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afl-showmap.c
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afl-showmap.c
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/*
american fuzzy lop - map display utility
----------------------------------------
Written and maintained by Michal Zalewski <[email protected]>
Windows fork written by Axel "0vercl0k" Souchet <[email protected]>
Copyright 2017 Google Inc. All rights reserved.
Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
You may obtain a copy of the License at:
http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
A very simple tool that runs the targeted binary and displays
the contents of the trace bitmap in a human-readable form. Useful in
scripts to eliminate redundant inputs and perform other checks.
Exit code is 2 if the target program crashes; 1 if it times out or
there is a problem executing it; or 0 if execution is successful.
*/
#define _CRT_SECURE_NO_WARNINGS
#define _CRT_RAND_S
#define VERSION "2.36b"
#define AFL_MAIN
#include <windows.h>
#include <stdarg.h>
#include <io.h>
#include <direct.h>
#include "config.h"
#include "types.h"
#include "debug.h"
#include "alloc-inl.h"
#include "hash.h"
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <time.h>
#include <errno.h>
#include <signal.h>
#include <fcntl.h>
#include <sys/stat.h>
#include <sys/types.h>
static s32 child_pid; /* PID of the tested program */
static HANDLE child_handle,
child_thread_handle;
static char *dynamorio_dir;
static char *client_params;
static CRITICAL_SECTION critical_section;
static u64 watchdog_timeout_time;
static u8 watchdog_enabled;
static u8 *target_cmd; /* command line of target */
static HANDLE shm_handle; /* Handle of the SHM region */
static HANDLE pipe_handle; /* Handle of the name pipe */
static u64 name_seed; /* Random integer to have a unique shm/pipe name */
static HANDLE devnul_handle; /* Handle of the nul device */
static char *fuzzer_id = NULL; /* The fuzzer ID or a randomized
seed allowing multiple instances */
static u8* trace_bits; /* SHM with instrumentation bitmap */
static u8 *out_file, /* Trace output file */
*doc_path, /* Path to docs */
*target_path, /* Path to target binary */
*at_file; /* Substitution string for @@ */
static u32 exec_tmout; /* Exec timeout (ms) */
static u64 mem_limit = MEM_LIMIT; /* Memory limit (MB) */
// static s32 shm_id; /* ID of the SHM region */
static u8 quiet_mode, /* Hide non-essential messages? */
edges_only, /* Ignore hit counts? */
cmin_mode, /* Generate output in afl-cmin mode? */
binary_mode, /* Write output as a binary map */
drioless = 0; /* Running without DRIO? */
static volatile u8
stop_soon, /* Ctrl-C pressed? */
child_timed_out, /* Child timed out? */
child_crashed; /* Child crashed? */
/* Classify tuple counts. Instead of mapping to individual bits, as in
afl-fuzz.c, we map to more user-friendly numbers between 1 and 8. */
#define AREP4(_sym) (_sym), (_sym), (_sym), (_sym)
#define AREP8(_sym) AREP4(_sym), AREP4(_sym)
#define AREP16(_sym) AREP8(_sym), AREP8(_sym)
#define AREP32(_sym) AREP16(_sym), AREP16(_sym)
#define AREP64(_sym) AREP32(_sym), AREP32(_sym)
#define AREP128(_sym) AREP64(_sym), AREP64(_sym)
static const u8 count_class_human[256] = {
/* 0 - 3: 4 */ 0, 1, 2, 3,
/* 4 - 7: +4 */ AREP4(4),
/* 8 - 15: +8 */ AREP8(5),
/* 16 - 31: +16 */ AREP16(6),
/* 32 - 127: +96 */ AREP64(7), AREP32(7),
/* 128+: +128 */ AREP128(8)
};
static const u8 count_class_binary[256] = {
/* 0 - 3: 4 */ 0, 1, 2, 4,
/* 4 - 7: +4 */ AREP4(8),
/* 8 - 15: +8 */ AREP8(16),
/* 16 - 31: +16 */ AREP16(32),
/* 32 - 127: +96 */ AREP64(64), AREP32(64),
/* 128+: +128 */ AREP128(128)
};
static void classify_counts(u8* mem, const u8* map) {
u32 i = MAP_SIZE;
if (edges_only) {
while (i--) {
if (*mem) *mem = 1;
mem++;
}
} else {
while (i--) {
*mem = map[*mem];
mem++;
}
}
}
/* Get unix time in milliseconds */
static u64 get_cur_time(void) {
u64 ret;
FILETIME filetime;
GetSystemTimeAsFileTime(&filetime);
ret = (((u64)filetime.dwHighDateTime)<<32) + (u64)filetime.dwLowDateTime;
return ret / 10000;
}
/* Get unix time in microseconds */
static u64 get_cur_time_us(void) {
u64 ret;
FILETIME filetime;
GetSystemTimeAsFileTime(&filetime);
ret = (((u64)filetime.dwHighDateTime)<<32) + (u64)filetime.dwLowDateTime;
return ret / 10;
}
char *alloc_printf(const char *_str, ...) {
va_list argptr;
char* _tmp;
s32 _len;
va_start(argptr, _str);
_len = vsnprintf(NULL, 0, _str, argptr);
if (_len < 0) FATAL("Whoa, snprintf() fails?!");
_tmp = ck_alloc(_len + 1);
vsnprintf(_tmp, _len + 1, _str, argptr);
va_end(argptr);
return _tmp;
}
/* Get rid of shared memory (atexit handler). */
static void remove_shm(void) {
UnmapViewOfFile(trace_bits);
CloseHandle(shm_handle);
}
/* Configure shared memory. */
static void setup_shm(void) {
char* shm_str = NULL;
unsigned int seeds[2];
u64 name_seed;
u8 attempts = 0;
while(attempts < 5) {
if(fuzzer_id == NULL) {
// If it is null, it means we have to generate a random seed to name the instance
rand_s(&seeds[0]);
rand_s(&seeds[1]);
name_seed = ((u64)seeds[0] << 32) | seeds[1];
fuzzer_id = (char *)alloc_printf("%I64x", name_seed);
}
shm_str = (char *)alloc_printf("afl_shm_%s", fuzzer_id);
shm_handle = CreateFileMapping(
INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE, // use paging file
NULL, // default security
PAGE_READWRITE, // read/write access
0, // maximum object size (high-order DWORD)
MAP_SIZE, // maximum object size (low-order DWORD)
(char *)shm_str); // name of mapping object
if(shm_handle == NULL) {
if(GetLastError() == ERROR_ALREADY_EXISTS) {
// We need another attempt to find a unique section name
attempts++;
ck_free(shm_str);
ck_free(fuzzer_id);
fuzzer_id = NULL;
continue;
}
else {
PFATAL("CreateFileMapping failed");
}
}
// We found a section name that works!
break;
}
if(attempts == 5) {
FATAL("Could not find a section name.\n");
}
atexit(remove_shm);
ck_free(shm_str);
trace_bits = (u8 *)MapViewOfFile(
shm_handle, // handle to map object
FILE_MAP_ALL_ACCESS, // read/write permission
0,
0,
MAP_SIZE
);
if (!trace_bits) PFATAL("MapViewOfFile() failed");
}
/* Write results. */
static u32 write_results(void) {
s32 fd;
u32 i, ret = 0;
u8 cco = !!getenv("AFL_CMIN_CRASHES_ONLY"),
caa = !!getenv("AFL_CMIN_ALLOW_ANY");
if (!strncmp(out_file, "/dev/", 5)) {
fd = _open(out_file, O_WRONLY, 0600);
if (fd < 0) PFATAL("Unable to open '%s'", out_file);
} else if (!strcmp(out_file, "-")) {
fd = _dup(1);
if (fd < 0) PFATAL("Unable to open stdout");
} else {
_unlink(out_file); /* Ignore errors */
fd = _open(out_file, O_WRONLY | O_CREAT | O_EXCL, 0600);
if (fd < 0) PFATAL("Unable to create '%s'", out_file);
}
if (binary_mode) {
for (i = 0; i < MAP_SIZE; i++)
if (trace_bits[i]) ret++;
ck_write(fd, trace_bits, MAP_SIZE, out_file);
close(fd);
} else {
FILE* f = fdopen(fd, "w");
if (!f) PFATAL("fdopen() failed");
for (i = 0; i < MAP_SIZE; i++) {
if (!trace_bits[i]) continue;
ret++;
if (cmin_mode) {
if (child_timed_out) break;
if (!caa && child_crashed != cco) break;
fprintf(f, "%u%u\n", trace_bits[i], i);
} else fprintf(f, "%06u:%u\n", i, trace_bits[i]);
}
fclose(f);
}
return ret;
}
//quoting on Windows is weird
size_t ArgvQuote(char *in, char *out) {
int needs_quoting = 0;
size_t size = 0;
char *p = in;
size_t i;
//check if quoting is necessary
if(strchr(in, ' ')) needs_quoting = 1;
if(strchr(in, '\"')) needs_quoting = 1;
if(strchr(in, '\t')) needs_quoting = 1;
if(strchr(in, '\n')) needs_quoting = 1;
if(strchr(in, '\v')) needs_quoting = 1;
if(!needs_quoting) {
size = strlen(in);
if(out) memcpy(out, in, size);
return size;
}
if(out) out[size] = '\"';
size++;
while(*p) {
size_t num_backslashes = 0;
while((*p) && (*p == '\\')) {
p++;
num_backslashes++;
}
if(*p == 0) {
for(i = 0; i < (num_backslashes*2); i++) {
if(out) out[size] = '\\';
size++;
}
break;
} else if(*p == '\"') {
for(i = 0; i < (num_backslashes*2 + 1); i++) {
if(out) out[size] = '\\';
size++;
}
if(out) out[size] = *p;
size++;
} else {
for(i = 0; i < num_backslashes; i++) {
if(out) out[size] = '\\';
size++;
}
if(out) out[size] = *p;
size++;
}
p++;
}
if(out) out[size] = '\"';
size++;
return size;
}
char *argv_to_cmd(char** argv) {
u32 len = 0, i;
u8* buf, *ret;
//todo shell-escape
for (i = 0; argv[i]; i++)
len += ArgvQuote(argv[i], NULL) + 1;
if(!len) FATAL("Error creating command line");
buf = ret = ck_alloc(len);
for (i = 0; argv[i]; i++) {
u32 l = ArgvQuote(argv[i], buf);
buf += l;
*(buf++) = ' ';
}
ret[len-1] = 0;
return ret;
}
static void create_target_process(char** argv) {
char *cmd;
char *pipe_name;
char *buf;
char *pidfile;
FILE *fp;
size_t pidsize;
BOOL inherit_handles = TRUE;
HANDLE hJob = NULL;
JOBOBJECT_EXTENDED_LIMIT_INFORMATION job_limit;
STARTUPINFO si;
PROCESS_INFORMATION pi;
pipe_name = (char *)alloc_printf("\\\\.\\pipe\\afl_pipe_%s", fuzzer_id);
pipe_handle = CreateNamedPipe(
pipe_name, // pipe name
PIPE_ACCESS_DUPLEX, // read/write access
0,
1, // max. instances
512, // output buffer size
512, // input buffer size
20000, // client time-out
NULL); // default security attribute
if (pipe_handle == INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE) {
FATAL("CreateNamedPipe failed, GLE=%d.\n", GetLastError());
}
target_cmd = argv_to_cmd(argv);
ZeroMemory(&si, sizeof(si));
si.cb = sizeof(si);
ZeroMemory(&pi, sizeof(pi));
if(quiet_mode) {
si.hStdOutput = si.hStdError = devnul_handle;
si.dwFlags |= STARTF_USESTDHANDLES;
} else {
inherit_handles = FALSE;
}
if(drioless) {
char *static_config = alloc_printf("%s:1", fuzzer_id);
if (static_config == NULL) {
FATAL("Cannot allocate static_config.");
}
SetEnvironmentVariable("AFL_STATIC_CONFIG", static_config);
cmd = alloc_printf("%s", target_cmd);
ck_free(static_config);
} else {
pidfile = alloc_printf("childpid_%s.txt", fuzzer_id);
cmd = alloc_printf(
"%s\\drrun.exe -pidfile %s -no_follow_children -c winafl.dll %s -fuzz_iterations 1 -fuzzer_id %s -- %s",
dynamorio_dir, pidfile, client_params, fuzzer_id, target_cmd
);
}
if(mem_limit != 0) {
hJob = CreateJobObject(NULL, NULL);
if(hJob == NULL) {
FATAL("CreateJobObject failed, GLE=%d.\n", GetLastError());
}
ZeroMemory(&job_limit, sizeof(job_limit));
job_limit.BasicLimitInformation.LimitFlags = JOB_OBJECT_LIMIT_PROCESS_MEMORY;
job_limit.ProcessMemoryLimit = mem_limit * 1024 * 1024;
if(!SetInformationJobObject(
hJob,
JobObjectExtendedLimitInformation,
&job_limit,
sizeof(job_limit)
)) {
FATAL("SetInformationJobObject failed, GLE=%d.\n", GetLastError());
}
}
if(!CreateProcess(NULL, cmd, NULL, NULL, inherit_handles, CREATE_SUSPENDED, NULL, NULL, &si, &pi)) {
FATAL("CreateProcess failed, GLE=%d.\n", GetLastError());
}
child_handle = pi.hProcess;
child_thread_handle = pi.hThread;
if(mem_limit != 0) {
if(!AssignProcessToJobObject(hJob, child_handle)) {
FATAL("AssignProcessToJobObject failed, GLE=%d.\n", GetLastError());
}
}
ResumeThread(child_thread_handle);
watchdog_timeout_time = get_cur_time() + exec_tmout;
watchdog_enabled = 1;
if(!ConnectNamedPipe(pipe_handle, NULL)) {
if(GetLastError() != ERROR_PIPE_CONNECTED) {
FATAL("ConnectNamedPipe failed, GLE=%d.\n", GetLastError());
}
}
watchdog_enabled = 0;
if(drioless == 0) {
//by the time pipe has connected the pidfile must have been created
fp = fopen(pidfile, "rb");
if(!fp) {
FATAL("Error opening pidfile.txt");
}
fseek(fp,0,SEEK_END);
pidsize = ftell(fp);
fseek(fp,0,SEEK_SET);
buf = (char *)malloc(pidsize+1);
fread(buf, pidsize, 1, fp);
buf[pidsize] = 0;
fclose(fp);
remove(pidfile);
child_pid = atoi(buf);
free(buf);
ck_free(pidfile);
}
else {
child_pid = pi.dwProcessId;
}
ck_free(target_cmd);
ck_free(cmd);
ck_free(pipe_name);
}
static void destroy_target_process(int wait_exit) {
char* kill_cmd;
BOOL still_alive = TRUE;
STARTUPINFO si;
PROCESS_INFORMATION pi;
EnterCriticalSection(&critical_section);
if(!child_handle) {
goto leave;
}
if(WaitForSingleObject(child_handle, wait_exit) != WAIT_TIMEOUT) {
goto done;
}
// nudge the child process only if dynamorio is used
if(drioless) {
TerminateProcess(child_handle, 0);
} else {
kill_cmd = alloc_printf("%s\\drconfig.exe -nudge_pid %d 0 1", dynamorio_dir, child_pid);
ZeroMemory( &si, sizeof(si) );
si.cb = sizeof(si);
ZeroMemory( &pi, sizeof(pi) );
if(!CreateProcess(NULL, kill_cmd, NULL, NULL, FALSE, 0, NULL, NULL, &si, &pi)) {
FATAL("CreateProcess failed, GLE=%d.\n", GetLastError());
}
CloseHandle(pi.hProcess);
CloseHandle(pi.hThread);
ck_free(kill_cmd);
}
still_alive = WaitForSingleObject(child_handle, 2000) == WAIT_TIMEOUT;
if(still_alive) {
//wait until the child process exits
ZeroMemory( &si, sizeof(si) );
si.cb = sizeof(si);
ZeroMemory( &pi, sizeof(pi) );
kill_cmd = alloc_printf("taskkill /PID %d /F", child_pid);
if(!CreateProcess(NULL, kill_cmd, NULL, NULL, FALSE, 0, NULL, NULL, &si, &pi)) {
FATAL("CreateProcess failed, GLE=%d.\n", GetLastError());
}
CloseHandle(pi.hProcess);
CloseHandle(pi.hThread);
ck_free(kill_cmd);
if(WaitForSingleObject(child_handle, 20000) == WAIT_TIMEOUT) {
FATAL("Cannot kill child process\n");
}
}
done:
CloseHandle(child_handle);
CloseHandle(child_thread_handle);
child_handle = NULL;
child_thread_handle = NULL;
leave:
//close the pipe
if(pipe_handle) {
DisconnectNamedPipe(pipe_handle);
CloseHandle(pipe_handle);
pipe_handle = NULL;
}
LeaveCriticalSection(&critical_section);
}
DWORD WINAPI watchdog_timer( LPVOID lpParam ) {
u64 current_time;
while(1) {
Sleep(1000);
current_time = get_cur_time();
if(watchdog_enabled && (current_time > watchdog_timeout_time)) {
child_timed_out = 1;
destroy_target_process(0);
}
}
}
static void setup_watchdog_timer() {
watchdog_enabled = 0;
InitializeCriticalSection(&critical_section);
CreateThread(NULL, 0, watchdog_timer, 0, 0, NULL);
}
static int is_child_running() {
return (child_handle && (WaitForSingleObject(child_handle, 0 ) == WAIT_TIMEOUT));
}
/* Execute target application. */
static void run_target(char** argv) {
char command[] = "F";
DWORD num_read;
char result = 0;
if(!quiet_mode)
SAYF("-- Program output begins --\n" cRST);
if(quiet_mode && devnul_handle == INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE) {
devnul_handle = CreateFile(
"nul",
GENERIC_READ | GENERIC_WRITE,
FILE_SHARE_READ | FILE_SHARE_WRITE,
NULL,
OPEN_EXISTING,
0,
NULL);
if(devnul_handle == INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE) {
PFATAL("Unable to open the nul device.");
}
}
if(!is_child_running()) {
destroy_target_process(0);
create_target_process(argv);
}
child_timed_out = 0;
memset(trace_bits, 0, MAP_SIZE);
//TEMPORARY FIX FOR REGULAR USAGE OF AFL-TMIN
ReadFile(pipe_handle, &result, 1, &num_read, NULL);
if (result == 'K')
{
//a workaround for first cycle
ReadFile(pipe_handle, &result, 1, &num_read, NULL);
}
if (result != 'P')
{
FATAL("Unexpected result from pipe! expected 'P', instead received '%c'\n", result);
}
//END OF TEMPORARY FIX FOR REGULAR USAGE OF AFL-TMIN
WriteFile(
pipe_handle, // handle to pipe
command, // buffer to write from
1, // number of bytes to write
&num_read, // number of bytes written
NULL); // not overlapped I/O
watchdog_timeout_time = get_cur_time() + exec_tmout;
if(exec_tmout) {
watchdog_enabled = 1;
}
ReadFile(pipe_handle, &result, 1, &num_read, NULL);
if(exec_tmout) {
watchdog_enabled = 0;
}
classify_counts(trace_bits, binary_mode ?
count_class_binary : count_class_human);
if(!quiet_mode)
SAYF(cRST "-- Program output ends --\n");
child_crashed = result == 'C';
if(!quiet_mode) {
if(result == 'K')
SAYF(cLRD "\n--- Program finished properly ---\n" cRST);
else if(child_timed_out)
SAYF(cLRD "\n+++ Program timed off +++\n" cRST);
else if(stop_soon)
SAYF(cLRD "\n+++ Program aborted by user +++\n" cRST);
else if(child_crashed)
SAYF(cLRD "\n+++ Program crashed +++\n" cRST);
}
}
/* Do basic preparations - persistent fds, filenames, etc. */
static void set_up_environment(void) {
// Not supported on Windows
}
/* Setup signal handlers, duh. */
static void setup_signal_handlers(void) {
// not implemented on Windows
}
/* Detect @@ in args. */
static void detect_file_args(char** argv) {
u32 i = 0;
u8* cwd = _getcwd(NULL, 0);
if(!cwd) PFATAL("getcwd() failed");
while (argv[i]) {
u8* aa_loc = strstr(argv[i], "@@");
if(aa_loc) {
u8 *aa_subst, *n_arg;
if(!at_file) FATAL("@@ syntax is not supported by this tool.");
/* Be sure that we're always using fully-qualified paths. */
// if(at_file[0] == '/') aa_subst = at_file;
// else aa_subst = alloc_printf("%s/%s", cwd, at_file);
aa_subst = out_file;
/* Construct a replacement argv value. */
*aa_loc = 0;
n_arg = alloc_printf("%s%s%s", argv[i], aa_subst, aa_loc + 2);
argv[i] = n_arg;
*aa_loc = '@';
// if(at_file[0] != '/') ck_free(aa_subst);
}
i++;
}
free(cwd); /* not tracked */
}
/* Show banner. */
static void show_banner(void) {
SAYF(cCYA "afl-showmap for Windows " cBRI VERSION cRST " by <[email protected]>\n");
SAYF("Based on WinAFL " cBRI VERSION cRST " by <[email protected]>\n");
SAYF("Based on AFL " cBRI VERSION cRST " by <[email protected]>\n");
}
/* Display usage hints. */
static void usage(u8* argv0) {
show_banner();
SAYF("\n%s [ options ] -- [instrumentation options] -- \\path\\to\\target_app [ ... ]\n\n"
"Required parameters:\n\n"
" -o file - file to write the trace data to\n"
"Instrumentation type:\n\n"
" -D dir - directory with DynamoRIO binaries (drrun, drconfig)\n"
" -Y - enable the static instrumentation mode\n\n"
"Execution control settings:\n\n"
" -t msec - timeout for each run (none)\n"
" -m megs - memory limit for child process (%u MB)\n"
"Other settings:\n\n"
" -q - sink program's output and don't show messages\n"
" -e - show edge coverage only, ignore hit counts\n\n"
"This tool displays raw tuple data captured by AFL instrumentation.\n"
"For additional help, consult %s\\README.\n\n" cRST,
argv0, MEM_LIMIT, doc_path);
exit(1);
}
/* Find binary. */
static void find_binary(u8* fname) {
// Not implemented on Windows
}
static unsigned int optind;
static char *optarg;
int getopt(int argc, char **argv, char *optstring) {
char *c;
optarg = NULL;
while(1) {
if(optind == argc) return -1;
if(strcmp(argv[optind], "--") == 0) return -1;
if(argv[optind][0] != '-') {
optind++;
continue;
}
if(!argv[optind][1]) {
optind++;
continue;
}
c = strchr(optstring, argv[optind][1]);
if(!c) return -1;
optind++;
if(c[1] == ':') {
if(optind == argc) return -1;
optarg = argv[optind];
optind++;
}
return (int)(c[0]);
}
}
static void extract_client_params(u32 argc, char** argv) {
u32 len = 1, i;
u32 nclientargs = 0;
u8* buf;
u32 opt_start, opt_end;
if(!argv[optind] || optind >= argc) usage(argv[0]);
if(strcmp(argv[optind],"--")) usage(argv[0]);
if(drioless) return;
optind++;
opt_start = optind;
for (i = optind; i < argc; i++) {
if(strcmp(argv[i],"--") == 0) break;
nclientargs++;
len += strlen(argv[i]) + 1;
}
if(i == argc) usage(argv[0]);
opt_end = i;
buf = client_params = ck_alloc(len);
for (i = opt_start; i < opt_end; i++) {
u32 l = strlen(argv[i]);
memcpy(buf, argv[i], l);
buf += l;
*(buf++) = ' ';
}
if(buf != client_params) {
buf--;
}
*buf = 0;
optind = opt_end;
}
/* Main entry point */
int main(int argc, char** argv) {
s32 opt;
u8 mem_limit_given = 0, timeout_given = 0;
u32 tcnt;
int i = 0, counter = 0;
char** use_argv;
doc_path = "docs";
optind = 1;
dynamorio_dir = NULL;
client_params = NULL;
#ifdef USE_COLOR
enable_ansi_console();
#endif
while ((opt = getopt(argc, argv, "+o:m:t:A:D:eqZQbY")) > 0)
switch (opt) {
case 'D': /* dynamorio dir */
if(dynamorio_dir) FATAL("Multiple -D options not supported");
dynamorio_dir = optarg;
break;
case 'o':
if(out_file) FATAL("Multiple -o options not supported");
out_file = optarg;
break;
case 'm': {
u8 suffix = 'M';
if(mem_limit_given) FATAL("Multiple -m options not supported");
mem_limit_given = 1;
if(!strcmp(optarg, "none")) {
mem_limit = 0;
break;
}
if(sscanf(optarg, "%llu%c", &mem_limit, &suffix) < 1 ||
optarg[0] == '-') FATAL("Bad syntax used for -m");