Avoid reusing incompatible distributions across lock and sync

[charliermarsh]

Summary

We need to avoid using incompatible versions for build dependencies that are also part of the resolved
environment. This is a very subtle issue, but: when locking, we don't enforce platform
compatibility. So, if we reuse the resolver state to install, and the install itself has to
preform a resolution (e.g., for the build dependencies of a source distribution), that
resolution may choose incompatible versions.

The key property here is that there's a shared package between the build dependencies and the
project dependencies.

Closes #5836.

[codspeed-hq]

CodSpeed Performance Report

Merging #5845 will not alter performance

_{Comparing charlie/debug (910b5dd) with main (f3cc8e4)}

Summary

✅ 13 untouched benchmarks

[charliermarsh]

This is fixable but require some work in the resolver.

(That performance regression isn't real, it's from me adding a bunch of debug logging.)