feat: add more mathematical operations

[lars-reimann]

Closes partially #977

Summary of Changes

Add many common mathematical operations (e.g. square root, logarithm, sine) to the Cell.math namespace.

[github-actions]

🦙 MegaLinter status: ✅ SUCCESS

Descriptor	Linter	Files	Fixed	Errors	Elapsed time
✅ PYTHON	black	27	0	0	0.95s
✅ PYTHON	mypy	27		0	3.19s
✅ PYTHON	ruff	27	0	0	0.29s
✅ REPOSITORY	git_diff	yes		no	0.28s

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[codecov]

Codecov Report

All modified and coverable lines are covered by tests ✅

Project coverage is 95.22%. Comparing base (7396c94) to head (62e9008).
Report is 1 commits behind head on main.

Additional details and impacted files

@@            Coverage Diff             @@
##             main     #986      +/-   ##
==========================================
+ Coverage   95.16%   95.22%   +0.05%     
==========================================
  Files         135      135              
  Lines        8047     8145      +98     
==========================================
+ Hits         7658     7756      +98     
  Misses        389      389              

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