Merge pull request #203 from rust-lang/1.21-announcement

1.21 announcement

Author: steveklabnik

_posts/2017-10-12-Rust-1.21.md

@@ -0,0 +1,247 @@
+---
+layout: post
+title: "Announcing Rust 1.21"
+author: The Rust Core Team
+---
+
+The Rust team is happy to announce the latest version of Rust, 1.21.0. Rust
+is a systems programming language focused on safety, speed, and concurrency.
+
+If you have a previous version of Rust installed, getting Rust 1.21 is as easy as:
+
+```bash
+$ rustup update stable
+```
+
+If you don't have it already, you can [get `rustup`][install] from the
+appropriate page on our website, and check out the [detailed release notes for
+1.21.0][notes] on GitHub.
+
+[install]: https://www.rust-lang.org/install.html
+[notes]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/blob/master/RELEASES.md#version-1210-2017-10-12
+
+### What's in 1.21.0 stable
+
+This release contains some very minor, but nice-to-have features, as well as
+some new documentation.
+
+First up, a small change to literals. Consider code like this:
+
+```rust
+let x = &5;
+```
+
+In Rust, this code is synonymous with:
+
+```rust
+let _x = 5;
+let x = &_x;
+```
+
+That is, the `5` here will be stored on the stack, or possibly in registers.
+`x` will be a reference to it.
+
+However, given that it's a literal integer, there's no reason that it *has*
+to be local like this. Imagine we had a function that took a `'static` argument,
+like `std::thread::spawn`. You might use `x` like this:
+
+
+```rust
+use std::thread;
+
+fn main() {
+    let x = &5;
+    
+    thread::spawn(move || {
+        println!("{}", x);
+    }); 
+    
+}
+```
+
+In previous versions of Rust, this would fail to compile:
+
+```text
+error[E0597]: borrowed value does not live long enough
+  --> src/main.rs:4:14
+   |
+4  |     let x = &5;
+   |              ^ does not live long enough
+...
+10 | }
+   | - temporary value only lives until here
+   |
+   = note: borrowed value must be valid for the static lifetime...
+```
+
+Because the `5` is local, so is its borrow, which doesn't satisfy the
+requirements for `spawn`.
+
+However, if you compile this on Rust 1.21, it will work. Why? Well,
+if the thing being referred to is okay to put into a `static`, we could
+instead de-sugar `let x = &5;` like this:
+
+```rust
+static FIVE: i32 = 5;
+
+let x = &FIVE;
+```
+
+Here, since the `FIVE` is `static`, `x` is a `&'static i32`. And so this
+is what Rust will now do in this kind of case. For full details, see [RFC 1414],
+which was accepted in January, but started in December of 2015!
+
+[RFC 1414]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rfcs/blob/master/text/1414-rvalue_static_promotion.md
+
+We [now run LLVM in parallel while generating
+code](https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/pull/43506), which should reduce peak
+memory usage.
+
+The [RLS](https://github.com/rust-lang-nursery/rls/) can now be installed
+[through rustup](https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/pull/44204) by invoking
+`rustup component add rls-preview`. In general, many useful Rust developer
+tools such as the RLS, Clippy, and `rustfmt` need nightly Rust; this is the
+first steps toward having them work on stable Rust. Please check out the
+preview, and you'll hear more about these plans in the future.
+
+Finally, a few documentation improvements. First up, if you visit [the docs
+for `std::os`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/stable/std/os/), which contains
+operating-system specific functionality, you'll now see more than just `linux`,
+the platform we build the documentation on. We've long regretted that the hosted
+version of the documentation has been Linux-specific; this is a first step towards
+rectifying that. This is [specific to the standard
+library](https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/pull/43348) and not for general use;
+we hope to improve this further in the future.
+
+Next, [Cargo's docs are moving!](https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/pull/43916)
+Historically, Cargo's docs were hosted on doc.crates.io, which doesn't follow
+the release train model, even though Cargo itself does. This led to situations
+where a feature would land in Cargo nightly, the docs would be updated, and
+then for up to twelve weeks, users would *think* that it should work, but it
+wouldn't yet. [https://doc.rust-lang.org/cargo](https://doc.rust-lang.org/cargo)
+will be the new home of Cargo's docs, though for now, that URL is a redirect to
+doc.crates.io. Future releases will move Cargo's docs over, and at that point,
+doc.crates.io will redirect to doc.rust-lang.org/cargo. Cargo's docs have long
+needed a refreshing, so expect to hear more news about Cargo's docs generally
+in the future!
+
+Finally, until now, `rustdoc` did not have any documentation. This is now
+[fixed](https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/pull/43863), with a new "`rustdoc`
+Book," located at
+[https://doc.rust-lang.org/rustdoc](https://doc.rust-lang.org/rustdoc). These
+docs are fairly bare-bones at the moment, but we'll be improving them over
+time.
+
+See the [detailed release notes][notes] for more.
+
+#### Library stabilizations
+
+Not too many stabilizations this release, but there's one really great
+quality of life change: due to the lack of type-level integers, arrays only
+supported various traits up to size 32. This [has now been fixed for the
+`Clone` trait](https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/pull/43690), which also
+caused a lot of ICEs at times, when a type would be `Copy` but not `Clone`.
+For other traits, [an RFC for type-level integers was accepted
+recently](https://github.com/rust-lang/rfcs/blob/master/text/2000-const-generics.md),
+which may help with this situation. That change has yet to be implemented, however,
+though pre-requisite work is ongoing at the moment.
+
+Next, [`Iterator::for_each`](https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/pull/44567) has
+been stabilized, letting you consume an iterator for side effects without needing
+a `for` loop:
+
+```rust
+// old
+for i in 0..10 {
+    println!("{}", i);
+}
+
+// new
+(0..10).for_each(|i| println!("{}", i));
+```
+
+The correct one to use depends on your situation; in the sample above, the `for` loop
+is pretty striaghtforward. But when you're chaining a number of iterators together,
+the `for_each` version is sometimes clearer. Consider this:
+
+```rust
+// old
+for i in (0..100).map(|x| x + 1).filter(|x| x % 2 == 0) {
+    println!("{}", i);
+}
+
+// new
+(0..100)
+    .map(|x| x + 1)
+    .filter(|x| x % 2 == 0)
+    .for_each(|i| println!("{}", i));
+```
+
+[`Rc<T>` and `Arc<T>` now implement `From<&[T]> where T: Clone`, `From<str>`,
+`From<String>`, `From<Box<T>> where T: ?Sized`, and
+`From<Vec<T>>`.](https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/pull/42565)
+
+The [`max` and `min` functions on the `Ord`
+trait](https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/pull/44593) are now stable.
+
+The [`needs_drop` intrinsic](https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/pull/44639)
+is now stable.
+
+Finally, [`std::mem::discriminant` has been
+stabilized](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/mem/fn.discriminant.html), allowing
+you to see what variant an `enum` instance is without a `match` statement.
+
+See the [detailed release notes][notes] for more.
+
+#### Cargo features
+
+Beyond the documentation features listed above, Cargo is gaining one major
+feature in this release:
+[`[patch]`](https://github.com/rust-lang/cargo/pull/4123). Designed in [RFC
+1969](https://github.com/rust-lang/rfcs/blob/master/text/1969-cargo-prepublish.md),
+the `[patch]` section of your `Cargo.toml` can be used when you want to
+override certain parts of your dependency graph. We also have a feature,
+`[replace]` that has similar functionality. In many ways, `[patch]` is the new
+`[replace]`, and while we have no plans to deprecate or remove `[replace]`,
+at this point, you should use `[patch]` instead of `[replace]`.
+
+So what's it look like? Let's say we have a `Cargo.toml` that looks like this:
+
+```toml
+[dependencies]
+foo = "1.2.3"
+```
+
+In addition, our `foo` crate depends on a `bar` crate, and we find a bug in
+`bar`. To test this out, we'd download the source code for `bar`, and then
+update our `Cargo.toml`:
+
+```toml
+[dependencies]
+foo = "1.2.3"
+
+[patch.crates-io]
+bar = { path = '/path/to/bar' }
+```
+
+Now, when you `cargo build`, it will use the local version of `bar`, rather
+than the one from `crates.io` that `foo` depends on.
+
+For more details, see the
+[documentation](http://doc.crates.io/manifest.html#the-patch-section).
+
+Additionally:
+
+* [you can now `cargo install` multiple crates at
+  once](https://github.com/rust-lang/cargo/pull/4216)
+* [If you're in a virtual workspace, `--all` is now
+  applied automatically](https://github.com/rust-lang/cargo/pull/4335).
+* [`include` and `exclude` fields in your `Cargo.toml` accepts patterns similar
+  to a `.gitignore`](https://github.com/rust-lang/cargo/pull/4270).
+
+See the [detailed release notes][notes] for more.
+
+### Contributors to 1.21.0
+
+Many people came together to create Rust 1.21. We couldn't have done it without
+all of you. [Thanks!](https://thanks.rust-lang.org/rust/1.21.0)