diff --git a/automata/examples/matched_parentheses_codegen/src/parser.rs b/automata/examples/matched_parentheses_codegen/src/parser.rs
index 0f570f3..e1f62eb 100644
--- a/automata/examples/matched_parentheses_codegen/src/parser.rs
+++ b/automata/examples/matched_parentheses_codegen/src/parser.rs
@@ -58,7 +58,7 @@ fn state_0<I: Iterator<Item = (usize, char)>>(
             '('..='(' => {
                 let detour = state_0(input, (), Some(("parentheses", index)))?;
                 let postprocessed = (|(), ()| ())(acc, detour);
-                state_0(input, postprocessed, stack_top)
+                state_0(input, acc, stack_top)
             }
             ')'..=')' => match stack_top {
                 Some((region, _)) if region == "parentheses" => Ok(acc),
diff --git a/automata/src/check.rs b/automata/src/check.rs
index de3950b..6baa748 100644
--- a/automata/src/check.rs
+++ b/automata/src/check.rs
@@ -264,7 +264,15 @@ impl<I: Input, C: Ctrl<I>> Check<I, C> for Transition<I, C> {
     #[inline]
     fn check(&self, n_states: NonZeroUsize) -> Result<(), IllFormed<I, C>> {
         match *self {
-            Self::Lateral { ref dst, .. } | Self::Call { ref dst, .. } => dst.check(n_states),
+            Self::Lateral { ref dst, .. } => dst.check(n_states),
+            Self::Call {
+                ref detour,
+                ref dst,
+                ..
+            } => {
+                detour.check(n_states)?;
+                dst.check(n_states)
+            }
             Self::Return { .. } => Ok(()),
         }
     }
diff --git a/automata/src/combinators.rs b/automata/src/combinators.rs
index ebf1aec..b18d602 100644
--- a/automata/src/combinators.rs
+++ b/automata/src/combinators.rs
@@ -197,12 +197,16 @@ fn add_tail_call_transition<I: Input, C: Ctrl<I>>(
         Transition::Call {
             region,
             ref detour,
-            ref dst,
+            dst,
             combine,
         } => Transition::Call {
             region,
             detour: add_tail_call_c(detour, other_init, accepting_indices),
-            dst: add_tail_call_c(dst, other_init, accepting_indices),
+            dst: Box::new(add_tail_call_transition(
+                *dst,
+                other_init,
+                accepting_indices,
+            )),
             combine,
         },
         Transition::Return { region } => Transition::Return { region },
diff --git a/automata/src/generalize.rs b/automata/src/generalize.rs
index c2c0f16..922a0b9 100644
--- a/automata/src/generalize.rs
+++ b/automata/src/generalize.rs
@@ -76,7 +76,7 @@ impl<I: Input, C: Ctrl<I>> Transition<I, C> {
             } => Transition::Call {
                 region,
                 detour: detour.view().collect(),
-                dst: dst.view().collect(),
+                dst: Box::new(dst.generalize()),
                 combine,
             },
             Self::Return { region } => Transition::Return { region },
diff --git a/automata/src/graph.rs b/automata/src/graph.rs
index afc850a..9952bb6 100644
--- a/automata/src/graph.rs
+++ b/automata/src/graph.rs
@@ -382,13 +382,13 @@ fn fix_indices_transition<I: Input, C: Ctrl<I>>(
         },
         Transition::Call {
             region,
-            detour,
+            ref detour,
             dst,
             combine,
         } => Transition::Call {
             region,
-            detour: unwrap!(ordering.binary_search(&detour)),
-            dst: unwrap!(ordering.binary_search(&dst)),
+            detour: unwrap!(ordering.binary_search(detour)),
+            dst: Box::new(fix_indices_transition(*dst, ordering)),
             combine,
         },
         Transition::Return { region } => Transition::Return { region },
diff --git a/automata/src/in_progress.rs b/automata/src/in_progress.rs
index 799c873..f5927a9 100644
--- a/automata/src/in_progress.rs
+++ b/automata/src/in_progress.rs
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@
 
 //! Execute an automaton on an input sequence.
 
-use crate::{try_merge, Ctrl, Graph, IllFormed, Input, ToSrc};
+use crate::{try_merge, Ctrl, Graph, IllFormed, Input, ToSrc, Transition};
 use core::fmt;
 
 /// Execute an automaton on an input sequence.
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ pub struct InProgress<'graph, I: Input, C: Ctrl<I>, In: Iterator<Item = I>> {
     /// Iterator over input tokens.
     pub input: In,
     /// Internal stack.
-    pub stack: Vec<C>,
+    pub stack: Vec<Transition<I, C>>,
     /// Internal state.
     pub ctrl: C,
     /// Output type as we go.
@@ -90,7 +90,7 @@ fn step<I: Input, C: Ctrl<I>>(
     graph: &Graph<I, C>,
     ctrl: &C,
     maybe_token: Option<I>,
-    stack: &mut Vec<C>,
+    stack: &mut Vec<Transition<I, C>>,
     output_t: &str,
 ) -> Result<(Option<C>, String), ParseError<I, C>> {
     ctrl.view().try_fold((), |(), i| {
diff --git a/automata/src/lib.rs b/automata/src/lib.rs
index 201c144..1bd4e3d 100644
--- a/automata/src/lib.rs
+++ b/automata/src/lib.rs
@@ -233,7 +233,10 @@ pub fn dyck_d() -> Deterministic<char> {
                             Transition::Call {
                                 region: "parentheses",
                                 detour: 0,
-                                dst: 0,
+                                dst: Box::new(Transition::Lateral {
+                                    dst: 0,
+                                    update: None,
+                                }),
                                 combine: ff!(|(), ()| ()),
                             },
                         ),
@@ -269,7 +272,10 @@ pub fn dyck_nd() -> Nondeterministic<char> {
                             Transition::Call {
                                 region: "parentheses",
                                 detour: iter::once(0).collect(),
-                                dst: iter::once(0).collect(),
+                                dst: Box::new(Transition::Lateral {
+                                    dst: iter::once(0).collect(),
+                                    update: None,
+                                }),
                                 combine: ff!(|(), ()| ()),
                             },
                         ),
diff --git a/automata/src/map_indices.rs b/automata/src/map_indices.rs
index 65ae147..e2c730e 100644
--- a/automata/src/map_indices.rs
+++ b/automata/src/map_indices.rs
@@ -83,7 +83,7 @@ impl<I: Input, C: Ctrl<I>> Transition<I, C> {
             } => Self::Call {
                 region,
                 detour: detour.map_indices(&mut f),
-                dst: dst.map_indices(f),
+                dst: Box::new(dst.map_indices(f)),
                 combine,
             },
             Self::Return { region } => Self::Return { region },
diff --git a/automata/src/merge.rs b/automata/src/merge.rs
index daa6ee3..4c011e7 100644
--- a/automata/src/merge.rs
+++ b/automata/src/merge.rs
@@ -219,9 +219,7 @@ impl<I: Input, C: Ctrl<I>> Merge for Transition<I, C> {
                 detour: l_detour
                     .merge(r_detour)
                     .map_err(|(a, b)| IllFormed::Superposition(a, b))?,
-                dst: l_dst
-                    .merge(r_dst)
-                    .map_err(|(a, b)| IllFormed::Superposition(a, b))?,
+                dst: Box::new(l_dst.merge(*r_dst)?),
                 combine: l_combine.merge(r_combine).map_err(|(a, b)| {
                     IllFormed::IncompatibleCombinators(Box::new(a), Box::new(b))
                 })?,
diff --git a/automata/src/qc.rs b/automata/src/qc.rs
index 38a22e7..b70922a 100644
--- a/automata/src/qc.rs
+++ b/automata/src/qc.rs
@@ -152,37 +152,33 @@ shrink_only!(|self: &Curry| match *self {
 
 shrink_only!(|self: &Transition| {
     #[allow(clippy::shadow_unrelated, unreachable_code, unused_variables)]
-    match self.clone() {
-        Self::Return { region: _ } => Box::new(iter::empty()),
-        Self::Lateral { dst, update } => Box::new(
+    match *self {
+        Self::Return { .. } => Box::new(iter::empty()),
+        Self::Lateral {
+            ref dst,
+            ref update,
+        } => Box::new(
             iter::once(Self::Return { region: "region" }).chain(
-                (dst, update)
+                (dst.clone(), update.clone())
                     .shrink()
                     .map(|(dst, update)| Self::Lateral { dst, update }),
             ),
         ),
         Self::Call {
-            region: _,
-            detour,
-            dst,
-            combine,
-        } => {
-            Box::new(
-                Self::Lateral {
-                    dst: dst.clone(),
-                    update: None,
-                }
-                .shrink()
-                .chain((detour, dst, combine).shrink().map(
-                    |(detour, dst, combine)| Self::Call {
-                        region: "region",
-                        detour,
-                        dst,
-                        combine,
-                    },
-                )),
-            )
-        }
+            ref detour,
+            ref dst,
+            ref combine,
+            ..
+        } => Box::new(dst.as_ref().shrink().chain(
+            (detour.clone(), dst.clone(), combine.clone()).shrink().map(
+                |(detour, dst, combine)| Self::Call {
+                    region: "region",
+                    detour,
+                    dst,
+                    combine,
+                },
+            ),
+        )),
     }
 });
 
@@ -255,7 +251,7 @@ impl<C: Ctrl<u8>> Transition<u8, C> {
             |n, r| Self::Call {
                 region: "region",
                 detour: C::arbitrary_given(n, r),
-                dst: C::arbitrary_given(n, r),
+                dst: Box::new(Transition::arbitrary_given(n, r)),
                 combine: Arbitrary::arbitrary(r),
             },
             |_, _| Self::Return { region: "region" },
diff --git a/automata/src/reindex.rs b/automata/src/reindex.rs
index b4a1bbf..f1f1349 100644
--- a/automata/src/reindex.rs
+++ b/automata/src/reindex.rs
@@ -92,7 +92,7 @@ impl<I: Input, C: Ctrl<I>> Transition<I, C> {
             } => Self::Call {
                 region,
                 detour: detour.clone().map_indices(update_fn),
-                dst: dst.clone().map_indices(update_fn),
+                dst: Box::new(dst.clone().map_indices(update_fn)),
                 combine: combine.clone(),
             },
             Self::Return { region } => Self::Return { region },
diff --git a/automata/src/test.rs b/automata/src/test.rs
index 747a1af..b58d60c 100644
--- a/automata/src/test.rs
+++ b/automata/src/test.rs
@@ -337,6 +337,14 @@ mod prop {
             };
             star.accept(input).is_ok()
         }
+
+        fn star_star_identity(d: Deterministic<u8>, input: Vec<u8>) -> bool {
+            let Ok(once) = panic::catch_unwind(|| d.star()) else {
+                return true;
+            };
+            let twice = once.clone().star();
+            once.accept(input.iter().copied()) == twice.accept(input)
+        }
     }
 }
 
@@ -506,7 +514,10 @@ mod reduced {
                         transitions: Curry::Wildcard(Transition::Call {
                             region: "region",
                             detour: 0,
-                            dst: 1,
+                            dst: Box::new(Transition::Lateral {
+                                dst: 1,
+                                update: None,
+                            }),
                             combine: FF {
                                 src: "|(), ()| ()".to_owned(),
                                 lhs_t: "()".to_owned(),
@@ -662,7 +673,10 @@ mod reduced {
                         transitions: Curry::Wildcard(Transition::Call {
                             region: "region",
                             detour: 0,
-                            dst: 0,
+                            dst: Box::new(Transition::Lateral {
+                                dst: 0,
+                                update: None,
+                            }),
                             combine: ff!(|(), ()| ()),
                         }),
                         non_accepting: BTreeSet::new(),
diff --git a/automata/src/to_src.rs b/automata/src/to_src.rs
index 8f500cc..a5dc9ac 100644
--- a/automata/src/to_src.rs
+++ b/automata/src/to_src.rs
@@ -291,7 +291,9 @@ impl<I: Input> Curry<I, usize> {
         match *self {
             Self::Wildcard(ref etc) => format!(
                 r#"
-            _ => {},"#,
+            _ => {{
+                {}
+            }}"#,
                 etc.to_src(),
             ),
             Self::Scrutinize {
@@ -318,7 +320,9 @@ impl<I: Input> RangeMap<I, usize> {
         self.0.iter().fold(String::new(), |acc, (k, v)| {
             format!(
                 r#"{acc}
-            {} => {},"#,
+            {} => {{
+                {}
+            }},"#,
                 k.to_src(),
                 v.to_src(),
             )
@@ -342,15 +346,15 @@ impl<I: Input> Transition<I, usize> {
             Self::Call {
                 region,
                 detour,
-                dst,
+                ref dst,
                 combine: FF { ref src, .. },
             } => format!(
-                r#"{{
+                "\
                 let detour = state_{detour}(input, (), Some(({}, index)))?;
                 let postprocessed = ({src})(acc, detour);
-                state_{dst}(input, postprocessed, stack_top)
-            }}"#,
+                {}",
                 region.to_src(),
+                dst.to_src(),
             ),
             Self::Return { region } => {
                 format!(
diff --git a/automata/src/transition.rs b/automata/src/transition.rs
index 51aa9ed..06120d6 100644
--- a/automata/src/transition.rs
+++ b/automata/src/transition.rs
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@
 //! Transition in an automaton: an action and a destination state.
 
 use crate::{Ctrl, Input, InputError, Merge, ParseError, Update, FF};
-use core::{cmp, mem};
+use core::{cmp, iter, mem};
 use std::collections::BTreeSet;
 
 // TODO: rename `Call` to `Open` and `Return` to `Close`
@@ -137,7 +137,7 @@ impl<I: Input, C: Ctrl<I>> Transition<I, C> {
     pub fn invoke(
         &self,
         output_t: &str,
-        stack: &mut Vec<C>,
+        stack: &mut Vec<Transition<I, C>>,
     ) -> Result<Option<(C, String)>, ParseError<I, C>> {
         match *self {
             Self::Lateral {
@@ -156,14 +156,17 @@ impl<I: Input, C: Ctrl<I>> Transition<I, C> {
                 ref dst,
                 ..
             } => {
-                stack.push(dst.clone());
+                stack.push(*dst.clone());
                 Ok(Some((detour.clone(), "()".to_owned())))
             }
             Self::Return { .. } => {
                 let rtn_to = stack
                     .pop()
                     .ok_or(ParseError::BadInput(InputError::Unopened))?;
-                Ok(Some((rtn_to, output_t.to_owned())))
+                // Ok(Some((rtn_to, output_t.to_owned())))
+                // No longer strictly small-step semantics,
+                // but the alternative is a nightmare
+                rtn_to.invoke(output_t, stack)
             }
         }
     }
@@ -185,15 +188,15 @@ impl<I: Input, C: Ctrl<I>> Transition<I, C> {
     /// For returns, it's nothing.
     #[inline]
     #[must_use]
-    pub fn dsts(&self) -> Vec<&C> {
+    pub fn dsts(&self) -> BTreeSet<&C> {
         match *self {
-            Self::Lateral { ref dst, .. } => vec![dst],
+            Self::Lateral { ref dst, .. } => iter::once(dst).collect(),
             Self::Call {
                 ref detour,
                 ref dst,
                 ..
-            } => vec![detour, dst],
-            Self::Return { .. } => vec![],
+            } => iter::once(detour).chain(dst.dsts()).collect(),
+            Self::Return { .. } => BTreeSet::new(),
         }
     }
 
@@ -227,7 +230,7 @@ impl<I: Input> Transition<I, usize> {
             } => Transition::Call {
                 region,
                 detour: C::from_usize(detour),
-                dst: C::from_usize(dst),
+                dst: Box::new(dst.convert_ctrl()),
                 combine,
             },
             Self::Return { region } => Transition::Return { region },
@@ -241,11 +244,12 @@ impl<I: Input> Transition<I, BTreeSet<usize>> {
     #[allow(clippy::missing_panics_doc)]
     pub fn star(&mut self, init: &BTreeSet<usize>, accepting: &BTreeSet<usize>) {
         match *self {
-            Transition::Lateral { ref mut dst, .. } | Transition::Call { ref mut dst, .. } => {
+            Transition::Lateral { ref mut dst, .. } => {
                 if dst.iter().any(|i| accepting.contains(i)) {
                     *dst = unwrap!(mem::take(dst).merge(init.clone()));
                 }
             }
+            Transition::Call { ref mut dst, .. } => dst.star(init, accepting),
             Transition::Return { .. } => {}
         }
     }
diff --git a/examples/json/src/parser.rs b/examples/json/src/parser.rs
index fdf3c95..e3316de 100644
--- a/examples/json/src/parser.rs
+++ b/examples/json/src/parser.rs
@@ -69,10 +69,18 @@ fn state_1<I: Iterator<Item = (usize, u8)>>(
     match input.next() {
         None => Err(Error::UserDefined { messages: &["Expected only a single token on [b\' \'..=b\' \'] but got another token after it", "Expected only a single token on [b\'\\n\'..=b\'\\n\'] but got another token after it", "Expected only a single token on [b\'\\r\'..=b\'\\r\'] but got another token after it", "Expected only a single token on [b\'\\t\'..=b\'\\t\'] but got another token after it"] }),
         Some((index, token)) => match token {
-            b'\t'..=b'\t' => state_0(input, acc, stack_top),
-            b'\n'..=b'\n' => state_0(input, acc, stack_top),
-            b'\r'..=b'\r' => state_0(input, acc, stack_top),
-            b' '..=b' ' => state_0(input, acc, stack_top),
+            b'\t'..=b'\t' => {
+                state_0(input, acc, stack_top)
+            },
+            b'\n'..=b'\n' => {
+                state_0(input, acc, stack_top)
+            },
+            b'\r'..=b'\r' => {
+                state_0(input, acc, stack_top)
+            },
+            b' '..=b' ' => {
+                state_0(input, acc, stack_top)
+            },
             _ => Err(Error::Absurd { index, token })
         },
     }