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govc

govc is a vSphere CLI built on top of govmomi.

The CLI is designed to be a user friendly CLI alternative to the GUI and well suited for automation tasks. It also acts as a test harness for the govmomi APIs and provides working examples of how to use the APIs.

Installation

Docker

The official govc Docker images are built from this Dockerfile.

Binaries

You can find prebuilt govc binaries on the releases page.

You can download and install a binary locally like this:

# extract govc binary to /usr/local/bin
# note: the "tar" command must run with root permissions
curl -L -o - "https://github.com/vmware/govmomi/releases/latest/download/govc_$(uname -s)_$(uname -m).tar.gz" | tar -C /usr/local/bin -xvzf - govc

Source

Install via go install

To build govc from source, first install the Go toolchain. You can then install the latest govc from Github using:

go install github.com/vmware/govmomi/govc@latest

Note: govmomi and its binaries use Go modules, i.e. explicitly setting GOPATH is not required anymore. To inject build variables (see details below) used by govc version [-l], GOFLAGS can be defined and are honored by go get.

⚠️ Make sure $GOPATH/bin is in your PATH to use the version installed from source.

If you've made local modifications to the repository at $GOPATH/src/github.com/vmware/govmomi, you can install using:

go install github.com/vmware/govmomi/govc

Install via goreleaser

You can also build govc following our release process using goreleaser (requires Go toolchain). This will ensure that build time variables are correctly injected. Build (linker) flags and injection are defined in .goreleaser.yaml and automatically set as GOFLAGS when building with goreleaser.

Install goreleaser as per the installation instructions, then:

git clone https://github.com/vmware/govmomi.git
cd govmomi

# pick a tag (>=v0.25.0)
RELEASE=v0.25.0

git checkout ${RELEASE}

# build for the host OS/ARCH, otherwise omit --single-target
# binaries are placed in respective subdirectories in ./dist/
goreleaser build --rm-dist --single-target

Usage

For the complete list of commands and flags, refer to the USAGE document.

Common flags include:

  • -u: ESXi or vCenter URL (ex: user:pass@host)
  • -debug: Trace requests and responses (to ~/.govmomi/debug)

Managed entities can be referred to by their absolute path or by their relative path. For example, when specifying a datastore to use for a subcommand, you can either specify it as /mydatacenter/datastore/mydatastore, or as mydatastore. If you're not sure about the name of the datastore, or even the full path to the datastore, you can specify a pattern to match. Both /*center/*/my* (absolute) and my*store (relative) will resolve to the same datastore, given there are no other datastores that match those globs.

The relative path in this example can only be used if the command can umambigously resolve a datacenter to use as origin for the query. If no datacenter is specified, govc defaults to the only datacenter, if there is only one. The datacenter itself can be specified as a pattern as well, enabling the following arguments: -dc='my*' -ds='*store'. The datastore pattern is looked up and matched relative to the datacenter which itself is specified as a pattern.

Besides specifying managed entities as arguments, they can also be specified using environment variables. The following environment variables are used by govc to set defaults:

  • GOVC_URL: URL of ESXi or vCenter instance to connect to.

    The URL scheme defaults to https and the URL path defaults to /sdk. This means that specifying user:pass@host is equivalent to https://user:pass@host/sdk.

    If username or password includes special characters like \, # or : you can use GOVC_USERNAME and GOVC_PASSWORD to have a simple GOVC_URL

    When using govc against VMware Workstation, GOVC_URL can be set to "localhost" without a user or pass, in which case local ticket based authentication is used.

  • GOVC_USERNAME: USERNAME to use if not specified in GOVC_URL.

  • GOVC_PASSWORD: PASSWORD to use if not specified in GOVC_URL.

  • GOVC_TLS_CA_CERTS: Override system root certificate authorities.

    export GOVC_TLS_CA_CERTS=~/.govc_ca.crt
# Use path separator to specify multiple files:
export GOVC_TLS_CA_CERTS=~/ca-certificates/bar.crt:~/ca-certificates/foo.crt

  • GOVC_TLS_KNOWN_HOSTS: File(s) for thumbprint based certificate verification.

    Thumbprint based verification can be used in addition to or as an alternative to GOVC_TLS_CA_CERTS for self-signed certificates. Example:

    export GOVC_TLS_KNOWN_HOSTS=~/.govc_known_hosts
govc about.cert -u host -k -thumbprint | tee -a $GOVC_TLS_KNOWN_HOSTS
govc about -u user:pass@host

  • GOVC_TLS_HANDSHAKE_TIMEOUT: Limits the time spent performing the TLS handshake.

  • GOVC_INSECURE: Disable certificate verification.

    This option sets Go's tls.Config.InsecureSkipVerify flag and is false by default. Quoting https://golang.org/pkg/crypto/tls/#Config:

    InsecureSkipVerify controls whether a client verifies the server's certificate chain and host name.

    If InsecureSkipVerify is true, TLS accepts any certificate presented by the server and any host name in that certificate.

    In this mode, TLS is susceptible to man-in-the-middle attacks. This should be used only for testing.

  • GOVC_DATACENTER

  • GOVC_DATASTORE

  • GOVC_NETWORK

  • GOVC_RESOURCE_POOL

  • GOVC_HOST

  • GOVC_GUEST_LOGIN: Guest credentials for guest operations

  • GOVC_VIM_NAMESPACE: Vim namespace defaults to urn:vim25

  • GOVC_VIM_VERSION: Vim version defaults to 6.0

Troubleshooting

Verbose Flag

The -verbose flag writes request and response data to stderr, in a format more compact than the -trace or -debug flags. The output includes the request method name with abbreviated input parameters. The response data is more detailed and may include structures formatted as Go code, such as Task property updates. The value of some properties will the govc object.collect command that can be used to view the actual value.

Trace flag

The -trace flag writes HTTP request and response data to stderr. XML bodies are formatted using xmlstarlet if installed and JSON bodies using jq if installed. Formatting can be disabled via export GOVC_DEBUG_FORMAT=false.

If both -trace and -verbose flags are specified, request and response data is formatted as Go code.

Debug Flag

The-debug flag traces vSphere API calls similar to the -trace flag, but saves to files rather than stderr. When the -debug flag is specified, the default behavior is to put the output in ~/.govmomi/debug/<run timestamp>. In that directory will be four (4) files per API call.

1-0001.req.headers #headers from the request sent to the API
1-0001.req.xml #body content from request sent to the API
1-0001.res.headers #headers from the response from the API
1-0001.res.xml #body from the respnse from the API

In that filename the 0001 represents the an incremented call order and will increment for each time the SOAP client makes an API call.

To configure the debug output you can use two environment variables.

  • GOVC_DEBUG_PATH: defaults to ~/.govmomi/debug
  • GOVC_DEBUG_PATH_RUN: defaults to timestamp of the run

The debug-format script can be used to format the debug output similar to the -trace flag.

Print Version Information

For troubleshooting and when filing issues, get build related details with:

$ govc version -l
Build Version: v0.25.0-next
Build Commit: e86da96e
Build Date: 2021-04-19T10:29:57Z

stderr debug

If you prefer debug output to be sent to stderr and seen while the command is running you can override the file behavior by setting the debug path to a dash: export GOVC_DEBUG_PATH=-

Environment variables

If you're using environment variables to set GOVC_URL, verify the values are set as expected:

govc env

Connection issues

Check your proxy settings:

env | grep -i https_proxy

Test connection using curl:

curl --verbose -k -X POST https://x.x.x.x/sdk

MSYS2 (Windows)

Inventory path arguments with a leading '/' are subject to Posix path conversion.

NotAuthenticated

When connecting to a non-TLS endpoint, Go's http.Client will not send Secure cookies, resulting in a NotAuthenticated error. For example, running govc directly against the vCenter vpxd endpoint at http://127.0.0.1:8085. Set the environment variable GOVMOMI_INSECURE_COOKIES=true to workaround this:

GOVMOMI_INSECURE_COOKIES=true govc ls -u http://user:[email protected]:8085

Examples

Several examples are embedded in the govc command help

Status

Changes to the CLI are subject to semantic versioning.

Refer to the CHANGELOG for version to version changes.

When new govc commands or flags are added, the PATCH version will be incremented. This enables you to require a minimum version from within a script, for example:

govc version -require 0.24

Projects using govc

Related projects

License

govc is available under the Apache 2 license.

Name

Pronounced "go-v-c", short for "Go(lang) vCenter CLI".