03-numpy/03.10-array-attribute-&-method-overview-.ipynb

{
 "cells": [
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "# 数组属性方法总结"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "||作用|\n",
    "|-|-|\n",
    "|1|**基本属性**\n",
    "|`a.dtype`|数组元素类型 `float32,uint8,...`\n",
    "|`a.shape`|数组形状 `(m,n,o,...)`\n",
    "|`a.size`|数组元素数\n",
    "|`a.itemsize`|每个元素占字节数\n",
    "|`a.nbytes`|所有元素占的字节\n",
    "|`a.ndim`|数组维度\n",
    "|2|**形状相关**\n",
    "|`a.flat`|所有元素的迭代器\n",
    "|`a.flatten()`|返回一个1维数组的复制\n",
    "|`a.ravel()`|返回一个1维数组，高效\n",
    "|`a.resize(new_size)`|改变形状\n",
    "|`a.swapaxes(axis1, axis2)`|交换两个维度的位置\n",
    "|`a.transpose(*axex)`|交换所有维度的位置\n",
    "|`a.T`|转置，`a.transpose()`\n",
    "|`a.squeeze()`| 去除所有长度为1的维度\n",
    "|3|**填充复制**\n",
    "|`a.copy()`| 返回数组的一个复制\n",
    "|`a.fill(value)`| 将数组的元组设置为特定值\n",
    "|4|**转化**\n",
    "|`a.tolist()`|将数组转化为列表\n",
    "|`a.tostring()`|转换为字符串\n",
    "|`a.astype(dtype)`|转化为指定类型\n",
    "|`a.byteswap(False)`|转换大小字节序\n",
    "|`a.view(type_or_dtype)`|生成一个使用相同内存，但使用不同的表示方法的数组\n",
    "|5|**复数**\n",
    "|`a.imag`|虚部\n",
    "|`a.real`|实部\n",
    "|`a.conjugate()`|复共轭\n",
    "|`a.conj()`|复共轭（缩写）\n",
    "|6|**保存**\n",
    "|`a.dump(file)`|将二进制数据存在file中\n",
    "|`a.dump()`|将二进制数据表示成字符串\n",
    "|`a.tofile(fid, sep=\"\",format=\"%s\")`|格式化ASCⅡ码写入文件\n",
    "|7|**查找排序**\n",
    "|`a.nonzero()`|返回所有非零元素的索引\n",
    "|`a.sort(axis=-1)`|沿某个轴排序\n",
    "|`a.argsort(axis=-1)`|沿某个轴，返回按排序的索引\n",
    "|`a.searchsorted(b)`|返回将b中元素插入a后能保持有序的索引值\n",
    "|8|**元素数学操作**\n",
    "|`a.clip(low, high)`|将数值限制在一定范围内\n",
    "|`a.round(decimals=0)`|近似到指定精度\n",
    "|`a.cumsum(axis=None)`|累加和\n",
    "|`a.cumprod(axis=None)`|累乘积\n",
    "|9|**约简操作**\n",
    "|`a.sum(axis=None)`|求和\n",
    "|`a.prod(axis=None)`|求积\n",
    "|`a.min(axis=None)`|最小值\n",
    "|`a.max(axis=None)`|最大值\n",
    "|`a.argmin(axis=None)`|最小值索引\n",
    "|`a.argmax(axis=None)`|最大值索引\n",
    "|`a.ptp(axis=None)`|最大值减最小值\n",
    "|`a.mean(axis=None)`|平均值\n",
    "|`a.std(axis=None)`|标准差\n",
    "|`a.var(axis=None)`|方差\n",
    "|`a.any(axis=None)`|只要有一个不为0，返回真，逻辑或\n",
    "|`a.all(axis=None)`|所有都不为0，返回真，逻辑与"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 1,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "from numpy import *"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## 基本属性"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 2,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "array([[0, 1, 2, 3],\n",
       "       [4, 5, 6, 7]])"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 2,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "a = array([[0, 1, 2, 3], [4, 5, 6, 7]])\n",
    "a"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "数组元素属性："
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 3,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "dtype('int32')"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 3,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "a.dtype"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "形状："
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 4,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false,
    "scrolled": true
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "(2L, 4L)"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 4,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "a.shape"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "元素数目："
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 5,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "8"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 5,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "a.size"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "元素占字节大小："
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 6,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "4"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 6,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "a.itemsize"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "所有元素所占字节："
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 7,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "32"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 7,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "a.nbytes"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "数据维度："
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 8,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "2"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 8,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "a.ndim"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## 形状相关"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 9,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "[0 1 2 3]\n",
      "[4 5 6 7]\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "for row in a:\n",
    "    print row"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "所有元素的迭代器："
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 10,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "0\n",
      "1\n",
      "2\n",
      "3\n",
      "4\n",
      "5\n",
      "6\n",
      "7\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "for elt in a.flat:\n",
    "    print elt"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "所有元素组成的一维数组，按照行排列："
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 11,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false,
    "scrolled": true
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "array([0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7])"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 11,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "a.flatten()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 12,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "array([0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7])"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 12,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "a.ravel()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "重新改变形状："
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 13,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "array([[0, 1],\n",
       "       [2, 3],\n",
       "       [4, 5],\n",
       "       [6, 7]])"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 13,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "a.resize((4,2))\n",
    "a"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "交换这两个轴的顺序："
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 14,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "array([[0, 2, 4, 6],\n",
       "       [1, 3, 5, 7]])"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 14,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "a.swapaxes(0,1)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "转置："
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 15,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false,
    "scrolled": true
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "array([[0, 2, 4, 6],\n",
       "       [1, 3, 5, 7]])"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 15,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "a.transpose()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "转置："
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 16,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "array([[0, 2, 4, 6],\n",
       "       [1, 3, 5, 7]])"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 16,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "a.T"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 17,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "(3L,)"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 17,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "a2 = array([1,2,3])\n",
    "a2.shape"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 18,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "(1L, 3L, 1L)"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 18,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "a2.resize((1,3,1))\n",
    "a2.shape"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "去除长度为1的维度："
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 19,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "(3L,)"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 19,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "a2 = a2.squeeze()\n",
    "a2.shape"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## 填充复制"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "复制："
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 20,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "array([[0, 1],\n",
       "       [2, 3],\n",
       "       [4, 5],\n",
       "       [6, 7]])"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 20,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "b = a.copy()\n",
    "b"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "复制不影响原来的数组："
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 21,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "array([[-1,  1],\n",
       "       [ 2,  3],\n",
       "       [ 4,  5],\n",
       "       [ 6,  7]])"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 21,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "b[0][0] = -1\n",
    "b # First value changed"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 22,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "array([[0, 1],\n",
       "       [2, 3],\n",
       "       [4, 5],\n",
       "       [6, 7]])"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 22,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "a # original not changed because b is a copy"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "填充："
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 23,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "array([[4, 4],\n",
       "       [4, 4],\n",
       "       [4, 4],\n",
       "       [4, 4]])"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 23,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "b.fill(4)\n",
    "b"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## 转化"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "转化为列表："
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 24,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "[[0, 1], [2, 3], [4, 5], [6, 7]]"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 24,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "a.tolist()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "转化为字符串："
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 25,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false,
    "scrolled": true
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "'\\x00\\x00\\x00\\x00\\x01\\x00\\x00\\x00\\x02\\x00\\x00\\x00\\x03\\x00\\x00\\x00\\x04\\x00\\x00\\x00\\x05\\x00\\x00\\x00\\x06\\x00\\x00\\x00\\x07\\x00\\x00\\x00'"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 25,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "a.tostring()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "改变数组元素类型："
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 26,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "array([[ 0.,  1.],\n",
       "       [ 2.,  3.],\n",
       "       [ 4.,  5.],\n",
       "       [ 6.,  7.]])"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 26,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "a.astype(float)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 27,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "array([[        0,  16777216],\n",
       "       [ 33554432,  50331648],\n",
       "       [ 67108864,  83886080],\n",
       "       [100663296, 117440512]])"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 27,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "b = a.copy()\n",
    "b.byteswap(False)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "将它看成16位整数："
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 28,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false,
    "scrolled": true
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "array([[0, 0, 1, 0],\n",
       "       [2, 0, 3, 0],\n",
       "       [4, 0, 5, 0],\n",
       "       [6, 0, 7, 0]], dtype=int16)"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 28,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "a.view(dtype=int16)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## 复数"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "实部："
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 29,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "array([ 1.,  3.,  5.])"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 29,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "b = array([1+2j, 3+4j, 5+6j])\n",
    "b.real"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "虚部："
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 30,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false,
    "scrolled": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "array([ 2.,  4.,  6.])"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 30,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "b.imag"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "共轭："
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 31,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "array([ 1.-2.j,  3.-4.j,  5.-6.j])"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 31,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "b.conj()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 32,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "array([ 1.-2.j,  3.-4.j,  5.-6.j])"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 32,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "b.conjugate()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## 保存"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "保存成文本："
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 33,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": true
   },
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "a.dump(\"file.txt\")"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "字符串："
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 34,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false,
    "scrolled": true
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "'\\x80\\x02cnumpy.core.multiarray\\n_reconstruct\\nq\\x01cnumpy\\nndarray\\nq\\x02K\\x00\\x85U\\x01b\\x87Rq\\x03(K\\x01\\x8a\\x01\\x04\\x8a\\x01\\x02\\x86cnumpy\\ndtype\\nq\\x04U\\x02i4K\\x00K\\x01\\x87Rq\\x05(K\\x03U\\x01<NNNJ\\xff\\xff\\xff\\xffJ\\xff\\xff\\xff\\xffK\\x00tb\\x89U \\x00\\x00\\x00\\x00\\x01\\x00\\x00\\x00\\x02\\x00\\x00\\x00\\x03\\x00\\x00\\x00\\x04\\x00\\x00\\x00\\x05\\x00\\x00\\x00\\x06\\x00\\x00\\x00\\x07\\x00\\x00\\x00tb.'"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 34,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "a.dumps()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "写入文件："
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 35,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": true
   },
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "a.tofile('foo.csv', sep=',', format=\"%s\")"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## 查找排序"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "非零元素的索引："
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 36,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "(array([0, 1, 1, 2, 2, 3, 3], dtype=int64),\n",
       " array([1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1], dtype=int64))"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 36,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "a.nonzero()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "排序："
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 37,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "array([1, 2, 3, 4, 7])"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 37,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "b = array([3,2,7,4,1])\n",
    "b.sort()\n",
    "b"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "排序的索引位置："
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 38,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false,
    "scrolled": true
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "array([2, 0, 1], dtype=int64)"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 38,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "b = array([2,3,1])\n",
    "b.argsort(axis=-1)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "将 `b` 插入 `a` 中的索引，使得 `a` 保持有序："
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 39,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "array([0, 1, 3], dtype=int64)"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 39,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "a = array([1,3,4,6])\n",
    "b = array([0,2,5])\n",
    "a.searchsorted(b)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## 元素数学操作"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "限制在一定范围："
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 40,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "array([[2, 1, 2],\n",
       "       [2, 1, 2]])"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 40,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "a = array([[4,1,3],[2,1,5]])\n",
    "a.clip(0,2)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "近似："
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 41,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false,
    "scrolled": true
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "array([ 1.34,  2.45,  2.56])"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 41,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "a = array([1.344, 2.449, 2.558])\n",
    "a.round(decimals=2)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "累加和："
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 42,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "array([ 4,  5,  8, 10, 11, 16])"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 42,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "a = array([[4,1,3],[2,1,5]])\n",
    "a.cumsum(axis=None)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "累乘积："
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 43,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false,
    "scrolled": true
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "array([  4,   4,  12,  24,  24, 120])"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 43,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "a.cumprod(axis=None)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## 约简操作"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "求和："
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 44,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "16"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 44,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "a = array([[4,1,3],[2,1,5]])\n",
    "a.sum(axis=None)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "求积："
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 45,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false,
    "scrolled": true
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "120"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 45,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "a.prod(axis=None)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "最小值："
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 46,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false,
    "scrolled": true
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "1"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 46,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "a.min(axis=None)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "最大值："
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 47,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "5"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 47,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "a.max(axis=None)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "最小值索引："
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 48,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "1"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 48,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "a.argmin(axis=None)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "最大值索引："
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 49,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "5"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 49,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "a.argmax(axis=None)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "最大间隔："
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 50,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "4"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 50,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "a.ptp(axis=None)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "均值："
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 51,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "2.6666666666666665"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 51,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "a.mean(axis=None)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "标准差："
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 52,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false,
    "scrolled": true
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "1.49071198499986"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 52,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "a.std(axis=None)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "方差："
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 53,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false,
    "scrolled": true
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "2.2222222222222228"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 53,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "a.var(axis=None)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "是否有非零元素："
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 54,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false,
    "scrolled": true
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "True"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 54,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "a.any(axis=None)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "是否全部非零："
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 55,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "True"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 55,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "a.all()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "删除生成的文件："
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 56,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": true
   },
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "import os\n",
    "os.remove('foo.csv')\n",
    "os.remove('file.txt')"
   ]
  }
 ],
 "metadata": {
  "kernelspec": {
   "display_name": "Python 2",
   "language": "python",
   "name": "python2"
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  "language_info": {
   "codemirror_mode": {
    "name": "ipython",
    "version": 2
   },
   "file_extension": ".py",
   "mimetype": "text/x-python",
   "name": "python",
   "nbconvert_exporter": "python",
   "pygments_lexer": "ipython2",
   "version": "2.7.5"
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