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<div><h1 class="mume-header" id="assessment">Assessment</h1>
<p>The following question set is adapted from the pre-interview assessment form used in [Algoritma]'s (<a href="https://algorit.ma">https://algorit.ma</a>) hiring for teaching members of the team.</p>
<h2 class="mume-header" id="fundamentals">Fundamentals</h2>
<ol>
<li>
<p>Assuming a simple linear regression (ordinary least squares) trained on a dataset with one predictor. This model is likely to exhibit:</p>
<ul>
<li class="task-list-item"><input type="checkbox" class="task-list-item-checkbox"> A high bias and high variance</li>
<li class="task-list-item"><input type="checkbox" class="task-list-item-checkbox"> A low bias and low variance</li>
<li class="task-list-item"><input type="checkbox" class="task-list-item-checkbox"> A high bias but low variance</li>
<li class="task-list-item"><input type="checkbox" class="task-list-item-checkbox"> A low bias but high variance</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>
<p>Which of the following is the most fitting definition of <em>p-value</em>:</p>
<ul>
<li class="task-list-item"><input type="checkbox" class="task-list-item-checkbox"> Probability of obtaining a result or value more extreme than was observed</li>
<li class="task-list-item"><input type="checkbox" class="task-list-item-checkbox"> Probability of a null hypothesis to evaluate to <strong>False</strong></li>
<li class="task-list-item"><input type="checkbox" class="task-list-item-checkbox"> Probability of the alternate hypothesis to be correct</li>
<li class="task-list-item"><input type="checkbox" class="task-list-item-checkbox"> Probability of a variable being insignificant to the true parameters of a model</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>
<p>Which is the correct formula for calculating model's <strong>sensitivity</strong>?</p>
<ul>
<li class="task-list-item"><input type="checkbox" class="task-list-item-checkbox"> True Positives / (True Positives + False Negatives)</li>
<li class="task-list-item"><input type="checkbox" class="task-list-item-checkbox"> True Positives / (True Positives + False Positives)</li>
<li class="task-list-item"><input type="checkbox" class="task-list-item-checkbox"> True Positives / Total Predictions</li>
<li class="task-list-item"><input type="checkbox" class="task-list-item-checkbox"> True Negatives / Total Predictions</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ol>
<blockquote>
<p>Refer to <code>threemodels.png</code> directly in the same directory if the image is not rendered for the following question.</p>
</blockquote>
<ol start="4">
<li>You want a model that identify hateful tweets on Twitter and you're presented with three candidates (Model A, Model B, and Model C). You are asked to pick the model with the <strong>highest precision</strong>. Which of the following models have the highest precision?</li>
</ol>
<img src="threemodels.png" title="model-comparison" style="height:300px;">
<pre class="language-text">- <input type="checkbox" class="task-list-item-checkbox" > Model A
- <input type="checkbox" class="task-list-item-checkbox" > Model B
- <input type="checkbox" class="task-list-item-checkbox" > Model C
</pre>
<ol start="5">
<li>
<p>We want to be confident that our model can perform reasonably in real world environments, and not overfitted to the dataset it was trained on. What is a strategy that greatly diminish the possibility of overfitting?</p>
<ul>
<li class="task-list-item"><input type="checkbox" class="task-list-item-checkbox"> Gradient optimization</li>
<li class="task-list-item"><input type="checkbox" class="task-list-item-checkbox"> Grid Search</li>
<li class="task-list-item"><input type="checkbox" class="task-list-item-checkbox"> Train-Test Splitting</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>
<p>One difference between a supervised learning task and an unsupervised learning task is the presence of a target variable. Which of the following best describes a target variable?</p>
<ul>
<li class="task-list-item"><input type="checkbox" class="task-list-item-checkbox"> A target variable is also an indendent variable</li>
<li class="task-list-item"><input type="checkbox" class="task-list-item-checkbox"> Target variable is an isolated variable taken in a separate data collection process</li>
<li class="task-list-item"><input type="checkbox" class="task-list-item-checkbox"> Target variable is dependent to independent variable</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ol>
<h2 class="mume-header" id="practical-hands-on">Practical Hands-On</h2>
<ol start="7">
<li>
<p>Download <code>analytics.csv</code>, which is export as-is from the company's Google Analytics dashboard. Values in the <code>Language</code> column is formatted to capture both the client (browser) language and keyboard language, but for this exercise we're only interested about the former. A value of <code>en-id</code> should hence be stored as <code>en</code>, and a value of <code>id-jp</code> should similarly be <code>id</code>. Fill missing values with <code>missing</code>. This should result in <code>en</code>, <code>id</code>, <code>th</code> and <code>missing</code> as valid values in the <code>Language</code> column. Which language has on average, the highest <code>Pages / Session</code> count?</p>
<ul>
<li class="task-list-item"><input type="checkbox" class="task-list-item-checkbox"> <code>en</code>, or English</li>
<li class="task-list-item"><input type="checkbox" class="task-list-item-checkbox"> <code>id</code>, or Indonesian</li>
<li class="task-list-item"><input type="checkbox" class="task-list-item-checkbox"> <code>th</code>, or Thai</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>
<p>Use any tools of your choice, run a closed-form, simple linear regression to predict <code>Goal Conversion Rate</code> (target) using the values of <code>Pages / Session</code> (predictor). Call this <code>model_A</code>. What is the multiple R-squared from your simple linear regression, <code>model_A</code>, rounded to 3 decimal points? You can retrieve this value through <code>sklearn.metrics.r2_score</code> or <code>summary(model)$r.squared</code></p>
<ul>
<li class="task-list-item"><input type="checkbox" class="task-list-item-checkbox"> 0.786</li>
<li class="task-list-item"><input type="checkbox" class="task-list-item-checkbox"> 0.826</li>
<li class="task-list-item"><input type="checkbox" class="task-list-item-checkbox"> 0.866</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>
<p>Let <span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math><semantics><mrow><msub><mi>β</mi><mn>0</mn></msub></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\beta_0</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.8888799999999999em;vertical-align:-0.19444em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.05278em;">β</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.30110799999999993em;"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:-0.05278em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight">0</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span> (beta0) be the intercept and <span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math><semantics><mrow><msub><mi>β</mi><mn>1</mn></msub></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\beta_1</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.8888799999999999em;vertical-align:-0.19444em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.05278em;">β</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.30110799999999993em;"><span style="top:-2.5500000000000003em;margin-left:-0.05278em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight">1</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span> be your slope. What is the value of <code>beta0</code>?</p>
<ul>
<li class="task-list-item"><input type="checkbox" class="task-list-item-checkbox"> -25.188</li>
<li class="task-list-item"><input type="checkbox" class="task-list-item-checkbox"> 8.65</li>
<li class="task-list-item"><input type="checkbox" class="task-list-item-checkbox"> 0</li>
<li class="task-list-item"><input type="checkbox" class="task-list-item-checkbox"> 0.00268</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>
<p>Add <code>Language</code> as an additional predictor to the earlier linear regression model. Call this <code>model_B</code>. Did your <strong>multiple R-squared model</strong> improved as a result? Compare the <strong>adjusted R-squared</strong> of two models <code>model_A</code> and <code>model_B</code>.</p>
<ul>
<li class="task-list-item"><input type="checkbox" class="task-list-item-checkbox"> <code>model_A</code> has a higher multiple <span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math><semantics><mrow><msup><mi>R</mi><mn>2</mn></msup></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">R^2</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.8141079999999999em;vertical-align:0em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.00773em;">R</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.8141079999999999em;"><span style="top:-3.063em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight">2</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span> and adjusted <span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math><semantics><mrow><msup><mi>R</mi><mn>2</mn></msup></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">R^2</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.8141079999999999em;vertical-align:0em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathdefault" style="margin-right:0.00773em;">R</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.8141079999999999em;"><span style="top:-3.063em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight">2</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span> value</li>
<li class="task-list-item"><input type="checkbox" class="task-list-item-checkbox"> No, the R-squared did not improved</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ol>
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