Update prost requirement from 0.11.0 to 0.12.0 #18249

Job	Run time
Check cargo fmt	58s
cargo check	3m 40s
cargo test (mac)	9m 39s
Verify MSRV	10m 17s
Verify Vendored Code	1m 2s
cargo test (win64)	9m 37s
cargo examples (amd64)	0s
cargo test datafusion-cli (amd64)	0s
cargo test (amd64)	0s
cargo doc	0s
cargo test doc (amd64)	0s
clippy	0s
cargo test hash collisions (amd64)	0s
Run sqllogictest with Postgres runner	0s
cargo test pyarrow (amd64)	0s
verify benchmark results (amd64)	0s
check Cargo.toml formatting	0s
check configs.md is up-to-date	0s
	35m 13s

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