SYNTAX-ARDUINO

Arduino is a great open-source electronics prototyping platform based on flexible easy-to-use hardware and software. It is basically a simplified microcontroller, in the sense that it uses a normal microcontroller and envelopes its internal functioning which may impede its functioning, but it gives us a very handy, easy to use tool. It is basic version of C

INDEX

1. Structure

2. Constants and Variables

3. Functions

4. Citation

1. ARDUINO "UNO" BOARD                                                      2. ARDUINO "NANO" BOARD

Structure:

• sketch:

  • setup():-The setup() function is used to initialize variables,pin modes,start using libraries etc. the setup function runs only once in a program.

  void setup(){
  
  }
  

  • loop():-After creating setup() function,the loop functions run program consecutively and allow our program to change and respond

  void loop(){
  
  }
  

• Arithmetic Operator:

  • + (addition)
  • * (multiplication)
  • - (substraction)
  • / (division)
  • % (remainder)
  • = (assignment operator)

• Comparison Operator:

  • != (not equals to)
  • == (equals to)
  • > or >= (less than or less than equals to)
  • < or <= (greater than or greater than equals to)

• Control Structures :

  • break:-use to exit from loop (for,while,do....while).
  • continue:-It skip the current iteration of loop (for,while,do....while).
  • if and else statements:-use as conditionals.example

  if(condition 1){
  // your code here
  }
  if else(condition 2){
  // your code here  executes if condition 1 is false and condition 2 is true
  }
  else{
  //your code here executes if condition 1 & 2 is false.
  }
  

  • return:-Terminates a functions and return value from it if it is called.return ;.

Variables & Constants :

• Data types:

  • char:-stores characters
  • float:-stores floating point values
  • int:-stores intergers
  • string:-stores string " "

• Constants:

  • HIGH
  • LOW
  • INPUT
  • OUTPUT
  • INPUT_PULLUP
  • true
  • false

Function:

• Digital I/O:

  • PinMode():-It specifies pin to behave either as INPUT or OUTPUT.It is possible to enable the internal pullup resistors with the mode INPUT_PULLUP.

  pinMode(pin,mode);
  

  • DigitalRead():-It reads the pin either as HIGH or LOW.

  digitalRead(pin);
  

  • DigitalWrite():-Assign value either as HIGH or LOW.

  digitalWrite(pin,value);
  

• Analog I/O:

  • AnalogRead():-Read value from specified analog pin and Arduino boards contain 10-bit analog to digital converter. This means that it will map input voltages between 0 and the 5 into integer values between 0 and 1023 and returns it.

  analogRead(pin);  
  

  • AnalogWrite():-Assign value b/w 0 to 255 (duty cycle) to analog pin.

  analogWrite(pin,value);
  

  • AnalogReference():-Configures the reference voltage used for analog input (the value used as the top of the input range).Type of reference to use is according to board and need. Use link here to get reference type.

  analogReference(type);
  

• Other Important Functions:

  • delay():-Pauses the program for the amount of time(ms).

    delay(time);
    

    Using delay() function Code for Led blinking.

    void setup(){
    	//put your code here to run it once
    pinMode(2,OUTPUT); // declaring my digital pin 2 as output
    }
    void loop(){
    	// put your code here, to run repeatedly
    digitalWrite(2,HIGH); //assigning high  to pin
    delay(1000); // add time delay of 1000 ms it means that programs completely stop and wait for that time interval
    digitalWrite(2,LOW); // assigning low to pin
    delay(1000);
    }

  • millis():-It returns the time passed since arduino began running the current program.Advantage of millis() over delay() function is that it doesn't stop the execution of program for some time interval.

    time=millis();
    

    Using millis() function Code for Led blinking.

    int led_pin=2 ;
    long previous_time=0;// for updating further in loop initialize it with 0
    int interval=1000; // time interval b/w led_state high to low
    int led_state=HIGH;//initial state of digital pin
    
    void setup(){
    pinMode(led_pin,OUTPUT);
    }
    
    void loop(){
    long current_time=millis(); // storing time in this variable
    if(current_time - previous_time >= 1000){
    	    previous_time=current_time;           //update variable to maintain led state high or low for certain interval
     
     if(led_state==HIGH){                //simply toogle led_state
     	led_state==LOW;
     }
     else{
     	led_state==HIGH;
     }
    }
    digitalWrite(led_pin,led_state);       //assign led_state to digitalpin
    }    
     
     
    
    
    

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