diff --git a/lib/__tests__/util.spec.ts b/lib/__tests__/util.spec.ts
index 6432d0f6..afcda6c2 100644
--- a/lib/__tests__/util.spec.ts
+++ b/lib/__tests__/util.spec.ts
@@ -1,25 +1,26 @@
 import { safeToString } from '../utils'
 
 describe('safeToString', () => {
-  const basic = [
-    undefined,
-    null,
-    true,
-    'string',
-    123,
-    321n,
-    { object: 'yes' },
-    [1, 'hello', true, null],
-    (a: number, b: number) => a + b,
-    Symbol('safeToString'),
-  ]
+  const recursiveArray: unknown[] = [1]
+  recursiveArray.push([[recursiveArray], 2, [[recursiveArray]]], 3)
   const testCases = [
-    ...basic.map((input) => [input, String(input)]),
+    [undefined, 'undefined'],
+    [null, 'null'],
+    [true, 'true'],
+    ['string', 'string'],
+    [123, '123'],
+    [321n, '321'],
+    [{ object: 'yes' }, '[object Object]'],
+    [(a: number, b: number) => a + b, '(a, b) => a + b'],
+    [Symbol('safeToString'), 'Symbol(safeToString)'],
     [Object.create(null), '[object Object]'],
+    // eslint-disable-next-line no-sparse-arrays
+    [[1, 'hello', , undefined, , true, null], '1,hello,,,,true,'],
     [
       [Object.create(null), Symbol('safeToString')],
       '[object Object],Symbol(safeToString)',
     ],
+    [recursiveArray, '1,,2,,3'],
   ]
 
   it.each(testCases)('works on %s', (input, output) => {
diff --git a/lib/utils.ts b/lib/utils.ts
index 8c1304b5..83628f5c 100644
--- a/lib/utils.ts
+++ b/lib/utils.ts
@@ -13,19 +13,44 @@ export interface ErrorCallback {
 export const objectToString = (obj: unknown) =>
   Object.prototype.toString.call(obj)
 
-/** Safely converts any value to string, using the value's own `toString` when available. */
-export const safeToString = (val: unknown): string => {
+/**
+ * Converts an array to string, safely handling symbols, null prototype objects, and recursive arrays.
+ */
+const safeArrayToString = (
+  arr: unknown[],
+  seenArrays: WeakSet<object>,
+): string => {
+  // See https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Array/toString#description
+  if (typeof arr.join !== 'function') return objectToString(arr)
+  seenArrays.add(arr)
+  const mapped = arr.map((val) =>
+    val === null || val === undefined || seenArrays.has(val)
+      ? ''
+      : safeToStringImpl(val, seenArrays),
+  )
+  return mapped.join()
+}
+
+const safeToStringImpl = (
+  val: unknown,
+  seenArrays?: WeakSet<object>,
+): string => {
   // Using .toString() fails for null/undefined and implicit conversion (val + "") fails for symbols
   // and objects with null prototype
   if (val === undefined || val === null || typeof val.toString === 'function') {
-    // Array#toString implicitly converts its values to strings, which is what we're trying to avoid
-    return Array.isArray(val) ? val.map(safeToString).join() : String(val)
+    return Array.isArray(val)
+      ? // Arrays have a weird custom toString that we need to replicate
+        safeArrayToString(val, seenArrays ?? new WeakSet())
+      : String(val)
   } else {
     // This case should just be objects with null prototype, so we can just use Object#toString
     return objectToString(val)
   }
 }
 
+/** Safely converts any value to string, using the value's own `toString` when available. */
+export const safeToString = (val: unknown) => safeToStringImpl(val)
+
 /** Utility object for promise/callback interop. */
 export interface PromiseCallback<T> {
   promise: Promise<T>