As we all know, today more than ever before, it is crucial to be able to trust our computing environments. One of the main difficulties that package maintainers of GNU/Linux distributions face, is the difficulty to verify the authenticity and the integrity of the source code. With GPG signatures it is possible for packagers to verify source code releases quickly and easily.
- Create and/or use a 4096-bit RSA/Ed25519 ECC keypair for the file signing
- Use a strong, unique, secret passphrase for the key
- Upload the public key to a key server and publish the full fingerprint
- Sign every new Git commit and tag
- Create signed, compressed release archives
- Upload a strong message digest of the archive
- Configure HTTPS for your download server
GPGit is meant to bring GPG to the masses. It is not only a shell script that automates the process of creating new signed Git releases with GPG, but also includes a quick-start-guide for learning how to use GPG. GPGit integrates perfectly with the Github Release API for uploading. It can even automatically add a Keep A Changelog formatted changelog to the release.
The security status of GNU/Linux projects will be tracked in the Linux Security Database. If you have any further questions, do not hesitate to contact me personally. Thanks for your help in making GNU/Linux projects more secure by using GPG signatures.
GPGit is available as official Arch Linux distribution package:
sudo pacman -S gpgit
# Optional dependencies for Github API uploading
sudo pacman -S curl jqFirst install the following dependencies, then follow the manual installation instruction.
# Install dependencies
sudo apt-get install bash gnupg2 git tar xz-utils coreutils gawk grep sed util-linux
# Optional dependencies
sudo apt-get install gzip bzip lzip zstd file jq curlFirst install the following dependencies with Homebrew, then follow the manual installation instructions.
# Install dependencies
brew install bash git xz gnu-getopt coreutils
# Install a GPG suite, such as https://gpgtools.org/
brew install --cask gpg-suite
# Optional dependencies
brew install gzip bzip2 lzip zstd jq curl- bash
- gnupg2
- git
- tar
- xz
- grep
- sed
- gnu awk
- gnu getopt (util-linux)
- gnu date (coreutils)
- gzip (Compression option)
- zstd (Compression option)
- bzip (Compression option)
- lzip (Compression option)
- file (Github API upload)
- jq (Github API upload)
- curl (Github API upload)
- shellcheck (Development:
make test)
# Download and verify source
VERSION=1.5.0
wget "https://github.com/NicoHood/gpgit/releases/download/${VERSION}/gpgit-${VERSION}.tar.xz"
wget "https://github.com/NicoHood/gpgit/releases/download/${VERSION}/gpgit-${VERSION}.tar.xz.asc"
gpg2 --keyserver hkps://keyserver.ubuntu.com --recv-keys 97312D5EB9D7AE7D0BD4307351DAE9B7C1AE9161
gpg2 --verify "gpgit-${VERSION}.tar.xz.asc" "gpgit-${VERSION}.tar.xz"
# Extract, install and run GPGit
tar -xf "gpgit-${VERSION}.tar.xz"
sudo make -C "gpgit-${VERSION}" PREFIX=/usr/local install
gpgit --helpThe script guides you through all 5 steps of the GPG quick start guide. Run GPGit with the tag name as parameter. All other options will get auto detected. When running the script for the first time GPGit runs in interactive (-i) mode and guide you through all steps of secure source code signing.
If you add and commit a CHANGELOG.md file to your Git with the Keep a Changelog format, GPGit will autodetect that file and add the corresponding changelog section to the tag message and Github release notes.
$ gpgit --help
Usage: gpgit [options] <tagname> [<commit> | <object>]
GPGit 1.5.0 https://github.com/NicoHood/gpgit
A shell script that automates the process of signing Git sources via GPG.
Mandatory arguments:
<tagname> The name of the tag to create.
Optional arguments:
-h, --help Show this help message and exit.
-m, --message <msg> Use the given <msg> as the commit message.
If multiple -m options are given, their values are
concatenated as separate paragraphs.
-C, --directory <path> Run as if GPGit was started in <path> instead of the
current working directory.
-u, --local-user <keyid> Use the given GPG key (same as --signingkey).
-o, --output <path> Safe all release assets to the specified <path>.
-a, --asset Add additional Github assets, e.g. software bundles.
-t, --title Custom Github release title (instead of tag name).
-p, --pre-release Flag as Github pre-release.
-f, --force Force the recreation of Git tag and release assets.
-i, --interactive Run in interactive mode, step-by-step.
--<option> Temporary set a 'gpgit.<option>' from config below.
<commit>, <object> The object that the new tag will refer to.
Examples:
gpgit 1.0.0
gpgit -p -m "First alpha release." 0.1.0 --hash "sha256 sha512"
gpgit -C git/myproject/ -o /tmp/gpgit -n -m "Internal test release." 0.0.1
Configuration options:
gpgit.signingkey <keyid>, user.signingkey <keyid>
gpgit.output <path>
gpgit.token <token>
gpgit.compression <xz | gzip | bzip2 | lzip | zstd | zip>
gpgit.hash <sha512 | sha384 | sha256 | sha1 | md5>
gpgit.changelog <auto | true | false>
gpgit.github <auto | true | false>
gpgit.githubrepo <username/projectname>
gpgit.project <projectname>
gpgit.keyserver <keyserver>
Examples:
git config --global gpgit.output ~/gpgit
git config --local user.signingkey 97312D5EB9D7AE7D0BD4307351DAE9B7C1AE9161
git config --local gpgit.compression "xz zip"
GPGit guides you through 5 simple steps to get your software project ready with GPG signatures. Further details can be found below.
- Generate a new GPG key
- Publish your key
- Use Git with GPG
- Create a signed release archive
- Upload the release
Make sure that your new passphrase for the GPG key meets high security standards. If the passphrase/key is compromised all of your signatures are compromised too.
Here are a few examples how to keep a passphrase strong but easy to remember:
- Creating a strong password
- How to Create a Secure Password
- Mooltipass
- Keepass, KeepassXC
- PasswordCard
If you don't have a GPG key yet, create a new one first. You can use RSA (4096 bits) or ECC (Curve 25519) for a strong key. GPG offers you the option to use the most future-proof key algorithm available. Use the most recent version gnupg2, not gnupg1!
Ed25519 ECC GPG keys are still not supported by every software/platform. To generate an RSA key use rsa4096 instead of future-default as parameter.
Make sure that your secret key is stored somewhere safe and use a unique strong password.
$ gpg2 --quick-generate-key "John Doe <[email protected]>" future-default default 1y
We need to generate a lot of random bytes. It is a good idea to perform
some other action (type on the keyboard, move the mouse, utilize the
disks) during the prime generation; this gives the random number
generator a better chance to gain enough entropy.
gpg: key 2F8E73B1D445CCD3 marked as ultimately trusted
gpg: revocation certificate stored as '/home/john/.gnupg/openpgp-revocs.d/6718A9A63030E182A86FEE152F8E73B1D445CCD3.rev'
public and secret key created and signed.
pub ed25519 2017-09-24 [SC] [expires: 2018-09-24]
6718A9A63030E182A86FEE152F8E73B1D445CCD3
uid John Doe <[email protected]>
sub cv25519 2017-09-24 [E]The generated key has the fingerprint 6718A9A63030E182A86FEE152F8E73B1D445CCD3 in this example. Share it with others so they can verify your source. [Read more]
If you ever move your installation make sure to backup ~/.gnupg/ as it contains the private key and the revocation certificate. Handle it with care. [Read more]
To make the public key widely available, upload it to a key server. Now the user can get your key by requesting the fingerprint from the keyserver: [Read more]
# Publish key
gpg2 --keyserver hkps://keyserver.ubuntu.com --send-keys <fingerprint>
# Import key
# Alternative keyserver: hkps://hkps.pool.sks-keyservers.net
gpg2 --keyserver hkps://keyserver.ubuntu.com --recv-keys <fingerprint>To make it easy for everyone else to find your key it is crucial that you publish the full fingerprint on a trusted platform, such as your website or Github. To give the key more trust other users can sign your key too. [Read more]
To make Github display your commits as "verified" you also need to add your public GPG key to your Github profile. [Read more]
# List keys + full fingerprint
gpg2 --list-secret-keys --keyid-format LONG
# Generate public key
gpg2 --armor --export <fingerprint>
# If you have multiple uids or signatures you can minimize the output:
gpg2 --armor --export --export-filter keep-uid="uid =~ <email>" --export-options export-minimal <fingerprint>In order to make Git use your GPG key you need to set the default signing key for Git. [Read more]
# List keys + full fingerprint
gpg2 --list-secret-keys --keyid-format LONG
git config --global user.signingkey <fingerprint>To verify the Git history, Git commits needs to be signed. You can manually sign commits or enable it by default for every commit. It is recommended to globally enable Git commit signing. [Read more]
git config --global commit.gpgsign trueGit tags need to be created from the command line and always need a switch to enable tag signing. [Read more]
# Creates a signed tag
git tag -s 1.0.0
# Re-tag an older, unsigned tag
git tag -sf 1.0.0 1.0.0
# Verifies the signed tag
git tag -v 1.0.0You can use git archive to create archives of your tagged Git release. It is highly recommended to use a strong compression which is especially beneficial for those countries with slow and unstable internet connections. [Read more]
# .tar.gz
git archive --format=tar.gz -o gpgit-1.0.0.tar.gz --prefix gpgit-1.0.0/ 1.0.0
# .tar.xz
git archive --format=tar --prefix gpgit-1.0.0/ 1.0.0 | xz > gpgit-1.0.0.tar.xzType the filename of the tarball that you want to sign and then run:
gpg2 --personal-digest-preferences SHA512 --armor --detach-sign gpgit-1.0.0.tar.xzDo not blindly sign the Github source downloads unless you have compared its content with the local files via diff. [Read more]
To not need to retype your password every time for signing you can also use gpg-agent.
This gives you a file called gpgit-1.0.0.tar.xz.asc which is the GPG signature. Release it along with your source tarball and let everyone know to first verify the signature after downloading. [Read more]
gpg2 --verify gpgit-1.0.0.tar.xz.ascMessage digests are used to ensure the integrity of a file. It can also serve as checksum to verify the download. Message digests do not replace GPG signatures. They rather provide and alternative simple way to verify the source. Make sure to provide message digest over a secure channel like https.
sha512sum gpgit-1.0.0.tar.xz > gpgit-1.0.0.tar.xz.sha512Create a new "Github Release" to add additional data to the tag. Then drag the .tar.xz .sig and .sha512 files onto the release.
The script also supports uploading to Github directly. Create a new Github token first and then follow the instructions of the script. How to generate a Github token:
- Go to "Settings - Personal access tokens"
- Generate a new token with permissions
public_repoandadmin:gpg_key. In order to access private repositories you must allow access to the wholereposcope. - Store it safely
- You can also store the token inside the git config:
git config --global gpgit.token <token>
You can also use your GPG key for email encryption with thunderbird.
After renewing the GPG key expire date make sure to publish your GPG key again to the keyserver and update your website accordingly. A more detailed instruction can be found at G-Loaded Journal.
gpg2 --edit-key <fingerprint>
gpg> expire
gpg> 1y
gpg> key 1
gpg> expire
gpg> 1y
gpg> save
You can get securely in touch with me here. My GPG key ID is 9731 2D5E B9D7 AE7D 0BD4 3073 51DA E9B7 C1AE 9161. Don't hesitate to file a bug at Github. More cool projects from me can be found on my Website.
