From 6fab7b0510ca47c7c3f3d3d0da4ae3837e0277d2 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: GitHub Actions <actions@github.com>
Date: Tue, 24 Sep 2024 00:17:32 +0000
Subject: [PATCH] site deploy

Auto-generated via {sandpaper}
Source  : 3505082f029b7c520e7e220022fed254c1ec3f30
Branch  : md-outputs
Author  : GitHub Actions <actions@github.com>
Time    : 2024-09-24 00:17:04 +0000
Message : markdown source builds

Auto-generated via {sandpaper}
Source  : 38bf6ff393fd58e4fd69c80b808167e097d47d33
Branch  : main
Author  : Naupaka Zimmerman <naupaka@gmail.com>
Time    : 2024-09-21 23:49:55 +0000
Message : Merge pull request #900 from bervelin-lumesa/patch-1

adding a link to an online book as a ressource
---
 01-rstudio-intro.html                    | 12 ++--
 02-project-intro.html                    |  2 +-
 03-seeking-help.html                     |  2 +-
 04-data-structures-part1.html            | 32 ++++-----
 05-data-structures-part2.html            |  2 +-
 06-data-subsetting.html                  | 18 ++---
 07-control-flow.html                     |  2 +-
 08-plot-ggplot2.html                     | 14 ++--
 09-vectorization.html                    |  2 +-
 10-functions.html                        | 12 ++--
 11-writing-data.html                     |  6 +-
 12-dplyr.html                            |  2 +-
 13-tidyr.html                            |  2 +-
 14-knitr-markdown.html                   |  2 +-
 15-wrap-up.html                          |  2 +-
 404.html                                 |  4 +-
 CODE_OF_CONDUCT.html                     |  2 +-
 LICENSE.html                             |  2 +-
 aio.html                                 | 86 +++++++++++------------
 discuss.html                             |  2 +-
 images.html                              |  4 +-
 index.html                               |  4 +-
 instructor-notes.html                    |  4 +-
 instructor/01-rstudio-intro.html         | 14 ++--
 instructor/02-project-intro.html         |  2 +-
 instructor/03-seeking-help.html          |  2 +-
 instructor/04-data-structures-part1.html | 32 ++++-----
 instructor/05-data-structures-part2.html |  2 +-
 instructor/06-data-subsetting.html       | 18 ++---
 instructor/07-control-flow.html          |  2 +-
 instructor/08-plot-ggplot2.html          | 14 ++--
 instructor/09-vectorization.html         |  2 +-
 instructor/10-functions.html             | 12 ++--
 instructor/11-writing-data.html          |  6 +-
 instructor/12-dplyr.html                 |  2 +-
 instructor/13-tidyr.html                 |  2 +-
 instructor/14-knitr-markdown.html        |  2 +-
 instructor/15-wrap-up.html               |  2 +-
 instructor/404.html                      |  4 +-
 instructor/CODE_OF_CONDUCT.html          |  2 +-
 instructor/LICENSE.html                  |  2 +-
 instructor/aio.html                      | 88 ++++++++++++------------
 instructor/discuss.html                  |  2 +-
 instructor/images.html                   |  4 +-
 instructor/index.html                    |  4 +-
 instructor/instructor-notes.html         |  4 +-
 instructor/key-points.html               |  4 +-
 instructor/profiles.html                 |  4 +-
 instructor/reference.html                |  2 +-
 key-points.html                          |  4 +-
 pkgdown.yml                              |  2 +-
 profiles.html                            |  4 +-
 reference.html                           |  2 +-
 renv.lock                                | 21 +++---
 54 files changed, 244 insertions(+), 243 deletions(-)

diff --git a/01-rstudio-intro.html b/01-rstudio-intro.html
index fa3aab850..87d69bcf6 100644
--- a/01-rstudio-intro.html
+++ b/01-rstudio-intro.html
@@ -964,7 +964,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i
 <button class="accordion-button solution-button collapsed" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#collapseSolution1" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseSolution1">
   <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution1"> Solution to challenge 1 </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution1" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution1" aria-labelledby="headingSolution1">
+<div id="collapseSolution1" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution1" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution1">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>The following can be used as R variables:</p>
 <div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb44">
@@ -1238,7 +1238,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i
 <button class="accordion-button solution-button collapsed" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#collapseSolution2" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseSolution2">
   <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution2"> Solution to challenge 2 </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution2" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution2" aria-labelledby="headingSolution2">
+<div id="collapseSolution2" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution2" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution2">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb64">
 <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
@@ -1291,7 +1291,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Challenge 3</h3>
 <button class="accordion-button solution-button collapsed" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#collapseSolution3" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseSolution3">
   <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution3"> Solution to challenge 3 </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution3" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution3" aria-labelledby="headingSolution3">
+<div id="collapseSolution3" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution3" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution3">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>One way of answering this question in R is to use the
 <code>&gt;</code> to set up the following:</p>
@@ -1329,7 +1329,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Challenge 4</h3>
 <button class="accordion-button solution-button collapsed" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#collapseSolution4" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseSolution4">
   <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution4"> Solution to challenge 4 </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution4" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution4" aria-labelledby="headingSolution4">
+<div id="collapseSolution4" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution4" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution4">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>We can use the <code>rm</code> command to accomplish this task</p>
 <div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb70">
@@ -1359,7 +1359,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Challenge 5</h3>
 <button class="accordion-button solution-button collapsed" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#collapseSolution5" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseSolution5">
   <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution5"> Solution to challenge 5 </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution5" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution5" aria-labelledby="headingSolution5">
+<div id="collapseSolution5" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution5" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution5">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>We can use the <code>install.packages()</code> command to install the
 required packages.</p>
@@ -1461,7 +1461,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Key Points</h3>
   "identifier": "https://swcarpentry.github.io/r-novice-gapminder/01-rstudio-intro.html",
   "dateCreated": "2015-04-18",
   "dateModified": "2024-09-21",
-  "datePublished": "2024-09-21"
+  "datePublished": "2024-09-24"
 }
 
   </script><script>
diff --git a/02-project-intro.html b/02-project-intro.html
index 7deca905b..e9dbb1c37 100644
--- a/02-project-intro.html
+++ b/02-project-intro.html
@@ -822,7 +822,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Key Points</h3>
   "identifier": "https://swcarpentry.github.io/r-novice-gapminder/02-project-intro.html",
   "dateCreated": "2015-04-18",
   "dateModified": "2024-09-21",
-  "datePublished": "2024-09-21"
+  "datePublished": "2024-09-24"
 }
 
   </script><script>
diff --git a/03-seeking-help.html b/03-seeking-help.html
index 2194b2ecc..190a3ef52 100644
--- a/03-seeking-help.html
+++ b/03-seeking-help.html
@@ -863,7 +863,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Key Points</h3>
   "identifier": "https://swcarpentry.github.io/r-novice-gapminder/03-seeking-help.html",
   "dateCreated": "2015-04-18",
   "dateModified": "2024-09-21",
-  "datePublished": "2024-09-21"
+  "datePublished": "2024-09-24"
 }
 
   </script><script>
diff --git a/04-data-structures-part1.html b/04-data-structures-part1.html
index 6a2c12247..21f729d15 100644
--- a/04-data-structures-part1.html
+++ b/04-data-structures-part1.html
@@ -863,7 +863,7 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution1">
   Discussion 1
   </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution1" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution1" aria-labelledby="headingSolution1">
+<div id="collapseSolution1" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution1" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution1">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>By keeping everything in a column the same, we allow ourselves to
 make simple assumptions about our data; if you can interpret one entry
@@ -1089,7 +1089,7 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution2">
   Tip 1.1
   </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution2" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution2" aria-labelledby="headingSolution2">
+<div id="collapseSolution2" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution2" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution2">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>Show the content of any variable by typing its name.</p>
 <div class="section level3">
@@ -1122,7 +1122,7 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution3">
   Tip 1.2
   </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution3" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution3" aria-labelledby="headingSolution3">
+<div id="collapseSolution3" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution3" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution3">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>In the chapter “Data types” we saw two functions that can show data
 types. One printed just a single word, the data type name. The other
@@ -1163,7 +1163,7 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution4">
   Tip 1.3
   </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution4" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution4" aria-labelledby="headingSolution4">
+<div id="collapseSolution4" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution4" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution4">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>Scroll up to the section about the <a href="#the-type-hierarchy">type
 hierarchy</a> to review the available data types</p>
@@ -1178,7 +1178,7 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution5">
   Solution to Challenge 1.3
   </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution5" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution5" aria-labelledby="headingSolution5">
+<div id="collapseSolution5" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution5" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution5">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <ul><li>Weight is expressed on a continuous scale (real numbers). The R data
 type for this is “double” (also known as “numeric”).</li>
@@ -1211,7 +1211,7 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution6">
   Tip 1.4
   </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution6" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution6" aria-labelledby="headingSolution6">
+<div id="collapseSolution6" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution6" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution6">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>Revisit the hierarchy of data types when two different data types are
 combined.</p>
@@ -1251,7 +1251,7 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution7">
   Tip 1.5
   </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution7" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution7" aria-labelledby="headingSolution7">
+<div id="collapseSolution7" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution7" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution7">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>The functions to convert data types start with <code>as.</code>. You
 can look for the function further up in the manuscript or use the
@@ -1442,7 +1442,7 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution8">
   Solution to Challenge 2
   </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution8" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution8" aria-labelledby="headingSolution8">
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 <div class="accordion-body">
 <div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb92">
 <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
@@ -1666,7 +1666,7 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution9">
   Solution to Challenge 3
   </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution9" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution9" aria-labelledby="headingSolution9">
+<div id="collapseSolution9" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution9" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution9">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>You get the names of an object by wrapping the object name inside
 <code>names(...)</code>. Similarly, you get the data type of the names
@@ -1710,7 +1710,7 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution10">
   Solution to Challenge 4
   </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution10" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution10" aria-labelledby="headingSolution10">
+<div id="collapseSolution10" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution10" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution10">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <pre><code><span><span class="va">letter_no</span> <span class="op">&lt;-</span> <span class="fl">1</span><span class="op">:</span><span class="fl">26</span>   <span class="co"># or seq(1,26)</span></span>
 <span><span class="fu">names</span><span class="op">(</span><span class="va">letter_no</span><span class="op">)</span> <span class="op">&lt;-</span> <span class="va">LETTERS</span></span>
@@ -1898,7 +1898,7 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution11">
   Solution to Challenge 5
   </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution11" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution11" aria-labelledby="headingSolution11">
+<div id="collapseSolution11" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution11" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution11">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb138">
 <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
@@ -2158,7 +2158,7 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution12">
   Solution to Challenge 6
   </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution12" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution12" aria-labelledby="headingSolution12">
+<div id="collapseSolution12" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution12" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution12">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>What do you think will be the result of
 <code>length(matrix_example)</code>?</p>
@@ -2203,7 +2203,7 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution13">
   Solution to Challenge 7
   </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution13" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution13" aria-labelledby="headingSolution13">
+<div id="collapseSolution13" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution13" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution13">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>Make another matrix, this time containing the numbers 1:50, with 5
 columns and 10 rows. Did the <code>matrix</code> function fill your
@@ -2244,7 +2244,7 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution14">
   Solution to Challenge 8
   </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution14" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution14" aria-labelledby="headingSolution14">
+<div id="collapseSolution14" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution14" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution14">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb173">
 <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
@@ -2295,7 +2295,7 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution15">
   Solution to Challenge 9
   </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution15" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution15" aria-labelledby="headingSolution15">
+<div id="collapseSolution15" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution15" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution15">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>Consider the R output of the matrix below:</p>
 <div class="codewrapper">
@@ -2394,7 +2394,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Key Points</h3>
   "identifier": "https://swcarpentry.github.io/r-novice-gapminder/04-data-structures-part1.html",
   "dateCreated": "2015-04-18",
   "dateModified": "2024-09-21",
-  "datePublished": "2024-09-21"
+  "datePublished": "2024-09-24"
 }
 
   </script><script>
diff --git a/05-data-structures-part2.html b/05-data-structures-part2.html
index 1231bc157..65c68bd80 100644
--- a/05-data-structures-part2.html
+++ b/05-data-structures-part2.html
@@ -1192,7 +1192,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Key Points</h3>
   "identifier": "https://swcarpentry.github.io/r-novice-gapminder/05-data-structures-part2.html",
   "dateCreated": "2015-04-18",
   "dateModified": "2024-09-21",
-  "datePublished": "2024-09-21"
+  "datePublished": "2024-09-24"
 }
 
   </script><script>
diff --git a/06-data-subsetting.html b/06-data-subsetting.html
index ace4726d3..8b2600673 100644
--- a/06-data-subsetting.html
+++ b/06-data-subsetting.html
@@ -738,7 +738,7 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution1">
   Solution to challenge 1
   </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution1" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution1" aria-labelledby="headingSolution1">
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 <div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb34">
 <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
@@ -923,7 +923,7 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution2">
   Solution to challenge 2
   </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution2" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution2" aria-labelledby="headingSolution2">
+<div id="collapseSolution2" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution2" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution2">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb50">
 <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
@@ -1174,7 +1174,7 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution3">
   Solution to challenge 3
   </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution3" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution3" aria-labelledby="headingSolution3">
+<div id="collapseSolution3" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution3" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution3">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <ul><li>The <strong>wrong</strong> way to do this problem is
 <code>countries==seAsia</code>. This gives a warning
@@ -1452,7 +1452,7 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution4">
   Solution to challenge 4
   </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution4" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution4" aria-labelledby="headingSolution4">
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 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>D</p>
 </div>
@@ -1597,7 +1597,7 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution5">
   Solution to challenge 5
   </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution5" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution5" aria-labelledby="headingSolution5">
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 <div class="accordion-body">
 <div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb115">
 <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
@@ -1662,7 +1662,7 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution6">
   Solution to challenge 6
   </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution6" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution6" aria-labelledby="headingSolution6">
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 <div class="accordion-body">
 <div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb122">
 <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
@@ -1816,7 +1816,7 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution7">
   Solution to challenge 7
   </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution7" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution7" aria-labelledby="headingSolution7">
+<div id="collapseSolution7" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution7" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution7">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>Fix each of the following common data frame subsetting errors:</p>
 <ol style="list-style-type: decimal"><li>Extract observations collected for the year 1957</li>
@@ -1889,7 +1889,7 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution8">
   Solution to challenge 8
   </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution8" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution8" aria-labelledby="headingSolution8">
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 <div class="accordion-body">
 <ol style="list-style-type: decimal"><li><p><code>gapminder</code> is a data.frame so needs to be subsetted
 on two dimensions. <code>gapminder[1:20, ]</code> subsets the data to
@@ -1981,7 +1981,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Key Points</h3>
   "identifier": "https://swcarpentry.github.io/r-novice-gapminder/06-data-subsetting.html",
   "dateCreated": "2015-04-18",
   "dateModified": "2024-09-21",
-  "datePublished": "2024-09-21"
+  "datePublished": "2024-09-24"
 }
 
   </script><script>
diff --git a/07-control-flow.html b/07-control-flow.html
index 2cb510102..1272c11a9 100644
--- a/07-control-flow.html
+++ b/07-control-flow.html
@@ -1253,7 +1253,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Key Points</h3>
   "identifier": "https://swcarpentry.github.io/r-novice-gapminder/07-control-flow.html",
   "dateCreated": "2015-04-18",
   "dateModified": "2024-09-21",
-  "datePublished": "2024-09-21"
+  "datePublished": "2024-09-24"
 }
 
   </script><script>
diff --git a/08-plot-ggplot2.html b/08-plot-ggplot2.html
index 6b5c08fae..e0283c01e 100644
--- a/08-plot-ggplot2.html
+++ b/08-plot-ggplot2.html
@@ -543,7 +543,7 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution1">
   Solution to challenge 1
   </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution1" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution1" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution1">
+<div id="collapseSolution1" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution1" aria-labelledby="headingSolution1">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>Here is one possible solution:</p>
 <div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb5">
@@ -583,7 +583,7 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution2">
   Solution to challenge 2
   </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution2" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution2" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution2">
+<div id="collapseSolution2" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution2" aria-labelledby="headingSolution2">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>The solution presented below adds <code>color=continent</code> to the
 call of the <code>aes</code> function. The general trend seems to
@@ -691,7 +691,7 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution3">
   Solution to challenge 3
   </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution3" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution3" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution3">
+<div id="collapseSolution3" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution3" aria-labelledby="headingSolution3">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>The lines now get drawn over the points!</p>
 <div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb11">
@@ -813,7 +813,7 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution4">
   Solution to challenge 4a
   </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution4" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution4" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution4">
+<div id="collapseSolution4" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution4" aria-labelledby="headingSolution4">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>Here a possible solution: Notice that the <code>color</code> argument
 is supplied outside of the <code>aes()</code> function. This means that
@@ -856,7 +856,7 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution5">
   Solution to challenge 4b
   </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution5" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution5" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution5">
+<div id="collapseSolution5" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution5" aria-labelledby="headingSolution5">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>Here is a possible solution: Notice that supplying the
 <code>color</code> argument inside the <code>aes()</code> functions
@@ -1005,7 +1005,7 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution6">
   Solution to Challenge 5
   </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution6" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution6" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution6">
+<div id="collapseSolution6" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution6" aria-labelledby="headingSolution6">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>Here a possible solution: <code>xlab()</code> and <code>ylab()</code>
 set labels for the x and y axes, respectively The axis title, text and
@@ -1098,7 +1098,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Key Points</h3>
   "identifier": "https://swcarpentry.github.io/r-novice-gapminder/08-plot-ggplot2.html",
   "dateCreated": "2015-04-18",
   "dateModified": "2024-09-21",
-  "datePublished": "2024-09-21"
+  "datePublished": "2024-09-24"
 }
 
   </script><script>
diff --git a/09-vectorization.html b/09-vectorization.html
index e5e51a06f..2d718a593 100644
--- a/09-vectorization.html
+++ b/09-vectorization.html
@@ -1025,7 +1025,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Key Points</h3>
   "identifier": "https://swcarpentry.github.io/r-novice-gapminder/09-vectorization.html",
   "dateCreated": "2015-04-18",
   "dateModified": "2024-09-21",
-  "datePublished": "2024-09-21"
+  "datePublished": "2024-09-24"
 }
 
   </script><script>
diff --git a/10-functions.html b/10-functions.html
index d8941b808..96dcfd22f 100644
--- a/10-functions.html
+++ b/10-functions.html
@@ -569,7 +569,7 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution1">
   Solution to challenge 1
   </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution1" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution1" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution1">
+<div id="collapseSolution1" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution1" aria-labelledby="headingSolution1">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>Write a function called <code>kelvin_to_celsius</code> that takes a
 temperature in Kelvin and returns that temperature in Celsius</p>
@@ -625,7 +625,7 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution2">
   Solution to challenge 2
   </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution2" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution2" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution2">
+<div id="collapseSolution2" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution2" aria-labelledby="headingSolution2">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>Define the function to convert directly from Fahrenheit to Celsius,
 by reusing these two functions above</p>
@@ -757,7 +757,7 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution3">
   Solution to challenge 3
   </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution3" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution3" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution3">
+<div id="collapseSolution3" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution3" aria-labelledby="headingSolution3">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>Extend our previous definition of the function by adding in an
 explicit call to <code>stopifnot()</code>. Since
@@ -1011,7 +1011,7 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution4">
   Solution to challenge 4
   </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution4" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution4" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution4">
+<div id="collapseSolution4" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution4" aria-labelledby="headingSolution4">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb32">
 <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
@@ -1069,7 +1069,7 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution5">
   Solution to challenge 5
   </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution5" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution5" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution5">
+<div id="collapseSolution5" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution5" aria-labelledby="headingSolution5">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>Write a function called <code>fence()</code> that takes two vectors
 as arguments, called <code>text</code> and <code>wrapper</code>, and
@@ -1221,7 +1221,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Key Points</h3>
   "identifier": "https://swcarpentry.github.io/r-novice-gapminder/10-functions.html",
   "dateCreated": "2015-04-18",
   "dateModified": "2024-09-21",
-  "datePublished": "2024-09-21"
+  "datePublished": "2024-09-24"
 }
 
   </script><script>
diff --git a/11-writing-data.html b/11-writing-data.html
index 730028abe..9503c2e68 100644
--- a/11-writing-data.html
+++ b/11-writing-data.html
@@ -487,7 +487,7 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution1">
   Solution to challenge 1
   </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution1" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution1" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution1">
+<div id="collapseSolution1" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution1" aria-labelledby="headingSolution1">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb3">
 <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
@@ -611,7 +611,7 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution2">
   Solution to challenge 2
   </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution2" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution2" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution2">
+<div id="collapseSolution2" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution2" aria-labelledby="headingSolution2">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb11">
 <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
@@ -698,7 +698,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Key Points</h3>
   "identifier": "https://swcarpentry.github.io/r-novice-gapminder/11-writing-data.html",
   "dateCreated": "2015-04-18",
   "dateModified": "2024-09-21",
-  "datePublished": "2024-09-21"
+  "datePublished": "2024-09-24"
 }
 
   </script><script>
diff --git a/12-dplyr.html b/12-dplyr.html
index 3a05a5b7a..8c46dda40 100644
--- a/12-dplyr.html
+++ b/12-dplyr.html
@@ -1248,7 +1248,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Key Points</h3>
   "identifier": "https://swcarpentry.github.io/r-novice-gapminder/12-dplyr.html",
   "dateCreated": "2015-04-18",
   "dateModified": "2024-09-21",
-  "datePublished": "2024-09-21"
+  "datePublished": "2024-09-24"
 }
 
   </script><script>
diff --git a/13-tidyr.html b/13-tidyr.html
index fbb7ceee8..27e36be80 100644
--- a/13-tidyr.html
+++ b/13-tidyr.html
@@ -1172,7 +1172,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Key Points</h3>
   "identifier": "https://swcarpentry.github.io/r-novice-gapminder/13-tidyr.html",
   "dateCreated": "2015-04-18",
   "dateModified": "2024-09-21",
-  "datePublished": "2024-09-21"
+  "datePublished": "2024-09-24"
 }
 
   </script><script>
diff --git a/14-knitr-markdown.html b/14-knitr-markdown.html
index 882461bbe..0782b5bf5 100644
--- a/14-knitr-markdown.html
+++ b/14-knitr-markdown.html
@@ -936,7 +936,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Key Points</h3>
   "identifier": "https://swcarpentry.github.io/r-novice-gapminder/14-knitr-markdown.html",
   "dateCreated": "2015-04-18",
   "dateModified": "2024-09-21",
-  "datePublished": "2024-09-21"
+  "datePublished": "2024-09-24"
 }
 
   </script><script>
diff --git a/15-wrap-up.html b/15-wrap-up.html
index 40159b2ec..5a3a29008 100644
--- a/15-wrap-up.html
+++ b/15-wrap-up.html
@@ -592,7 +592,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Key Points</h3>
   "identifier": "https://swcarpentry.github.io/r-novice-gapminder/15-wrap-up.html",
   "dateCreated": "2015-04-18",
   "dateModified": "2024-09-21",
-  "datePublished": "2024-09-21"
+  "datePublished": "2024-09-24"
 }
 
   </script><script>
diff --git a/404.html b/404.html
index bb47a6861..85371cd07 100644
--- a/404.html
+++ b/404.html
@@ -463,8 +463,8 @@ <h1>Page not found</h1>
   "url": "https://swcarpentry.github.io/r-novice-gapminder/404.html",
   "identifier": "https://swcarpentry.github.io/r-novice-gapminder/404.html",
   "dateCreated": "2015-04-18",
-  "dateModified": "2024-09-21",
-  "datePublished": "2024-09-21"
+  "dateModified": "2024-09-24",
+  "datePublished": "2024-09-24"
 }
 
   </script><script>
diff --git a/CODE_OF_CONDUCT.html b/CODE_OF_CONDUCT.html
index 10cd0d4ea..f68671bad 100644
--- a/CODE_OF_CONDUCT.html
+++ b/CODE_OF_CONDUCT.html
@@ -466,7 +466,7 @@ <h1>Contributor Code of Conduct</h1>
   "identifier": "https://swcarpentry.github.io/r-novice-gapminder/CODE_OF_CONDUCT.html",
   "dateCreated": "2015-04-18",
   "dateModified": "2024-09-21",
-  "datePublished": "2024-09-21"
+  "datePublished": "2024-09-24"
 }
 
   </script><script>
diff --git a/LICENSE.html b/LICENSE.html
index a5702ae6e..264bb09cd 100644
--- a/LICENSE.html
+++ b/LICENSE.html
@@ -514,7 +514,7 @@ <h1>Licenses</h1>
   "identifier": "https://swcarpentry.github.io/r-novice-gapminder/LICENSE.html",
   "dateCreated": "2015-04-18",
   "dateModified": "2024-09-21",
-  "datePublished": "2024-09-21"
+  "datePublished": "2024-09-24"
 }
 
   </script><script>
diff --git a/aio.html b/aio.html
index ac5f4f464..66e6d0352 100644
--- a/aio.html
+++ b/aio.html
@@ -1058,7 +1058,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i
 <button class="accordion-button solution-button collapsed" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#collapseSolution1" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseSolution1">
   <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution1"> Solution to challenge 1 </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution1" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution1" aria-labelledby="headingSolution1">
+<div id="collapseSolution1" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution1" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution1">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>The following can be used as R variables:</p>
 <div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb44">
@@ -1340,7 +1340,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i
 <button class="accordion-button solution-button collapsed" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#collapseSolution2" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseSolution2">
   <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution2"> Solution to challenge 2 </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution2" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution2" aria-labelledby="headingSolution2">
+<div id="collapseSolution2" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution2" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution2">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb64">
 <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
@@ -1393,7 +1393,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Challenge 3</h3>
 <button class="accordion-button solution-button collapsed" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#collapseSolution3" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseSolution3">
   <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution3"> Solution to challenge 3 </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution3" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution3" aria-labelledby="headingSolution3">
+<div id="collapseSolution3" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution3" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution3">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>One way of answering this question in R is to use the
 <code>&gt;</code> to set up the following:</p>
@@ -1431,7 +1431,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Challenge 4</h3>
 <button class="accordion-button solution-button collapsed" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#collapseSolution4" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseSolution4">
   <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution4"> Solution to challenge 4 </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution4" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution4" aria-labelledby="headingSolution4">
+<div id="collapseSolution4" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution4" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution4">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>We can use the <code>rm</code> command to accomplish this task</p>
 <div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb70">
@@ -1461,7 +1461,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Challenge 5</h3>
 <button class="accordion-button solution-button collapsed" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#collapseSolution5" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseSolution5">
   <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution5"> Solution to challenge 5 </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution5" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution5" aria-labelledby="headingSolution5">
+<div id="collapseSolution5" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution5" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution5">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>We can use the <code>install.packages()</code> command to install the
 required packages.</p>
@@ -2792,7 +2792,7 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution1">
   Discussion 1
   </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution1" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution1" aria-labelledby="headingSolution1">
+<div id="collapseSolution1" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution1" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution1">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>By keeping everything in a column the same, we allow ourselves to
 make simple assumptions about our data; if you can interpret one entry
@@ -3023,7 +3023,7 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution2">
   Tip 1.1
   </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution2" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution2" aria-labelledby="headingSolution2">
+<div id="collapseSolution2" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution2" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution2">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>Show the content of any variable by typing its name.</p>
 <div class="section level3">
@@ -3057,7 +3057,7 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution3">
   Tip 1.2
   </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution3" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution3" aria-labelledby="headingSolution3">
+<div id="collapseSolution3" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution3" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution3">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>In the chapter “Data types” we saw two functions that can show data
 types. One printed just a single word, the data type name. The other
@@ -3101,7 +3101,7 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution4">
   Tip 1.3
   </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution4" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution4" aria-labelledby="headingSolution4">
+<div id="collapseSolution4" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution4" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution4">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>Scroll up to the section about the <a href="#the-type-hierarchy">type
 hierarchy</a> to review the available data types</p>
@@ -3116,7 +3116,7 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution5">
   Solution to Challenge 1.3
   </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution5" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution5" aria-labelledby="headingSolution5">
+<div id="collapseSolution5" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution5" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution5">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <ul>
 <li>Weight is expressed on a continuous scale (real numbers). The R data
@@ -3151,7 +3151,7 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution6">
   Tip 1.4
   </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution6" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution6" aria-labelledby="headingSolution6">
+<div id="collapseSolution6" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution6" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution6">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>Revisit the hierarchy of data types when two different data types are
 combined.</p>
@@ -3192,7 +3192,7 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution7">
   Tip 1.5
   </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution7" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution7" aria-labelledby="headingSolution7">
+<div id="collapseSolution7" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution7" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution7">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>The functions to convert data types start with <code>as.</code>. You
 can look for the function further up in the manuscript or use the
@@ -3384,7 +3384,7 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution8">
   Solution to Challenge 2
   </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution8" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution8" aria-labelledby="headingSolution8">
+<div id="collapseSolution8" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution8" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution8">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb92">
 <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
@@ -3615,7 +3615,7 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution9">
   Solution to Challenge 3
   </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution9" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution9" aria-labelledby="headingSolution9">
+<div id="collapseSolution9" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution9" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution9">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>You get the names of an object by wrapping the object name inside
 <code>names(...)</code>. Similarly, you get the data type of the names
@@ -3661,7 +3661,7 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution10">
   Solution to Challenge 4
   </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution10" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution10" aria-labelledby="headingSolution10">
+<div id="collapseSolution10" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution10" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution10">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <pre><code><span><span class="va">letter_no</span> <span class="op">&lt;-</span> <span class="fl">1</span><span class="op">:</span><span class="fl">26</span>   <span class="co"># or seq(1,26)</span></span>
 <span><span class="fu">names</span><span class="op">(</span><span class="va">letter_no</span><span class="op">)</span> <span class="op">&lt;-</span> <span class="va">LETTERS</span></span>
@@ -3853,7 +3853,7 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution11">
   Solution to Challenge 5
   </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution11" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution11" aria-labelledby="headingSolution11">
+<div id="collapseSolution11" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution11" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution11">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb138">
 <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
@@ -4114,7 +4114,7 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution12">
   Solution to Challenge 6
   </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution12" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution12" aria-labelledby="headingSolution12">
+<div id="collapseSolution12" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution12" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution12">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>What do you think will be the result of
 <code>length(matrix_example)</code>?</p>
@@ -4159,7 +4159,7 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution13">
   Solution to Challenge 7
   </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution13" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution13" aria-labelledby="headingSolution13">
+<div id="collapseSolution13" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution13" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution13">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>Make another matrix, this time containing the numbers 1:50, with 5
 columns and 10 rows. Did the <code>matrix</code> function fill your
@@ -4202,7 +4202,7 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution14">
   Solution to Challenge 8
   </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution14" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution14" aria-labelledby="headingSolution14">
+<div id="collapseSolution14" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution14" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution14">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb173">
 <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
@@ -4255,7 +4255,7 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution15">
   Solution to Challenge 9
   </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution15" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution15" aria-labelledby="headingSolution15">
+<div id="collapseSolution15" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution15" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution15">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>Consider the R output of the matrix below:</p>
 <div class="codewrapper">
@@ -5388,7 +5388,7 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution1">
   Solution to challenge 1
   </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution1" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution1" aria-labelledby="headingSolution1">
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 <div class="accordion-body">
 <div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb34">
 <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
@@ -5581,7 +5581,7 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution2">
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 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution2" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution2" aria-labelledby="headingSolution2">
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 <div class="accordion-body">
 <div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb50">
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@@ -5835,7 +5835,7 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution3">
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   </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution3" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution3" aria-labelledby="headingSolution3">
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 <div class="accordion-body">
 <ul>
 <li>The <strong>wrong</strong> way to do this problem is
@@ -6126,7 +6126,7 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution4">
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 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution4" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution4" aria-labelledby="headingSolution4">
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-<div id="collapseSolution5" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution5" aria-labelledby="headingSolution5">
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 <div class="accordion-body">
 <div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb115">
 <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
@@ -6338,7 +6338,7 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution6">
   Solution to challenge 6
   </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution6" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution6" aria-labelledby="headingSolution6">
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 <div class="accordion-body">
 <div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb122">
 <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
@@ -6504,7 +6504,7 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution7">
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   </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution7" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution7" aria-labelledby="headingSolution7">
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 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>Fix each of the following common data frame subsetting errors:</p>
 <ol style="list-style-type: decimal">
@@ -6589,7 +6589,7 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution8">
   Solution to challenge 8
   </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution8" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution8" aria-labelledby="headingSolution8">
+<div id="collapseSolution8" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution8" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution8">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <ol style="list-style-type: decimal">
 <li><p><code>gapminder</code> is a data.frame so needs to be subsetted
@@ -7573,7 +7573,7 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution1">
   Solution to challenge 1
   </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution1" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution1" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution1">
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 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>Here is one possible solution:</p>
 <div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb5">
@@ -7614,7 +7614,7 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution2">
   Solution to challenge 2
   </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution2" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution2" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution2">
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 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>The solution presented below adds <code>color=continent</code> to the
 call of the <code>aes</code> function. The general trend seems to
@@ -7725,7 +7725,7 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution3">
   Solution to challenge 3
   </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution3" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution3" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution3">
+<div id="collapseSolution3" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution3" aria-labelledby="headingSolution3">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>The lines now get drawn over the points!</p>
 <div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb11">
@@ -7850,7 +7850,7 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution4">
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   </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution4" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution4" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution4">
+<div id="collapseSolution4" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution4" aria-labelledby="headingSolution4">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>Here a possible solution: Notice that the <code>color</code> argument
 is supplied outside of the <code>aes()</code> function. This means that
@@ -7894,7 +7894,7 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution5">
   Solution to challenge 4b
   </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution5" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution5" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution5">
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 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>Here is a possible solution: Notice that supplying the
 <code>color</code> argument inside the <code>aes()</code> functions
@@ -8052,7 +8052,7 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution6">
   Solution to Challenge 5
   </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution6" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution6" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution6">
+<div id="collapseSolution6" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution6" aria-labelledby="headingSolution6">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>Here a possible solution: <code>xlab()</code> and <code>ylab()</code>
 set labels for the x and y axes, respectively The axis title, text and
@@ -8845,7 +8845,7 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution1">
   Solution to challenge 1
   </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution1" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution1" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution1">
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 <p>Write a function called <code>kelvin_to_celsius</code> that takes a
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@@ -8903,7 +8903,7 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution2">
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 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution2" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution2" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution2">
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 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>Define the function to convert directly from Fahrenheit to Celsius,
 by reusing these two functions above</p>
@@ -9038,7 +9038,7 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution3">
   Solution to challenge 3
   </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution3" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution3" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution3">
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 <p>Extend our previous definition of the function by adding in an
 explicit call to <code>stopifnot()</code>. Since
@@ -9296,7 +9296,7 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution4">
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 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution4" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution4" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution4">
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 <div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb32">
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   </h4>
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-<div id="collapseSolution5" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution5" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution5">
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 <p>Write a function called <code>fence()</code> that takes two vectors
 as arguments, called <code>text</code> and <code>wrapper</code>, and
@@ -9542,7 +9542,7 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution1">
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-<div id="collapseSolution1" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution1" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution1">
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   </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution2" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution2" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution2">
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-  "dateModified": "2024-09-21",
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diff --git a/discuss.html b/discuss.html
index 3bd4805f5..d99e49a91 100644
--- a/discuss.html
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   "dateModified": "2024-09-21",
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diff --git a/images.html b/images.html
index 4247cc0c7..28a2be201 100644
--- a/images.html
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diff --git a/index.html b/index.html
index f68f48aa0..d03da40f8 100644
--- a/index.html
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-  "dateModified": "2024-09-21",
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diff --git a/instructor-notes.html b/instructor-notes.html
index 95285467c..fdc7bd87a 100644
--- a/instructor-notes.html
+++ b/instructor-notes.html
@@ -661,8 +661,8 @@ <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i
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   "dateCreated": "2015-04-18",
-  "dateModified": "2024-09-21",
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diff --git a/instructor/01-rstudio-intro.html b/instructor/01-rstudio-intro.html
index d0041002b..8c8564eec 100644
--- a/instructor/01-rstudio-intro.html
+++ b/instructor/01-rstudio-intro.html
@@ -966,7 +966,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i
 <button class="accordion-button solution-button collapsed" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#collapseSolution1" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseSolution1">
   <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution1"> Solution to challenge 1 </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution1" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution1" aria-labelledby="headingSolution1">
+<div id="collapseSolution1" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution1" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution1">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>The following can be used as R variables:</p>
 <div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb44">
@@ -1240,7 +1240,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i
 <button class="accordion-button solution-button collapsed" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#collapseSolution2" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseSolution2">
   <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution2"> Solution to challenge 2 </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution2" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution2" aria-labelledby="headingSolution2">
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 <div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb64">
 <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
@@ -1293,7 +1293,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Challenge 3</h3>
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 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution3" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution3" aria-labelledby="headingSolution3">
+<div id="collapseSolution3" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution3" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution3">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>One way of answering this question in R is to use the
 <code>&gt;</code> to set up the following:</p>
@@ -1331,7 +1331,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Challenge 4</h3>
 <button class="accordion-button solution-button collapsed" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#collapseSolution4" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseSolution4">
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 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution4" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution4" aria-labelledby="headingSolution4">
+<div id="collapseSolution4" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution4" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution4">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>We can use the <code>rm</code> command to accomplish this task</p>
 <div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb70">
@@ -1361,7 +1361,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Challenge 5</h3>
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 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution5" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution5" aria-labelledby="headingSolution5">
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 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>We can use the <code>install.packages()</code> command to install the
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-<div id="collapseInstructor1" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionInstructor1" aria-labelledby="headingInstructor1">
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 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>When installing ggplot2, it may be required for some users to use the
 dependencies flag as a result of lazy loading affecting the install.
@@ -1484,7 +1484,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Key Points</h3>
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diff --git a/instructor/02-project-intro.html b/instructor/02-project-intro.html
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diff --git a/instructor/04-data-structures-part1.html b/instructor/04-data-structures-part1.html
index 75e75eaad..924624d17 100644
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-<div id="collapseSolution1" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution1" aria-labelledby="headingSolution1">
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 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>By keeping everything in a column the same, we allow ourselves to
 make simple assumptions about our data; if you can interpret one entry
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-<div id="collapseSolution2" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution2" aria-labelledby="headingSolution2">
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 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>Show the content of any variable by typing its name.</p>
 <div class="section level3">
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 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution3" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution3" aria-labelledby="headingSolution3">
+<div id="collapseSolution3" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution3" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution3">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>In the chapter “Data types” we saw two functions that can show data
 types. One printed just a single word, the data type name. The other
@@ -1165,7 +1165,7 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution4">
   Tip 1.3
   </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution4" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution4" aria-labelledby="headingSolution4">
+<div id="collapseSolution4" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution4" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution4">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>Scroll up to the section about the <a href="#the-type-hierarchy">type
 hierarchy</a> to review the available data types</p>
@@ -1180,7 +1180,7 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution5">
   Solution to Challenge 1.3
   </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution5" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution5" aria-labelledby="headingSolution5">
+<div id="collapseSolution5" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution5" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution5">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <ul><li>Weight is expressed on a continuous scale (real numbers). The R data
 type for this is “double” (also known as “numeric”).</li>
@@ -1213,7 +1213,7 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution6">
   Tip 1.4
   </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution6" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution6" aria-labelledby="headingSolution6">
+<div id="collapseSolution6" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution6" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution6">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>Revisit the hierarchy of data types when two different data types are
 combined.</p>
@@ -1253,7 +1253,7 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution7">
   Tip 1.5
   </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution7" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution7" aria-labelledby="headingSolution7">
+<div id="collapseSolution7" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution7" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution7">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>The functions to convert data types start with <code>as.</code>. You
 can look for the function further up in the manuscript or use the
@@ -1444,7 +1444,7 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution8">
   Solution to Challenge 2
   </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution8" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution8" aria-labelledby="headingSolution8">
+<div id="collapseSolution8" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution8" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution8">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb92">
 <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
@@ -1668,7 +1668,7 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution9">
   Solution to Challenge 3
   </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution9" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution9" aria-labelledby="headingSolution9">
+<div id="collapseSolution9" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution9" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution9">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>You get the names of an object by wrapping the object name inside
 <code>names(...)</code>. Similarly, you get the data type of the names
@@ -1712,7 +1712,7 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution10">
   Solution to Challenge 4
   </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution10" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution10" aria-labelledby="headingSolution10">
+<div id="collapseSolution10" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution10" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution10">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <pre><code><span><span class="va">letter_no</span> <span class="op">&lt;-</span> <span class="fl">1</span><span class="op">:</span><span class="fl">26</span>   <span class="co"># or seq(1,26)</span></span>
 <span><span class="fu">names</span><span class="op">(</span><span class="va">letter_no</span><span class="op">)</span> <span class="op">&lt;-</span> <span class="va">LETTERS</span></span>
@@ -1900,7 +1900,7 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution11">
   Solution to Challenge 5
   </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution11" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution11" aria-labelledby="headingSolution11">
+<div id="collapseSolution11" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution11" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution11">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb138">
 <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
@@ -2160,7 +2160,7 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution12">
   Solution to Challenge 6
   </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution12" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution12" aria-labelledby="headingSolution12">
+<div id="collapseSolution12" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution12" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution12">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>What do you think will be the result of
 <code>length(matrix_example)</code>?</p>
@@ -2205,7 +2205,7 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution13">
   Solution to Challenge 7
   </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution13" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution13" aria-labelledby="headingSolution13">
+<div id="collapseSolution13" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution13" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution13">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>Make another matrix, this time containing the numbers 1:50, with 5
 columns and 10 rows. Did the <code>matrix</code> function fill your
@@ -2246,7 +2246,7 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution14">
   Solution to Challenge 8
   </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution14" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution14" aria-labelledby="headingSolution14">
+<div id="collapseSolution14" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution14" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution14">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb173">
 <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
@@ -2297,7 +2297,7 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution15">
   Solution to Challenge 9
   </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution15" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution15" aria-labelledby="headingSolution15">
+<div id="collapseSolution15" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution15" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution15">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>Consider the R output of the matrix below:</p>
 <div class="codewrapper">
@@ -2396,7 +2396,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Key Points</h3>
   "identifier": "https://swcarpentry.github.io/r-novice-gapminder/instructor/04-data-structures-part1.html",
   "dateCreated": "2015-04-18",
   "dateModified": "2024-09-21",
-  "datePublished": "2024-09-21"
+  "datePublished": "2024-09-24"
 }
 
   </script><script>
diff --git a/instructor/05-data-structures-part2.html b/instructor/05-data-structures-part2.html
index 29ec275bd..1a29659cc 100644
--- a/instructor/05-data-structures-part2.html
+++ b/instructor/05-data-structures-part2.html
@@ -1194,7 +1194,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Key Points</h3>
   "identifier": "https://swcarpentry.github.io/r-novice-gapminder/instructor/05-data-structures-part2.html",
   "dateCreated": "2015-04-18",
   "dateModified": "2024-09-21",
-  "datePublished": "2024-09-21"
+  "datePublished": "2024-09-24"
 }
 
   </script><script>
diff --git a/instructor/06-data-subsetting.html b/instructor/06-data-subsetting.html
index d70dadeda..afaf5604a 100644
--- a/instructor/06-data-subsetting.html
+++ b/instructor/06-data-subsetting.html
@@ -740,7 +740,7 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution1">
   Solution to challenge 1
   </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution1" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution1" aria-labelledby="headingSolution1">
+<div id="collapseSolution1" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution1" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution1">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb34">
 <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
@@ -925,7 +925,7 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution2">
   Solution to challenge 2
   </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution2" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution2" aria-labelledby="headingSolution2">
+<div id="collapseSolution2" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution2" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution2">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb50">
 <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
@@ -1176,7 +1176,7 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution3">
   Solution to challenge 3
   </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution3" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution3" aria-labelledby="headingSolution3">
+<div id="collapseSolution3" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution3" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution3">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <ul><li>The <strong>wrong</strong> way to do this problem is
 <code>countries==seAsia</code>. This gives a warning
@@ -1454,7 +1454,7 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution4">
   Solution to challenge 4
   </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution4" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution4" aria-labelledby="headingSolution4">
+<div id="collapseSolution4" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution4" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution4">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>D</p>
 </div>
@@ -1599,7 +1599,7 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution5">
   Solution to challenge 5
   </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution5" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution5" aria-labelledby="headingSolution5">
+<div id="collapseSolution5" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution5" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution5">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb115">
 <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
@@ -1664,7 +1664,7 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution6">
   Solution to challenge 6
   </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution6" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution6" aria-labelledby="headingSolution6">
+<div id="collapseSolution6" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution6" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution6">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb122">
 <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
@@ -1818,7 +1818,7 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution7">
   Solution to challenge 7
   </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution7" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution7" aria-labelledby="headingSolution7">
+<div id="collapseSolution7" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution7" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution7">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>Fix each of the following common data frame subsetting errors:</p>
 <ol style="list-style-type: decimal"><li>Extract observations collected for the year 1957</li>
@@ -1891,7 +1891,7 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution8">
   Solution to challenge 8
   </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution8" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution8" aria-labelledby="headingSolution8">
+<div id="collapseSolution8" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution8" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution8">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <ol style="list-style-type: decimal"><li><p><code>gapminder</code> is a data.frame so needs to be subsetted
 on two dimensions. <code>gapminder[1:20, ]</code> subsets the data to
@@ -1983,7 +1983,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Key Points</h3>
   "identifier": "https://swcarpentry.github.io/r-novice-gapminder/instructor/06-data-subsetting.html",
   "dateCreated": "2015-04-18",
   "dateModified": "2024-09-21",
-  "datePublished": "2024-09-21"
+  "datePublished": "2024-09-24"
 }
 
   </script><script>
diff --git a/instructor/07-control-flow.html b/instructor/07-control-flow.html
index 926ede20a..264ddd261 100644
--- a/instructor/07-control-flow.html
+++ b/instructor/07-control-flow.html
@@ -1255,7 +1255,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Key Points</h3>
   "identifier": "https://swcarpentry.github.io/r-novice-gapminder/instructor/07-control-flow.html",
   "dateCreated": "2015-04-18",
   "dateModified": "2024-09-21",
-  "datePublished": "2024-09-21"
+  "datePublished": "2024-09-24"
 }
 
   </script><script>
diff --git a/instructor/08-plot-ggplot2.html b/instructor/08-plot-ggplot2.html
index 26bd5b161..76f075a40 100644
--- a/instructor/08-plot-ggplot2.html
+++ b/instructor/08-plot-ggplot2.html
@@ -545,7 +545,7 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution1">
   Solution to challenge 1
   </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution1" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution1" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution1">
+<div id="collapseSolution1" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution1" aria-labelledby="headingSolution1">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>Here is one possible solution:</p>
 <div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb5">
@@ -585,7 +585,7 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution2">
   Solution to challenge 2
   </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution2" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution2" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution2">
+<div id="collapseSolution2" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution2" aria-labelledby="headingSolution2">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>The solution presented below adds <code>color=continent</code> to the
 call of the <code>aes</code> function. The general trend seems to
@@ -693,7 +693,7 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution3">
   Solution to challenge 3
   </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution3" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution3" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution3">
+<div id="collapseSolution3" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution3" aria-labelledby="headingSolution3">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>The lines now get drawn over the points!</p>
 <div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb11">
@@ -815,7 +815,7 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution4">
   Solution to challenge 4a
   </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution4" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution4" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution4">
+<div id="collapseSolution4" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution4" aria-labelledby="headingSolution4">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>Here a possible solution: Notice that the <code>color</code> argument
 is supplied outside of the <code>aes()</code> function. This means that
@@ -858,7 +858,7 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution5">
   Solution to challenge 4b
   </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution5" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution5" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution5">
+<div id="collapseSolution5" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution5" aria-labelledby="headingSolution5">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>Here is a possible solution: Notice that supplying the
 <code>color</code> argument inside the <code>aes()</code> functions
@@ -1007,7 +1007,7 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution6">
   Solution to Challenge 5
   </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution6" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution6" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution6">
+<div id="collapseSolution6" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution6" aria-labelledby="headingSolution6">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>Here a possible solution: <code>xlab()</code> and <code>ylab()</code>
 set labels for the x and y axes, respectively The axis title, text and
@@ -1100,7 +1100,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Key Points</h3>
   "identifier": "https://swcarpentry.github.io/r-novice-gapminder/instructor/08-plot-ggplot2.html",
   "dateCreated": "2015-04-18",
   "dateModified": "2024-09-21",
-  "datePublished": "2024-09-21"
+  "datePublished": "2024-09-24"
 }
 
   </script><script>
diff --git a/instructor/09-vectorization.html b/instructor/09-vectorization.html
index acfd90fe3..937d4306d 100644
--- a/instructor/09-vectorization.html
+++ b/instructor/09-vectorization.html
@@ -1027,7 +1027,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Key Points</h3>
   "identifier": "https://swcarpentry.github.io/r-novice-gapminder/instructor/09-vectorization.html",
   "dateCreated": "2015-04-18",
   "dateModified": "2024-09-21",
-  "datePublished": "2024-09-21"
+  "datePublished": "2024-09-24"
 }
 
   </script><script>
diff --git a/instructor/10-functions.html b/instructor/10-functions.html
index 06f5c4d7a..54c1bf3df 100644
--- a/instructor/10-functions.html
+++ b/instructor/10-functions.html
@@ -571,7 +571,7 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution1">
   Solution to challenge 1
   </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution1" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution1" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution1">
+<div id="collapseSolution1" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution1" aria-labelledby="headingSolution1">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>Write a function called <code>kelvin_to_celsius</code> that takes a
 temperature in Kelvin and returns that temperature in Celsius</p>
@@ -627,7 +627,7 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution2">
   Solution to challenge 2
   </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution2" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution2" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution2">
+<div id="collapseSolution2" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution2" aria-labelledby="headingSolution2">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>Define the function to convert directly from Fahrenheit to Celsius,
 by reusing these two functions above</p>
@@ -759,7 +759,7 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution3">
   Solution to challenge 3
   </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution3" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution3" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution3">
+<div id="collapseSolution3" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution3" aria-labelledby="headingSolution3">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>Extend our previous definition of the function by adding in an
 explicit call to <code>stopifnot()</code>. Since
@@ -1013,7 +1013,7 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution4">
   Solution to challenge 4
   </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution4" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution4" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution4">
+<div id="collapseSolution4" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution4" aria-labelledby="headingSolution4">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb32">
 <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
@@ -1071,7 +1071,7 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution5">
   Solution to challenge 5
   </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution5" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution5" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution5">
+<div id="collapseSolution5" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution5" aria-labelledby="headingSolution5">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>Write a function called <code>fence()</code> that takes two vectors
 as arguments, called <code>text</code> and <code>wrapper</code>, and
@@ -1223,7 +1223,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Key Points</h3>
   "identifier": "https://swcarpentry.github.io/r-novice-gapminder/instructor/10-functions.html",
   "dateCreated": "2015-04-18",
   "dateModified": "2024-09-21",
-  "datePublished": "2024-09-21"
+  "datePublished": "2024-09-24"
 }
 
   </script><script>
diff --git a/instructor/11-writing-data.html b/instructor/11-writing-data.html
index 474cd073f..d17d7f3c5 100644
--- a/instructor/11-writing-data.html
+++ b/instructor/11-writing-data.html
@@ -489,7 +489,7 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution1">
   Solution to challenge 1
   </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution1" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution1" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution1">
+<div id="collapseSolution1" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution1" aria-labelledby="headingSolution1">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb3">
 <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
@@ -613,7 +613,7 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution2">
   Solution to challenge 2
   </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution2" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution2" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution2">
+<div id="collapseSolution2" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution2" aria-labelledby="headingSolution2">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb11">
 <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
@@ -700,7 +700,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Key Points</h3>
   "identifier": "https://swcarpentry.github.io/r-novice-gapminder/instructor/11-writing-data.html",
   "dateCreated": "2015-04-18",
   "dateModified": "2024-09-21",
-  "datePublished": "2024-09-21"
+  "datePublished": "2024-09-24"
 }
 
   </script><script>
diff --git a/instructor/12-dplyr.html b/instructor/12-dplyr.html
index 9c4518e76..cd1a6fd88 100644
--- a/instructor/12-dplyr.html
+++ b/instructor/12-dplyr.html
@@ -1250,7 +1250,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Key Points</h3>
   "identifier": "https://swcarpentry.github.io/r-novice-gapminder/instructor/12-dplyr.html",
   "dateCreated": "2015-04-18",
   "dateModified": "2024-09-21",
-  "datePublished": "2024-09-21"
+  "datePublished": "2024-09-24"
 }
 
   </script><script>
diff --git a/instructor/13-tidyr.html b/instructor/13-tidyr.html
index 22f1445af..7b53b2150 100644
--- a/instructor/13-tidyr.html
+++ b/instructor/13-tidyr.html
@@ -1174,7 +1174,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Key Points</h3>
   "identifier": "https://swcarpentry.github.io/r-novice-gapminder/instructor/13-tidyr.html",
   "dateCreated": "2015-04-18",
   "dateModified": "2024-09-21",
-  "datePublished": "2024-09-21"
+  "datePublished": "2024-09-24"
 }
 
   </script><script>
diff --git a/instructor/14-knitr-markdown.html b/instructor/14-knitr-markdown.html
index 0b58f8487..ee6fcd66d 100644
--- a/instructor/14-knitr-markdown.html
+++ b/instructor/14-knitr-markdown.html
@@ -938,7 +938,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Key Points</h3>
   "identifier": "https://swcarpentry.github.io/r-novice-gapminder/instructor/14-knitr-markdown.html",
   "dateCreated": "2015-04-18",
   "dateModified": "2024-09-21",
-  "datePublished": "2024-09-21"
+  "datePublished": "2024-09-24"
 }
 
   </script><script>
diff --git a/instructor/15-wrap-up.html b/instructor/15-wrap-up.html
index 2c19f100b..915caaeb8 100644
--- a/instructor/15-wrap-up.html
+++ b/instructor/15-wrap-up.html
@@ -594,7 +594,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Key Points</h3>
   "identifier": "https://swcarpentry.github.io/r-novice-gapminder/instructor/15-wrap-up.html",
   "dateCreated": "2015-04-18",
   "dateModified": "2024-09-21",
-  "datePublished": "2024-09-21"
+  "datePublished": "2024-09-24"
 }
 
   </script><script>
diff --git a/instructor/404.html b/instructor/404.html
index c3134ed3d..cce8a2c66 100644
--- a/instructor/404.html
+++ b/instructor/404.html
@@ -463,8 +463,8 @@ <h1>Page not found</h1>
   "url": "https://swcarpentry.github.io/r-novice-gapminder/instructor/404.html",
   "identifier": "https://swcarpentry.github.io/r-novice-gapminder/instructor/404.html",
   "dateCreated": "2015-04-18",
-  "dateModified": "2024-09-21",
-  "datePublished": "2024-09-21"
+  "dateModified": "2024-09-24",
+  "datePublished": "2024-09-24"
 }
 
   </script><script>
diff --git a/instructor/CODE_OF_CONDUCT.html b/instructor/CODE_OF_CONDUCT.html
index a417162d3..a198d1c95 100644
--- a/instructor/CODE_OF_CONDUCT.html
+++ b/instructor/CODE_OF_CONDUCT.html
@@ -468,7 +468,7 @@ <h1>Contributor Code of Conduct</h1>
   "identifier": "https://swcarpentry.github.io/r-novice-gapminder/instructor/CODE_OF_CONDUCT.html",
   "dateCreated": "2015-04-18",
   "dateModified": "2024-09-21",
-  "datePublished": "2024-09-21"
+  "datePublished": "2024-09-24"
 }
 
   </script><script>
diff --git a/instructor/LICENSE.html b/instructor/LICENSE.html
index f6fd47c67..8910bb0dd 100644
--- a/instructor/LICENSE.html
+++ b/instructor/LICENSE.html
@@ -516,7 +516,7 @@ <h1>Licenses</h1>
   "identifier": "https://swcarpentry.github.io/r-novice-gapminder/instructor/LICENSE.html",
   "dateCreated": "2015-04-18",
   "dateModified": "2024-09-21",
-  "datePublished": "2024-09-21"
+  "datePublished": "2024-09-24"
 }
 
   </script><script>
diff --git a/instructor/aio.html b/instructor/aio.html
index 032b07452..def68b1a5 100644
--- a/instructor/aio.html
+++ b/instructor/aio.html
@@ -1061,7 +1061,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i
 <button class="accordion-button solution-button collapsed" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#collapseSolution1" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseSolution1">
   <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution1"> Solution to challenge 1 </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution1" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution1" aria-labelledby="headingSolution1">
+<div id="collapseSolution1" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution1" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution1">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>The following can be used as R variables:</p>
 <div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb44">
@@ -1343,7 +1343,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i
 <button class="accordion-button solution-button collapsed" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#collapseSolution2" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseSolution2">
   <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution2"> Solution to challenge 2 </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution2" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution2" aria-labelledby="headingSolution2">
+<div id="collapseSolution2" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution2" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution2">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb64">
 <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
@@ -1396,7 +1396,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Challenge 3</h3>
 <button class="accordion-button solution-button collapsed" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#collapseSolution3" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseSolution3">
   <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution3"> Solution to challenge 3 </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution3" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution3" aria-labelledby="headingSolution3">
+<div id="collapseSolution3" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution3" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution3">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>One way of answering this question in R is to use the
 <code>&gt;</code> to set up the following:</p>
@@ -1434,7 +1434,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Challenge 4</h3>
 <button class="accordion-button solution-button collapsed" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#collapseSolution4" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseSolution4">
   <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution4"> Solution to challenge 4 </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution4" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution4" aria-labelledby="headingSolution4">
+<div id="collapseSolution4" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution4" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution4">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>We can use the <code>rm</code> command to accomplish this task</p>
 <div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb70">
@@ -1464,7 +1464,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Challenge 5</h3>
 <button class="accordion-button solution-button collapsed" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#collapseSolution5" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseSolution5">
   <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution5"> Solution to challenge 5 </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution5" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution5" aria-labelledby="headingSolution5">
+<div id="collapseSolution5" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution5" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution5">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>We can use the <code>install.packages()</code> command to install the
 required packages.</p>
@@ -1493,7 +1493,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i
 <button class="accordion-button instructor-button collapsed" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#collapseInstructor1" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseInstructor1">
   <h3 class="accordion-header" id="headingInstructor1">  <div class="note-square"><i aria-hidden="true" class="callout-icon" data-feather="edit-2"></i></div> Instructor Note </h3>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseInstructor1" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionInstructor1" aria-labelledby="headingInstructor1">
+<div id="collapseInstructor1" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingInstructor1" data-bs-parent="#accordionInstructor1">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>When installing ggplot2, it may be required for some users to use the
 dependencies flag as a result of lazy loading affecting the install.
@@ -2819,7 +2819,7 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution1">
   Discussion 1
   </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution1" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution1" aria-labelledby="headingSolution1">
+<div id="collapseSolution1" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution1" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution1">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>By keeping everything in a column the same, we allow ourselves to
 make simple assumptions about our data; if you can interpret one entry
@@ -3050,7 +3050,7 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution2">
   Tip 1.1
   </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution2" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution2" aria-labelledby="headingSolution2">
+<div id="collapseSolution2" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution2" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution2">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>Show the content of any variable by typing its name.</p>
 <div class="section level3">
@@ -3084,7 +3084,7 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution3">
   Tip 1.2
   </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution3" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution3" aria-labelledby="headingSolution3">
+<div id="collapseSolution3" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution3" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution3">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>In the chapter “Data types” we saw two functions that can show data
 types. One printed just a single word, the data type name. The other
@@ -3128,7 +3128,7 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution4">
   Tip 1.3
   </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution4" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution4" aria-labelledby="headingSolution4">
+<div id="collapseSolution4" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution4" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution4">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>Scroll up to the section about the <a href="#the-type-hierarchy">type
 hierarchy</a> to review the available data types</p>
@@ -3143,7 +3143,7 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution5">
   Solution to Challenge 1.3
   </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution5" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution5" aria-labelledby="headingSolution5">
+<div id="collapseSolution5" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution5" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution5">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <ul>
 <li>Weight is expressed on a continuous scale (real numbers). The R data
@@ -3178,7 +3178,7 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution6">
   Tip 1.4
   </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution6" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution6" aria-labelledby="headingSolution6">
+<div id="collapseSolution6" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution6" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution6">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>Revisit the hierarchy of data types when two different data types are
 combined.</p>
@@ -3219,7 +3219,7 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution7">
   Tip 1.5
   </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution7" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution7" aria-labelledby="headingSolution7">
+<div id="collapseSolution7" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution7" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution7">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>The functions to convert data types start with <code>as.</code>. You
 can look for the function further up in the manuscript or use the
@@ -3411,7 +3411,7 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution8">
   Solution to Challenge 2
   </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution8" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution8" aria-labelledby="headingSolution8">
+<div id="collapseSolution8" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution8" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution8">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb92">
 <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
@@ -3642,7 +3642,7 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution9">
   Solution to Challenge 3
   </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution9" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution9" aria-labelledby="headingSolution9">
+<div id="collapseSolution9" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution9" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution9">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>You get the names of an object by wrapping the object name inside
 <code>names(...)</code>. Similarly, you get the data type of the names
@@ -3688,7 +3688,7 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution10">
   Solution to Challenge 4
   </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution10" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution10" aria-labelledby="headingSolution10">
+<div id="collapseSolution10" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution10" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution10">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <pre><code><span><span class="va">letter_no</span> <span class="op">&lt;-</span> <span class="fl">1</span><span class="op">:</span><span class="fl">26</span>   <span class="co"># or seq(1,26)</span></span>
 <span><span class="fu">names</span><span class="op">(</span><span class="va">letter_no</span><span class="op">)</span> <span class="op">&lt;-</span> <span class="va">LETTERS</span></span>
@@ -3880,7 +3880,7 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution11">
   Solution to Challenge 5
   </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution11" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution11" aria-labelledby="headingSolution11">
+<div id="collapseSolution11" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution11" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution11">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb138">
 <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
@@ -4141,7 +4141,7 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution12">
   Solution to Challenge 6
   </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution12" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution12" aria-labelledby="headingSolution12">
+<div id="collapseSolution12" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution12" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution12">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>What do you think will be the result of
 <code>length(matrix_example)</code>?</p>
@@ -4186,7 +4186,7 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution13">
   Solution to Challenge 7
   </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution13" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution13" aria-labelledby="headingSolution13">
+<div id="collapseSolution13" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution13" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution13">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>Make another matrix, this time containing the numbers 1:50, with 5
 columns and 10 rows. Did the <code>matrix</code> function fill your
@@ -4229,7 +4229,7 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution14">
   Solution to Challenge 8
   </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution14" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution14" aria-labelledby="headingSolution14">
+<div id="collapseSolution14" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution14" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution14">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb173">
 <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
@@ -4282,7 +4282,7 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution15">
   Solution to Challenge 9
   </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution15" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution15" aria-labelledby="headingSolution15">
+<div id="collapseSolution15" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution15" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution15">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>Consider the R output of the matrix below:</p>
 <div class="codewrapper">
@@ -5417,7 +5417,7 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution1">
   Solution to challenge 1
   </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution1" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution1" aria-labelledby="headingSolution1">
+<div id="collapseSolution1" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution1" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution1">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb34">
 <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
@@ -5610,7 +5610,7 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution2">
   Solution to challenge 2
   </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution2" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution2" aria-labelledby="headingSolution2">
+<div id="collapseSolution2" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution2" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution2">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb50">
 <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
@@ -5864,7 +5864,7 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution3">
   Solution to challenge 3
   </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution3" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution3" aria-labelledby="headingSolution3">
+<div id="collapseSolution3" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution3" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution3">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <ul>
 <li>The <strong>wrong</strong> way to do this problem is
@@ -6155,7 +6155,7 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution4">
   Solution to challenge 4
   </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution4" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution4" aria-labelledby="headingSolution4">
+<div id="collapseSolution4" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution4" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution4">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>D</p>
 </div>
@@ -6302,7 +6302,7 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution5">
   Solution to challenge 5
   </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution5" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution5" aria-labelledby="headingSolution5">
+<div id="collapseSolution5" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution5" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution5">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb115">
 <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
@@ -6367,7 +6367,7 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution6">
   Solution to challenge 6
   </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution6" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution6" aria-labelledby="headingSolution6">
+<div id="collapseSolution6" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution6" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution6">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb122">
 <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
@@ -6533,7 +6533,7 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution7">
   Solution to challenge 7
   </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution7" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution7" aria-labelledby="headingSolution7">
+<div id="collapseSolution7" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution7" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution7">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>Fix each of the following common data frame subsetting errors:</p>
 <ol style="list-style-type: decimal">
@@ -6618,7 +6618,7 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution8">
   Solution to challenge 8
   </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution8" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution8" aria-labelledby="headingSolution8">
+<div id="collapseSolution8" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution8" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution8">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <ol style="list-style-type: decimal">
 <li><p><code>gapminder</code> is a data.frame so needs to be subsetted
@@ -7604,7 +7604,7 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution1">
   Solution to challenge 1
   </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution1" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution1" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution1">
+<div id="collapseSolution1" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution1" aria-labelledby="headingSolution1">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>Here is one possible solution:</p>
 <div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb5">
@@ -7645,7 +7645,7 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution2">
   Solution to challenge 2
   </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution2" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution2" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution2">
+<div id="collapseSolution2" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution2" aria-labelledby="headingSolution2">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>The solution presented below adds <code>color=continent</code> to the
 call of the <code>aes</code> function. The general trend seems to
@@ -7756,7 +7756,7 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution3">
   Solution to challenge 3
   </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution3" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution3" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution3">
+<div id="collapseSolution3" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution3" aria-labelledby="headingSolution3">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>The lines now get drawn over the points!</p>
 <div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb11">
@@ -7881,7 +7881,7 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution4">
   Solution to challenge 4a
   </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution4" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution4" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution4">
+<div id="collapseSolution4" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution4" aria-labelledby="headingSolution4">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>Here a possible solution: Notice that the <code>color</code> argument
 is supplied outside of the <code>aes()</code> function. This means that
@@ -7925,7 +7925,7 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution5">
   Solution to challenge 4b
   </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution5" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution5" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution5">
+<div id="collapseSolution5" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution5" aria-labelledby="headingSolution5">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>Here is a possible solution: Notice that supplying the
 <code>color</code> argument inside the <code>aes()</code> functions
@@ -8083,7 +8083,7 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution6">
   Solution to Challenge 5
   </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution6" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution6" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution6">
+<div id="collapseSolution6" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution6" aria-labelledby="headingSolution6">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>Here a possible solution: <code>xlab()</code> and <code>ylab()</code>
 set labels for the x and y axes, respectively The axis title, text and
@@ -8878,7 +8878,7 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution1">
   Solution to challenge 1
   </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution1" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution1" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution1">
+<div id="collapseSolution1" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution1" aria-labelledby="headingSolution1">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>Write a function called <code>kelvin_to_celsius</code> that takes a
 temperature in Kelvin and returns that temperature in Celsius</p>
@@ -8936,7 +8936,7 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution2">
   Solution to challenge 2
   </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution2" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution2" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution2">
+<div id="collapseSolution2" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution2" aria-labelledby="headingSolution2">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>Define the function to convert directly from Fahrenheit to Celsius,
 by reusing these two functions above</p>
@@ -9071,7 +9071,7 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution3">
   Solution to challenge 3
   </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution3" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution3" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution3">
+<div id="collapseSolution3" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution3" aria-labelledby="headingSolution3">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>Extend our previous definition of the function by adding in an
 explicit call to <code>stopifnot()</code>. Since
@@ -9329,7 +9329,7 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution4">
   Solution to challenge 4
   </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution4" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution4" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution4">
+<div id="collapseSolution4" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution4" aria-labelledby="headingSolution4">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb32">
 <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
@@ -9387,7 +9387,7 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution5">
   Solution to challenge 5
   </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution5" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution5" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution5">
+<div id="collapseSolution5" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution5" aria-labelledby="headingSolution5">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>Write a function called <code>fence()</code> that takes two vectors
 as arguments, called <code>text</code> and <code>wrapper</code>, and
@@ -9576,7 +9576,7 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution1">
   Solution to challenge 1
   </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution1" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution1" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution1">
+<div id="collapseSolution1" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution1" aria-labelledby="headingSolution1">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb3">
 <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
@@ -9702,7 +9702,7 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution2">
   Solution to challenge 2
   </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution2" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution2" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution2">
+<div id="collapseSolution2" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution2" aria-labelledby="headingSolution2">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb11">
 <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
@@ -11974,8 +11974,8 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Key Points</h3>
   "url": "https://swcarpentry.github.io/r-novice-gapminder/instructor/aio.html",
   "identifier": "https://swcarpentry.github.io/r-novice-gapminder/instructor/aio.html",
   "dateCreated": "2015-04-18",
-  "dateModified": "2024-09-21",
-  "datePublished": "2024-09-21"
+  "dateModified": "2024-09-24",
+  "datePublished": "2024-09-24"
 }
 
   </script><script>
diff --git a/instructor/discuss.html b/instructor/discuss.html
index bfa8a7bca..5a7f11046 100644
--- a/instructor/discuss.html
+++ b/instructor/discuss.html
@@ -462,7 +462,7 @@ <h1>Discussion</h1>
   "identifier": "https://swcarpentry.github.io/r-novice-gapminder/instructor/discuss.html",
   "dateCreated": "2015-04-18",
   "dateModified": "2024-09-21",
-  "datePublished": "2024-09-21"
+  "datePublished": "2024-09-24"
 }
 
   </script><script>
diff --git a/instructor/images.html b/instructor/images.html
index 867879799..e766420c7 100644
--- a/instructor/images.html
+++ b/instructor/images.html
@@ -656,8 +656,8 @@ <h3 id="14-knitr-markdown-figure-3">Figure 3</h3>
   "url": "https://swcarpentry.github.io/r-novice-gapminder/instructor/images.html",
   "identifier": "https://swcarpentry.github.io/r-novice-gapminder/instructor/images.html",
   "dateCreated": "2015-04-18",
-  "dateModified": "2024-09-21",
-  "datePublished": "2024-09-21"
+  "dateModified": "2024-09-24",
+  "datePublished": "2024-09-24"
 }
 
   </script><script>
diff --git a/instructor/index.html b/instructor/index.html
index 1e918a63d..741a7b5ef 100644
--- a/instructor/index.html
+++ b/instructor/index.html
@@ -629,8 +629,8 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Prerequisites</h3>
   "url": "https://swcarpentry.github.io/r-novice-gapminder/instructor/index.html",
   "identifier": "https://swcarpentry.github.io/r-novice-gapminder/instructor/index.html",
   "dateCreated": "2015-04-18",
-  "dateModified": "2024-09-21",
-  "datePublished": "2024-09-21"
+  "dateModified": "2024-09-24",
+  "datePublished": "2024-09-24"
 }
 
   </script><script>
diff --git a/instructor/instructor-notes.html b/instructor/instructor-notes.html
index 0d0d619c8..4ce58032d 100644
--- a/instructor/instructor-notes.html
+++ b/instructor/instructor-notes.html
@@ -694,8 +694,8 @@ <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i
   "url": "https://swcarpentry.github.io/r-novice-gapminder/instructor/instructor-notes.html",
   "identifier": "https://swcarpentry.github.io/r-novice-gapminder/instructor/instructor-notes.html",
   "dateCreated": "2015-04-18",
-  "dateModified": "2024-09-21",
-  "datePublished": "2024-09-21"
+  "dateModified": "2024-09-24",
+  "datePublished": "2024-09-24"
 }
 
   </script><script>
diff --git a/instructor/key-points.html b/instructor/key-points.html
index 2ca7c1a7f..63baa1739 100644
--- a/instructor/key-points.html
+++ b/instructor/key-points.html
@@ -633,8 +633,8 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header" id="flush-headingTwelve">
   "url": "https://swcarpentry.github.io/r-novice-gapminder/instructor/key-points.html",
   "identifier": "https://swcarpentry.github.io/r-novice-gapminder/instructor/key-points.html",
   "dateCreated": "2015-04-18",
-  "dateModified": "2024-09-21",
-  "datePublished": "2024-09-21"
+  "dateModified": "2024-09-24",
+  "datePublished": "2024-09-24"
 }
 
   </script><script>
diff --git a/instructor/profiles.html b/instructor/profiles.html
index d305a728e..a3126c977 100644
--- a/instructor/profiles.html
+++ b/instructor/profiles.html
@@ -417,8 +417,8 @@ <h1>Learner Profiles</h1>
   "url": "https://swcarpentry.github.io/r-novice-gapminder/instructor/profiles.html",
   "identifier": "https://swcarpentry.github.io/r-novice-gapminder/instructor/profiles.html",
   "dateCreated": "2015-04-18",
-  "dateModified": "2024-09-21",
-  "datePublished": "2024-09-21"
+  "dateModified": "2024-09-24",
+  "datePublished": "2024-09-24"
 }
 
   </script><script>
diff --git a/instructor/reference.html b/instructor/reference.html
index 9c2267c02..b5ead8dd9 100644
--- a/instructor/reference.html
+++ b/instructor/reference.html
@@ -938,7 +938,7 @@ <h1>Reference</h1>
   "identifier": "https://swcarpentry.github.io/r-novice-gapminder/instructor/reference.html",
   "dateCreated": "2015-04-18",
   "dateModified": "2024-09-21",
-  "datePublished": "2024-09-21"
+  "datePublished": "2024-09-24"
 }
 
   </script><script>
diff --git a/key-points.html b/key-points.html
index 3eef6776d..374a68dc6 100644
--- a/key-points.html
+++ b/key-points.html
@@ -631,8 +631,8 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header" id="flush-headingTwelve">
   "url": "https://swcarpentry.github.io/r-novice-gapminder/key-points.html",
   "identifier": "https://swcarpentry.github.io/r-novice-gapminder/key-points.html",
   "dateCreated": "2015-04-18",
-  "dateModified": "2024-09-21",
-  "datePublished": "2024-09-21"
+  "dateModified": "2024-09-24",
+  "datePublished": "2024-09-24"
 }
 
   </script><script>
diff --git a/pkgdown.yml b/pkgdown.yml
index 4025f2266..f3883630c 100644
--- a/pkgdown.yml
+++ b/pkgdown.yml
@@ -2,4 +2,4 @@ pandoc: 3.1.11
 pkgdown: 2.1.1
 pkgdown_sha: ~
 articles: {}
-last_built: 2024-09-21T23:52Z
+last_built: 2024-09-24T00:17Z
diff --git a/profiles.html b/profiles.html
index 02a182407..d96b822a5 100644
--- a/profiles.html
+++ b/profiles.html
@@ -417,8 +417,8 @@ <h1>Learner Profiles</h1>
   "url": "https://swcarpentry.github.io/r-novice-gapminder/profiles.html",
   "identifier": "https://swcarpentry.github.io/r-novice-gapminder/profiles.html",
   "dateCreated": "2015-04-18",
-  "dateModified": "2024-09-21",
-  "datePublished": "2024-09-21"
+  "dateModified": "2024-09-24",
+  "datePublished": "2024-09-24"
 }
 
   </script><script>
diff --git a/reference.html b/reference.html
index c3f9167b8..ac190e382 100644
--- a/reference.html
+++ b/reference.html
@@ -936,7 +936,7 @@ <h1>Reference</h1>
   "identifier": "https://swcarpentry.github.io/r-novice-gapminder/reference.html",
   "dateCreated": "2015-04-18",
   "dateModified": "2024-09-21",
-  "datePublished": "2024-09-21"
+  "datePublished": "2024-09-24"
 }
 
   </script><script>
diff --git a/renv.lock b/renv.lock
index 27697d118..07d7c7bb7 100644
--- a/renv.lock
+++ b/renv.lock
@@ -201,13 +201,13 @@
     },
     "cpp11": {
       "Package": "cpp11",
-      "Version": "0.4.7",
+      "Version": "0.5.0",
       "Source": "Repository",
       "Repository": "CRAN",
       "Requirements": [
         "R"
       ],
-      "Hash": "5a295d7d963cc5035284dcdbaf334f4e"
+      "Hash": "91570bba75d0c9d3f1040c835cee8fba"
     },
     "crayon": {
       "Package": "crayon",
@@ -223,14 +223,14 @@
     },
     "digest": {
       "Package": "digest",
-      "Version": "0.6.36",
+      "Version": "0.6.37",
       "Source": "Repository",
       "Repository": "CRAN",
       "Requirements": [
         "R",
         "utils"
       ],
-      "Hash": "fd6824ad91ede64151e93af67df6376b"
+      "Hash": "33698c4b3127fc9f506654607fb73676"
     },
     "dplyr": {
       "Package": "dplyr",
@@ -603,7 +603,7 @@
     },
     "nlme": {
       "Package": "nlme",
-      "Version": "3.1-165",
+      "Version": "3.1-166",
       "Source": "Repository",
       "Repository": "CRAN",
       "Requirements": [
@@ -613,7 +613,7 @@
         "stats",
         "utils"
       ],
-      "Hash": "2769a88be217841b1f33ed469675c3cc"
+      "Hash": "ccbb8846be320b627e6aa2b4616a2ded"
     },
     "pillar": {
       "Package": "pillar",
@@ -737,7 +737,7 @@
     },
     "rmarkdown": {
       "Package": "rmarkdown",
-      "Version": "2.27",
+      "Version": "2.28",
       "Source": "Repository",
       "Repository": "CRAN",
       "Requirements": [
@@ -756,7 +756,7 @@
         "xfun",
         "yaml"
       ],
-      "Hash": "27f9502e1cdbfa195f94e03b0f517484"
+      "Hash": "062470668513dcda416927085ee9bdc7"
     },
     "rstudioapi": {
       "Package": "rstudioapi",
@@ -1000,15 +1000,16 @@
     },
     "xfun": {
       "Package": "xfun",
-      "Version": "0.46",
+      "Version": "0.47",
       "Source": "Repository",
       "Repository": "CRAN",
       "Requirements": [
+        "R",
         "grDevices",
         "stats",
         "tools"
       ],
-      "Hash": "00ce32f398db0415dde61abfef11300c"
+      "Hash": "36ab21660e2d095fef0d83f689e0477c"
     },
     "yaml": {
       "Package": "yaml",