().getArg(0) and
       this.getNode() = comp.getNthInnerLoop(0).getTarget()
     )
   }

python/ql/lib/semmle/python/dataflow/new/internal/TaintTrackingPrivate.qll

@@ -186,7 +186,7 @@ predicate containerStep(DataFlow::Node nodeFrom, DataFlow::Node nodeTo) {
   // TODO: once we have proper flow-summary modeling, we might not need this step any
   // longer -- but there needs to be a matching read-step for the store-step, and we
   // don't provide that right now.
-  DataFlowPrivate::comprehensionStoreStep(nodeFrom, _, nodeTo)
+  DataFlowPrivate::yieldStoreStep(nodeFrom, _, nodeTo)
 }
 
 /**

python/ql/lib/semmle/python/dataflow/new/internal/VariableCapture.qll

@@ -127,6 +127,11 @@ module Flow = Shared::Flow<Location, CaptureInput>;
 private Flow::ClosureNode asClosureNode(Node n) {
   result = n.(SynthCaptureNode).getSynthesizedCaptureNode()
   or
+  exists(Comp comp | n = TSynthCompCapturedVariablesArgumentNode(comp) |
+    result.(Flow::ExprNode).getExpr().getNode() = comp
+  )
+  or
+  // TODO: Should the `Comp`s above be excluded here?
   result.(Flow::ExprNode).getExpr() = n.(CfgNode).getNode()
   or
   result.(Flow::VariableWriteSourceNode).getVariableWrite() = n.(CfgNode).getNode()

python/ql/lib/semmle/python/frameworks/Stdlib.qll

@@ -4251,22 +4251,27 @@ module StdlibPrivate {
 
     override predicate propagatesFlow(string input, string output, boolean preservesValue) {
       // The positional argument contains a mapping.
-      // TODO: Add the list-of-pairs version
       // TODO: these values can be overwritten by keyword arguments
+      //  - dict mapping
       exists(DataFlow::DictionaryElementContent dc, string key | key = dc.getKey() |
         input = "Argument[0].DictionaryElement[" + key + "]" and
         output = "ReturnValue.DictionaryElement[" + key + "]" and
         preservesValue = true
       )
       or
+      //  - list-of-pairs mapping
+      input = "Argument[0].ListElement.TupleElement[1]" and
+      output = "ReturnValue.DictionaryElementAny" and
+      preservesValue = true
+      or
       // The keyword arguments are added to the dictionary.
       exists(DataFlow::DictionaryElementContent dc, string key | key = dc.getKey() |
         input = "Argument[" + key + ":]" and
         output = "ReturnValue.DictionaryElement[" + key + "]" and
         preservesValue = true
       )
       or
-      // Imprecise content in any argument ends up on the container itself.
+      // Imprecise content in the first argument ends up on the container itself.
       input = "Argument[0]" and
       output = "ReturnValue" and
       preservesValue = false

python/ql/test/experimental/query-tests/Security/CWE-022-TarSlip/TarSlip.expected

@@ -34,7 +34,9 @@ edges
 | TarSlipImprov.py:142:9:142:13 | ControlFlowNode for entry | TarSlipImprov.py:143:36:143:40 | ControlFlowNode for entry | provenance |  |
 | TarSlipImprov.py:151:14:151:50 | ControlFlowNode for closing() | TarSlipImprov.py:151:55:151:56 | ControlFlowNode for tf | provenance |  |
 | TarSlipImprov.py:151:22:151:49 | ControlFlowNode for Attribute() | TarSlipImprov.py:151:14:151:50 | ControlFlowNode for closing() | provenance | Config |
+| TarSlipImprov.py:151:55:151:56 | ControlFlowNode for tf | TarSlipImprov.py:152:13:152:20 | ControlFlowNode for Yield | provenance |  |
 | TarSlipImprov.py:151:55:151:56 | ControlFlowNode for tf | TarSlipImprov.py:152:19:152:20 | ControlFlowNode for tf | provenance |  |
+| TarSlipImprov.py:152:13:152:20 | ControlFlowNode for Yield | TarSlipImprov.py:157:18:157:40 | ControlFlowNode for py2_tarxz() | provenance |  |
 | TarSlipImprov.py:152:19:152:20 | ControlFlowNode for tf | TarSlipImprov.py:157:18:157:40 | ControlFlowNode for py2_tarxz() | provenance |  |
 | TarSlipImprov.py:157:9:157:14 | ControlFlowNode for tar_cm | TarSlipImprov.py:162:20:162:23 | ControlFlowNode for tarc | provenance |  |
 | TarSlipImprov.py:157:18:157:40 | ControlFlowNode for py2_tarxz() | TarSlipImprov.py:157:9:157:14 | ControlFlowNode for tar_cm | provenance |  |
@@ -131,6 +133,7 @@ nodes
 | TarSlipImprov.py:151:14:151:50 | ControlFlowNode for closing() | semmle.label | ControlFlowNode for closing() |
 | TarSlipImprov.py:151:22:151:49 | ControlFlowNode for Attribute() | semmle.label | ControlFlowNode for Attribute() |
 | TarSlipImprov.py:151:55:151:56 | ControlFlowNode for tf | semmle.label | ControlFlowNode for tf |
+| TarSlipImprov.py:152:13:152:20 | ControlFlowNode for Yield | semmle.label | ControlFlowNode for Yield |
 | TarSlipImprov.py:152:19:152:20 | ControlFlowNode for tf | semmle.label | ControlFlowNode for tf |
 | TarSlipImprov.py:157:9:157:14 | ControlFlowNode for tar_cm | semmle.label | ControlFlowNode for tar_cm |
 | TarSlipImprov.py:157:18:157:40 | ControlFlowNode for py2_tarxz() | semmle.label | ControlFlowNode for py2_tarxz() |

python/ql/test/library-tests/dataflow/coverage/localFlow.expected

@@ -8,9 +8,4 @@
 | test.py:208:1:208:53 | Entry definition for SsaSourceVariable SINK | test.py:210:5:210:8 | ControlFlowNode for SINK |
 | test.py:208:1:208:53 | Entry definition for SsaSourceVariable SOURCE | test.py:209:25:209:30 | ControlFlowNode for SOURCE |
 | test.py:209:5:209:5 | ControlFlowNode for x | test.py:210:10:210:10 | ControlFlowNode for x |
-| test.py:209:9:209:68 | ControlFlowNode for .0 | test.py:209:9:209:68 | ControlFlowNode for .0 |
 | test.py:209:9:209:68 | ControlFlowNode for ListComp | test.py:209:5:209:5 | ControlFlowNode for x |
-| test.py:209:16:209:16 | ControlFlowNode for v | test.py:209:45:209:45 | ControlFlowNode for v |
-| test.py:209:40:209:40 | ControlFlowNode for u | test.py:209:56:209:56 | ControlFlowNode for u |
-| test.py:209:51:209:51 | ControlFlowNode for z | test.py:209:67:209:67 | ControlFlowNode for z |
-| test.py:209:62:209:62 | ControlFlowNode for y | test.py:209:10:209:10 | ControlFlowNode for y |

python/ql/test/library-tests/dataflow/coverage/test.py

@@ -137,7 +137,7 @@ def test_list_comprehension_with_tuple_result():
     s = SOURCE
     ns = NONSOURCE
     l3 = [(s, ns) for _ in [1]]
-    SINK(l3[0][0]) # $ MISSING: flow="SOURCE, l:-3 -> l3[0][0]"
+    SINK(l3[0][0]) # $ flow="SOURCE, l:-3 -> l3[0][0]"
     SINK_F(l3[0][1])
 
 
@@ -245,7 +245,7 @@ def gen(x):
 
 def test_yield():
     g = gen(SOURCE)
-    SINK(next(g)) #$ MISSING:flow="SOURCE, l:-1 -> next()"
+    SINK(next(g)) #$ flow="SOURCE, l:-1 -> next(..)"
 
 
 def gen_from(x):
@@ -260,7 +260,7 @@ def test_yield_from():
 # a statement rather than an expression, but related to generators
 def test_for():
     for x in gen(SOURCE):
-        SINK(x) #$ MISSING:flow="SOURCE, l:-1 -> x"
+        SINK(x) #$ flow="SOURCE, l:-1 -> x"
 
 
 # 6.2.9.1. Generator-iterator methods