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<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN">
<html>
<head>
<meta name="generator" content=
"HTML Tidy for Linux/x86 (vers 1st November 2002), see www.w3.org">
<meta name="description" content=
"A simple, portable and lightweigt C++ library for easy handling of UTF-8 encoded strings">
<meta name="keywords" content="UTF-8 C++ portable utf8 unicode generic templates">
<meta name="author" content="Nemanja Trifunovic">
<title>
UTF8-CPP: UTF-8 with C++ in a Portable Way
</title>
<style type="text/css">
<!--
span.return_value {
color: brown;
}
span.keyword {
color: blue;
}
span.preprocessor {
color: navy;
}
span.literal {
color: olive;
}
span.comment {
color: green;
}
code {
font-weight: bold;
}
ul.toc {
list-style-type: none;
}
p.version {
font-size: small;
font-style: italic;
}
-->
</style>
</head>
<body>
<h1>
UTF8-CPP: UTF-8 with C++ in a Portable Way
</h1>
<p>
<a href="https://sourceforge.net/projects/utfcpp">The Sourceforge project page</a>
</p>
<div id="toc">
<h2>
Table of Contents
</h2>
<ul class="toc">
<li>
<a href="#introduction">Introduction</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="#examples">Examples of Use</a>
<ul class="toc">
<li>
<a href=#introsample>Introductionary Sample </a>
</li>
<li>
<a href=#validfile>Checking if a file contains valid UTF-8 text</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href=#fixinvalid>Ensure that a string contains valid UTF-8 text</a>
</li>
</ul>
<li>
<a href="#reference">Reference</a>
<ul class="toc">
<li>
<a href="#funutf8">Functions From utf8 Namespace </a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="#typesutf8">Types From utf8 Namespace </a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="#fununchecked">Functions From utf8::unchecked Namespace </a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="#typesunchecked">Types From utf8::unchecked Namespace </a>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>
<a href="#points">Points of Interest</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="#links">Links</a>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h2 id="introduction">
Introduction
</h2>
<p>
Many C++ developers miss an easy and portable way of handling Unicode encoded
strings. The original C++ Standard (known as C++98 or C++03) is Unicode agnostic.
C++11 provides some support for Unicode on core language and library level:
u8, u, and U character and string literals, char16_t and char32_t character types,
u16string and u32string library classes, and codecvt support for conversions
between Unicode encoding forms.
In the meantime, developers use third party libraries like ICU, OS specific capabilities, or simply
roll out their own solutions.
</p>
<p>
In order to easily handle UTF-8 encoded Unicode strings, I came up with a small
generic library. For anybody used to work with STL algorithms and iterators, it should be
easy and natural to use. The code is freely available for any purpose - check out
the license at the beginning of the utf8.h file. If you run into
bugs or performance issues, please let me know and I'll do my best to address them.
</p>
<p>
The purpose of this article is not to offer an introduction to Unicode in general,
and UTF-8 in particular. If you are not familiar with Unicode, be sure to check out
<a href="http://www.unicode.org/">Unicode Home Page</a> or some other source of
information for Unicode. Also, it is not my aim to advocate the use of UTF-8
encoded strings in C++ programs; if you want to handle UTF-8 encoded strings from
C++, I am sure you have good reasons for it.
</p>
<h2 id="examples">
Examples of use
</h2>
<h3 id="introsample">
Introductionary Sample
</h3>
<p>
To illustrate the use of the library, let's start with a small but complete program
that opens a file containing UTF-8 encoded text, reads it line by line, checks each line
for invalid UTF-8 byte sequences, and converts it to UTF-16 encoding and back to UTF-8:
</p>
<pre>
<span class="preprocessor">#include <fstream></span>
<span class="preprocessor">#include <iostream></span>
<span class="preprocessor">#include <string></span>
<span class="preprocessor">#include <vector></span>
<span class="preprocessor">#include "utf8.h"</span>
<span class="keyword">using namespace</span> std;
<span class="keyword">int</span> main(<span class="keyword">int</span> argc, <span class="keyword">char</span>** argv)
{
<span class="keyword">if</span> (argc != <span class="literal">2</span>) {
cout << <span class="literal">"\nUsage: docsample filename\n"</span>;
<span class="keyword">return</span> <span class="literal">0</span>;
}
<span class="keyword">const char</span>* test_file_path = argv[1];
<span class="comment">// Open the test file (contains UTF-8 encoded text)</span>
ifstream fs8(test_file_path);
<span class="keyword">if</span> (!fs8.is_open()) {
cout << <span class=
"literal">"Could not open "</span> << test_file_path << endl;
<span class="keyword">return</span> <span class="literal">0</span>;
}
<span class="keyword">unsigned</span> line_count = <span class="literal">1</span>;
string line;
<span class="comment">// Play with all the lines in the file</span>
<span class="keyword">while</span> (getline(fs8, line)) {
<span class="comment">// check for invalid utf-8 (for a simple yes/no check, there is also utf8::is_valid function)</span>
string::iterator end_it = utf8::find_invalid(line.begin(), line.end());
<span class="keyword">if</span> (end_it != line.end()) {
cout << <span class=
"literal">"Invalid UTF-8 encoding detected at line "</span> << line_count << <span
class="literal">"\n"</span>;
cout << <span class=
"literal">"This part is fine: "</span> << string(line.begin(), end_it) << <span
class="literal">"\n"</span>;
}
<span class="comment">// Get the line length (at least for the valid part)</span>
<span class="keyword">int</span> length = utf8::distance(line.begin(), end_it);
cout << <span class=
"literal">"Length of line "</span> << line_count << <span class=
"literal">" is "</span> << length << <span class="literal">"\n"</span>;
<span class="comment">// Convert it to utf-16</span>
vector<unsigned short> utf16line;
utf8::utf8to16(line.begin(), end_it, back_inserter(utf16line));
<span class="comment">// And back to utf-8</span>
string utf8line;
utf8::utf16to8(utf16line.begin(), utf16line.end(), back_inserter(utf8line));
<span class="comment">// Confirm that the conversion went OK:</span>
<span class="keyword">if</span> (utf8line != string(line.begin(), end_it))
cout << <span class=
"literal">"Error in UTF-16 conversion at line: "</span> << line_count << <span
class="literal">"\n"</span>;
line_count++;
}
<span class="keyword">return</span> <span class="literal">0</span>;
}
</pre>
<p>
In the previous code sample, for each line we performed
a detection of invalid UTF-8 sequences with <code>find_invalid</code>; the number
of characters (more precisely - the number of Unicode code points, including the end
of line and even BOM if there is one) in each line was
determined with a use of <code>utf8::distance</code>; finally, we have converted
each line to UTF-16 encoding with <code>utf8to16</code> and back to UTF-8 with
<code>utf16to8</code>.
</p>
<h3 id="validfile">Checking if a file contains valid UTF-8 text</h3>
<p>
Here is a function that checks whether the content of a file is valid UTF-8 encoded text without
reading the content into the memory:
</p>
<pre>
<span class="keyword">bool</span> valid_utf8_file(i<span class="keyword">const char</span>* file_name)
{
ifstream ifs(file_name);
<span class="keyword">if</span> (!ifs)
<span class="keyword">return false</span>; <span class="comment">// even better, throw here</span>
istreambuf_iterator<<span class="keyword">char</span>> it(ifs.rdbuf());
istreambuf_iterator<<span class="keyword">char</span>> eos;
<span class="keyword">return</span> utf8::is_valid(it, eos);
}
</pre>
<p>
Because the function <code>utf8::is_valid()</code> works with input iterators, we were able
to pass an <code>istreambuf_iterator</code> to it and read the content of the file directly
without loading it to the memory first.</p>
<p>
Note that other functions that take input iterator arguments can be used in a similar way. For
instance, to read the content of a UTF-8 encoded text file and convert the text to UTF-16, just
do something like:
</p>
<pre>
utf8::utf8to16(it, eos, back_inserter(u16string));
</pre>
<h3 id="fixinvalid">Ensure that a string contains valid UTF-8 text</h3>
<p>
If we have some text that "probably" contains UTF-8 encoded text and we want to
replace any invalid UTF-8 sequence with a replacement character, something like
the following function may be used:
</p>
<pre>
<span class="keyword">void</span> fix_utf8_string(std::string& str)
{
std::string temp;
utf8::replace_invalid(str.begin(), str.end(), back_inserter(temp));
str = temp;
}
</pre>
<p>The function will replace any invalid UTF-8 sequence with a Unicode replacement character.
There is an overloaded function that enables the caller to supply their own replacement character.
</p>
<h2 id="reference">
Reference
</h2>
<h3 id="funutf8">
Functions From utf8 Namespace
</h3>
<h4>
utf8::append
</h4>
<p class="version">
Available in version 1.0 and later.
</p>
<p>
Encodes a 32 bit code point as a UTF-8 sequence of octets and appends the sequence
to a UTF-8 string.
</p>
<pre>
<span class="keyword">template</span> <<span class=
"keyword">typename</span> octet_iterator>
octet_iterator append(uint32_t cp, octet_iterator result);
</pre>
<p>
<code>octet_iterator</code>: an output iterator.<br>
<code>cp</code>: a 32 bit integer representing a code point to append to the
sequence.<br>
<code>result</code>: an output iterator to the place in the sequence where to
append the code point.<br>
<span class="return_value">Return value</span>: an iterator pointing to the place
after the newly appended sequence.
</p>
<p>
Example of use:
</p>
<pre>
<span class="keyword">unsigned char</span> u[<span class="literal">5</span>] = {<span
class="literal">0</span>,<span class="literal">0</span>,<span class=
"literal">0</span>,<span class="literal">0</span>,<span class="literal">0</span>};
<span class="keyword">unsigned char</span>* end = append(<span class=
"literal">0x0448</span>, u);
assert (u[<span class="literal">0</span>] == <span class=
"literal">0xd1</span> && u[<span class="literal">1</span>] == <span class=
"literal">0x88</span> && u[<span class="literal">2</span>] == <span class=
"literal">0</span> && u[<span class="literal">3</span>] == <span class=
"literal">0</span> && u[<span class="literal">4</span>] == <span class=
"literal">0</span>);
</pre>
<p>
Note that <code>append</code> does not allocate any memory - it is the burden of
the caller to make sure there is enough memory allocated for the operation. To make
things more interesting, <code>append</code> can add anywhere between 1 and 4
octets to the sequence. In practice, you would most often want to use
<code>std::back_inserter</code> to ensure that the necessary memory is allocated.
</p>
<p>
In case of an invalid code point, a <code>utf8::invalid_code_point</code> exception
is thrown.
</p>
<h4>
utf8::next
</h4>
<p class="version">
Available in version 1.0 and later.
</p>
<p>
Given the iterator to the beginning of the UTF-8 sequence, it returns the code
point and moves the iterator to the next position.
</p>
<pre>
<span class="keyword">template</span> <<span class=
"keyword">typename</span> octet_iterator>
uint32_t next(octet_iterator& it, octet_iterator end);
</pre>
<p>
<code>octet_iterator</code>: an input iterator.<br>
<code>it</code>: a reference to an iterator pointing to the beginning of an UTF-8
encoded code point. After the function returns, it is incremented to point to the
beginning of the next code point.<br>
<code>end</code>: end of the UTF-8 sequence to be processed. If <code>it</code>
gets equal to <code>end</code> during the extraction of a code point, an
<code>utf8::not_enough_room</code> exception is thrown.<br>
<span class="return_value">Return value</span>: the 32 bit representation of the
processed UTF-8 code point.
</p>
<p>
Example of use:
</p>
<pre>
<span class="keyword">char</span>* twochars = <span class=
"literal">"\xe6\x97\xa5\xd1\x88"</span>;
<span class="keyword">char</span>* w = twochars;
<span class="keyword">int</span> cp = next(w, twochars + <span class="literal">6</span>);
assert (cp == <span class="literal">0x65e5</span>);
assert (w == twochars + <span class="literal">3</span>);
</pre>
<p>
This function is typically used to iterate through a UTF-8 encoded string.
</p>
<p>
In case of an invalid UTF-8 seqence, a <code>utf8::invalid_utf8</code> exception is
thrown.
</p>
<h4>
utf8::peek_next
</h4>
<p class="version">
Available in version 2.1 and later.
</p>
<p>
Given the iterator to the beginning of the UTF-8 sequence, it returns the code
point for the following sequence without changing the value of the iterator.
</p>
<pre>
<span class="keyword">template</span> <<span class=
"keyword">typename</span> octet_iterator>
uint32_t peek_next(octet_iterator it, octet_iterator end);
</pre>
<p>
<code>octet_iterator</code>: an input iterator.<br>
<code>it</code>: an iterator pointing to the beginning of an UTF-8
encoded code point.<br>
<code>end</code>: end of the UTF-8 sequence to be processed. If <code>it</code>
gets equal to <code>end</code> during the extraction of a code point, an
<code>utf8::not_enough_room</code> exception is thrown.<br>
<span class="return_value">Return value</span>: the 32 bit representation of the
processed UTF-8 code point.
</p>
<p>
Example of use:
</p>
<pre>
<span class="keyword">char</span>* twochars = <span class=
"literal">"\xe6\x97\xa5\xd1\x88"</span>;
<span class="keyword">char</span>* w = twochars;
<span class="keyword">int</span> cp = peek_next(w, twochars + <span class="literal">6</span>);
assert (cp == <span class="literal">0x65e5</span>);
assert (w == twochars);
</pre>
<p>
In case of an invalid UTF-8 seqence, a <code>utf8::invalid_utf8</code> exception is
thrown.
</p>
<h4>
utf8::prior
</h4>
<p class="version">
Available in version 1.02 and later.
</p>
<p>
Given a reference to an iterator pointing to an octet in a UTF-8 sequence, it
decreases the iterator until it hits the beginning of the previous UTF-8 encoded
code point and returns the 32 bits representation of the code point.
</p>
<pre>
<span class="keyword">template</span> <<span class=
"keyword">typename</span> octet_iterator>
uint32_t prior(octet_iterator& it, octet_iterator start);
</pre>
<p>
<code>octet_iterator</code>: a bidirectional iterator.<br>
<code>it</code>: a reference pointing to an octet within a UTF-8 encoded string.
After the function returns, it is decremented to point to the beginning of the
previous code point.<br>
<code>start</code>: an iterator to the beginning of the sequence where the search
for the beginning of a code point is performed. It is a
safety measure to prevent passing the beginning of the string in the search for a
UTF-8 lead octet.<br>
<span class="return_value">Return value</span>: the 32 bit representation of the
previous code point.
</p>
<p>
Example of use:
</p>
<pre>
<span class="keyword">char</span>* twochars = <span class=
"literal">"\xe6\x97\xa5\xd1\x88"</span>;
<span class="keyword">unsigned char</span>* w = twochars + <span class=
"literal">3</span>;
<span class="keyword">int</span> cp = prior (w, twochars);
assert (cp == <span class="literal">0x65e5</span>);
assert (w == twochars);
</pre>
<p>
This function has two purposes: one is two iterate backwards through a UTF-8
encoded string. Note that it is usually a better idea to iterate forward instead,
since <code>utf8::next</code> is faster. The second purpose is to find a beginning
of a UTF-8 sequence if we have a random position within a string. Note that in that
case <code>utf8::prior</code> may not detect an invalid UTF-8 sequence in some scenarios:
for instance if there are superfluous trail octets, it will just skip them.
</p>
<p>
<code>it</code> will typically point to the beginning of
a code point, and <code>start</code> will point to the
beginning of the string to ensure we don't go backwards too far. <code>it</code> is
decreased until it points to a lead UTF-8 octet, and then the UTF-8 sequence
beginning with that octet is decoded to a 32 bit representation and returned.
</p>
<p>
In case <code>start</code> is reached before a UTF-8 lead octet is hit, or if an
invalid UTF-8 sequence is started by the lead octet, an <code>invalid_utf8</code>
exception is thrown.
</p>
<p>In case <code>start</code> equals <code>it</code>, a <code>not_enough_room</code>
exception is thrown.
<h4>
utf8::previous
</h4>
<p class="version">
Deprecated in version 1.02 and later.
</p>
<p>
Given a reference to an iterator pointing to an octet in a UTF-8 seqence, it
decreases the iterator until it hits the beginning of the previous UTF-8 encoded
code point and returns the 32 bits representation of the code point.
</p>
<pre>
<span class="keyword">template</span> <<span class=
"keyword">typename</span> octet_iterator>
uint32_t previous(octet_iterator& it, octet_iterator pass_start);
</pre>
<p>
<code>octet_iterator</code>: a random access iterator.<br>
<code>it</code>: a reference pointing to an octet within a UTF-8 encoded string.
After the function returns, it is decremented to point to the beginning of the
previous code point.<br>
<code>pass_start</code>: an iterator to the point in the sequence where the search
for the beginning of a code point is aborted if no result was reached. It is a
safety measure to prevent passing the beginning of the string in the search for a
UTF-8 lead octet.<br>
<span class="return_value">Return value</span>: the 32 bit representation of the
previous code point.
</p>
<p>
Example of use:
</p>
<pre>
<span class="keyword">char</span>* twochars = <span class=
"literal">"\xe6\x97\xa5\xd1\x88"</span>;
<span class="keyword">unsigned char</span>* w = twochars + <span class=
"literal">3</span>;
<span class="keyword">int</span> cp = previous (w, twochars - <span class=
"literal">1</span>);
assert (cp == <span class="literal">0x65e5</span>);
assert (w == twochars);
</pre>
<p>
<code>utf8::previous</code> is deprecated, and <code>utf8::prior</code> should
be used instead, although the existing code can continue using this function.
The problem is the parameter <code>pass_start</code> that points to the position
just before the beginning of the sequence. Standard containers don't have the
concept of "pass start" and the function can not be used with their iterators.
</p>
<p>
<code>it</code> will typically point to the beginning of
a code point, and <code>pass_start</code> will point to the octet just before the
beginning of the string to ensure we don't go backwards too far. <code>it</code> is
decreased until it points to a lead UTF-8 octet, and then the UTF-8 sequence
beginning with that octet is decoded to a 32 bit representation and returned.
</p>
<p>
In case <code>pass_start</code> is reached before a UTF-8 lead octet is hit, or if an
invalid UTF-8 sequence is started by the lead octet, an <code>invalid_utf8</code>
exception is thrown
</p>
<h4>
utf8::advance
</h4>
<p class="version">
Available in version 1.0 and later.
</p>
<p>
Advances an iterator by the specified number of code points within an UTF-8
sequence.
</p>
<pre>
<span class="keyword">template</span> <<span class=
"keyword">typename</span> octet_iterator, typename distance_type>
<span class=
"keyword">void</span> advance (octet_iterator& it, distance_type n, octet_iterator end);
</pre>
<p>
<code>octet_iterator</code>: an input iterator.<br>
<code>distance_type</code>: an integral type convertible to <code>octet_iterator</code>'s difference type.<br>
<code>it</code>: a reference to an iterator pointing to the beginning of an UTF-8
encoded code point. After the function returns, it is incremented to point to the
nth following code point.<br>
<code>n</code>: a positive integer that shows how many code points we want to
advance.<br>
<code>end</code>: end of the UTF-8 sequence to be processed. If <code>it</code>
gets equal to <code>end</code> during the extraction of a code point, an
<code>utf8::not_enough_room</code> exception is thrown.<br>
</p>
<p>
Example of use:
</p>
<pre>
<span class="keyword">char</span>* twochars = <span class=
"literal">"\xe6\x97\xa5\xd1\x88"</span>;
<span class="keyword">unsigned char</span>* w = twochars;
advance (w, <span class="literal">2</span>, twochars + <span class="literal">6</span>);
assert (w == twochars + <span class="literal">5</span>);
</pre>
<p>
This function works only "forward". In case of a negative <code>n</code>, there is
no effect.
</p>
<p>
In case of an invalid code point, a <code>utf8::invalid_code_point</code> exception
is thrown.
</p>
<h4>
utf8::distance
</h4>
<p class="version">
Available in version 1.0 and later.
</p>
<p>
Given the iterators to two UTF-8 encoded code points in a seqence, returns the
number of code points between them.
</p>
<pre>
<span class="keyword">template</span> <<span class=
"keyword">typename</span> octet_iterator>
<span class=
"keyword">typename</span> std::iterator_traits<octet_iterator>::difference_type distance (octet_iterator first, octet_iterator last);
</pre>
<p>
<code>octet_iterator</code>: an input iterator.<br>
<code>first</code>: an iterator to a beginning of a UTF-8 encoded code point.<br>
<code>last</code>: an iterator to a "post-end" of the last UTF-8 encoded code
point in the sequence we are trying to determine the length. It can be the
beginning of a new code point, or not.<br>
<span class="return_value">Return value</span> the distance between the iterators,
in code points.
</p>
<p>
Example of use:
</p>
<pre>
<span class="keyword">char</span>* twochars = <span class=
"literal">"\xe6\x97\xa5\xd1\x88"</span>;
size_t dist = utf8::distance(twochars, twochars + <span class="literal">5</span>);
assert (dist == <span class="literal">2</span>);
</pre>
<p>
This function is used to find the length (in code points) of a UTF-8 encoded
string. The reason it is called <em>distance</em>, rather than, say,
<em>length</em> is mainly because developers are used that <em>length</em> is an
O(1) function. Computing the length of an UTF-8 string is a linear operation, and
it looked better to model it after <code>std::distance</code> algorithm.
</p>
<p>
In case of an invalid UTF-8 seqence, a <code>utf8::invalid_utf8</code> exception is
thrown. If <code>last</code> does not point to the past-of-end of a UTF-8 seqence,
a <code>utf8::not_enough_room</code> exception is thrown.
</p>
<h4>
utf8::utf16to8
</h4>
<p class="version">
Available in version 1.0 and later.
</p>
<p>
Converts a UTF-16 encoded string to UTF-8.
</p>
<pre>
<span class="keyword">template</span> <<span class=
"keyword">typename</span> u16bit_iterator, <span class=
"keyword">typename</span> octet_iterator>
octet_iterator utf16to8 (u16bit_iterator start, u16bit_iterator end, octet_iterator result);
</pre>
<p>
<code>u16bit_iterator</code>: an input iterator.<br>
<code>octet_iterator</code>: an output iterator.<br>
<code>start</code>: an iterator pointing to the beginning of the UTF-16 encoded
string to convert.<br>
<code>end</code>: an iterator pointing to pass-the-end of the UTF-16 encoded
string to convert.<br>
<code>result</code>: an output iterator to the place in the UTF-8 string where to
append the result of conversion.<br>
<span class="return_value">Return value</span>: An iterator pointing to the place
after the appended UTF-8 string.
</p>
<p>
Example of use:
</p>
<pre>
<span class="keyword">unsigned short</span> utf16string[] = {<span class=
"literal">0x41</span>, <span class="literal">0x0448</span>, <span class=
"literal">0x65e5</span>, <span class="literal">0xd834</span>, <span class=
"literal">0xdd1e</span>};
vector<<span class="keyword">unsigned char</span>> utf8result;
utf16to8(utf16string, utf16string + <span class=
"literal">5</span>, back_inserter(utf8result));
assert (utf8result.size() == <span class="literal">10</span>);
</pre>
<p>
In case of invalid UTF-16 sequence, a <code>utf8::invalid_utf16</code> exception is
thrown.
</p>
<h4>
utf8::utf8to16
</h4>
<p class="version">
Available in version 1.0 and later.
</p>
<p>
Converts an UTF-8 encoded string to UTF-16
</p>
<pre>
<span class="keyword">template</span> <<span class=
"keyword">typename</span> u16bit_iterator, typename octet_iterator>
u16bit_iterator utf8to16 (octet_iterator start, octet_iterator end, u16bit_iterator result);
</pre>
<p>
<code>octet_iterator</code>: an input iterator.<br>
<code>u16bit_iterator</code>: an output iterator.<br>
<code>start</code>: an iterator pointing to the beginning of the UTF-8 encoded
string to convert. < br /> <code>end</code>: an iterator pointing to
pass-the-end of the UTF-8 encoded string to convert.<br>
<code>result</code>: an output iterator to the place in the UTF-16 string where to
append the result of conversion.<br>
<span class="return_value">Return value</span>: An iterator pointing to the place
after the appended UTF-16 string.
</p>
<p>
Example of use:
</p>
<pre>
<span class="keyword">char</span> utf8_with_surrogates[] = <span class=
"literal">"\xe6\x97\xa5\xd1\x88\xf0\x9d\x84\x9e"</span>;
vector <<span class="keyword">unsigned short</span>> utf16result;
utf8to16(utf8_with_surrogates, utf8_with_surrogates + <span class=
"literal">9</span>, back_inserter(utf16result));
assert (utf16result.size() == <span class="literal">4</span>);
assert (utf16result[<span class="literal">2</span>] == <span class=
"literal">0xd834</span>);
assert (utf16result[<span class="literal">3</span>] == <span class=
"literal">0xdd1e</span>);
</pre>
<p>
In case of an invalid UTF-8 seqence, a <code>utf8::invalid_utf8</code> exception is
thrown. If <code>end</code> does not point to the past-of-end of a UTF-8 seqence, a
<code>utf8::not_enough_room</code> exception is thrown.
</p>
<h4>
utf8::utf32to8
</h4>
<p class="version">
Available in version 1.0 and later.
</p>
<p>
Converts a UTF-32 encoded string to UTF-8.
</p>
<pre>
<span class="keyword">template</span> <<span class=
"keyword">typename</span> octet_iterator, typename u32bit_iterator>
octet_iterator utf32to8 (u32bit_iterator start, u32bit_iterator end, octet_iterator result);
</pre>
<p>
<code>octet_iterator</code>: an output iterator.<br>
<code>u32bit_iterator</code>: an input iterator.<br>
<code>start</code>: an iterator pointing to the beginning of the UTF-32 encoded
string to convert.<br>
<code>end</code>: an iterator pointing to pass-the-end of the UTF-32 encoded
string to convert.<br>
<code>result</code>: an output iterator to the place in the UTF-8 string where to
append the result of conversion.<br>
<span class="return_value">Return value</span>: An iterator pointing to the place
after the appended UTF-8 string.
</p>
<p>
Example of use:
</p>
<pre>
<span class="keyword">int</span> utf32string[] = {<span class=
"literal">0x448</span>, <span class="literal">0x65E5</span>, <span class=
"literal">0x10346</span>, <span class="literal">0</span>};
vector<<span class="keyword">unsigned char</span>> utf8result;
utf32to8(utf32string, utf32string + <span class=
"literal">3</span>, back_inserter(utf8result));
assert (utf8result.size() == <span class="literal">9</span>);
</pre>
<p>
In case of invalid UTF-32 string, a <code>utf8::invalid_code_point</code> exception
is thrown.
</p>
<h4>
utf8::utf8to32
</h4>
<p class="version">
Available in version 1.0 and later.
</p>
<p>
Converts a UTF-8 encoded string to UTF-32.
</p>
<pre>
<span class="keyword">template</span> <<span class=
"keyword">typename</span> octet_iterator, <span class=
"keyword">typename</span> u32bit_iterator>
u32bit_iterator utf8to32 (octet_iterator start, octet_iterator end, u32bit_iterator result);
</pre>
<p>
<code>octet_iterator</code>: an input iterator.<br>
<code>u32bit_iterator</code>: an output iterator.<br>
<code>start</code>: an iterator pointing to the beginning of the UTF-8 encoded
string to convert.<br>
<code>end</code>: an iterator pointing to pass-the-end of the UTF-8 encoded string
to convert.<br>
<code>result</code>: an output iterator to the place in the UTF-32 string where to
append the result of conversion.<br>
<span class="return_value">Return value</span>: An iterator pointing to the place
after the appended UTF-32 string.
</p>
<p>
Example of use:
</p>
<pre>
<span class="keyword">char</span>* twochars = <span class=
"literal">"\xe6\x97\xa5\xd1\x88"</span>;
vector<<span class="keyword">int</span>> utf32result;
utf8to32(twochars, twochars + <span class=
"literal">5</span>, back_inserter(utf32result));
assert (utf32result.size() == <span class="literal">2</span>);
</pre>
<p>
In case of an invalid UTF-8 seqence, a <code>utf8::invalid_utf8</code> exception is
thrown. If <code>end</code> does not point to the past-of-end of a UTF-8 seqence, a
<code>utf8::not_enough_room</code> exception is thrown.
</p>
<h4>
utf8::find_invalid
</h4>
<p class="version">
Available in version 1.0 and later.
</p>
<p>
Detects an invalid sequence within a UTF-8 string.
</p>
<pre>
<span class="keyword">template</span> <<span class=
"keyword">typename</span> octet_iterator>
octet_iterator find_invalid(octet_iterator start, octet_iterator end);
</pre>
<p>
<code>octet_iterator</code>: an input iterator.<br>
<code>start</code>: an iterator pointing to the beginning of the UTF-8 string to
test for validity.<br>
<code>end</code>: an iterator pointing to pass-the-end of the UTF-8 string to test
for validity.<br>
<span class="return_value">Return value</span>: an iterator pointing to the first
invalid octet in the UTF-8 string. In case none were found, equals
<code>end</code>.
</p>
<p>
Example of use:
</p>
<pre>
<span class="keyword">char</span> utf_invalid[] = <span class=
"literal">"\xe6\x97\xa5\xd1\x88\xfa"</span>;
<span class=
"keyword">char</span>* invalid = find_invalid(utf_invalid, utf_invalid + <span class=
"literal">6</span>);
assert (invalid == utf_invalid + <span class="literal">5</span>);
</pre>
<p>
This function is typically used to make sure a UTF-8 string is valid before
processing it with other functions. It is especially important to call it if before
doing any of the <em>unchecked</em> operations on it.
</p>
<h4>
utf8::is_valid
</h4>
<p class="version">
Available in version 1.0 and later.
</p>
<p>
Checks whether a sequence of octets is a valid UTF-8 string.
</p>
<pre>
<span class="keyword">template</span> <<span class=
"keyword">typename</span> octet_iterator>
<span class="keyword">bool</span> is_valid(octet_iterator start, octet_iterator end);
</pre>
<p>
<code>octet_iterator</code>: an input iterator.<br>
<code>start</code>: an iterator pointing to the beginning of the UTF-8 string to
test for validity.<br>
<code>end</code>: an iterator pointing to pass-the-end of the UTF-8 string to test
for validity.<br>
<span class="return_value">Return value</span>: <code>true</code> if the sequence
is a valid UTF-8 string; <code>false</code> if not.
</p>
Example of use:
<pre>
<span class="keyword">char</span> utf_invalid[] = <span class=
"literal">"\xe6\x97\xa5\xd1\x88\xfa"</span>;
<span class="keyword">bool</span> bvalid = is_valid(utf_invalid, utf_invalid + <span
class="literal">6</span>);
assert (bvalid == false);
</pre>
<p>
<code>is_valid</code> is a shorthand for <code>find_invalid(start, end) ==
end;</code>. You may want to use it to make sure that a byte seqence is a valid
UTF-8 string without the need to know where it fails if it is not valid.
</p>
<h4>
utf8::replace_invalid
</h4>
<p class="version">
Available in version 2.0 and later.
</p>
<p>
Replaces all invalid UTF-8 sequences within a string with a replacement marker.
</p>
<pre>
<span class="keyword">template</span> <<span class=
"keyword">typename</span> octet_iterator, <span class=
"keyword">typename</span> output_iterator>
output_iterator replace_invalid(octet_iterator start, octet_iterator end, output_iterator out, uint32_t replacement);
<span class="keyword">template</span> <<span class=
"keyword">typename</span> octet_iterator, <span class=
"keyword">typename</span> output_iterator>
output_iterator replace_invalid(octet_iterator start, octet_iterator end, output_iterator out);
</pre>
<p>
<code>octet_iterator</code>: an input iterator.<br>
<code>output_iterator</code>: an output iterator.<br>
<code>start</code>: an iterator pointing to the beginning of the UTF-8 string to
look for invalid UTF-8 sequences.<br>
<code>end</code>: an iterator pointing to pass-the-end of the UTF-8 string to look
for invalid UTF-8 sequences.<br>
<code>out</code>: An output iterator to the range where the result of replacement
is stored.<br>
<code>replacement</code>: A Unicode code point for the replacement marker. The
version without this parameter assumes the value <code>0xfffd</code><br>
<span class="return_value">Return value</span>: An iterator pointing to the place
after the UTF-8 string with replaced invalid sequences.
</p>
<p>
Example of use:
</p>
<pre>
<span class="keyword">char</span> invalid_sequence[] = <span class=
"literal">"a\x80\xe0\xa0\xc0\xaf\xed\xa0\x80z"</span>;
vector<<span class="keyword">char</span>> replace_invalid_result;
replace_invalid (invalid_sequence, invalid_sequence + sizeof(invalid_sequence), back_inserter(replace_invalid_result), <span
class="literal">'?'</span>);
bvalid = is_valid(replace_invalid_result.begin(), replace_invalid_result.end());
assert (bvalid);
<span class="keyword">char</span>* fixed_invalid_sequence = <span class=
"literal">"a????z"</span>;
assert (std::equal(replace_invalid_result.begin(), replace_invalid_result.end(), fixed_invalid_sequence));
</pre>
<p>
<code>replace_invalid</code> does not perform in-place replacement of invalid
sequences. Rather, it produces a copy of the original string with the invalid
sequences replaced with a replacement marker. Therefore, <code>out</code> must not
be in the <code>[start, end]</code> range.
</p>
<p>
If <code>end</code> does not point to the past-of-end of a UTF-8 sequence, a
<code>utf8::not_enough_room</code> exception is thrown.
</p>
<h4>
utf8::starts_with_bom
</h4>
<p class="version">
Available in version 2.3 and later. Relaces deprecated <code>is_bom()</code> function.
</p>
<p>
Checks whether an octet sequence starts with a UTF-8 byte order mark (BOM)
</p>
<pre>
<span class="keyword">template</span> <<span class=
"keyword">typename</span> octet_iterator>
<span class="keyword">bool</span> starts_with_bom (octet_iterator it, octet_iterator end);
</pre>
<p>
<code>octet_iterator</code>: an input iterator.<br>
<code>it</code>: beginning of the octet sequence to check<br>
<code>end</code>: pass-end of the sequence to check<br>
<span class="return_value">Return value</span>: <code>true</code> if the sequence
starts with a UTF-8 byte order mark; <code>false</code> if not.
</p>
<p>
Example of use:
</p>
<pre>
<span class="keyword">unsigned char</span> byte_order_mark[] = {<span class=
"literal">0xef</span>, <span class="literal">0xbb</span>, <span class=
"literal">0xbf</span>};
<span class="keyword">bool</span> bbom = starts_with_bom(byte_order_mark, byte_order_mark + <span class="keyword">sizeof</span>(byte_order_mark));
assert (bbom == <span class="literal">true</span>);
</pre>
<p>
The typical use of this function is to check the first three bytes of a file. If
they form the UTF-8 BOM, we want to skip them before processing the actual UTF-8
encoded text.
</p>
<h4>
utf8::is_bom
</h4>
<p class="version">
Available in version 1.0 and later. Deprecated in version 2.3. <code>starts_with_bom()</code> should be used
instead.
</p>
<p>
Checks whether a sequence of three octets is a UTF-8 byte order mark (BOM)
</p>
<pre>
<span class="keyword">template</span> <<span class=
"keyword">typename</span> octet_iterator>
<span class="keyword">bool</span> is_bom (octet_iterator it); <span class="comment"> // Deprecated</span>
</pre>
<p>
<code>octet_iterator</code>: an input iterator.<br>
<code>it</code>: beginning of the 3-octet sequence to check<br>
<span class="return_value">Return value</span>: <code>true</code> if the sequence
is UTF-8 byte order mark; <code>false</code> if not.
</p>
<p>
Example of use:
</p>
<pre>
<span class="keyword">unsigned char</span> byte_order_mark[] = {<span class=
"literal">0xef</span>, <span class="literal">0xbb</span>, <span class=
"literal">0xbf</span>};
<span class="keyword">bool</span> bbom = is_bom(byte_order_mark);
assert (bbom == <span class="literal">true</span>);
</pre>
<p>
The typical use of this function is to check the first three bytes of a file. If
they form the UTF-8 BOM, we want to skip them before processing the actual UTF-8
encoded text.