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Python学习笔记_9：class 类定义的属性与方法——详解.html
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Python学习笔记_9：class 类定义的属性与方法——详解
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<p>对很多没有其他语言基础的初学者来说，可能学到 python 的类定义的时候会苦恼很久</p>
<p>但，无论我们遇到什么困难，也不要怕，微笑着面对他，消除恐惧的最好办法就是面对恐惧，坚持，才是胜利，加油，奥利给！！！</p>
<p><img src="https://img-blog.csdnimg.cn/20200308134728646.png?x-oss-process=image/watermark,type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk,shadow_10,text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3FxXzQ1NTA0MTE5,size_16,color_FFFFFF,t_70" alt="在这里插入图片描述"></p>
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<p>今天就给大家浅谈一下 class 中遇到的小问题吧</p>
<p><strong>1、首先类的对象是什么时候产生的？</strong></p>
<p>当类被定义完成时，类定义就变成了类的对象，可以通过 “类名.属性” 或 “类名.方法名()” 引用或使用相关的属性或方法</p>
<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="meta">>>> </span><span class="class"><span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="title">I</span>:</span></span><br><span class="line"> <span class="function"><span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title">text</span><span class="params">(self,x)</span>:</span></span><br><span class="line"> print(<span class="string">'%d'</span>%(x**<span class="number">2</span>))</span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">>>> </span>O = I()</span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">>>> </span>O.text</span><br><span class="line"><bound method I.text of <__main__.I object at <span class="number">0x0000018820ABCB38</span>>></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">>>> </span>O.text(<span class="number">3</span>)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="number">9</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p><strong>2、类的属性可以将类的方法覆盖</strong><br>当给 O.text 赋值时，O.text(obj) 就会报错，因为 O.text 将 O.text() 覆盖</p>
<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="meta">>>> </span><span class="class"><span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="title">I</span>:</span></span><br><span class="line"> <span class="function"><span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title">text</span><span class="params">(self,x)</span>:</span></span><br><span class="line"> print(<span class="string">'%d'</span>%(x**<span class="number">2</span>))</span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">>>> </span>O = I()</span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">>>> </span>O.text(<span class="number">4</span>)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="number">16</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">>>> </span>O.text = <span class="number">5</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">>>> </span>O.text(<span class="number">4</span>)</span><br><span class="line">Traceback (most recent call last):</span><br><span class="line"> File <span class="string">"<pyshell#11>"</span>, line <span class="number">1</span>, <span class="keyword">in</span> <module></span><br><span class="line"> O.text(<span class="number">4</span>)</span><br><span class="line">TypeError: <span class="string">'int'</span> object <span class="keyword">is</span> <span class="keyword">not</span> callable</span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">>>> </span>O.text</span><br><span class="line"><span class="number">5</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p><strong>3、注意类属性和实例属性的区别</strong></p>
<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="meta">>>> </span><span class="class"><span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="title">I</span>:</span></span><br><span class="line"> count = <span class="number">1</span></span><br><span class="line"> <span class="function"><span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title">text</span><span class="params">(self)</span></span></span><br><span class="line"> self.a = 2</span><br><span class="line"> self.b = <span class="number">3</span></span><br><span class="line"> self.c = <span class="number">4</span></span><br><span class="line"> I.num = <span class="number">5</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p>count 和num 就是类属性（静态变量），a,b,c则是实例属性</p>
<p>4、Error——传参错误</p>
<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="meta">>>> </span><span class="class"><span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="title">I</span>:</span></span><br><span class="line"> <span class="function"><span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title">text</span><span class="params">()</span>:</span></span><br><span class="line"> print(<span class="string">'abc'</span>)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">>>> </span>O = I() %默认将O的值传给I(),作为I() 的参数</span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">>>> </span>O.text()</span><br><span class="line">Traceback (most recent call last):</span><br><span class="line"> File <span class="string">"<pyshell#20>"</span>, line <span class="number">1</span>, <span class="keyword">in</span> <module></span><br><span class="line"> O.text()</span><br><span class="line">TypeError: text() takes <span class="number">0</span> positional arguments but <span class="number">1</span> was given</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p>因为python中的 “类.obj（）” 需要实例才可以使用，上述代码中python 就会默认将O的值传给 I() ，所以再调用 O.text() 时就是报错</p>
<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">TypeError: text() takes <span class="number">0</span> positional arguments but <span class="number">1</span> was given</span><br><span class="line">%需要<span class="number">0</span>个参数，但是已经传入<span class="number">1</span>个参数</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p>所以应该在 def text() 加入实例对象</p>
<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="meta">>>> </span><span class="class"><span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="title">I</span>:</span></span><br><span class="line"> <span class="function"><span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title">text</span><span class="params">(obj)</span>:</span></span><br><span class="line"> print(<span class="string">'abc'</span>)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">>>> </span>O = I() </span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">>>> </span>O.text()</span><br><span class="line">abc</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
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notify: true,
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recordIP: true
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item.parentNode.removeChild(item);
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}
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#vcomments-box {
padding: 5px 30px;
}
@media screen and (max-width: 800px) {
#vcomments-box {
padding: 5px 0px;
}
}
#vcomments-box #vcomments {
background-color: #fff;
}
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padding-right: 20px;
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now.setTime(now.getTime()+250);
days = (now - grt ) / 1000 / 60 / 60 / 24; dnum = Math.floor(days);
hours = (now - grt ) / 1000 / 60 / 60 - (24 * dnum); hnum = Math.floor(hours);
if(String(hnum).length ==1 ){hnum = "0" + hnum;} minutes = (now - grt ) / 1000 /60 - (24 * 60 * dnum) - (60 * hnum);
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fixedSidebarOffset: 'auto'
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let pswpElement = document.querySelectorAll('.pswp')[0];
let $imgArr = document.querySelectorAll(('.article-entry img:not(.reward-img)'))
$imgArr.forEach(($em, i) => {
$em.onclick = () => {
// slider展开状态
// todo: 这样不好，后面改成状态
if (document.querySelector('.left-col.show')) return
let items = []
$imgArr.forEach(($em2, i2) => {
let img = $em2.getAttribute('data-idx', i2)
let src = $em2.getAttribute('data-target') || $em2.getAttribute('src')
let title = $em2.getAttribute('alt')
// 获得原图尺寸
const image = new Image()
image.src = src
items.push({
src: src,
w: image.width || $em2.width,
h: image.height || $em2.height,
title: title
})
})
var gallery = new PhotoSwipe(pswpElement, PhotoSwipeUI_Default, items, {
index: parseInt(i)
});
gallery.init()
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})
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var copyHtml = '';
copyHtml += '<button class="btn-copy" data-clipboard-snippet="">';
copyHtml += '<i class="ri-file-copy-2-line"></i><span>COPY</span>';
copyHtml += '</button>';
$(".highlight .code pre").before(copyHtml);
$(".article pre code").before(copyHtml);
var clipboard = new ClipboardJS('.btn-copy', {
target: function(trigger) {
return trigger.nextElementSibling;
}
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$icon.addClass('ri-checkbox-circle-line');
let $span = $($btn.find('span'));
$span[0].innerText = 'COPIED';
wait(function () { // 等待两秒钟后恢复
$icon.removeClass('ri-checkbox-circle-line');
$icon.addClass('ri-file-copy-2-line');
$span[0].innerText = 'COPY';
}, 2000);
});
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let $icon = $($btn.find('i'));
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$icon.addClass('ri-time-line');
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}, 2000);
});
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