-
Notifications
You must be signed in to change notification settings - Fork 0
/
Copy pathindex.html
719 lines (578 loc) · 32.9 KB
/
index.html
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148
149
150
151
152
153
154
155
156
157
158
159
160
161
162
163
164
165
166
167
168
169
170
171
172
173
174
175
176
177
178
179
180
181
182
183
184
185
186
187
188
189
190
191
192
193
194
195
196
197
198
199
200
201
202
203
204
205
206
207
208
209
210
211
212
213
214
215
216
217
218
219
220
221
222
223
224
225
226
227
228
229
230
231
232
233
234
235
236
237
238
239
240
241
242
243
244
245
246
247
248
249
250
251
252
253
254
255
256
257
258
259
260
261
262
263
264
265
266
267
268
269
270
271
272
273
274
275
276
277
278
279
280
281
282
283
284
285
286
287
288
289
290
291
292
293
294
295
296
297
298
299
300
301
302
303
304
305
306
307
308
309
310
311
312
313
314
315
316
317
318
319
320
321
322
323
324
325
326
327
328
329
330
331
332
333
334
335
336
337
338
339
340
341
342
343
344
345
346
347
348
349
350
351
352
353
354
355
356
357
358
359
360
361
362
363
364
365
366
367
368
369
370
371
372
373
374
375
376
377
378
379
380
381
382
383
384
385
386
387
388
389
390
391
392
393
394
395
396
397
398
399
400
401
402
403
404
405
406
407
408
409
410
411
412
413
414
415
416
417
418
419
420
421
422
423
424
425
426
427
428
429
430
431
432
433
434
435
436
437
438
439
440
441
442
443
444
445
446
447
448
449
450
451
452
453
454
455
456
457
458
459
460
461
462
463
464
465
466
467
468
469
470
471
472
473
474
475
476
477
478
479
480
481
482
483
484
485
486
487
488
489
490
491
492
493
494
495
496
497
498
499
500
501
502
503
504
505
506
507
508
509
510
511
512
513
514
515
516
517
518
519
520
521
522
523
524
525
526
527
528
529
530
531
532
533
534
535
536
537
538
539
540
541
542
543
544
545
546
547
548
549
550
551
552
553
554
555
556
557
558
559
560
561
562
563
564
565
566
567
568
569
570
571
572
573
574
575
576
577
578
579
580
581
582
583
584
585
586
587
588
589
590
591
592
593
594
595
596
597
598
599
600
601
602
603
604
605
606
607
608
609
610
611
612
613
614
615
616
617
618
619
620
621
622
623
624
625
626
627
628
629
630
631
632
633
634
635
636
637
638
639
640
641
642
643
644
645
646
647
648
649
650
651
652
653
654
655
656
657
658
659
660
661
662
663
664
665
666
667
668
669
670
671
672
673
674
675
676
677
678
679
680
681
682
683
684
685
686
687
688
689
690
691
692
693
694
695
696
697
698
699
700
701
702
703
704
705
706
707
708
709
710
711
712
713
714
715
716
717
718
719
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8">
<meta charset="utf-8">
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, shrink-to-fit=no">
<title>前言 | 纵向与事件时间数据的联合模型及其在 R 中的应用</title>
<meta name="author" content="Wang Zhen">
<meta name="description" content="<p>This is a minimal example of using the bookdown package to write a book.
The HTML output format for this example is bookdown::gitbook,
set in the _output.yml file.</p>">
<meta name="generator" content="bookdown 0.38 with bs4_book()">
<meta property="og:title" content="前言 | 纵向与事件时间数据的联合模型及其在 R 中的应用">
<meta property="og:type" content="book">
<meta property="og:description" content="<p>This is a minimal example of using the bookdown package to write a book.
The HTML output format for this example is bookdown::gitbook,
set in the _output.yml file.</p>">
<meta name="twitter:card" content="summary">
<meta name="twitter:title" content="前言 | 纵向与事件时间数据的联合模型及其在 R 中的应用">
<meta name="twitter:description" content="<p>This is a minimal example of using the bookdown package to write a book.
The HTML output format for this example is bookdown::gitbook,
set in the _output.yml file.</p>">
<!-- JS --><script src="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/clipboard.js/2.0.6/clipboard.min.js" integrity="sha256-inc5kl9MA1hkeYUt+EC3BhlIgyp/2jDIyBLS6k3UxPI=" crossorigin="anonymous"></script><script src="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/fuse.js/6.4.6/fuse.js" integrity="sha512-zv6Ywkjyktsohkbp9bb45V6tEMoWhzFzXis+LrMehmJZZSys19Yxf1dopHx7WzIKxr5tK2dVcYmaCk2uqdjF4A==" crossorigin="anonymous"></script><script src="https://kit.fontawesome.com/6ecbd6c532.js" crossorigin="anonymous"></script><script src="libs/jquery-3.6.0/jquery-3.6.0.min.js"></script><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, shrink-to-fit=no">
<link href="libs/bootstrap-4.6.0/bootstrap.min.css" rel="stylesheet">
<script src="libs/bootstrap-4.6.0/bootstrap.bundle.min.js"></script><script src="libs/bs3compat-0.7.0/transition.js"></script><script src="libs/bs3compat-0.7.0/tabs.js"></script><script src="libs/bs3compat-0.7.0/bs3compat.js"></script><link href="libs/bs4_book-1.0.0/bs4_book.css" rel="stylesheet">
<script src="libs/bs4_book-1.0.0/bs4_book.js"></script><script>
/* ========================================================================
* Bootstrap: transition.js v3.3.7
* http://getbootstrap.com/javascript/#transitions
* ========================================================================
* Copyright 2011-2016 Twitter, Inc.
* Licensed under MIT (https://github.com/twbs/bootstrap/blob/master/LICENSE)
* ======================================================================== */
+function ($) {
'use strict';
// CSS TRANSITION SUPPORT (Shoutout: http://www.modernizr.com/)
// ============================================================
function transitionEnd() {
var el = document.createElement('bootstrap')
var transEndEventNames = {
WebkitTransition : 'webkitTransitionEnd',
MozTransition : 'transitionend',
OTransition : 'oTransitionEnd otransitionend',
transition : 'transitionend'
}
for (var name in transEndEventNames) {
if (el.style[name] !== undefined) {
return { end: transEndEventNames[name] }
}
}
return false // explicit for ie8 ( ._.)
}
// http://blog.alexmaccaw.com/css-transitions
$.fn.emulateTransitionEnd = function (duration) {
var called = false
var $el = this
$(this).one('bsTransitionEnd', function () { called = true })
var callback = function () { if (!called) $($el).trigger($.support.transition.end) }
setTimeout(callback, duration)
return this
}
$(function () {
$.support.transition = transitionEnd()
if (!$.support.transition) return
$.event.special.bsTransitionEnd = {
bindType: $.support.transition.end,
delegateType: $.support.transition.end,
handle: function (e) {
if ($(e.target).is(this)) return e.handleObj.handler.apply(this, arguments)
}
}
})
}(jQuery);
</script><script>
/* ========================================================================
* Bootstrap: collapse.js v3.3.7
* http://getbootstrap.com/javascript/#collapse
* ========================================================================
* Copyright 2011-2016 Twitter, Inc.
* Licensed under MIT (https://github.com/twbs/bootstrap/blob/master/LICENSE)
* ======================================================================== */
/* jshint latedef: false */
+function ($) {
'use strict';
// COLLAPSE PUBLIC CLASS DEFINITION
// ================================
var Collapse = function (element, options) {
this.$element = $(element)
this.options = $.extend({}, Collapse.DEFAULTS, options)
this.$trigger = $('[data-toggle="collapse"][href="#' + element.id + '"],' +
'[data-toggle="collapse"][data-target="#' + element.id + '"]')
this.transitioning = null
if (this.options.parent) {
this.$parent = this.getParent()
} else {
this.addAriaAndCollapsedClass(this.$element, this.$trigger)
}
if (this.options.toggle) this.toggle()
}
Collapse.VERSION = '3.3.7'
Collapse.TRANSITION_DURATION = 350
Collapse.DEFAULTS = {
toggle: true
}
Collapse.prototype.dimension = function () {
var hasWidth = this.$element.hasClass('width')
return hasWidth ? 'width' : 'height'
}
Collapse.prototype.show = function () {
if (this.transitioning || this.$element.hasClass('in')) return
var activesData
var actives = this.$parent && this.$parent.children('.panel').children('.in, .collapsing')
if (actives && actives.length) {
activesData = actives.data('bs.collapse')
if (activesData && activesData.transitioning) return
}
var startEvent = $.Event('show.bs.collapse')
this.$element.trigger(startEvent)
if (startEvent.isDefaultPrevented()) return
if (actives && actives.length) {
Plugin.call(actives, 'hide')
activesData || actives.data('bs.collapse', null)
}
var dimension = this.dimension()
this.$element
.removeClass('collapse')
.addClass('collapsing')[dimension](0)
.attr('aria-expanded', true)
this.$trigger
.removeClass('collapsed')
.attr('aria-expanded', true)
this.transitioning = 1
var complete = function () {
this.$element
.removeClass('collapsing')
.addClass('collapse in')[dimension]('')
this.transitioning = 0
this.$element
.trigger('shown.bs.collapse')
}
if (!$.support.transition) return complete.call(this)
var scrollSize = $.camelCase(['scroll', dimension].join('-'))
this.$element
.one('bsTransitionEnd', $.proxy(complete, this))
.emulateTransitionEnd(Collapse.TRANSITION_DURATION)[dimension](this.$element[0][scrollSize])
}
Collapse.prototype.hide = function () {
if (this.transitioning || !this.$element.hasClass('in')) return
var startEvent = $.Event('hide.bs.collapse')
this.$element.trigger(startEvent)
if (startEvent.isDefaultPrevented()) return
var dimension = this.dimension()
this.$element[dimension](this.$element[dimension]())[0].offsetHeight
this.$element
.addClass('collapsing')
.removeClass('collapse in')
.attr('aria-expanded', false)
this.$trigger
.addClass('collapsed')
.attr('aria-expanded', false)
this.transitioning = 1
var complete = function () {
this.transitioning = 0
this.$element
.removeClass('collapsing')
.addClass('collapse')
.trigger('hidden.bs.collapse')
}
if (!$.support.transition) return complete.call(this)
this.$element
[dimension](0)
.one('bsTransitionEnd', $.proxy(complete, this))
.emulateTransitionEnd(Collapse.TRANSITION_DURATION)
}
Collapse.prototype.toggle = function () {
this[this.$element.hasClass('in') ? 'hide' : 'show']()
}
Collapse.prototype.getParent = function () {
return $(this.options.parent)
.find('[data-toggle="collapse"][data-parent="' + this.options.parent + '"]')
.each($.proxy(function (i, element) {
var $element = $(element)
this.addAriaAndCollapsedClass(getTargetFromTrigger($element), $element)
}, this))
.end()
}
Collapse.prototype.addAriaAndCollapsedClass = function ($element, $trigger) {
var isOpen = $element.hasClass('in')
$element.attr('aria-expanded', isOpen)
$trigger
.toggleClass('collapsed', !isOpen)
.attr('aria-expanded', isOpen)
}
function getTargetFromTrigger($trigger) {
var href
var target = $trigger.attr('data-target')
|| (href = $trigger.attr('href')) && href.replace(/.*(?=#[^\s]+$)/, '') // strip for ie7
return $(target)
}
// COLLAPSE PLUGIN DEFINITION
// ==========================
function Plugin(option) {
return this.each(function () {
var $this = $(this)
var data = $this.data('bs.collapse')
var options = $.extend({}, Collapse.DEFAULTS, $this.data(), typeof option == 'object' && option)
if (!data && options.toggle && /show|hide/.test(option)) options.toggle = false
if (!data) $this.data('bs.collapse', (data = new Collapse(this, options)))
if (typeof option == 'string') data[option]()
})
}
var old = $.fn.collapse
$.fn.collapse = Plugin
$.fn.collapse.Constructor = Collapse
// COLLAPSE NO CONFLICT
// ====================
$.fn.collapse.noConflict = function () {
$.fn.collapse = old
return this
}
// COLLAPSE DATA-API
// =================
$(document).on('click.bs.collapse.data-api', '[data-toggle="collapse"]', function (e) {
var $this = $(this)
if (!$this.attr('data-target')) e.preventDefault()
var $target = getTargetFromTrigger($this)
var data = $target.data('bs.collapse')
var option = data ? 'toggle' : $this.data()
Plugin.call($target, option)
})
}(jQuery);
</script><script>
window.initializeCodeFolding = function(show) {
// handlers for show-all and hide all
$("#rmd-show-all-code").click(function() {
$('div.r-code-collapse').each(function() {
$(this).collapse('show');
});
});
$("#rmd-hide-all-code").click(function() {
$('div.r-code-collapse').each(function() {
$(this).collapse('hide');
});
});
// index for unique code element ids
var currentIndex = 1;
// select all R code blocks
var rCodeBlocks = $('pre.sourceCode, pre.r, pre.python, pre.bash, pre.sql, pre.cpp, pre.stan, pre.js');
rCodeBlocks.each(function() {
// create a collapsable div to wrap the code in
var div = $('<div class="collapse r-code-collapse"></div>');
if (show)
div.addClass('in');
var id = 'rcode-643E0F36' + currentIndex++;
div.attr('id', id);
$(this).before(div);
$(this).detach().appendTo(div);
// add a show code button right above
var showCodeText = $('<span>' + (show ? 'Hide' : 'Code') + '</span>');
var showCodeButton = $('<button type="button" class="btn btn-default btn-xs code-folding-btn pull-right"></button>');
showCodeButton.append(showCodeText);
showCodeButton
.attr('data-toggle', 'collapse')
.attr('data-target', '#' + id)
.attr('aria-expanded', show)
.attr('aria-controls', id);
var buttonRow = $('<div class="row"></div>');
var buttonCol = $('<div class="col-md-12"></div>');
buttonCol.append(showCodeButton);
buttonRow.append(buttonCol);
div.before(buttonRow);
// update state of button on show/hide
div.on('hidden.bs.collapse', function () {
showCodeText.text('Code');
});
div.on('show.bs.collapse', function () {
showCodeText.text('Hide');
});
});
}
</script><script>
/* ========================================================================
* Bootstrap: dropdown.js v3.3.7
* http://getbootstrap.com/javascript/#dropdowns
* ========================================================================
* Copyright 2011-2016 Twitter, Inc.
* Licensed under MIT (https://github.com/twbs/bootstrap/blob/master/LICENSE)
* ======================================================================== */
+function ($) {
'use strict';
// DROPDOWN CLASS DEFINITION
// =========================
var backdrop = '.dropdown-backdrop'
var toggle = '[data-toggle="dropdown"]'
var Dropdown = function (element) {
$(element).on('click.bs.dropdown', this.toggle)
}
Dropdown.VERSION = '3.3.7'
function getParent($this) {
var selector = $this.attr('data-target')
if (!selector) {
selector = $this.attr('href')
selector = selector && /#[A-Za-z]/.test(selector) && selector.replace(/.*(?=#[^\s]*$)/, '') // strip for ie7
}
var $parent = selector && $(selector)
return $parent && $parent.length ? $parent : $this.parent()
}
function clearMenus(e) {
if (e && e.which === 3) return
$(backdrop).remove()
$(toggle).each(function () {
var $this = $(this)
var $parent = getParent($this)
var relatedTarget = { relatedTarget: this }
if (!$parent.hasClass('open')) return
if (e && e.type == 'click' && /input|textarea/i.test(e.target.tagName) && $.contains($parent[0], e.target)) return
$parent.trigger(e = $.Event('hide.bs.dropdown', relatedTarget))
if (e.isDefaultPrevented()) return
$this.attr('aria-expanded', 'false')
$parent.removeClass('open').trigger($.Event('hidden.bs.dropdown', relatedTarget))
})
}
Dropdown.prototype.toggle = function (e) {
var $this = $(this)
if ($this.is('.disabled, :disabled')) return
var $parent = getParent($this)
var isActive = $parent.hasClass('open')
clearMenus()
if (!isActive) {
if ('ontouchstart' in document.documentElement && !$parent.closest('.navbar-nav').length) {
// if mobile we use a backdrop because click events don't delegate
$(document.createElement('div'))
.addClass('dropdown-backdrop')
.insertAfter($(this))
.on('click', clearMenus)
}
var relatedTarget = { relatedTarget: this }
$parent.trigger(e = $.Event('show.bs.dropdown', relatedTarget))
if (e.isDefaultPrevented()) return
$this
.trigger('focus')
.attr('aria-expanded', 'true')
$parent
.toggleClass('open')
.trigger($.Event('shown.bs.dropdown', relatedTarget))
}
return false
}
Dropdown.prototype.keydown = function (e) {
if (!/(38|40|27|32)/.test(e.which) || /input|textarea/i.test(e.target.tagName)) return
var $this = $(this)
e.preventDefault()
e.stopPropagation()
if ($this.is('.disabled, :disabled')) return
var $parent = getParent($this)
var isActive = $parent.hasClass('open')
if (!isActive && e.which != 27 || isActive && e.which == 27) {
if (e.which == 27) $parent.find(toggle).trigger('focus')
return $this.trigger('click')
}
var desc = ' li:not(.disabled):visible a'
var $items = $parent.find('.dropdown-menu' + desc)
if (!$items.length) return
var index = $items.index(e.target)
if (e.which == 38 && index > 0) index-- // up
if (e.which == 40 && index < $items.length - 1) index++ // down
if (!~index) index = 0
$items.eq(index).trigger('focus')
}
// DROPDOWN PLUGIN DEFINITION
// ==========================
function Plugin(option) {
return this.each(function () {
var $this = $(this)
var data = $this.data('bs.dropdown')
if (!data) $this.data('bs.dropdown', (data = new Dropdown(this)))
if (typeof option == 'string') data[option].call($this)
})
}
var old = $.fn.dropdown
$.fn.dropdown = Plugin
$.fn.dropdown.Constructor = Dropdown
// DROPDOWN NO CONFLICT
// ====================
$.fn.dropdown.noConflict = function () {
$.fn.dropdown = old
return this
}
// APPLY TO STANDARD DROPDOWN ELEMENTS
// ===================================
$(document)
.on('click.bs.dropdown.data-api', clearMenus)
.on('click.bs.dropdown.data-api', '.dropdown form', function (e) { e.stopPropagation() })
.on('click.bs.dropdown.data-api', toggle, Dropdown.prototype.toggle)
.on('keydown.bs.dropdown.data-api', toggle, Dropdown.prototype.keydown)
.on('keydown.bs.dropdown.data-api', '.dropdown-menu', Dropdown.prototype.keydown)
}(jQuery);
</script><style type="text/css">
.code-folding-btn { margin-bottom: 4px; }
.row { display: flex; }
.collapse { display: none; }
.in { display:block }
.pull-right > .dropdown-menu {
right: 0;
left: auto;
}
.open > .dropdown-menu {
display: block;
}
.dropdown-menu {
position: absolute;
top: 100%;
left: 0;
z-index: 1000;
display: none;
float: left;
min-width: 160px;
padding: 5px 0;
margin: 2px 0 0;
font-size: 14px;
text-align: left;
list-style: none;
background-color: #fff;
-webkit-background-clip: padding-box;
background-clip: padding-box;
border: 1px solid #ccc;
border: 1px solid rgba(0,0,0,.15);
border-radius: 4px;
-webkit-box-shadow: 0 6px 12px rgba(0,0,0,.175);
box-shadow: 0 6px 12px rgba(0,0,0,.175);
}
</style>
<script>
$(document).ready(function () {
window.initializeCodeFolding("show" === "show");
});
</script><script>
document.write('<div class="btn-group pull-right" style="position: absolute; top: 20%; right: 2%; z-index: 200"><button type="button" class="btn btn-default btn-xs dropdown-toggle" data-toggle="dropdown" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="true" data-_extension-text-contrast=""><span>Code</span> <span class="caret"></span></button><ul class="dropdown-menu" style="min-width: 50px;"><li><a id="rmd-show-all-code" href="#">Show All Code</a></li><li><a id="rmd-hide-all-code" href="#">Hide All Code</a></li></ul></div>')
</script><script src="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/autocomplete.js/0.38.0/autocomplete.jquery.min.js" integrity="sha512-GU9ayf+66Xx2TmpxqJpliWbT5PiGYxpaG8rfnBEk1LL8l1KGkRShhngwdXK1UgqhAzWpZHSiYPc09/NwDQIGyg==" crossorigin="anonymous"></script><script src="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/mark.js/8.11.1/mark.min.js" integrity="sha512-5CYOlHXGh6QpOFA/TeTylKLWfB3ftPsde7AnmhuitiTX4K5SqCLBeKro6sPS8ilsz1Q4NRx3v8Ko2IBiszzdww==" crossorigin="anonymous"></script><!-- CSS --><style type="text/css">
div.hanging-indent{margin-left: 1.5em; text-indent: -1.5em;}
</style>
<link rel="stylesheet" href="style.css">
</head>
<body data-spy="scroll" data-target="#toc">
<div class="container-fluid">
<div class="row">
<header class="col-sm-12 col-lg-3 sidebar sidebar-book"><a class="sr-only sr-only-focusable" href="#content">Skip to main content</a>
<div class="d-flex align-items-start justify-content-between">
<h1>
<a href="index.html" title="">纵向与事件时间数据的联合模型及其在 R 中的应用</a>
</h1>
<button class="btn btn-outline-primary d-lg-none ml-2 mt-1" type="button" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#main-nav" aria-expanded="true" aria-controls="main-nav"><i class="fas fa-bars"></i><span class="sr-only">Show table of contents</span></button>
</div>
<div id="main-nav" class="collapse-lg">
<form role="search">
<input id="search" class="form-control" type="search" placeholder="Search" aria-label="Search">
</form>
<nav aria-label="Table of contents"><h2>Table of contents</h2>
<ul class="book-toc list-unstyled">
<li><a class="active" href="index.html">前言</a></li>
<li><a class="" href="%E7%9B%AE%E5%BD%95.html">目录</a></li>
<li class="book-part">正文</li>
<li><a class="" href="chap1.html"><span class="header-section-number">1</span> 介绍</a></li>
<li><a class="" href="chap2.html"><span class="header-section-number">2</span> 纵向数据分析</a></li>
<li><a class="" href="chap3.html"><span class="header-section-number">3</span> 事件时间数据分析</a></li>
<li><a class="" href="chap4.html"><span class="header-section-number">4</span> 纵向与事件时间数据的联合模型</a></li>
<li><a class="" href="chap5.html"><span class="header-section-number">5</span> 标准联合模型的扩展</a></li>
<li><a class="" href="chap6.html"><span class="header-section-number">6</span> 联合模型诊断</a></li>
<li><a class="" href="chap7.html"><span class="header-section-number">7</span> 联合模型的预测和准确性</a></li>
<li class="book-part">附录</li>
<li><a class="" href="A.html"><span class="header-section-number">A</span> R 的简要介绍</a></li>
<li class="book-part">—</li>
<li><a class="" href="bib.html">参考文献</a></li>
</ul>
<div class="book-extra">
</div>
</nav>
</div>
</header><main class="col-sm-12 col-md-9 col-lg-7" id="content"><!--bookdown:title:end--><!--bookdown:title:start--><div id="前言" class="section level1 unnumbered">
<h1>前言<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#%E5%89%8D%E8%A8%80"><i class="fas fa-link"></i></a>
</h1>
<p>本书为 <a href="https://www.routledge.com/Joint-Models-for-Longitudinal-and-Time-to-Event-Data-With-Applications-in-R/Rizopoulos/p/book/9781032477565">Joint Models for Longitudinal and Time-to-Event Data With Applications in R</a> 的翻译。本书可作为<a href="https://bookdown.org/wangzhen/survival">医学研究中的生存数据建模</a>（尤其是第 8 章的<a href="https://bookdown.org/wangzhen/survival/chap8.html#sec8-7-2">联合模型</a>）的后续文本。</p>
<p>可点击带 <span class="math inline">\(\blacktriangleright\)</span> 的标题以展开图表，例如</p>
<details><summary><font color="#B95953">点我看本书封面</font>
</summary><img src="figure/cover.png#center" style="width:80.0%"></details><p><br>
原书出版于 2012 年，鉴于 <code>R</code> 以及 <code>JM</code> 包的更新，许多结果无法复现。询问作者后，作者回复道 <code>JM</code> 包已不再维护，建议使用 <a href="https://drizopoulos.github.io/JMbayes2/"><code>JMbayes2</code></a>，但该包提供基于 MCMC 的贝叶斯方法。为尊重原著，本翻译基于原书以及<a href="http://jmr.r-forge.r-project.org/Errata.html">勘误</a>，代码的结果未更改，但不影响参考学习。</p>
<div id="原书前言" class="section level2 unnumbered">
<h2>原书前言<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#%E5%8E%9F%E4%B9%A6%E5%89%8D%E8%A8%80"><i class="fas fa-link"></i></a>
</h2>
<p>纵向数据与事件时间数据的联合模型已成为分析随访数据的宝贵工具。这些模型主要适用于两种情况：第一，当重点是生存结局并且我们希望考虑误差测量的内生性时依协变量的影响时；第二，当重点是纵向结果并且希望校正非随机脱落时。由于能在简单统计工具无法提供有效推断的情况下提供有效推断，并且具有广泛的应用范围，在过去 25 年中，联合建模领域取得了许多进展。尽管人们对联合模型的兴趣及其发展已经很普遍，但关于它们的信息也同样分散在介绍该领域最新进展的文章中，以及专门用于纵向或生存数据分析的书籍章节中。然而，似乎没有专门针对这类模型的专著或文本。</p>
<p>因此，撰写本书的目的是提供一个纵向与生存数据的联合模型的理论和应用的概述。相关文献已提出了两个主要框架，即使用潜变量来捕捉两个结局之间的关联的随机效应联合模型 (Tsiatis and Davidian, 2004)，以及基于 G 估计的边际结构联合模型 (Robins et al., 1999, 2000). 本书则专注于前者。联合建模的两个子领域，即处理内生性时变协变量和非随机脱落，都同样涵盖并呈现了真实的数据集。由于作者的背景和合作经历，这些例子来自医学领域，特别是生物标志物研究。然而，只要对纵向结果和事件时间结局之间的关联感兴趣，就可以使用这种类型的联合模型，因此在其他领域也有许多应用。此外还介绍了多种扩展，包括纵向与生存结局之间的不同关联结构、分层因素的纳入、滞后效应的结合、外源时变协变量的处理以及竞争风险设置等。对于纵向部分，主要关注连续纵向结果和线性混合效应模型的使用。</p>
<p>书中包含的所有分析都是在用于统计计算和图形的 R 软件环境中实现的，涉及到作者编写的免费软件包 <code>JM</code>。该包可拟合多种联合模型，包括上述扩展。然而，它并没有涵盖文献中提出的所有类型的联合模型，因此，文中介绍的一些扩展，如分类纵向标志物和多个纵向标志物的联合模型在文本中被，未给出软件说明。文中给出的结果是使用包 <code>JM</code> 的 1.0-0 版本以及 R 2.15.0 生成的。该软件包的当前版本可以从 Comprehensive R Archive
Network (<a href="http://cran.r-project.org" class="uri">http://cran.r-project.org</a>) 获得。由于平台依赖性，分析结果可能会因不同的计算机或操作系统以及 R 和该包的未来版本而略有不同。文本中使用的所有代码都可从如下网站获得：</p>
<p><a href="http://jmr.r-forge.r-project.org" class="uri">http://jmr.r-forge.r-project.org</a></p>
<p>如有错别字、错误和对本书内容的改进，作者将不胜感激，并可通过电子邮件联系：</p>
<p><a href="mailto:[email protected]" class="email">[email protected]</a></p>
</div>
<div id="预备知识" class="section level2 unnumbered">
<h2>预备知识<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#%E9%A2%84%E5%A4%87%E7%9F%A5%E8%AF%86"><i class="fas fa-link"></i></a>
</h2>
<p>本书的内容假定读者熟悉统计入门课程水平的统计数据分析的基本概念，包括标准最大似然理论，以及回归分析方面的深厚背景。对混合效应模型和生存分析的一些背景知识也会有所帮助，但并非必须。同样，关于 R 语言，本书不假定读者有任何先验知识，但对该语言的基本熟悉会有所帮助。</p>
</div>
<div id="印刷惯例" class="section level2 unnumbered">
<h2>印刷惯例<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#%E5%8D%B0%E5%88%B7%E6%83%AF%E4%BE%8B"><i class="fas fa-link"></i></a>
</h2>
<p>本书中引用的 <code>R</code> 语言对象、命令和输出均以等宽 <code>typewriter</code> 字体呈现。可在 <code>R</code> 命令行交互式输入的代码格式为：</p>
<div class="sourceCode" id="cb2"><pre class="sourceCode r"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb2-1"><a href="index.html#cb2-1" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="sc">></span> x <span class="ot"><-</span> <span class="dv">5</span></span></code></pre></div>
<p>其中 <code>></code> 表示 <code>R</code> 命令行提示符，其他所有内容都是用户应该输入的内容。此外，单行无法呈现的 <code>R</code> 表达式将适当缩进，如下所示：</p>
<div class="sourceCode" id="cb3"><pre class="sourceCode r"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb3-1"><a href="index.html#cb3-1" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="sc">></span> <span class="fu">jointModel</span>(lmeFit, coxFit, <span class="at">timeVar =</span> <span class="st">"time"</span>,</span>
<span id="cb3-2"><a href="index.html#cb3-2" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="at">method =</span> <span class="st">"weibull-PH-aGH"</span>, <span class="at">parameterization =</span> <span class="st">"both"</span>)</span></code></pre></div>
<p>当在正文中引用函数时，它将采用 <code>typewriter</code> 字体进行格式化，并且在函数名称后带有括号，例如，<code>jointModel()</code>。同样，函数参数和为这些参数指定的值也将以 <code>typewriter</code> 字体格式化，但末尾没有括号，例如 <code>method = "weibull-PH-aGH"</code>。</p>
<p>为节省空间，对一些 <code>R</code> 输出进行了编辑。如下表示完整行的省略：</p>
<div class="sourceCode" id="cb4"><pre class="downlit sourceCode r">
<code class="sourceCode R"><span><span class="va">...</span></span></code></pre></div>
<p>但一些空行已直接删除且没有提示。</p>
<p>本专著中的许多工作都是基于与 Geert Verbeke 和 Geert Molenberghs 的合作研究，我很高兴与他们合作。我还要感谢 Emmanuel Lesaffre 就联合建模主题进行了有益的讨论，并创造了一个令人兴奋的工作环境。特别感谢 <code>JM</code> 的所有用户，他们的反馈极大地促进了该软件包的开发。</p>
<p>对于本书，我要特别感谢匿名审稿人对早期版本手稿的宝贵反馈，感谢 Chapman and Hall/CRC 的 John Kimmel 在整个制作过程中提供的帮助和支持。本专著是使用 Friedrich Leisch’s Sweave 包、<span class="math inline">\(\LaTeX\)</span> 文档准备系统写作的，当然还有 <code>R</code>。</p>
<p>Dimitris Rizopoulos</p>
<p>Rotterdam, April 2012</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="chapter-nav">
<div class="empty"></div>
<div class="next"><a href="%E7%9B%AE%E5%BD%95.html">目录</a></div>
</div></main><div class="col-md-3 col-lg-2 d-none d-md-block sidebar sidebar-chapter">
<nav id="toc" data-toggle="toc" aria-label="On this page"><h2>On this page</h2>
<ul class="nav navbar-nav">
<li><a class="nav-link" href="#%E5%89%8D%E8%A8%80">前言</a></li>
<li><a class="nav-link" href="#%E5%8E%9F%E4%B9%A6%E5%89%8D%E8%A8%80">原书前言</a></li>
<li><a class="nav-link" href="#%E9%A2%84%E5%A4%87%E7%9F%A5%E8%AF%86">预备知识</a></li>
<li><a class="nav-link" href="#%E5%8D%B0%E5%88%B7%E6%83%AF%E4%BE%8B">印刷惯例</a></li>
</ul>
<div class="book-extra">
<ul class="list-unstyled">
</ul>
</div>
</nav>
</div>
</div>
</div> <!-- .container -->
<footer class="bg-primary text-light mt-5"><div class="container"><div class="row">
<div class="col-12 col-md-6 mt-3">
<p>"<strong>纵向与事件时间数据的联合模型及其在 R 中的应用</strong>" was written by Wang Zhen. It was last built on 2024-04-19.</p>
</div>
<div class="col-12 col-md-6 mt-3">
<p>This book was built by the <a class="text-light" href="https://bookdown.org">bookdown</a> R package.</p>
</div>
</div></div>
</footer><!-- dynamically load mathjax for compatibility with self-contained --><script>
(function () {
var script = document.createElement("script");
script.type = "text/javascript";
var src = "true";
if (src === "" || src === "true") src = "https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/mathjax/2.7.9/latest.js?config=TeX-MML-AM_CHTML";
if (location.protocol !== "file:")
if (/^https?:/.test(src))
src = src.replace(/^https?:/, '');
script.src = src;
document.getElementsByTagName("head")[0].appendChild(script);
})();
</script><script type="text/x-mathjax-config">const popovers = document.querySelectorAll('a.footnote-ref[data-toggle="popover"]');
for (let popover of popovers) {
const div = document.createElement('div');
div.setAttribute('style', 'position: absolute; top: 0, left:0; width:0, height:0, overflow: hidden; visibility: hidden;');
div.innerHTML = popover.getAttribute('data-content');
var has_math = div.querySelector("span.math");
if (has_math) {
document.body.appendChild(div);
MathJax.Hub.Queue(["Typeset", MathJax.Hub, div]);
MathJax.Hub.Queue(function() {
popover.setAttribute('data-content', div.innerHTML);
document.body.removeChild(div);
})
}
}
</script>
</body>
</html>