feat(sorts): add bubble sort algorithm for beginners

[laysaalves]

Describe your change:

I chose to contribute to this repository because, among the options available for Hacktoberfest, it was the one that caught my attention the most. As a Computer Science student in my first semester, I decided to implement Bubble Sort, an algorithm that sparked my interest in this area. I hope that my well-documented code can help other people. I'm also open to any feedback, I'm on the Discord server as @layseiras. Thanks!

• Add an algorithm?
• Fix a bug or typo in an existing algorithm?
• Add or change doctests? -- Note: Please avoid changing both code and tests in a single pull request.
• Documentation change?

Checklist:

• I have read CONTRIBUTING.md.
• This pull request is all my own work -- I have not plagiarized.
• I know that pull requests will not be merged if they fail the automated tests.
• This PR only changes one algorithm file. To ease review, please open separate PRs for separate algorithms.
• All new Python files are placed inside an existing directory.
• All filenames are in all lowercase characters with no spaces or dashes.
• All functions and variable names follow Python naming conventions.
• All function parameters and return values are annotated with Python type hints.
• All functions have doctests that pass the automated testing.
• All new algorithms include at least one URL that points to Wikipedia or another similar explanation.
• If this pull request resolves one or more open issues then the description above includes the issue number(s) with a closing keyword: "Fixes #ISSUE-NUMBER".

[algorithms-keeper]

Click here to look at the relevant links ⬇️

🔗 Relevant Links

Repository:

• Contributing guidelines
• Project Euler solution guidelines

Python:

• Formatted string literals (f-strings)
• Type hints
• doctest
• unittest
• pytest

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[cclauss]

Closing tests_are_failing PRs to prepare for Hacktoberfest