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<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<title>Newton FAQ: Newton OS</title>
<meta charset="utf-8">
<meta name="robots" content="index, follow">
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
<meta name="description" content="Frequently asked questions and answers lovingly compiled and sporadically edited specifically for the Apple Newton community.">
<meta name="author" content="The Newton FAQ Group">
<link rel="shortcut icon" href="favicon.ico">
<link rel="me" href="https://mastodon.social/@splorp">
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" media="screen" href="styles.css?2024012300">
</head>
<body>
<header>
<h1><a href="index.html">Newton FAQ</a></h1>
<p>Answers to common questions regarding Apple’s Newton computing platform.</p>
<hr>
<nav>
<ul>
<li><a href="index.html">Index</a></li>
<li><a href="newton-faq-introduction.html">Introduction</a></li>
<li><a href="newton-faq-hardware.html">Hardware</a></li>
<li><strong>Newton OS</strong></li>
<li><a href="newton-faq-community.html">Community</a></li>
<li><a href="newton-faq-software.html">Software</a></li>
<li><a href="newton-faq-books.html">Newton Books</a></li>
<li><a href="newton-faq-development.html">Development</a></li>
<li><a href="newton-faq-history.html">Change History</a></li>
</ul>
</nav>
<hr>
</header>
<section>
<h2>Part III: Newton OS</h2>
<article>
<ol type="A">
<li><a href="#IIIA">System Versions</a>
<ol>
<li><a href="#IIIA1">What are the different versions of Newton OS?</a></li>
<li><a href="#IIIA2">What system updates are available for my Newton?</a>
<ol type="a">
<li><a href="#IIIA2a">US & International English Updates</a></li>
<li><a href="#IIIA2b">German Updates</a></li>
<li><a href="#IIIA2c">French Updates</a></li>
<li><a href="#IIIA2d">Japanese Updates</a></li>
<li><a href="#IIIA2e">What is the update numbering system?</a></li>
</ol>
</li>
<li><a href="#IIIA3">How do I find out which version of Newton OS I have?</a></li>
<li><a href="#IIIA4">What are the differences between Newton OS versions?</a>
<ol type="a">
<li><a href="#IIIA4a">How is Newton OS 2.x different from Newton OS 1.x?</a></li>
<li><a href="#IIIA4b">How is Newton OS 2.1 different from Newton OS 2.0?</a></li>
<li><a href="#IIIA4c">What does the 717260 update do?</a></li>
<li><a href="#IIIA4d">What does the 710031 update do?</a></li>
<li><a href="#IIIA4e">What does the 711000 update do?</a></li>
<li><a href="#IIIA4f">What does the 74J185 update do?</a></li>
<li><a href="#IIIA4g">What does the 737246 update do?</a></li>
<li><a href="#IIIA4h">What does the 73J186 update do?</a></li>
</ol>
</li>
</ol>
</li>
<li><a href="#IIIB">Using Newton OS</a>
<ol>
<li><a href="#IIIB1">How do I find the Newton’s built-in Help Book?</a></li>
<li><a href="#IIIB2">What are the different ways to reset a Newton?</a>
<ol type="a">
<li><a href="#IIIB2a">Soft Reset</a></li>
<li><a href="#IIIB2b">Deep Reset</a></li>
<li><a href="#IIIB2c">Reset With Extensions Off</a></li>
<li><a href="#IIIB2d">MessagePad 2000/2100 Power Drain Reset</a></li>
<li><a href="#IIIB2e">Hard Reset (Brain Wipe)</a></li>
<li><a href="#IIIB2f">Cold Boot</a></li>
</ol>
</li>
<li><a href="#IIIB3">How do I transfer data to and from a Newton?</a>
<ol type="a">
<li><a href="#IIIB3a">What are the various ways to input data on the Newton?</a></li>
<li><a href="#IIIB3b">How do I transfer data between my Newton and another computer?</a></li>
<li><a href="#IIIB3c">Can I use infrared to transfer data?</a></li>
<li><a href="#IIIB3d">How do I synchronize data between my Newton and another computer?</a></li>
<li><a href="#IIIB3e">Can I use a terminal emulator to transfer data?</a></li>
<li><a href="#IIIB3f">How do I transfer data between my Newton and another PDA?</a></li>
<li><a href="#IIIB3g">How do I connect a Newton using ethernet?</a></li>
</ol>
</li>
<li><a href="#IIIB4">What are alternatives to the built-in handwriting recognition?</a></li>
<li><a href="#IIIB5">Can I change the fax cover page?</a></li>
<li><a href="#IIIB6">How do I find out information about a package?</a></li>
<li><a href="#IIIB7">How do I take screenshots?</a></li>
<li><a href="#IIIB8">How do I find the unique ID of my Newton device?</a></li>
<li><a href="#IIIB9">Are there any easter eggs in Newton OS?</a></li>
<li><a href="#IIIB10">Are there any viruses that affect Newton OS?</a></li>
<li><a href="#IIIB11">How do I freeze a package?</a></li>
<li><a href="#IIIB12">How do I delete a package?</a></li>
<li><a href="#IIIB13">Why do free space and used space not add up to the size of the internal store or storage card?</a></li>
<li><a href="#IIIB14">Why do the internal store or storage card report they are full when there is still free space?</a></li>
<li><a href="#IIIB15">Does fragmented storage slow down my Newton?</a></li>
<li><a href="#IIIB16">What is the maximum size of a Notepad item?</a></li>
<li><a href="#IIIB17">How do I remove or bypass the PIN code?</a></li>
</ol>
</li>
<li><a href="#IIIC">Troubleshooting</a>
<ol>
<li><a href="#IIIC1">Is the Newton Y2K compliant?</a></li>
<li><a href="#IIIC2">Are there known bugs in the Newton OS?</a>
<ol type="a">
<li><a href="#IIIC2a">What is the -10061 error?</a></li>
<li><a href="#IIIC2b">What is the Dates/Find bug?</a></li>
<li><a href="#IIIC2c">Why do items written or drawn on the screen disappear?</a></li>
<li><a href="#IIIC2d">Why does the amount of free memory decrease when performing a find in Newton Works?</a></li>
<li><a href="#IIIC2e">What is the -16022 error when I use my modem?</a></li>
<li><a href="#IIIC2f">What is the -10582 error when I insert a storage card?</a></li>
<li><a href="#IIIC2g">Why does the battery in the card need to be replaced when I insert a storage card?</a></li>
<li><a href="#IIIC2h">Why doesn’t the new version of my backdrop application appear after installation?</a></li>
<li><a href="#IIIC2i">Why can’t I change between single and double page Newton Books?</a></li>
<li><a href="#IIIC2j">Why does the date always reset on my Newton?</a></li>
</ol>
</li>
<li><a href="#IIIC3">Why can’t I install packages?</a>
<ol type="a">
<li><a href="#IIIC3a">Why won’t the package installer recognize a .pkg file?</a></li>
<li><a href="#IIIC3b">Why doesn’t a .pkg file work when downloaded using a Newton web browser?</a></li>
<li><a href="#IIIC3c">How do I expand StuffIt archives containing .pkg files?</a></li>
<li><a href="#IIIC3d">Why won’t .pkg files work on my Windows computer?</a></li>
</ol>
</li>
<li><a href="#IIIC4">Why does the InOut Box always open to Out Box?</a></li>
<li><a href="#IIIC5">Why does the available memory decrease when the Newton is idle?</a></li>
<li><a href="#IIIC6">How do I stop packages from activating when I insert a storage card?</a></li>
</ol>
</li>
<li><a href="#IIID">How does Newton OS work?</a>
<ol>
<li><a href="#IIID1">How is storage space calculated?</a></li>
<li><a href="#IIID2">How are packages compressed?</a></li>
<li><a href="#IIID3">How are processes managed?</a></li>
<li><a href="#IIID4">How is the memory organized?</a></li>
<li><a href="#IIID5">Does Newton OS have a file system?</a></li>
</ol>
</li>
</ol>
<hr>
<h3 id="IIIA">A. System Versions</h3>
<h4 id="IIIA1">1. What are the different versions of Newton OS?</h4>
<p>The Newton OS is burned into the ROM of each device, therefore the version depends on which model of Newton you have.</p>
<p>Refer to the <a href="newton-faw-hardware.html#IIA1e">Specification differences between models</a> section for more information.</p>
<p>System updates can be applied to the Newton OS via software patches.</p>
<h4 id="IIIA2">2. What system updates are available for my Newton?</h4>
<p>System updates are Newton installer packages which auto-remove themselves after running. All updates include a version checking mechanism, so you cannot damage your Newton by installing the wrong update. It simply won’t install.</p>
<p>See the <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/19991126001131/http://til.info.apple.com/techinfo.nsf/artnum/n19526">Newton OS: Versions & Updates</a> support document for additional information.</p>
<p>Updates can be found on several mirrors.</p>
<ul>
<li><a href="http://www.unna.org/">UNNA</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="http://www.unna.org/view.php?/apple/software/SystemPatches/english">English</a></li>
<li><a href="http://www.unna.org/view.php?/apple/software/SystemPatches/french">French</a></li>
<li><a href="http://www.unna.org/view.php?/apple/software/SystemPatches/german">German</a></li>
<li><a href="http://www.unna.org/view.php?/apple/software/SystemPatches/japanese">Japanese</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="https://web.archive.org/">Internet Archive</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210614165256/www.unna.org/view.php?/apple/software/SystemPatches/english">English</a></li>
<li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210614165256/www.unna.org/view.php?/apple/software/SystemPatches/french">French</a></li>
<li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210614165256/www.unna.org/view.php?/apple/software/SystemPatches/german">German</a></li>
<li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210614165256/www.unna.org/view.php?/apple/software/SystemPatches/japanese">Japanese</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="https://www.applefritter.com/">Applefritter</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="http://download.info.applefritter.com/Apple_Support_Area/Apple_Software_Updates/English-North_American/Newton/">English (North American)</a></li>
<li><a href="http://download.info.applefritter.com/Apple_Support_Area/Apple_Software_Updates/English-International/Newton/">English (International)</a></li>
<li><a href="http://download.info.applefritter.com/Apple_Support_Area/Apple_Software_Updates/German/Newton/">German</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="http://ftpmirror.your.org/">Your.org</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="http://ftpmirror.your.org/pub/misc/apple/Apple_Software_Updates/English-North_American/Newton/">English (North American)</a></li>
<li><a href="http://ftpmirror.your.org/pub/misc/apple/Apple_Software_Updates/English-International/Newton/">English (International)</a></li>
<li><a href="http://ftpmirror.your.org/pub/misc/apple/Apple_Software_Updates/German/Newton/">German</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040830193950/http://newton.pbk-solutions.de/">PBK Solutions</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040724025018/http://newton.pbk-solutions.de/software/update/system_update.htm">German</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h5 id="IIIA2a">a. US & International English Updates</h5>
<ul>
<li><strong>Newton OS System update 1.0.5</strong> for Original MessagePad with 1.0 ROM (updates 1.0.4 or earlier)</li>
<li><strong>Newton OS System update 1.1.1</strong> for Original MessagePad with 1.1 ROM (updates 1.1.0)</li>
<li><strong>MessagePad 100 1.3 415333</strong> (updates 415059, 415172, 415313, 415313p3 Developer Release)</li>
<li><strong>MessagePad 110 1.3 345333</strong> (updates 1.2.00, 344052, 344138, 345025, 345025p3 Developer Release)</li>
<li><strong>MessagePad 120 1.3 445333</strong> (US) (updates 444217, 444347)</li>
<li><strong>MessagePad 120 1.3 465333</strong> (International) (updates 464353)</li>
<li><strong>MessagePad 120 2.0 516263</strong> (updates 516205, 515264, 515299)</li>
<li><strong>MessagePad 130 2.0 526205</strong> (updates 525314, 526060, 526167)</li>
<li><strong>MessagePad 2000/2100 2.1 710031</strong> <sup><a href="#IIIA2-1">1</a></sup> (updates 717260, 717145, 717006, 717041, 717132)</li>
<li><strong>MessagePad 2000/2100 2.1 711000</strong> <sup><a href="#IIIA2-2">2</a></sup> (updates 717260, 71J059)</li>
<li><strong>eMate 300 2.1 737246</strong> (updates 737041)</li>
<li><strong>eMate 300 2.1 73J186</strong> <sup><a href="#IIIA2-2">2</a></sup> (updates 737246)</li>
</ul>
<h5 id="IIIA2b">b. German Updates</h5>
<ul>
<li><strong>Original MessagePad D-1.1.1</strong> (updates D-1.10)</li>
<li><strong>Original MessagePad D-1.3</strong></li>
<li><strong>MessagePad 100 1.3 435334</strong></li>
<li><strong>MessagePad 120 1.3 435334</strong></li>
<li><strong>MessagePad 120 2.0 536205</strong> (updates 535334, 536030)</li>
<li><strong>MessagePad 130 2.0 536205</strong> <sup><a href="#IIIA2-3">3</a></sup> (updates 535334, 536030)</li>
<li><strong>MessagePad 2000/2100 2.1 747260</strong></li>
<li><strong>MessagePad 2000/2100 2.1 74J185</strong> <sup><a href="#IIIA2-2">2</a></sup> (updates 747260)</li>
</ul>
<h5 id="IIIA2c">c. French Updates</h5>
<ul>
<li><strong>MessagePad 100 424112</strong></li>
<li><strong>MessagePad 110 424157</strong></li>
<li><strong>MessagePad 120 455334</strong></li>
</ul>
<h5 id="IIIA2d">d. Japanese Updates</h5>
<ul>
<li><strong>MessagePad 120 1.4-J 444152</strong> <sup><a href="#IIIA2-4">4</a></sup></li>
<li><strong>MessagePad 120 1.4-J 464353</strong> <sup><a href="#IIIA2-4">4</a></sup></li>
<li><strong>MessagePad 120 2.0-J 516205</strong> <sup><a href="#IIIA2-5">5</a></sup></li>
<li><strong>MessagePad 130 2.0-J 526205</strong> <sup><a href="#IIIA2-6">6</a></sup> (updates 526061)</li>
</ul>
<p id="IIIA2-1"><sup>1</sup> The <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080617035836/http://www.kallisys.com/newton/rustines/">710031</a> update for the MessagePad 2000 and MessagePad 2100 was created by <a href="http://www.kallisys.com/">Paul Guyot</a> specifically to fix the <a href="#IIIC2b">Dates/Find bug</a> and was the very first system patch not developed and released by Apple. Due to copyright concerns, Paul initially published the update as Mac OS and Windows updater applications, not a standalone package. The updater applications modified the official 717260 update to become the 710031 update.</p>
<p id="IIIA2-2"><sup>2</sup> The <a href="https://40hz.org/Pages/newton/patches/patch711000/">711000</a> patch for the MessagePad 2000 and MessagePad 2100 (US), the <a href="https://40hz.org/Pages/newton/patches/patch74j185/">74J185</a> patch for the MessagePad 2100 (German), as well as the <a href="https://40hz.org/Pages/newton/patches/patch73j186/">73J186</a> patch for the eMate were created by Eckhart Köppen to correct the <a href="https://40hz.org/Pages/newton/hacking/newton-year-2010-problem/">Year 2010 Problem</a>.</p>
<p id="IIIA2-3"><sup>3</sup> Even though they share the same numbering, the 536205 update for the MessagePad 130 is not the same as the update for the MessagePad 120, although it fixes the same bugs. Although both the MessagePad 120 with Newton OS 2.0-D and MessagePad 130 with Newton OS 2.0-D have the same ROM, they have different “Gestalt Machine Type” designations.</p>
<p id="IIIA2-4"><sup>4</sup> The Japanese <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20020619051814/http://www.remus.dti.ne.jp/~sugiyama/120.html">Newton@-AtMark-</a> site mentions both 1.4-J (444152) and 1.4-J (464353) system updates, but no documentation or packages related to these updates have been found to date. Oddly, the same site mentions the existence of a 1.5-J update as well.</p>
<p id="IIIA2-5"><sup>5</sup> Apple Support: <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/19991004024127/http://www.apple.co.jp/ftp-info/reference/messagepad120-2.0-j.html">MessagePad 120 2.0-J516205</a></p>
<p id="IIIA2-6"><sup>6</sup> Apple Support: <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/19991004031503/http://www.apple.co.jp/ftp-info/reference/messagepad130-2.0-j.html">MessagePad 130 2.0-J526205</a></p>
<h4 id="IIIA2e">e. What is the update numbering system?</h4>
<p>A six-digit update numbering system was introduced with Newton OS 1.3 to alleviate some of the confusion with previous method of numbering. Adding to the confusion was the fact that the earlier ROM came in 1.0 and 1.1 releases. You can see this for yourself using this handy chart comparing ROM and update versions.</p>
<p><strong>ROM Version Numbering Comparison</strong></p>
<table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th>ROM Version</th>
<th>1.0</th>
<th>1.1</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>Update</td>
<td>1.00</td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td></td>
<td>1.02</td>
<td>1.1.0</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td></td>
<td>1.03</td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td></td>
<td>1.04</td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td>1.1.1</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td></td>
<td>1.05</td>
<td></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p>This means the 1.02 update for the 1.0 ROM is equivalent to the 1.1.0 ROM, but the 1.05 update for the 1.0 ROM is more recent than the 1.1.1 update for the 1.1 ROM. Simple, right?</p>
<p>Here’s some background from Walter Smith:</p>
<blockquote>
<p>“The numbering system originated as a response to customer irrationality. :-) Because each patch applies to a single ROM image, there are multiple patches that produce the same end result. The exact numbers may be off, but let’s say the Original MessagePad had version 1.0 software, then the MessagePad 100 came out with version 1.1. We released an update for the Original MessagePad that brought it up to date, and gave it version 1.01.</p>
<p>The problem here is that even though 1.01 and 1.1 are functionally equivalent, people with an Original MessagePad were unhappy because their version number was lower. There was lots of misinformation floating around about “upgrading” 1.01 to 1.1, meaningless though that actually was. It got even worse when 1.1 was patched, so you had 1.03 vs. 1.12.</p>
<p>To address this, we had to distinguish between the actual version number that tells tech support what software the customer has and the end-user version number that tells the customer what functionality they have. The six-digit number is unique to a particular update (software version), and the x.y number indicates what functionality you get when the update is applied (end-user version).</p>
<p>Unfortunately, some customers are a little too smart to fall for that, so there’s still all sorts of consternation over the supposedly meaningless system update numbers.</p>
<p>The actual scheme is some combination of the ROM version the update applies to and the date the patch was generated. I don’t remember the details.”</p>
</blockquote>
<p>The following is Paul Guyot’s interpretation of the six-digit numbering system, partially based on Henry Cate’s reply to Walter Smith’s original post. Both Henry and Walter worked on the Newton engineering team at Apple.</p>
<ul>
<li>First and second digits:
<ul>
<li><strong>34</strong> MessagePad 110</li>
<li><strong>41</strong> MessagePad 100</li>
<li><strong>42</strong> MessagePad 100/110 (French)</li>
<li><strong>43</strong> MessagePad 100/120 1.x (German)</li>
<li><strong>44</strong> MessagePad 120 1.x</li>
<li><strong>45</strong> MessagePad 120 1.x (French)</li>
<li><strong>46</strong> MessagePad 120 1.x (International)</li>
<li><strong>51</strong> MessagePad 120 2.x</li>
<li><strong>52</strong> MessagePad 130</li>
<li><strong>53</strong> MessagePad 120 2.x/130 (German)</li>
<li><strong>71</strong> MessagePad 2000/2100</li>
<li><strong>73</strong> eMate 300</li>
<li><strong>74</strong> MessagePad 2000/2100 (German)</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Third digit:
<ul>
<li>The last digit of the year. <sup><a href="#IIIA2e-6">6</a></sup></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Fourth through sixth digits:
<ul>
<li>The day of the year that the package was created.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p>Eckhart Köppen’s Year 2010 upgrade numbering system works like this:</p>
<ul>
<li>First digit:
<ul>
<li><strong>5</strong> MessagePad 120/130</li>
<li><strong>7</strong> MessagePad 2000/2100/eMate 300</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Second digit:
<ul>
<li><strong>1</strong> MessagePad</li>
<li><strong>3</strong> eMate 300</li>
<li><strong>4</strong> MessagePad (German)</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Third digit:
<ul>
<li>The number of years after 1990. <sup><a href="#IIIA2e-6">6</a></sup></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Fourth through sixth digits:
<ul>
<li>The day of the year that the package was created.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p id="IIIA2e-6"><sup>6</sup> Since the third digit indicates the last digit of the year, this assumes that the numbers 0 through 9 represent the years 1990 through 1999. Since the Newton is still around and viable, how do we represent the years after 1999? With the 710031 update, Paul Guyot coded year 2000 with a 0. However, this makes the 710031 upgrade a lower number than the older 717260 upgrade, which is a bit confusing. Avi Drissman suggested that the years 2000 through 2009 be represented as ‘A’ through ‘J’ instead. This is what Eckhart Köppen did with the 71J059, 74J185, and 73J186 updates, but threw it all out the window again with the final 711000 update.</p>
<h4 id="IIIA3">3. How do I find out which version of Newton OS I have?</h4>
<p>This depends on the version of Newton OS.</p>
<p>Newton OS 1.x</p>
<ul>
<li>Tap on the Extras icon.</li>
<li>Tap on the Prefs icon.</li>
<li>The ROM version appears at bottom of the screen.</li>
</ul>
<p>Newton OS 2.x</p>
<ul>
<li>Tap on the Extras icon.</li>
<li>Tap the “i” button.</li>
<li>Tap “Memory Info”.</li>
<li>In the slip that appears, the version will appear as “ROM Version 2.1 (710031)-1” or similar</li>
</ul>
<p>See the <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20020102185046/http://karchive.info.apple.com/article.html?artnum=30384">Newton OS: Determining Which OS Version & System Update is Installed</a> support document for additional information.</p>
<h4 id="IIIA4">4. What are the differences between Newton OS versions?</h4>
<p>The <a href="https://apple.fandom.com/">Apple Wiki</a> provides a reasonable overview of the <a href="https://apple.fandom.com/wiki/Newton_OS">Newton OS</a> and it’s historical iterations.</p>
<h5 id="IIIA4a">a. How is Newton OS 2.x different from Newton OS 1.x?</h5>
<p>The differences between Newton OS 1.x and 2.x are quite significant.</p>
<p>Apple published <a href="https://download.info.apple.com/Apple_Support_Area/Manuals/newton/0307843ANOS2FTURS.PDF">New Features of the Newton 2.0 Operating System</a> listing many aspects of the updated operating system compared with earlier versions. (Also available from <a href="http://www.newted.org/download/manuals/0307843ANOS2FTURS.PDF">The Newted Community</a>)</p>
<h5 id="IIIA4b">b. How is Newton OS 2.1 different from Newton OS 2.0?</h5>
<p>Newton OS 2.1 adds the following features:</p>
<ul>
<li>Newton Works support</li>
<li>Built-in spell checker</li>
<li>Multi-user mode on eMate devices</li>
<li>IrDA communication tool</li>
<li>Enhanced keyboard support, including:
<ul>
<li>Command keys</li>
<li>Keyboard selection of default buttons</li>
<li>Keyboard selection and navigation of text</li>
<li>Keyboard selection and navigation of menu items</li>
<li>Context sensitive popup listing available command keys</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Enhanced drawing and graphics features, including:
<ul>
<li>Support for 4-bit (16-level) greyscale</li>
<li>Rendering of colour PICT images in greyscale</li>
<li>Antialiasing of black and white bitmaps</li>
<li>Graphic shapes can now include resizing handles</li>
<li>Bitmap shapes can now include masks</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Improvements to the sound interface, including:
<ul>
<li>Support for sound recording</li>
<li>Support for 16-bit sound samples <sup><a href="#IIIA4b-7">7</a></sup></li>
<li>Support for recording and playback of codec compressed sounds <sup><a href="#IIIA4b-7">7</a></sup></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p id="IIIA4b-7"><sup>7</sup> Sounds created under Newton OS 2.1 that use codecs or 16-bit data cannot be played on Newton OS 1.x or 2.0 systems.</p>
<p>The <a href="http://www.unna.org/unna/apple/documentation/2x00/2100UsersManual.pdf">MessagePad 2100 User’s Manual</a> contains Compatibility Information (Appendix C) comparing features and sharing information between Newton OS 2.1, Newton OS 2.0, and Newton OS 1.x devices. (Also available from <a href="http://www.newted.org/download/manuals/0340312AMP2001UM.PDF">The Newted Community</a>)</p>
<h5 id="IIIA4c">c. What does the 717260 update do?</h5>
<p>This is the last official system update released by Apple.</p>
<p>The 717260 update includes the following enhancements:</p>
<ul>
<li>A new method of adjusting the contrast range of the screen</li>
<li>Fixes an issue with reporting of available memory</li>
<li>Fixes a printing problem when scrolling through a Newton Book during print preview</li>
<li>Fixes an error when adding fax numbers to a document</li>
<li>Fixes an issue where a “Battery on card needs to be replaced…” message appears when certain PC cards are inserted</li>
</ul>
<p>It applies to MesssagePad 2000 (US) and MessagePad 2100 (US) devices running Newton OS 2.1.</p>
<p>See the <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20020214061555/http://karchive.info.apple.com/article.html?artnum=30267">MessagePad 2000 Update 2.1 Read Me</a> support document for additional information.</p>
<h5 id="IIIA4d">d. What does the 710031 update do?</h5>
<p>Created by Paul Guyot, this was the very first system update not released by Apple.</p>
<p>The 710031 update incorporates the <a href="#IIIA4c">717260</a> update and fixes the <a href="#IIIC2b">Dates/Find bug</a>.</p>
<p>It applies to MesssagePad 2000 (US) and MessagePad 2100 (US) devices running Newton OS 2.1 only.</p>
<p>See Paul Guyot’s <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080617035836/http://www.kallisys.com/newton/rustines/">System Updates and Patches</a> page for additional information.</p>
<h5 id="IIIA4e">e. What does the 711000 update do?</h5>
<p>The 711000 update incorporates the <a href="#IIIA4c">717260</a> update, fixes the <a href="https://40hz.org/Pages/newton/hacking/newton-year-2010-problem/">Newton Year 2010 Problem</a>, and corrects an issue with the previous 71J059 patch where the date would be reset to January 1st, 2008 after a power loss, reboot, or reset.</p>
<p>This update applies to MesssagePad 2000 (US) and MessagePad 2100 (US) devices running Newton OS 2.1 only.</p>
<p>See Eckhart Köppen’s <a href="https://40hz.org/Pages/newton/patches/patch711000/">Patch 711000</a> page for additional information.</p>
<h5 id="IIIA4f">f. What does the 74J185 update do?</h5>
<p>The 74J185 update fixes the <a href="https://40hz.org/Pages/newton/hacking/newton-year-2010-problem/">Newton Year 2010 Problem</a></p>
<p>It applies to MesssagePad 2100 (German) devices running Newton OS 2.1 only.</p>
<p>See Eckhart Köppen’s <a href="https://40hz.org/Pages/newton/patches/patch74j185/">Patch 74J185</a> page for additional information.</p>
<h5 id="IIIA4g">g. What does the 737246 update do?</h5>
<p>This is the last official system update released by Apple.</p>
<p>The 737246 update includes the following enhancements:</p>
<ul>
<li>Fixes an issue with the battery level indicator displaying inaccurate battery charge</li>
<li>Fixes an issue with reporting of available memory</li>
<li>Fixes several printing problems</li>
<li>Adds several faxing enhancements</li>
<li>Adds the ability to recognize a greater variety of PC cards</li>
<li>Fixes an issue where a “Newton still needs the card...” message is displayed when ejecting certain communication cards</li>
</ul>
<p>It applies to eMate 300 (US) devices running Newton OS 2.1 only.</p>
<p>See the <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/19991126111448/http://til.info.apple.com/techinfo.nsf/artnum/n24524">eMate 300 Update 2.1 (737246)</a> support document for additional information.</p>
<h5 id="IIIA4h">h. What does the 73J186 update do?</h5>
<p>The 73J186 update fixes the <a href="https://40hz.org/Pages/newton/hacking/newton-year-2010-problem/">Newton Year 2010 Problem</a>.</p>
<p>It applies to eMate 300 (US) devices running Newton OS 2.1 only.</p>
<p>See Eckhart Köppen’s <a href="https://40hz.org/Pages/newton/patches/patch73j186/">Patch 73J186</a> page for additional information.</p>
<hr>
<h3 id="IIIB">B. Using Newton OS</h3>
<h4 id="IIIB1">1. How do I find the Newton’s built-in Help Book?</h4>
<p>Tap the “i” button in the lower left hand corner of the screen, and then select “Help”. This Help Book is accessible from within all built-in applications. Some third-party programs can also access the built-in Help Book or their own application-specific help files via the “i” button.</p>
<p>You can also tap the “How Do I?” button in the Assist Drawer (Newton OS 2.x only) or tap one of the icons in the “Help” folder of the Extras Drawer.</p>
<h4 id="IIIB2">2. What are the different ways to reset a Newton?</h4>
<p>Pressing the power button does not “reset” or “restart” a Newton. In fact, the power button isn’t really a power button per se, it’s more of a “go to sleep” button. Unlike other computers, a Newton device never turns off completely. It’s more like being in a suspended or sleeping state, and is still able to receive beams, faxes, or wake you automatically.</p>
<p>There are a number of ways of resetting or rebooting a Newton device, with varying levels of severity. Four of these reset methods are described in the Apple Support article <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20020221185237/http://karchive.info.apple.com/article.html?artnum=17908">Newton MessagePad: Different Types of Reset</a>.</p>
<h5 id="IIIB2a">a. Soft Reset</h5>
<p>This is the most straightforward of the four resets. Just press the “Reset” button on the back of your Newton with your stylus. Alternatively, many software packages have the ability to perform a soft reset.</p>
<p>A soft reset can be helpful if the Newton becomes sluggish or runs out of heap memory. You will not lose any data doing a soft reset.</p>
<h5 id="IIIB2b">b. Deep Reset</h5>
<p>The deep reset is similar to a soft reset. You press the reset button on the back of the Newton, but this time hold it down for about 20 seconds, until the Newton chimes. This reset is used when there’s a power problem with your Newton, or there’s a problem when doing a standard restart. It resets at a slightly lower level than a soft reset.</p>
<h5 id="IIIB2c">c. Reset With Extensions Off</h5>
<p>A reset with extensions off allows you to start up your Newton without loading any packages. The effect is similar to freezing all packages and returning the Newton to a nearly factory state. There are several reasons why you might want to stop packages from activating when inserting a storage card or rebooting your Newton. For example, there might be a conflict between packages, a package or its soup may have become corrupt, or you need to maximize the amount of heap. With no packages loaded, your Newton will have it’s maximum amount of heap available.</p>
<p>To perform a reset with extensions off, hit the reset button on the back of the Newton and then flip the Newton over so the screen is facing you. Immediately tap and hold your stylus (or your fingernail) halfway down the left edge of the screen, about a centimeter from the casing. Keep holding the stylus there until a dialog box appears asking if you’d like to activate packages on the store “Internal”. Tap “No”.</p>
<p>If you have any PC cards installed, return the stylus to the left edge and keep holding it down. You’ll see the same dialog box for each card that is installed. Tap “No”.<p>
<p>Once this procedure is complete, your Newton will not have any activated packages. You can now delete any corrupted or conflicting packages from the device.</p>
<p>You won’t lose data doing a reset with extensions off. However, if you have a third-party application set as the backdrop, (such as Backdrop Plus or Avi’s Backdrop) it will be replaced with the Notepad. You’ll have to set the third-party application as the backdrop again.</p>
<h5 id="IIIB2d">d. MessagePad 2000/2100 Power Drain Reset</h5>
<p>MessagePad 2000 and MessagePad 2100 devices have a special last-resort reset which cures most ills, but doesn’t lose any of your data. It’s simple: remove the batteries, cards, and the power adapter. Don’t worry, your data is safe. Let your Newton sit by itself for several hours. Then put in fresh batteries, plug in the power adapter, and press reset.</p>
<h5 id="IIIB2e">e. Hard Reset (Brain Wipe)</h5>
<p>Before you perform a hard reset, first remove all PCMCIA cards from the Newton (this is <em>really</em> important, otherwise you may destroy the card!).</p>
<p>Warning: A hard reset <strong>will erase everything on your Newton</strong>. Use it with caution, and usually only as a last resort. If you are performing a backup and restore cycle, you will want to perform a hard reset after the backup and before the restore. Other than that, you will probably never perform one; unless you have major data corruption, or are selling your Newton.</p>
<p>To perform a hard reset, press the reset button, while holding down the power switch. You will be presented with a dialog box asking “Do you want to erase data completely”. Tap “Yes” if you want to perform the hard reset and erase everything on the Newton. You will be asked to confirm your selection, and then the data will be erased.</p>
<p>Note that performing a backup, hard reset, and restore cycle will defragment storage and potentially speed up your Newton device.</p>
<p>See also: <a href="#IIID1">How is storage space calculated?</a></p>
<h5 id="IIIB2f">f. Cold Boot</h5>
<p>(From Apple’s article which only applies to the Original MessagePad and 1x0 models.)</p>
<p>A cold boot erases all data, any System Update installed, and sets the Newton OS back to factory defaults. There are two methods to do this.</p>
<p><strong>WARNING:</strong> You should backup your data prior to a Cold Boot.</p>
<p><strong>Method 1</strong></p>
<ol>
<li>Disconnect any AC power.</li>
<li>Remove the main batteries.</li>
<li>Remove the round Lithium backup battery.</li>
<li>Hold the power switch down for 5 seconds.</li>
<li>Release the power switch.</li>
<li>Repeat steps 4 and 5 four more times.</li>
</ol>
<p><strong>Method 2</strong></p>
<ol>
<li>Disconnect any AC power.</li>
<li>Remove the main batteries.</li>
<li>Remove the round Lithium backup battery.</li>
<li>Let the Apple MessagePad sit this way for 15 minutes.</li>
</ol>
<p><strong>Notes:</strong></p>
<ul>
<li>On a MessagePad 120, no data is erased since data is stored in the internal non-volatile Flash RAM.</li>
<li>On a MessagePad 120, a cold boot resets the Power Manager. Stylus alignment is required on the next use.</li>
<li>The Time Zone, Date, Time, and Prefs need to be set up.</li>
</ul>
<h4 id="IIIB3">3. How do I transfer data to and from a Newton?</h4>
<h5 id="IIIB3a">a. What are the various ways to input data on the Newton?</h5>
<p>There are several methods of entering data on a Newton Device.</p>
<ul>
<li>Handwriting recognition
<ul>
<li>Printed text recognition using a stylus</li>
<li>Cursive text recognition using a stylus</li>
<li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051220043204/http://www.kallisys.com/newton/dicts_and_kits/en">Dictionaries and Foreign Kits</a> by Paul Guyot provide improved recognition for non-English languages.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>On-screen “virtual” keyboards
<ul>
<li>The Numeric, Phone, Time/Date, and Typewriter keyboards built into the Newton OS</li>
<li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20010218050237/http://www.logictools.de/newton/english/freeware.html#keyboard">Nick’s Int’l Keyboard</a> (Also available from <a href="http://www.unna.org/view.php?/utilites/keyboards/IntlKeyboard1.31">UNNA</a>)</li>
<li><a href="http://www.textware.com/newton/newtfitaly.htm">Fitaly</a> by Textware Solutions is a “one-finger” keyboard that uses an ergonomically optimized arrangement of keys for faster input.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="newton-faq-nos.html#IIIB4">Graffiti</a></li>
<li><a href="newton-faq-hardware.html#IIB3">Newton Keyboard</a></li>
<li>Desktop or laptop keyboard via <a href="newton-faq-software.html#VB1">Newton Connection Utilities</a></li>
<li>Desktop or laptop keyboard via a <a href="#IIIB3e">terminal emulator</a></li>
</ul>
<h5 id="IIIB3b">b. How do I transfer data between my Newton and another computer?</h5>
<p>There are several methods of transferring data between a Newton device and another computer.</p>
<p>These can include:</p>
<ul>
<li>Serial connection</li>
<li>Ethernet or wireless network connection</li>
<li>Swapping storage cards between Newton devices</li>
<li>Beaming between Newton devices</li>
<li>Email</li>
</ul>
<p>The model of Newton and what accessories are available for that device will determine which methods are applicable.</p>
<p>Email is a simple, system-wide means to import and export text. It is also possible to export packages using email, although your mileage may vary.</p>
<p>Ben Truesdale’s <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080215200930/http://newted.dyndns.org/users/1f2frfbf/answers.html">Newton Connection FAQ</a> contains additional information regarding transferring and synchronizing data.</p>
<p>See also: <a href="newton-faq-software.html#VH1">What software can be used to transfer data?</a></p>
<p>See also: <a href="#IIIB3c">Can I use infrared to transfer data?</a></p>
<h5 id="IIIB3c">c. Can I use infrared to transfer data?</h5>
<p>You can transfer individual items such as name cards, notes, and packages between Newton devices using infrared (also known as beaming). Transferring data to another computer using infrared is not supported in Apple’s software, such as <a href="newton-faq-software.html#VB1d">Newton Connection Utilities</a>. However, this is possible using third-party software.</p>
<p>You can use a terminal emulator and Steve Weyer’s <a href="https://communicrossings.com/html/newton/sloup.htm">Sloup</a> to communicate using the <a href="https://communicrossings.com/html/newton/sloup/connect.htm#IrDA">IrDA</a> infrared protocol.</p>
<p>Kieran Miller put together a <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110105021720/http://web.ukonline.co.uk/kieran.miller/newton/irda.html">Newton IrDA Connection</a> page discussing this issue.</p>
<p>You can also use Thomas Tempelmann’s <a href="http://www.tempel.org/newton/#DILplugin">Newton Data Browser</a> to connect to the Dock application on a MessagePad 2000, MessagePad 2100, or eMate 300. Note that IrDA communication only works under Classic Mac OS (PPC).</p>
<h5 id="IIIB3d">d. How do I synchronize data between my Newton and another computer?</h5>
<p>Most software for synchronizing data was originally designed to work with now obsolete operating systems and applications. That being said, it’s still technically possible to synchronize data between a Newton device and another computer.</p>
<p>Ben Truesdale’s <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080215200930/http://newted.dyndns.org/users/1f2frfbf/answers.html">Newton Connection FAQ</a> contains additional information regarding transferring and synchronizing data.</p>
<p>See also: <a href="newton-faq-software.html#VH2">What software can be used to synchronize data with other applications?</a></p>
<h5 id="IIIB3e">e. Can I use a terminal emulator to transfer data?</h5>
<p>Yes. Refer to the list of <a href="newton-faq-software.html#VD2f">Terminal Emulation</a> software which can connect via terminal protocols.</p>
<h5 id="IIIB3f">f. How do I transfer data between my Newton and another PDA?</h5>
<p><a href="http://www.smartdogsw.com/backtalk/">BackTalk</a> by SmartDog Software offers one of the easiest ways to transfer data between a device running Newton OS 2.1 and a Palm device or other PDA that uses IrDA.</p>
<p>You can also transfer data between a Newton OS 2.x device and a Palm device using <a href="newton-faq-software.html#VB1d">Newton Connection Utilities</a> for Mac OS and synchronizing the data with Claris Organizer or Palm Desktop.</p>
<h5 id="IIIB3g">g. How do I connect a Newton using ethernet?</h5>
<p>Ethernet only works between devices running Newton OS 2.1 and Mac OS.</p>
<p>Since the Windows version of Apple’s connection utilities do not support AppleTalk, one workaround is to run the <a href="https://basilisk.cebix.net/">Basilisk II</a> Mac OS emulator on the Windows computer.</p>
<p>A <a href="http://www.unna.org/unna/development/NewtonDev/macos755-boot.zip">disk image</a> with Newton Connection Utilities pre-installed for Basilisk II is available on UNNA.</p>
<p>To connect using ethernet:</p>
<ul>
<li>Make sure your ethernet card is supported. Check the list of cards on Victor Rehorst’s <a href="http://old.chuma.org/newton/ethernet/">Ethernet Information</a> page.</li>
<li>Install the Newton Internet Enabler (NIE) 2.0 Newton Devices package.</li>
<li>Install the ethernet package for your card.</li>
<li>Restart your Newton device by pressing the Reset button. (This is not required, but it’s a good idea.)</li>
<li>Insert the ethernet card.</li>
<li>If a card slip appears on screen, the card has been recognized. If not, then the card is either damaged or not compatible.</li>
<li>On the Newton, go to Prefs > AppleTalk, choose to Connect via EtherTalk, and then choose your ethernet card.</li>
<li>On the Mac, in the AppleTalk control panel, choose connect via EtherTalk (instructions may vary depending on your Mac OS version)</li>
<li>Connect the Newton and a Mac with ethernet cable through a hub, or use a special ethernet crossover cable (ask your local computer shop)</li>
<li>Launch <a href="newton-faq-software.html#VB1d">Newton Connection Utilities</a> on the Mac. In Preferences, make sure that only AppleTalk is selected as a connection option. (This is also not required, but again it’s a good idea.)</li>
<li>Tap Dock on the Newton. Choose to connect via AppleTalk and browse for your Mac. Newton Connection Utilities must be running on the Mac. Select your computer when it’s name appears.</li>
<li>You should now be connected.</li>
</ul>
<h4 id="IIIB4">4. What are alternatives to the built-in handwriting recognition?</h4>
<p>You can use third-party software:</p>
<ul>
<li>Graffiti is a gesture-based input method used on Palm devices.
<ul>
<li><a href="http://www.unna.org/view.php?/utilites/hwr_enhancements/Graffiti1.0">Graffiti 1.0</a></li>
<li><a href="http://www.unna.org/view.php?/utilites/hwr_enhancements/Graffiti2.0">Graffiti 2.0</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/19980206082738/http://landware.com/products/freestyle/freestyleps.html">FreeStyle</a> by ParaGraph is an input method used on some Windows CE devices.</li>
</ul>
<p>You can use software that improves or enhances the built-in handwriting recognition:</p>
<ul>
<li><a href="https://tow.com/projects/newton/">Corrector+</a> by Adam Tow</li>
<li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070814132830/http://www.kallisys.com/newton/alt.rec..../">alt.rec....</a> by Paul Guyot</li>
</ul>
<h4 id="IIIB5">5. Can I change the fax cover page?</h4>
<p>You can use <a href="http://standalone.com/MessagePad/FaxCoverC/">Fax Cover Creator</a> by Stand Alone to change the cover page. (Also available from <a href="http://www.unna.org/view.php?/applications/FaxCoverCreator1.11">UNNA</a>)</p>
<h4 id="IIIB6">6. How do I find out information about a package?</h4>
<p>There are several utilities that will do this.</p>
<ul>
<li><a href="https://communicrossings.com/html/newton/toolinfo.htm#PkgInfo">PkgInfo</a> by Steve Weyer (Newton OS 2.x only)</li>
<li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/19990507152250/http://www.orient.co.jp/~tmurai/freeware/newton/packageinfo/packageinfo.html">Package Info</a> by Tomoyoshi Murai</li>
<li><a href="https://so-kukan.com/gnue/newton/">PkgInfo</a> by Makoto “Gnue” Nukui</li>
<li><a href="http://www.softwarebueromueller.de/englisch/newton/sbmutils/">SBM Utilities</a> from Softwarebüro Müller</li>
</ul>
<h4 id="IIIB7">7. How do I take screenshots?</h4>
<p>There are several ways to take a screenshot of the screen on a Newton device.</p>
<ul>
<li><a href="https://newtonresearch.org/connection/">Newton Connection for Mac OS X</a> (NCX) by Simon Bell</li>
<li><a href="http://www.unna.org/view.php?/apple/development/NTK/macntk">Newton Toolkit</a> (NTK) places the screenshot on the clipboard of the host computer.
<ul>
<li>If the screenshot seems truncated or broken, make sure that version 1.3 of <code>Toolkit.pkg</code> is installed on the Newton device. This version is required for devices running Newton OS 2.x.</li>
<li>The latest version of <a href="http://www.unna.org/view.php?/apple/development/NTK/macntk">Newton Toolkit</a> software and documentation is available from UNNA.</li>
<li>Make sure you have the correct device selected in the Newton Toolkit “Layout > Layout Preferences” menu.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20000823084724/http://www.landware.com/xport/index.html">X-Port</a> by Innovative Computer Solutions</li>
<li><a href="http://npds.free.fr/">Newton Personal Data Sharing</a> (NPDS) with the GIF Server module.</li>
<li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/19981206200712/http://www.easter-eggs.com/newton/eetransfer/eetransf.html">EETransfer</a> by Easter Eggs</li>
<li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/19970327125354/http://www.revelar.com/rcu.html">Revelar Connection Utility</a> (RCU) by Revelar Software</li>
<li><a href="https://communicrossings.com/html/newton/vnc.htm">NewtVNC</a> by Steve Weyer will capture screenshots while running in server mode.</li>
<li><a href="http://dev.newtontalk.net/dpadilla/progs.htm">Screen Shooter</a> by Daniel Padilla allows you take screenshots and send them by email with <a href="http://newtonresearch.org/simplemail/">SimpleMail</a> or <a href="http://newtonresearch.org/mailv/">Mail V</a>.</li>
</ul>
<h4 id="IIIB8">8. How do I find the unique ID of my Newton device?</h4>
<p>Every MessagePad 2000, MessagePad 2100, and eMate 300 was manufactured with a unique hardware identifier known as a hardware serial number. This identifier is unique to each individual device and is also distinct from the serial number that is printed on the physical unit itself. The hardware serial number is stored in a special chip, the Dallas Semiconductor DS2401 Serial Number ROM. If the motherboard of the device is replaced, the hardware serial number will change as well.</p>
<p>Although sometimes referred to as a “Newton ID”, the hardware serial number should not be confused with Adam Tow’s <a href="https://tow.com/projects/newton/">NewtonID</a> utility, listed below as one of the ways to view the serial number.</p>
<ul>
<li><a href="https://www.pda-soft.de/newttest.html">NewtTest</a> by Frank Gründel</li>
<li><a href="https://newtonresearch.org/connection/">Newton Connection for Mac OS X</a> (NCX) by Simon Bell</li>
<li><a href="https://tow.com/projects/newton/">NewtonID</a> by Adam Tow</li>
</ul>
<h4 id="IIIB9">9. Are there any easter eggs in Newton OS?</h4>
<p>There are plenty of easter eggs hidden in the Newton OS. Some of the best known easter eggs are:</p>
<ul>
<li>Eclipse</li>
<li>Egg Freckles</li>
<li>Groom Lake</li>
<li>Neat Bong</li>
<li>Rosetta! Rosetta! Rosetta!</li>
</ul>
<p>Here are some resources for easter eggs and methods of activating them. Note that many easter eggs are specific to certain versions or releases of Newton OS.</p>
<ul>
<li>Oliver Fross’ <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090215012820/http://oof.org/newton/">List of Newton Easter Eggs</a></li>
<li>Mackido’s <a href="http://www.mackido.com/EasterEggs/Newton.html">Newton Easter Eggs</a></li>
<li>Emmanuel Raviart’s <a href="http://mirrors.unna.org/ftp.amug.org/pub/newton/games-educ/2.x/easter-eggs.sit.hqx">Easter Eggs</a> package enables the Poker and Patience games.</li>
<li>Grab the <a href="http://www.unna.org/view.php?/utilites/Eclipse">Eclipse</a> package to replay the eclipse animation.</li>
<li>Avi Drissman’s <a href="http://www.drissman.com/avi/newton/EggFrecklesEnabler/">Egg Freckles Enabler</a></li>
<li>Grant Hutchinson posted a video that demonstrates the <a href="https://vimeo.com/331625488">Neat Bong Assist</a> easter egg.</li>
</ul>
<h4 id="IIIB10">10. Are there any viruses that affect Newton OS?</h4>
<p>No.</p>
<p>However, as Paul Guyot explained on NewtonTalk several years ago, <a href="http://newtontalk.net/archive/newtontalk/2002-May/1984.html">it’s certainly possible in theory</a>.</p>
<p>In a similar theoretical vein, developer Bill Kearney described how he and Greg Christie <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20030515210447/http://www.ideaspace.net/users/wkearney/archives/000122.html">created a hack</a> that could execute code when a user viewed an In Box item.</p>
<p>By the way, this is not the <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100116234515/http://troika.uk.com/newtonvirus">Newton Virus</a> you’re looking for.</p>
<h4 id="IIIB11">11. How do I freeze a package?</h4>
<p>When you “freeze” a package, you are selectively deactivating it and any functionality provided by the package is disabled. When a package is “frozen” it does not use any heap memory, although it still takes up storage room. The opposite of “freezing” a package is “thawing” or reactivating it.</p>
<p>There are a number of utilities that enable freezing:</p>
<ul>
<li><a href="http://www.unna.org/view.php?/utilites/system_enhancements/Extra-Extras1.3">Extra Extras</a> by Brian Sulcer</li>
<li><a href="http://www.standalone.com/MessagePad/FreezeU/">Freeze Utilities</a> by Stand Alone (Also available from <a href="http://www.unna.org/view.php?/utilites/system_enhancements/FreezeUtils">UNNA</a>)</li>
<li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20030424101757/http://www.newts.com/newton/">NewtCase</a> by Innovative Computer Solutions (Also available from <a href="http://www.unna.org/view.php?/utilites/NewtCase">UNNA</a>)</li>
<li><a href="http://www.softwarebueromueller.de/englisch/newton/optionen/">SBM Options</a> by Softwarebüro Müller (Also available from <a href="http://www.unna.org/view.php?/utilites/SBMOptions">UNNA</a>)</li>
</ul>
<h4 id="IIIB12">12. How do I delete a package?</h4>
<p>There are two different ways to delete packages from the Extras Drawer.</p>
<p>If you are in overview mode (list view), tap the checkbox beside the package name, and then select “Delete” from the routing picker.</p>
<p>If you are in icon mode, tap and hold a package icon until you hear a “squeak” sound, drag over the icon until it is highlighted, and then select “Delete” from the routing picker. You can also simply “scrub” or “zig-zag” over the package icon to delete it. This works the same way as when you are scrubbing out or deleting text.</p>
<h4 id="IIIB13">13. Why do free space and used space not add up to the size of the internal store or storage card?</h4>
<p>See: <a href="#IIID1">How is storage space calculated?</a></p>
<h4 id="IIIB14">14. Why do the internal store or storage card report they are full when there is still free space?</h4>
<p>See: <a href="#IIID1">How is storage space calculated?</a></p>
<h4 id="IIIB15">15. Does fragmented storage slow down my Newton?</h4>
<p>See: <a href="#IIID1">How is storage space calculated?</a></p>
<h4 id="IIIB16">16. What is the maximum size of a Notepad item?</h4>
<p>Notes, outlines, and lists created in the Notepad application have a maximum size of 8 KB. However, this can be increased to 32 KB using Standalone Software’s <a href="https://www.standalone.com/MessagePad/BigNotes/">Big Notes</a> package.<p>
<p>Big Notes for Newton OS 2.0 is available from <a href="http://www.unna.org/view.php?/utilites/notes_enhancements/BigNotes">UNNA</a> and the <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/*/http://standalone.com/newtonos/bignotes/*">Internet Archive</a>.<p>
<p>Big Notes for Newton OS 1.3 is available from <a href="http://mirrors.unna.org/ftp.newted.org/NOS1.x/Utilities/BigNotes%201.01/">UNNA</a>.</p>
<h4 id="IIIB17">17. How do I remove or bypass the PIN code?</h4>
<p>There are multiple ways to remove or bypass the Personal Identification Number (PIN) code or password that has been set on a Newton device.</p>
<ul>
<li><a href="newton-faq-nos.html#IIIB2e">Hard Reset</a>
<p>The PIN can be removed by performing a Hard Reset (or “Brain Wipe”). A hard reset will erase everything on the Newton device, returning it to the original factory settings. This method should only be used if you do not need to save any of the data or packages stored on the device.</p></li>
<li><a href="http://www.unna.org/view.php?/utilites/BatteringRamPro">Battering Ram Pro</a>
<p>Battering Ram Pro is a software package that you install on a storage card. When the card is inserted into a Newton device, it activates automatically and then proceeds to use brute force to crack the PIN. This method does not erase any data or packages on the Newton device.</p></li>
<li>NewtonUnlock
<p>NewtonUnlock is small program created by Jeremy Wyld that works similar to Battering Ram Pro. You install the package on a PC storage and insert it into your Newton device. When the package activates, it bypasses the PIN automatically. Once you are able to access the Newton, tap on NewtonUnlock in the Extras Drawer to remove the PIN entirely. More information can be found in the <a href="https://stuff.mit.edu/afs/net.mit.edu/software/newton/utilities/NEWTON-U/README.TXT">Read Me</a>.</p>
<p>NewtonUnlock is available from the <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20001007032009/http://download.planetnewton.com/download/util/newtonunlock-2.1.zip">Internet Archive</a>, <a href="https://stuff.mit.edu/afs/net.mit.edu/software/newton/utilities/NEWTON-U/">MIT Student’s Portal</a>, and <a href="http://mirrors.unna.org/download.planetnewton.com/download/util/newtonunlock-2.1.zip">UNNA</a>.</p>
</li>
</ul>
<hr>
<h3 id="IIIC">C. Troubleshooting</h3>
<h4 id="IIIC1">1. Is the Newton Y2K compliant?</h4>
<p>Apparently so, according to this Apple Support article: <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20020102183149/https://karchive.info.apple.com/article.html?artnum=30338">Newton OS: Year 2000 (Y2K) Compliance</a></p>
<p>However, there are other date and time related problems inherent in Newton OS.</p>
<p>The first to be documented and addressed is the <a href="https://40hz.org/Pages/newton/hacking/newton-year-2010-problem/">Year 2010 Problem</a>, which prevents certain Newton devices from handling dates beyond January 5th, 2010.</p>
<p>See: <a href="#IIIC2j">Why does the date always reset on my Newton?</a></p>
<h4 id="IIIC2">2. Are there known bugs in the Newton OS?</h4>
<p>There are several known bugs.</p>
<h5 id="IIIC2a">a. What is the -10061 error?</h5>
<p>This error only occurs on devices with 4 MB DRAM memory, specifically MessagePad 2100, upgraded MessagePad 2000, and upgraded eMate devices.</p>
<p>Information regarding this error can be found in Frank Wegener’s article <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040205044508/http://home.k-town.de/~oehl/newton/10061.html">What Newton OS Error -10061 really is</a> — translated by <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20010517003421/http://home.k-town.de/~oehl/">George Oehl</a>.</p>
<p>The following patches and fixes are available:</p>
<ul>
<li><a href="http://www.drissman.com/avi/newton/61MemoryFix/">’61 Memory Fix</a> by Avi Drissman</li>
<li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130105015929/http://www.ee.cityu.edu.hk/~clli/syspatch.html">SysPatch</a> by Richard Li. This patch prevents the -10061 error by scanning activate packages on a regular schedules and when the device is powered off.</li>
<li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20000308144639/http://resources.pdadash.com/newtund/NU/extras.shtml">Auto 10061 Fix</a> by Don Vollum</li>
<li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/19991111214630/http://home.t-online.de/home/Alessandro.Soldo/NU_10061.html">-10061</a> by Alessandro Soldo. This utility automatically pops up offering the choice to reboot the Newton or fix the -10061 error.</li>
<li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100106071321/http://www.saryo.org/basuke/heaven-or-hell/index.html">Heaven or Hell</a> by Yosuke “Basuke” Suzuki. This utility fixes the -10061 error manually or automatically while the Newton device is idle, or when being powered on or off.</li>
</ul>
<p>Since these fixes take different approaches to the -10061 problem, there is generally no issue with installing several of the packages on the same device.</p>
<h5 id="IIIC2b">b. What is the Dates/Find bug?</h5>
<p>This bug only occurs on devices running Newton OS 2.1. To recreate the bug, open up the Date Book application. Tap “Find” and search for anything that will be found in your dates, for example the letter “e”. From the list of results, select several items. When you try to print, fax, or even preview these items, the process will fail.</p>
<p>This bug has been fixed in the <a href="#IIIA4d">710031 update</a> for MesssagePad 2000 (US) and MessagePad 2100 (US) devices.</p>
<p>Avi Drissman’s <a href="http://www.drissman.com/avi/newton/DatesFindBugfix/">Dates/Find Bugfix</a> package also addresses this issue.</p>
<h5 id="IIIC2c">c. Why do items written or drawn on the screen disappear?</h5>
<p>This is a known bug and is difficult to replicate. As far as we know, this issue was never addressed by Apple, but may have something to do with the “jaggies”.</p>
<p>See also: <a href="newton-faq-hardware.html#IIC6g">How do I fix the stylus input on my MessagePad 2000/2100?</a></p>
<h5 id="IIIC2d">d. Why does the amount of free memory decrease when performing a find in Newton Works?</h5>
<p>This is a bug in Newton OS 2.1, related to the <code>protoTXViewFinder.FindString</code> method found in the ROM. Paul Guyot created a package called <a href="http://www.kallisys.com/files/newton/Patches/NewtWorksFix.zip">NewtWorks Fix</a> to address this issue.</p>
<h5 id="IIIC2e">e. What is the -16022 error when I use my modem?</h5>
<p>The -10582 error indicates that an operation has failed due to a missing resource. In this case, there is a bug in Newton OS 2.1 where the system is unable to automatically detect which slot a modem card is inserted into. This error only affects MessagePad 2000 and MessagePad 2100 devices, which have two PCMCIA slots.</p>
<p>To fix this error, insert the modem into either the bottom or top card slot. Open the Extras Drawer. Open “Prefs”. Tap on “Modem”. Change the “Connect Using” setting from “Default” to either “Bottom PC Card” or “Top PC Card”, depending on the slot you’re using.</p>
<p>If your Newton is set to display in landscape mode, the card slots will be referred to as “Left PC Card” and “Right PC Card” in the Modem preferences.</p>
<h5 id="IIIC2f">f. What is the -10582 error when I insert a storage card?</h5>
<p>The -10582 error is triggered when an ATA-based storage card is inserted and the system cannot locate a “Master Boot Record” on the card. The card is not recognized as a valid store and cannot be used.</p>
<p>To avoid this error, install Paul Guyot’s <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080701200025/http://www.kallisys.com/newton/ata/">ATA Support</a> package.</p>
<p>See also: <a href="newton-faq-hardware.html#IIB1a">What type of storage cards can I use?</a></p>
<h5 id="IIIC2g">g. Why does the battery in the card need to be replaced when I insert a storage card?</h5>
<p>This is a known bug. The storage card likely doesn’t even have a battery. Install the latest system patch for your MessagePad 2000 or MessagePad 2100 to correct this error.</p>
<p>See also: <a href="#IIIA2">What system updates are available for my Newton?</a></p>
<h5 id="IIIC2h">h. Why doesn’t the new version of my backdrop application appear after installation?</h5>
<p>This is a known bug discovered by Victor Rehorst.</p>
<p>Technically, you can have two packages installed with the same “signature” provided that they’re not located on the same store. Normally, the Newton OS will display the second package with a cross through the icon, indicating that the package has not been activated.</p>
<p>However, the Newton OS does not show the current backdrop application in the Extras Drawer. By extension, the Newton OS will also not show any package with the same signature as the current backdrop application. If you have two packages with the same signature and one is the current backdrop application (and by default, located on the internal store), the other package (located on a storage card) will be hidden.<p>
<p>The solution is to make another package, such as Notepad or Extras Drawer, the backdrop application. Once you set a different backdrop application, you’ll see both of previously hidden packages.</p>
<h5 id="IIIC2i">i. Why can’t I change between single and double page Newton Books?</h5>
<p>There is a bug in some versions of the built-in Newton Book Reader software. When you attempt to change the display of a double page book to single page in the Preferences, the Newton Book Reader will crash.</p>
<h5 id="IIIC2j">j. Why does the date always reset on my Newton?</h5>
<p>This is known as the <a href="https://40hz.org/Pages/newton/hacking/newton-year-2010-problem/">Year 2010 Problem</a>.</p>
<p>Devices running an unpatched version of Newton OS 2.1 cannot handle dates past January 5th, 2010. The bug is located in the NewtonScript interface used by certain time functions and is caused by an integer value overflow.</p>
<p>Eckhart Köppen created several system updates to correct this bug.</p>
<ul>
<li>The <a href="https://40hz.org/Pages/newton/patches/patch711000/">711000</a> update for the MessagePad 2000 and MessagePad 2100 (US)</li>
<li>The <a href="https://40hz.org/Pages/newton/patches/patch74j185/">74J185</a> update for the MessagePad 2100 (German)</li>
<li>The <a href="https://40hz.org/Pages/newton/patches/patch73j186/">73J186</a> update for the eMate 300</li>
</ul>
<p>Avi Drissman created <a href="http://www.drissman.com/avi/newton/Fix2010/">Fix2010</a>, a less comprehensive patch for devices running Newton OS 2.0.</p>
<p>See also: <a href="#IIIA2">What system updates are available for my Newton?</a></p>
<p>Other date related problems could potentially pop up in 2026, 2042, 2099, and 2924.</p>
<p>Further reading:</p>
<ul>
<li>Steve Weyer: <a href="https://communicrossings.com/html/newton/newtscape/exs/times.htm">The Times, They Are a Changin’</a>.</li>