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sprivite committed Jul 2, 2024
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![](logo.png)
![https://bayer-group.github.io/pybalance/index.html](logo.png)

## Confounding Adjustment

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However, in many practical cases, it is not possible to control the variables
of interest. For instance, it is unethical to conduct a randomized trial to test
the effects of smoking on long-term health outcome; yet knowing the answer to this
question is of extreme importance to policy makers, insurance companies and
the effects of smoking on long-term health outcomes; yet the answer to this
question is of extreme interest to policy makers, insurance companies and
regulatory agencies. Similarly, in social science research, when studying the
impact of education on income, researchers cannot manipulate individuals' education
levels while holding all other variables constant.

In these cases, observational data can form the basis for "natural experiments" but
care must be taken in interpreting these data. One major issue with interpreting these
data is known as confounding.
data is known as "confounding".

A classic example of confounding is the association between coffee consumption and
heart disease. Initially, a study might find a positive correlation between high
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smoking status and potentially other relevant variables to accurately assess the
independent impact of coffee consumption on heart disease risk.

In general, any comparative analysis of two non-randomized population will differ
In general, any comparative analysis of two non-randomized populations will differ
systematically in a number of covariate dimensions and these systematic differences
must be adjusted for as part of any causal inference analysis.
must be adjusted for as part of any causal inference analysis. That is where
`pybalance` comes in.

## PyBalance

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