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@book{greiner1996,
title={Field Quantization},
author={Greiner, W. and Reinhardt, J. and Bromley, D.A.},
isbn={9783540591795},
lccn={95045449},
url={https://books.google.com.br/books?id=VvBAvf0wSrIC},
year={1996},
publisher={Springer}
}
@book{lancaster2014quantum,
title={Quantum Field Theory for the Gifted Amateur},
author={Lancaster, T. and Blundell, S.J.},
isbn={9780199699339},
lccn={2013950755},
url={https://books.google.com.br/books?id=Y-0kAwAAQBAJ},
year={2014},
publisher={Oxford University Press}
}
@book{padmanabhan2016quantum,
title={Quantum Field Theory: The Why, What and How},
author={Padmanabhan, T.},
isbn={9783319281735},
series={Graduate Texts in Physics},
url={https://books.google.com.br/books?id=yDqFCwAAQBAJ},
year={2016},
publisher={Springer International Publishing}
}
@book{peskin1995introduction,
title={An Introduction To Quantum Field Theory},
author={Peskin, M. E. and Schroeder, D. V.},
isbn={9780813345437},
series={Frontiers in Physics},
url={https://books.google.com.br/books?id=EVeNNcslvX0C},
year={1995},
publisher={Avalon Publishing}
}
@book{srednicki2007quantum,
title={Quantum Field Theory},
author={Srednicki, M.},
isbn={9781139462761},
url={https://books.google.com.br/books?id=5OepxIG42B4C},
year={2007},
publisher={Cambridge University Press}
}
@book{alvarez2011invitation,
title={An Invitation to Quantum Field Theory},
author={Alvarez-Gaum{\'e}, L. and V{\'a}zquez-Mozo, M.A.},
isbn={9783642237270},
lccn={2011937783},
series={Lecture Notes in Physics},
url={https://books.google.com.br/books?id=0oNj1AdbFq8C},
year={2011},
publisher={Springer Berlin Heidelberg}
}
@book{zee2010quantum,
Author = {Zee, A.},
Edition = {2nd},
Publisher = {Princeton University Press},
Address = {New Jersey},
Title = {Quantum Field Theory in a Nutshell},
Year = {2010},
isbn={9780691140346}
}
@book{weinberg1995quantum,
title={The Quantum Theory of Fields},
author={Weinberg, S.},
volume={I},
isbn={9780521550017},
lccn={95002782},
series={},
url={},
year={1995},
address={New York},
publisher={Cambridge University Press}
}
@book{maggiore2005modern,
title={A Modern Introduction to Quantum Field Theory},
author={Maggiore, M.},
isbn={9780198520733},
lccn={05295989},
url={https://books.google.com.br/books?id=yykTDAAAQBAJ},
year={2005},
publisher={Oxford University Press}
}
@book{schwichtenberg2017physics,
title={Physics from Symmetry},
author={Schwichtenberg, J.},
isbn={9783319666310},
series={Undergraduate Lecture Notes in Physics},
url={https://books.google.com.br/books?id=bipBDwAAQBAJ},
year={2017},
publisher={Springer International Publishing}
}
@book{barut,
title={Electrodynamics and Classical Theory of Fields \& Particles},
author={Barut, O. B.},
year={1980},
publisher={Dover Publications}}
@article{dirac22,
author = {Dirac, P. A. M.},
title = {A theory of electrons and protons},
journal = {Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series A, Containing Papers of a Mathematical and Physical Character},
volume = {126},
number = {801},
pages = {360-365},
year = {1930},
doi = {10.1098/rspa.1930.0013},
URL = {https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/abs/10.1098/rspa.1930.0013},
eprint = {https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/pdf/10.1098/rspa.1930.0013}
,
abstract = { The relativity quantum theory of an electron moving in a given electromagnetic field, although successful in predicting the spin properties of the electron, yet involves one serious difficulty which shows that some fundamental alteration is necessary before we can regard it as an accurate description of nature. This difficulty is connected with the fact that the wave equation, which is of the form [W/c + e/c A0 + ρ1 (σ, p + e/c A) + ρ3mc] Ψ = 0, (1) has, in addition to the wanted solutions for which the kinetic energy of the electron is positive, an equal number of unwanted solutions with negative kinetic energy for the electron, which appear to have no physical meaning. Thus if we take the case of a steady electromagnetic field, equation (1) will admit of periodic solutions of the form Ψ = u e-iEt/h, (2) where u is independent of t, representing stationary states, E being the total energy of the state, including the relativity term mc2. There will then exist solutions (2) with negative values for E as well as those with positive values ; in fact, if we take a matrix representation of the operators ρ1σ1, ρ1σ2, ρ1σ3, ρ3 with the matrix elements all real, then the conjugate complex of any solution of (1) will be a solution of the wave equation obtained from (1) by reversal of the sign of the potentials A, and either the original wave function or its conjugate complex must refer to a negative E. }
}
@article{dirac28,
author = {Dirac, P. A. M.},
title = {The quantum theory of the electron},
journal = {Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series A, Containing Papers of a Mathematical and Physical Character},
volume = {117},
number = {778},
pages = {610-624},
year = {1928},
doi = {10.1098/rspa.1928.0023},
URL = {https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/abs/10.1098/rspa.1928.0023},
eprint = {https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/pdf/10.1098/rspa.1928.0023}
,
abstract = { The new quantum mechanics, when applied to the problem of the structure of the atom with point-charge electrons, does not give results in agreement with experiment. The discrepancies consist of “duplexity ” phenomena, the observed number of stationary states for an electron in an atom being twice the number given by the theory. To meet the difficulty, Goudsmit and Uhlenbeck have introduced the idea of an electron with a spin angular momentum of half a quantum and a magnetic moment of one Bohr magneton. This model for the electron has been fitted into the new mechanics by Pauli,* and Darwin,† working with an equivalent theory, has shown that it gives results in agreement with experiment for hydrogen-like spectra to the first order of accuracy. The question remains as to why Nature should have chosen this particular model for the electron instead of being satisfied with the point-charge. One would like to find some incompleteness in the previous methods of applying quantum mechanics to the point-charge electron such that, when removed, the whole of the duplexity phenomena follow without arbitrary assumptions. In the present paper it is shown that this is the case, the incompleteness of the previous theories lying in their disagreement with relativity, or, alternatetively, with the general transformation theory of quantum mechanics. It appears that the simplest Hamiltonian for a point-charge electron satisfying the requirements of both relativity and the general transformation theory leads to an explanation of all duplexity phenomena without further assumption. All the same there is a great deal of truth in the spinning electron model, at least as a first approximation. The most important failure of the model seems to be that the magnitude of the resultant orbital angular momentum of an electron moving in an orbit in a central field of force is not a constant, as the model leads one to expect. }
}