Improve the SHA-1 implementation

* Rename struct Sha1State to Sha1
* Remove all use of @ types
* Use fixed length vectors
* Move all of the inner functions from inside sha1() to top level, private functions
* Sha1 instances are now created via Sha1::new()
* Update all constant names to uppercase
* Remove unecessary assert_eq!s
* Remove check_vec_eq() helper function; use vec::eq() instead

Author: Palmer Cox