An example Flask + Docker app

You could use this example app as a base for your new project or as a guide to Dockerize your existing Flask app.

The example app is minimal but it wires up a number of things you might use in a real world Flask app, but at the same time it's not loaded up with a million personal opinions.

For the Docker bits, everything included is an accumulation of Docker best practices based on building and deploying dozens of assorted Dockerized web apps since late 2014.

This app is using Flask 2.2.2 and Python 3.11.1. The screenshot doesn't get updated every time I bump the versions:

Table of contents

• Tech stack
• Notable opinions and extensions
• Running this app
• Files of interest
  • .env
  • run
• Running a script to automate renaming the project
• Updating dependencies
• See a way to improve something?
• Additional resources
  • Learn more about Docker and Flask
  • Deploy to production
• About the author

Tech stack

If you don't like some of these choices that's no problem, you can swap them out for something else on your own.

Back-end

• PostgreSQL
• SQLAlchemy
• Redis
• Celery

Front-end

• esbuild
• TailwindCSS
• Heroicons

But what about JavaScript?!

Picking a JS library is a very app specific decision because it depends on which library you like and it also depends on if your app is going to be mostly Jinja templates with sprinkles of JS or an API back-end.

This isn't an exhaustive list but here's a few reasonable choices depending on how you're building your app:

• https://hotwired.dev/
• https://htmx.org/
• https://github.com/alpinejs/alpine
• https://vuejs.org/
• https://reactjs.org/
• https://jquery.com/

On the bright side with esbuild being set up you can use any (or none) of these solutions very easily. You could follow a specific library's installation guides to get up and running in no time.

Personally I'm going to be using Hotwire Turbo + Stimulus in most newer projects.

Notable opinions and extensions

Flask is a very unopinionated framework but I find in most apps I'm adding the same things over and over. Here's a few (but not all) note worthy additions and changes.

• Packages and extensions:
  • gunicorn for an app server in both development and production
  • Flask-DB to help manage, migrate and seed your database
  • Flask-Static-Digest to md5 tag and gzip your static files (and add optional CDN support)
  • Flask-Secrets to quickly generate secure random tokens you can use for various things
  • Flask-DebugToolbar to show useful information for debugging
• Linting, formatting and testing:
  • flake8 is used to lint the code base
  • isort is used to auto-sort Python imports
  • black is used to format the code base
  • pytest and pytest-cov for writing tests and reporting test coverage
• Blueprints:
  • Add page blueprint to render a / page
  • Add up blueprint to provide a few health check pages
• Config:
  • Log to STDOUT so that Docker can consume and deal with log output
  • Extract a bunch of configuration settings into environment variables
  • config/settings.py and the .env file handles configuration in all environments
• Front-end assets:
  • assets/ contains all your CSS, JS, images, fonts, etc. and is managed by esbuild
  • Custom 502.html and maintenance.html pages
  • Generate favicons using modern best practices
• Flask defaults that are changed:
  • public/ is the static directory where Flask will serve static files from
  • static_url_path is set to "" to remove the /static URL prefix for static files
  • ProxyFix middleware is enabled (check hello/app.py)

Besides the Flask app itself:

• Docker support has been added which would be any files having *docker* in its name
• GitHub Actions have been set up
• A requirements-lock.txt file has been introduced using pip3. The management of this file is fully automated by the commands found in the run file. We'll cover this in more detail when we talk about updating dependencies.

Running this app

You'll need to have Docker installed. It's available on Windows, macOS and most distros of Linux. If you're new to Docker and want to learn it in detail check out the additional resources links near the bottom of this README.

You'll also need to enable Docker Compose v2 support if you're using Docker Desktop. On native Linux without Docker Desktop you can install it as a plugin to Docker. It's been generally available for a while now and very stable. This project uses a specific Docker Compose profiles feature that only works with Docker Compose v2.

If you're using Windows, it will be expected that you're following along inside of WSL or WSL 2. That's because we're going to be running shell commands. You can always modify these commands for PowerShell if you want.

Clone this repo anywhere you want and move into the directory:

git clone https://github.com/nickjj/docker-flask-example helloflask
cd helloflask

# Optionally checkout a specific tag, such as: git checkout 0.10.0

Copy an example .env file because the real one is git ignored:

cp .env.example .env

Build everything:

The first time you run this it's going to take 5-10 minutes depending on your internet connection speed and computer's hardware specs. That's because it's going to download a few Docker images and build the Python + Yarn dependencies.

docker compose up --build

Now that everything is built and running we can treat it like any other Flask app.

Did you receive an error about a port being in use? Chances are it's because something on your machine is already running on port 8000. Check out the docs in the .env file for the DOCKER_WEB_PORT_FORWARD variable to fix this.

Did you receive a permission denied error? Chances are you're running native Linux and your uid:gid aren't 1000:1000 (you can verify this by running id). Check out the docs in the .env file to customize the UID and GID variables to fix this.

Setup the initial database:

# You can run this from a 2nd terminal. It will create both a development and
# test database with the proper user / password credentials.
./run flask db reset --with-testdb

We'll go over that ./run script in a bit!

Check it out in a browser:

Visit http://localhost:8000 in your favorite browser.

Linting the code base:

# You should get no output (that means everything is operational).
./run lint

Sorting Python imports in the code base:

# You should see that everything is unchanged (imports are already formatted).
./run format:imports

Formatting the code base:

# You should see that everything is unchanged (it's all already formatted).
./run format

There's also a ./run quality command to run the above 3 commands together.

Running the test suite:

# You should see all passing tests. Warnings are typically ok.
./run test

Stopping everything:

# Stop the containers and remove a few Docker related resources associated to this project.
docker compose down

You can start things up again with docker compose up and unlike the first time it should only take seconds.

Files of interest

I recommend checking out most files and searching the code base for TODO:, but please review the .env and run files before diving into the rest of the code and customizing it. Also, you should hold off on changing anything until we cover how to customize this example app's name with an automated script (coming up next in the docs).

.env

This file is ignored from version control so it will never be commit. There's a number of environment variables defined here that control certain options and behavior of the application. Everything is documented there.

Feel free to add new variables as needed. This is where you should put all of your secrets as well as configuration that might change depending on your environment (specific dev boxes, CI, production, etc.).

run

You can run ./run to get a list of commands and each command has documentation in the run file itself.

It's a shell script that has a number of functions defined to help you interact with this project. It's basically a Makefile except with less limitations. For example as a shell script it allows us to pass any arguments to another program.

This comes in handy to run various Docker commands because sometimes these commands can be a bit long to type. Feel free to add as many convenience functions as you want. This file's purpose is to make your experience better!

If you get tired of typing ./run you can always create a shell alias with alias run=./run in your ~/.bash_aliases or equivalent file. Then you'll be able to run run instead of ./run.

Running a script to automate renaming the project

The app is named hello right now but chances are your app will be a different name. Since the app is already created we'll need to do a find / replace on a few variants of the string "hello" and update a few Docker related resources.

And by we I mean I created a zero dependency shell script that does all of the heavy lifting for you. All you have to do is run the script below.

Run the rename-project script included in this repo:

# The script takes 2 arguments.
#
# The first one is the lower case version of your app's name, such as myapp or
# my_app depending on your preference.
#
# The second one is used for your app's module name. For example if you used
# myapp or my_app for the first argument you would want to use MyApp here.
bin/rename-project myapp MyApp

The bin/rename-project script is going to:

• Remove any Docker resources for your current project
• Perform a number of find / replace actions
• Optionally initialize a new git repo for you

Afterwards you can delete this script because its only purpose is to assist in helping you change this project's name without depending on any complicated project generator tools or 3rd party dependencies.

If you're not comfy running the script or it doesn't work for whatever reasons you can check it out and perform the actions manually. It's mostly running a find / replace across files and then renaming a few directories and files.

Start and setup the project:

This won't take as long as before because Docker can re-use most things. We'll also need to setup our database since a new one will be created for us by Docker.

docker compose up --build

# Then in a 2nd terminal once it's up and ready.
./run flask db reset --with-testdb

Sanity check to make sure the tests still pass:

It's always a good idea to make sure things are in a working state before adding custom changes.

# You can run this from the same terminal as before.
./run quality
./run test

If everything passes now you can optionally git add -A && git commit -m "Initial commit" and start customizing your app. Alternatively you can wait until you develop more of your app before committing anything. It's up to you!

Tying up a few loose ends:

You'll probably want to create a fresh CHANGELOG.md file for your project. I like following the style guide at https://keepachangelog.com/ but feel free to use whichever style you prefer.

Since this project is MIT licensed you should keep my name and email address in the LICENSE file to adhere to that license's agreement, but you can also add your name and email on a new line.

If you happen to base your app off this example app or write about any of the code in this project it would be rad if you could credit this repo by linking to it. If you want to reference me directly please link to my site at https://nickjanetakis.com. You don't have to do this, but it would be very much appreciated!

Updating dependencies

Let's say you've customized your app and it's time to make a change to your requirements.txt or package.json file.

Without Docker you'd normally run pip3 install -r requirements.txt or yarn install. With Docker it's basically the same thing and since these commands are in our Dockerfile we can get away with doing a docker compose build but don't run that just yet.

In development:

You can run ./run pip3:outdated or ./run yarn:outdated to get a list of outdated dependencies based on what you currently have installed. Once you've figured out what you want to update, go make those updates in your requirements.txt and / or assets/package.json file.

Then to update your dependencies you can run ./run pip3:install or ./run yarn:install. That'll make sure any lock files get copied from Docker's image (thanks to volumes) into your code repo and now you can commit those files to version control like usual.

You can check out the run file to see what these commands do in more detail.

As for the requirements' lock file, this ensures that the same exact versions of every package you have (including dependencies of dependencies) get used the next time you build the project. This file is the output of running pip3 freeze. You can check how it works by looking at bin/pip3-install.

You should never modify the lock files by hand. Add your top level Python dependencies to requirements.txt and your top level JavaScript dependencies to assets/package.json, then run the ./run command(s) mentioned earlier.

In CI:

You'll want to run docker compose build since it will use any existing lock files if they exist. You can also check out the complete CI test pipeline in the run file under the ci:test function.

In production:

This is usually a non-issue since you'll be pulling down pre-built images from a Docker registry but if you decide to build your Docker images directly on your server you could run docker compose build as part of your deploy pipeline.

See a way to improve something?

If you see anything that could be improved please open an issue or start a PR. Any help is much appreciated!

Additional resources

Now that you have your app ready to go, it's time to build something cool! If you want to learn more about Docker, Flask and deploying a Flask app here's a couple of free and paid resources. There's Google too!

Learn more about Docker and Flask

Official documentation

• https://docs.docker.com/
• https://flask.palletsprojects.com/

Courses

• https://diveintodocker.com is a course I created which goes over the Docker and Docker Compose fundamentals
• https://buildasaasappwithflask.com is a course I created where we build a real world SAAS app with Flask

Deploy to production

I'm creating an in-depth course related to deploying Dockerized web apps. If you want to get notified when it launches with a discount and potentially get free videos while the course is being developed then sign up here to get notified.

About the author

• Nick Janetakis | https://nickjanetakis.com | @nickjanetakis

I'm a self taught developer and have been freelancing for the last ~20 years. You can read about everything I've learned along the way on my site at https://nickjanetakis.com.

There's hundreds of blog posts and a couple of video courses on web development and deployment topics. I also have a podcast where I talk with folks about running web apps in production.