refactor(php): support Ubuntu and Debian

* add support for Debian and Ubuntu (noble is not supported at the moment; see oerdnj/deb.sury.org#2127)
* remove `installsAfter`;
* install the required packages automatically;
* update PHP configuration files

features/src/php/devcontainer-feature.json

@@ -2,10 +2,7 @@
     "id": "php",
     "name": "PHP",
     "description": "Installs PHP into the Dev Environment",
-    "version": "2.3.1",
-    "containerEnv": {
-        "PHP_INI_DIR": "/etc/php"
-    },
+    "version": "2.4.0",
     "options": {
         "version": {
             "type": "string",
@@ -44,8 +41,5 @@
                 "phpSniffer.autoDetect": true
             }
         }
-    },
-    "installsAfter": [
-        "ghcr.io/automattic/vip-codespaces/base"
-    ]
+    }
 }