Update python versions used in our images

[tnederlof]

Many of the images use Python 3.9.x + a 3.8.x version of Python (content base images, r-session-complete, etc.). More and more tooling is expecting 3.10 > including Databricks Connect on the Python side. 3.12 is the current major version. Could we change these to include more modern versions and is there an upgrade cadence that makes sense in the future?

[aronatkins]

related: #737 is updating runtime versions for the content images, but not product images.