diff --git a/.gitignore b/.gitignore
index e8e22b14..a0746427 100644
--- a/.gitignore
+++ b/.gitignore
@@ -155,3 +155,9 @@ _readthedocs
 
 # Default cookiecutter output
 /package
+
+# VSCode
+/.vscode
+
+# UV output
+/uv.lock
diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
index 269f53fd..f4b0b67a 100644
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -363,6 +363,9 @@ for family, grp in itertools.groupby(collected.checks.items(), key=lambda x: x[1
 - `RF201`: Avoid using deprecated config settings
 - `RF202`: Use (new) lint config section
 
+### Setuptools Config
+- [`SCFG001`](https://learn.scientific-python.org/development/guides/packaging-classic#SCFG001): Avoid deprecated setup.cfg names
+
 <!-- [[[end]]] -->
 
 [repo-review]: https://repo-review.readthedocs.io
diff --git a/docs/pages/guides/packaging_classic.md b/docs/pages/guides/packaging_classic.md
index 8f868969..e62d739c 100644
--- a/docs/pages/guides/packaging_classic.md
+++ b/docs/pages/guides/packaging_classic.md
@@ -15,29 +15,27 @@ packaging styles, but this document is intended to outline a recommended style
 that existing packages should slowly adopt. The reasoning for each decision is
 outlined as well.
 
-There are several popular packaging systems. This guide covers [Setuptools][],
-which is the oldest system and supports compiled extensions. If you are not
-working on legacy code or are willing to make a larger change, other systems
-like [Hatch][] are drastically simpler - most of this page is unneeded for those
-systems. Even setuptools supports modern config now, though setup.py is still
-also required for compiled packages to be supported.
-
-Also see the [Python packaging guide][], especially the [Python packaging
-tutorial][].
+There are several popular packaging systems. This guide covers the old
+configuration style for [Setuptools][]. Unless you really need it, you should be
+using the modern style described in
+[Simple Packaging](/guides/packaging-simple/). The modern style is guided by
+Python Enhancement Proposals (PEPs), and is more stable than the
+setuptools-specific mechanisms that evolve over the years. This page is kept to
+help users with legacy code (and hopefully upgrade it).
 
 {: .note }
 
-> Raw source lives in git and has a `setup.py`. You _can_ install directly from
-> git via pip, but normally users install from distributions hosted on PyPI.
-> There are three options: **A)** A source package, called an SDist and has a
-> name that ends in `.tar.gz`. This is a copy of the GitHub repository, stripped
-> of a few specifics like CI files, and possibly with submodules included (if
-> there are any). **B)** A pure python wheel, which ends in `.whl`; this is only
-> possible if there are no compiled extensions in the library. This does _not_
-> contain a setup.py, but rather a `PKG_INFO` file that is rendered from
-> setup.py (or from another build system). **C)** If not pure Python, a
-> collection of wheels for every binary platform, generally one per supported
-> Python version and OS as well.
+> Raw source lives in git and has a `pyproject.toml` and/or a `setup.py`. You
+> _can_ install directly from git via pip, but normally users install from
+> distributions hosted on PyPI. There are three options: **A)** A source
+> package, called an SDist and has a name that ends in `.tar.gz`. This is a copy
+> of the GitHub repository, stripped of a few specifics like CI files, and
+> possibly with submodules included (if there are any). **B)** A pure python
+> wheel, which ends in `.whl`; this is only possible if there are no compiled
+> extensions in the library. This does _not_ contain a setup.py, but rather a
+> `PKG_INFO` file that is rendered from setup.py (or from another build system).
+> **C)** If not pure Python, a collection of wheels for every binary platform,
+> generally one per supported Python version and OS as well.
 >
 > Developer requirements (users of A or git) are generally higher than the
 > requirements to use B or C. Poetry and optionally flit create SDists that
@@ -87,8 +85,8 @@ these "[hypermodern][]" packaging tools is growing in scientific Python
 packages. All tools build the same wheels (and they often build setuptools
 compliant SDists, as well).
 
-{% rr PP003 %} Note that `"wheel"` is never required; it is injected
-automatically by setuptools only when needed.
+{% rr PP003 %} Note that `"wheel"` is never required; it was injected
+automatically by setuptools in older versions, and is no longer used at all.
 
 ### Special additions: NumPy
 
@@ -326,9 +324,12 @@ where = src
 #     extern
 ```
 
+{% rr SCFG001 %} Note that all keys use underscores; using a dash will cause
+warnings and eventually failures.
+
 And, a possible `setup.py`; though in recent versions of pip, there no longer is
-a need to include a legacy `setup.py` file, even for editable installs, unless
-you are building extensions.
+a need to include a legacy `setup.py` file, even for editable installs or
+building extensions.
 
 ```python
 #!/usr/bin/env python
@@ -479,7 +480,5 @@ the app.
 [manifest.in]: https://packaging.python.org/guides/using-manifest-in/
 [setuptools]: https://setuptools.readthedocs.io/en/latest/userguide/index.html
 [setuptools cfg]: https://setuptools.readthedocs.io/en/latest/userguide/declarative_config.html
-[python packaging guide]: https://packaging.python.org
-[python packaging tutorial]: https://packaging.python.org/tutorials/packaging-projects/
 
 <!-- prettier-ignore-end -->
diff --git a/docs/pages/guides/packaging_simple.md b/docs/pages/guides/packaging_simple.md
index dd7493ba..ae2292ba 100644
--- a/docs/pages/guides/packaging_simple.md
+++ b/docs/pages/guides/packaging_simple.md
@@ -16,8 +16,11 @@ much; they all use a [standard configuration language][metadata] introduced in
 [PEP 621][]. The PyPA's Flit is a great option. [scikit-build-core][] and
 [meson-python][] are being developed to support this sort of configuration,
 enabling binary extension packages to benefit too. These [PEP 621][] tools
-currently include [Hatch][], [PDM][], [Flit][], and [Setuptools][]. [Poetry][]
-will eventually gain support in 2.0.
+currently include [Hatch][], [PDM][], [Flit][], [Setuptools][], [Poetry][] 2.0,
+and compiled backends (see the next page).
+
+Also see the [Python packaging guide][], especially the [Python packaging
+tutorial][].
 
 {: .note-title }
 
@@ -204,6 +207,8 @@ This is tool specific.
 [pep 621]: https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0621
 [scikit-build-core]: https://scikit-build-core.readthedocs.io
 [meson-python]: https://meson-python.readthedocs.io
+[python packaging guide]: https://packaging.python.org
+[python packaging tutorial]: https://packaging.python.org/tutorials/packaging-projects/
 
 <!-- prettier-ignore-end -->
 
diff --git a/pyproject.toml b/pyproject.toml
index 8fa544ad..e0331c2e 100644
--- a/pyproject.toml
+++ b/pyproject.toml
@@ -69,6 +69,7 @@ ruff = "sp_repo_review.checks.ruff:repo_review_checks"
 mypy = "sp_repo_review.checks.mypy:repo_review_checks"
 github = "sp_repo_review.checks.github:repo_review_checks"
 readthedocs = "sp_repo_review.checks.readthedocs:repo_review_checks"
+setupcfg = "sp_repo_review.checks.setupcfg:repo_review_checks"
 
 [project.entry-points."repo_review.fixtures"]
 workflows = "sp_repo_review.checks.github:workflows"
@@ -76,6 +77,7 @@ dependabot = "sp_repo_review.checks.github:dependabot"
 precommit = "sp_repo_review.checks.precommit:precommit"
 readthedocs = "sp_repo_review.checks.readthedocs:readthedocs"
 ruff = "sp_repo_review.checks.ruff:ruff"
+setupcfg = "sp_repo_review.checks.setupcfg:setupcfg"
 
 [project.entry-points."repo_review.families"]
 scikit-hep = "sp_repo_review.families:get_families"
diff --git a/src/sp_repo_review/checks/setupcfg.py b/src/sp_repo_review/checks/setupcfg.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..54dcc4b3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/sp_repo_review/checks/setupcfg.py
@@ -0,0 +1,53 @@
+# SCFG: setup.cfg
+## SCFG0xx: setup.cfg checks
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import configparser
+
+from .._compat.importlib.resources.abc import Traversable
+from . import mk_url
+
+
+def setupcfg(root: Traversable) -> configparser.ConfigParser | None:
+    setupcfg_path = root.joinpath("setup.cfg")
+    if setupcfg_path.is_file():
+        config = configparser.ConfigParser()
+        with setupcfg_path.open("r") as f:
+            config.read_file(f)
+        return config
+    return None
+
+
+class SCFG:
+    family = "setupcfg"
+
+
+class SCFG001(SCFG):
+    "Avoid deprecated setup.cfg names"
+
+    url = mk_url("packaging-classic")
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def check(setupcfg: configparser.ConfigParser | None) -> str | None:
+        if setupcfg is None:
+            return None
+        invalid = []
+        if setupcfg.has_section("metadata"):
+            invalid += [
+                f"metadata.{x}" for x, _ in setupcfg.items("metadata") if "-" in x
+            ]
+        if setupcfg.has_section("options"):
+            invalid += [
+                f"options.{x}" for x, _ in setupcfg.items("options") if "-" in x
+            ]
+        if invalid:
+            return (
+                "Invalid setup.cfg options found, only underscores allowed: "
+                + ", ".join(invalid)
+            )
+        return ""
+
+
+def repo_review_checks() -> dict[str, SCFG]:
+    return {p.__name__: p() for p in SCFG.__subclasses__()}
diff --git a/src/sp_repo_review/families.py b/src/sp_repo_review/families.py
index 5fabb7c6..2e6dd1f1 100644
--- a/src/sp_repo_review/families.py
+++ b/src/sp_repo_review/families.py
@@ -51,4 +51,7 @@ def get_families(pyproject: dict[str, Any]) -> dict[str, Family]:
         "docs": Family(
             name="Documentation",
         ),
+        "setupcfg": Family(
+            name="Setuptools Config",
+        ),
     }
diff --git a/tests/test_setupcfg.py b/tests/test_setupcfg.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..853bb6a0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/test_setupcfg.py
@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+import configparser
+
+from repo_review.testing import compute_check
+
+
+def test_scfg001():
+    setupcfg = configparser.ConfigParser()
+    setupcfg.read_string("""
+        [metadata]
+        name = foo
+        version = 1.0
+        description = A test package
+        author = Me
+        author_email = me@example.com
+        """)
+    assert compute_check("SCFG001", setupcfg=setupcfg).result
+
+
+def test_scfg001_invalid():
+    setupcfg = configparser.ConfigParser()
+    setupcfg.read_string("""
+        [metadata]
+        name = foo
+        version = 1.0
+        description = A test package
+        author = Me
+        author-email = me@example.com
+        """)
+    answer = compute_check("SCFG001", setupcfg=setupcfg)
+    assert not answer.result
+    assert "metadata.author-email" in answer.err_msg
+
+
+def test_no_setupcfg():
+    assert compute_check("SCFG001", setupcfg=None).result is None