Accept axes in Base.checkdims_perm

[jishnub]

Since checkdims_perm only checks the axes of the arrays that are passed to it, this PR adds a method that accepts the axes as arguments instead of the arrays. This will avoid having to specialize on array types.
An example of an improvement:
On master

julia> using LinearAlgebra

julia> D = Diagonal(zeros(1));

julia> Dv = Diagonal(view(zeros(1),:));

julia> @time @eval permutedims(D, (2,1));
  0.016841 seconds (13.68 k allocations: 680.672 KiB, 51.37% compilation time)

julia> @time @eval permutedims(Dv, (2,1));
  0.009303 seconds (11.24 k allocations: 564.203 KiB, 97.79% compilation time)

This PR

julia> @time @eval permutedims(D, (2,1));
  0.016837 seconds (13.42 k allocations: 667.438 KiB, 51.05% compilation time)

julia> @time @eval permutedims(Dv, (2,1));
  0.009076 seconds (6.59 k allocations: 321.156 KiB, 97.46% compilation time)

The allocations are lower in the second call.

I've retained the original method as well, as some packages seem to be using it. This now forwards the axes to the new method.

[dkarrasch]

Nice find!