Cross-database cast macro (#5278)

[Preview](https://docs-getdbt-com-git-dbeatty10-patch-3-dbt-labs.vercel.app/reference/dbt-jinja-functions/cross-database-macros)

> [!NOTE]  
> I didn't make much of an attempt at versioning this thoughtfully. So
please update this as-needed to bring it in line with expectations.

## What are you changing in this pull request and why?

dbt-labs/dbt-adapters#84 was implemented in
commit
dbt-labs/dbt-adapters@5a50be7
within PR dbt-labs/dbt-adapters#55

So this docs PR adds it to the listing of [cross-database
macros](https://docs.getdbt.com/reference/dbt-jinja-functions/cross-database-macros).

## Checklist
- [x] Review the [Content style
guide](https://github.com/dbt-labs/docs.getdbt.com/blob/current/contributing/content-style-guide.md)
so my content adheres to these guidelines.

website/docs/reference/dbt-jinja-functions/cross-database-macros.md

@@ -54,6 +54,7 @@ Please make sure to take a look at the [SQL expressions section](#sql-expression
     - [bool\_or](#bool_or)
     - [listagg](#listagg)
   - [Cast functions](#cast-functions)
+    - [cast](#cast)
     - [cast\_bool\_to\_text](#cast_bool_to_text)
     - [safe\_cast](#safe_cast)
   - [Date and time functions](#date-and-time-functions)
@@ -101,6 +102,7 @@ Please make sure to take a look at the [SQL expressions section](#sql-expression
     - [bool\_or](#bool_or)
     - [listagg](#listagg)
   - [Cast functions](#cast-functions)
+    - [cast](#cast)
     - [cast\_bool\_to\_text](#cast_bool_to_text)
     - [safe\_cast](#safe_cast)
   - [Date and time functions](#date-and-time-functions)
@@ -169,6 +171,7 @@ Please make sure to take a look at the [SQL expressions section](#sql-expression
 - [listagg](#listagg)
 
 [**Cast functions**](#cast-functions)
+- [cast](#cast)
 - [cast_bool_to_text](#cast_bool_to_text)
 - [safe_cast](#safe_cast)
 
@@ -777,6 +780,38 @@ array_to_string(
 
 ## Cast functions
 
+### cast
+
+**Availability**:
+dbt v1.8 or higher. For more information, select the version from the documentation navigation menu.
+
+<VersionBlock firstVersion="1.8">
+
+__Args__:
+
+ * `field`: [attribute name or expression](#sql-expressions).
+ * `type`: data type to convert to
+
+This macro casts a value to the specified data type. Unlike [safe\_cast](#safe_cast), this macro will raise an error when the cast fails.
+
+**Usage**:
+
+```sql
+{{ dbt.cast("column_1", api.Column.translate_type("string")) }}
+{{ dbt.cast("column_2", api.Column.translate_type("integer")) }}
+{{ dbt.cast("'2016-03-09'", api.Column.translate_type("date")) }}
+```
+
+**Sample Output (PostgreSQL)**:
+
+```sql
+    cast(column_1 as TEXT)
+    cast(column_2 as INT)
+    cast('2016-03-09' as date)
+```
+
+</VersionBlock>
+
 ### cast_bool_to_text
 __Args__: