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Fab City Whitepaper
Locally productive, globally connected
self-suf cient cities
Abstract
More than 200 years since the Industrial Revolution, global urbanisation keeps accelerating.
United Nations projections indicate that 75% of the human population will be living in cities by
2050. Newly created cities and the urbanisation process in rural areas replicates a lifestyle
based on consumerism and the linear economy, causing destructive social and economic
impact, while compromising the ecological systems of the planet. We are losing livelihoods
through both offshoring and automation, and this in turn leads to the demise of dynamic hubs of
practical and cultural knowledge, where things are made. Extreme industrialisation and
globalisation have turned cities into the most voracious consumers of materials, and they are
overwhelmingly the source of carbon emissions through both direct and embodied energy
consumption; we need to reimagine the cities and how they operate. The Fab City is an
international initiative started by IAAC, MIT's CBA, the Barcelona City Council and the Fab
Foundation to develop locally productive and globally connected self-suf cient cities. The
project is connected to the global Fab Lab (Fabrication Laboratory) Network and comprises an
international think tank of civic leaders, makers, urbanists and innovators working on changing
the paradigm of the current industrial economy where the city operates on a linear model of
importing products and producing waste, to a spiral innovation ecosystem in which materials
ow inside cities and information on how things are made circulates globally. Fab City is about
building a new economy based on distributed data and manufacturing infrastructure.
www.fab.city | www.fabacademy.org | www.iaac.net
www.fablabs.io | www.fabfoundation.org | fab.cba.mit.edu
----------------Page (0) Break----------------
Introduction
We need to reinvent our cities and their relationship to people and nature by re-localising
production so that cities are generative rather than extractive, restorative rather than destructive,
and empowering rather than alienating, where prosperity ourishes, and people have purposeful,
meaningful work that they enjoy, that enables them to use their passion and talent. We need to
recover the knowledge and capacity on how things are made in our cities, by connecting citizens
with the advanced technologies that are transforming our everyday life.
Image 1. Where do we make things? Source: Fab City
www.fab.city | www.fabacademy.org | www.iaac.net
www.fablabs.io | www.fabfoundation.org | fab.cba.mit.edu
----------------Page (1) Break----------------
Image 2. “Three projections to 2100 for waste generation spell very different futures. In the first Shared Socioeconomic
Pathway scenario (SSP1), the 7-billion population is 90% urbanised, development goals are achieved, fossil fuel
consumption is reduced and populations are more environmentally conscious. SSP2 is the ‘business-as-usual’ forecast,
with an estimated population of 9.5 million and 80% urbanization. In SSP3, 70% of the world’s 13.5 billion live in cities
and there are pockets of extreme poverty and moderate wealth, and many countries with rapidly growing populations.“
Graphic source: Fab City. Data source: Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development / Interpretation by
Daniel Hoornweg, Perinaz Bhada-Tata & Chris Kennedy for “Environment: Waste production must peak this century“
published in Nature, October 30/2013 at
http://www.nature.com/news/environment-waste-production-must-peak-this-century-1.14032 .
www.fab.city | www.fabacademy.org | www.iaac.net
www.fablabs.io | www.fabfoundation.org | fab.cba.mit.edu
----------------Page (2) Break----------------
Background
For more than 10 years Fab labs have provided widespread access to modern means for
invention and production. They began as an outreach project from MIT's Center for Bits and
Atoms (CBA). Fab labs have spread from inner-city Boston to rural India, from South Africa to the
North of Norway. Activities in fab labs range from technological empowerment to peer-to-peer
project-based technical training to local problem-solving to small-scale high-tech business
incubation to grass-roots research. Projects being developed and produced in fab labs include
solar and wind-powered turbines, thin-client computers and wireless data networks, analytical
instrumentation for agriculture and healthcare, custom housing, and rapid-prototyping of
rapid-prototyping machines. Fab labs share core capabilities among the almost 1000 labs in
operation as at April 2016, so that people and projects can be shared across them. These labs
work with components and materials optimized for use in the eld, and are controlled with
custom software for integrated design, manufacturing, and project management. This inventory
is continuously evolving, towards the goal of a fab lab being able to make a fab lab.
Since 2001, the Institute for Advanced Architecture of Catalonia (IAAC) and the MIT’s Center for
Bits and Atoms (CBA) have collaborated in the development of a new approach to architecture
and urbanism by understanding how the use of digital technologies will impact our cities. Fab
Lab Barcelona at IAAC was the rst fabrication laboratory founded in the European Union in
2007, and the home of the global coordination of the Fab Academy program, the fablabs.io
platform and the Smart Citizen project, turning it into a world leading lab for the Fab Lab
Network in collaboration with the Fab Foundation.
In 2011 IAAC, the MIT Center for Bits and Atoms, the Fab Foundation and the Barcelona City
Council launched the Fab City project at the FAB7 conference in Lima. In 2014 at FAB10 the
mayor of Barcelona invited his colleagues around the world to join the Barcelona pledge: a
countdown for cities to become at least 50% self-suf cient by 2054. In 2015 in FAB11 at Boston,
7 new cities joined the Fab City project, including Boston, Cambridge, Ekurhuleni and Shenzhen.
This year (2016) Amsterdam city is joining the program, and we expect new cities to commit to
the Barcelona pledge at the FAB12 conference in Shenzhen, potentially: London, Copenhagen,
Paris, Santiago de Chile, and more. The Fab City initiative is open for other cities, towns or
communities to join in order to collectively build a more humane and habitable new world.
www.fab.city | www.fabacademy.org | www.iaac.net
www.fablabs.io | www.fabfoundation.org | fab.cba.mit.edu
----------------Page (3) Break----------------
Details
FAB City takes the ideals of the Fab Lab - the connectivity, culture and creativity - and scales it to
the City. It is a new urban model of transforming and shaping cities that shifts how they source
and use materials from ‘Products In Trash Out’ (PITO) to ‘Data In Data Out’ (DIDO). This means
that more production occurs inside the city, along with recycling materials and meeting local
needs through local inventiveness. A city’s imports and exports would mostly be found in the
form of data (information, knowledge, design, code).
Image 3. A multiscalar and complementary fabrication ecosystem. Source: Fab City
www.fab.city | www.fabacademy.org | www.iaac.net
www.fablabs.io | www.fabfoundation.org | fab.cba.mit.edu
----------------Page (4) Break----------------
The Fab City project will help civic leaders to develop locally productive cities in collaboration
with local communities, companies and institutions, revitalising manufacturing infrastructure
and incentivising a new economy. Fab Lab and makerspace based innovations could be a
source for solutions to connect to real problems in cities, opening opportunities for businesses,
research and education through projects. With its inherent zero waste and carbon reduction
goals, linked to education, innovation, skills development and the creation of employment
opportunities and livelihoods through the relocalisation of manufacturing, the FAB City approach
can contribute to achieving a range of city objectives.
In this way, the citizens and the city are empowered to be the masters of their own destiny, their
resilience is increased and a more ecological system is developed with movements of materials
and associated energy consumption and carbon emissions typical of the current economy
drastically reduced. In order for this to be possible, the city must be locally productive and
globally connected to knowledge, economic and social networks, making cooperation between
cities, citizens and knowledge centers the basis of the scienti c knowledge.
To become a FAB City requires having a more precise knowledge of the way that cities work. The
evolution of the project will make it possible to create better systems of capturing and analysing
data, developing knowledge about a city, and it will also require the implementation of an
evaluation system and detailed monitoring.
The Fab City strategy is unique in that it addresses a range of environmental, social and
economic objectives (carbon reduction, waste minimisation, relocalisation of manufacturing
and work) in a systems approach by harnessing new technology and production approaches. All
of this is brought to a practical level, by connecting with the existing Fab Lab Network, a vast
source for urban innovations being shared already globally by makers in more than 70 countries
and 600 labs.
The rst city to become self-suf cient - simultaneously increasing employment by creating
opportunities through open innovation, and radically reducing carbon emissions by re-localising
production - will lead the future of urban development globally.
www.fab.city | www.fabacademy.org | www.iaac.net
www.fablabs.io | www.fabfoundation.org | fab.cba.mit.edu
----------------Page (5) Break----------------
Strategies
The core Fab City strategy is development of a global network of cities that are part of a
sustainable ecosystem of production and knowledge: from the 3d printer at home, to the
neighborhood Fab Lab, to the city factory to global production infrastructure. A new
manufacturing ecosystem to rescale globalisation and provide the means of innovation and
production to citizens, who are empowered to lead the transformation of their cities. Becoming
a Fab City involves working in the following speci c strategies:
●Advanced Manufacturing Ecosystem: Being part of a global network of cities that share
knowledge and best practices on urban solutions emerging from citizens, companies,
educational institutions, and governments. Local networks of Fab Labs and mid-scale
production centers connected to the larger global network of supply chains, sharing
knowledge, best practices and projects.
●Distributed Energy Production: With the advent of domestic batteries and ef ciency
improvements in solar and other means of clean power generation, energy distribution
itself will face enormous changes. Distributed grids will change the role of households
and businesses in power, water and resources distribution.
●Cryptocurrencies for a New Value Chain: Cities creating their own trade markets
connected to a global economy, using a multi-currency and value system based on the
blockchain and similar technologies.
●Food Production and Urban Permaculture: Urban farming will scale up from
experimental practice to large scale infrastructure. Local production of foods at
domestic, neighbourhood and city scales will create a closed loop system for food
production and harvesting.
●Educating for the Future: Incorporating a stronger emphasis on learning-by-doing in
education systems and curricula, and engaging all levels of education in nding
solutions for local needs through digital fabrication technologies, and sharing them with
global networks.
www.fab.city | www.fabacademy.org | www.iaac.net
www.fablabs.io | www.fabfoundation.org | fab.cba.mit.edu
----------------Page (6) Break----------------
●Building the Spiral Economy: Reduce the amount of imported goods, food and resources
like water or energy. Increase the use of recycled raw materials for the production of
objects in cities. Create added value in every iteration of a new product.
●Collaboration between Governments and the Civil Society: Local government and civic
organizations, start-ups, universities, and other organizations must work together in
order to make a cultural shift that promotes the empowerment of cities and their
citizens.
All these will be supported by technologies such as digital manufacturing, energy rehabilitation
of buildings and neighbourhoods, smart energy networks, electrical mobility, urban
permaculture, intelligent infrastructure, and related policy and regulatory approaches, among
other solutions to be shared globally between cities.
Bene ts
This initiative offers a valuable economic opportunity for participating cities. It will create new
types of jobs and professions related to the knowledge economy and the development and
implementation of new approaches and technological solutions. The Fab City initiative will
develop a set of associated services:
●Mapping the existing innovation and production ecosystems in cities. Understanding the
existing manufacturing infrastructures, networks of knowledge, initiatives, communities
and other organisations that are looking into systems change in participating cities.
●Establishing metrics to evaluate impact in each participating city. Developing common
standards and sharing best practices in terms of local production. A Fab City data
dashboard.
●Developing products that can be produced locally and shared globally. From objects to
food, to waste management or energy harvesting solutions. A global Fab City repository.
●Deploying interventions . Running a Fab City Blockchain amongst the participating cities
as a decentralised autonomous organisation.
www.fab.city | www.fabacademy.org | www.iaac.net
www.fablabs.io | www.fabfoundation.org | fab.cba.mit.edu
----------------Page (7) Break----------------
●Articulating with other groups of interest and networks. Fab City is not the only initiative
looking into the future of cities, we aim to build bridges with existing research and
initiatives that for years have been contributing to developing a better understanding of
the urban living.
●Organising a yearly event at Fab Conferences and complementary events in different
cities of the world.
These associated services should lead to a business model for Fab City to exist as an
international organisation, which will be established by its founding members (IAAC, MIT’s CBA
and Fab Foundation) and by inviting associated members to share rights and duties.
Image 4. Global connected production. Materials stay within accepted distances in cities and regions, information
travels on how things are made. We share the recipes of how to construct our world. Source: Fab City
www.fab.city | www.fabacademy.org | www.iaac.net
www.fablabs.io | www.fabfoundation.org | fab.cba.mit.edu
----------------Page (8) Break----------------
Conclusion
Aconcertedandcoordinatedresponsemustbemadetoreimaginehow,whereandwhatwe
makeifwearetoliveharmoniouslywithintheboundsoftheplanet’sresources.Weare
proposingamodelforcitiestoberesilient,productiveandself-suf cientinordertorespondto
thechallengesofourtimesandtorecovertheknowledgeandthecapacitytomakethings,to
produceenergy,toharvestfood,tounderstandthe owofmatter,toempoweritscitizensfor
themtobetheleadingagentsoftheirowndestiny.Wehaveauniqueopportunitytobuildcities
fromthegroundupbysynchronisingphilosophies,visionsandobjectivestogetherwithexisting
distributedinnovationecosystems,toconsolidateandnurtureaknowledgebasedeconomythat
hasbeendevelopedduringthelastdecadearoundopensourceinnovations,digitalfabrication
technologiesanddistributeddigitalnetworksinFabLabs,Makerspacesandopencommunities.
Wewanttocreateaglobaldatabaseofrecipesonhowthingsaremade,fromwhatandwhy.
TheFabCityisaboutradicaltransformation,itisaboutrethinkingandchangingourrelationship
with the material world, in order to continue to ourish on this planet.
Contact
Tomas Diez Ladera
Fab City Global Initiative
+34 692958102
www.fab.city | www.fabacademy.org | www.iaac.net
www.fablabs.io | www.fabfoundation.org | fab.cba.mit.edu
----------------Page (9) Break----------------
References
●Gershenfeld, Neil A. Fab: The Coming Revolution on Your Desktop--from Personal
Computers to Personal Fabrication. New York: Basic, 2005. Print.
●Gershenfeld, Neil. "Fab Lab FAQ." Fab Lab FAQ. Web. 15 Apr. 2016.
●Diez, Tomas. "Personal Fabrication: Fab Labs as Platforms for Citizen-Based Innovation,
from Microcontrollers to Cities." Digital Fabrication: 457-68. Nexus Network Journal.
2012
●Diez Ladera, Tomas. "The New Production Ecosystem. Personal, Distributed, Open
Fabrication." CCCB LAB RSS. CCCB, 04 Apr. 2013
●Vicente Guallart. The Self-Suf cient City: Internet has Changed Our Lives But it Hasn't
Changed Our Cities, Yet.. ACTAR Press, Anaheim, CA, USA. 2014
Acknowledgements: This paper has been authored by Tomas Diez, using references listed, with
contributions and revisions by Sharon Ede and James Tooze
www.fab.city | www.fabacademy.org | www.iaac.net
www.fablabs.io | www.fabfoundation.org | fab.cba.mit.edu
----------------Page (10) Break----------------