diff --git a/notebooks/CausalityDataset setup.ipynb b/notebooks/CausalityDataset setup.ipynb
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+{
+ "cells": [
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "id": "f3a2f126",
+   "metadata": {
+    "pycharm": {
+     "name": "#%% md\n"
+    }
+   },
+   "source": [
+    "# Setting up the data and causal model: CausalityDataset\n",
+    "\n",
+    "This notebook demonstrates how to use and configure `CausalityDataset` using an arbitrary `pd.DataFrame`.\n"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 51,
+   "id": "d43137b0",
+   "metadata": {
+    "pycharm": {
+     "name": "#%%\n"
+    }
+   },
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "%load_ext autoreload\n",
+    "%autoreload 2\n",
+    "import os, sys\n",
+    "import warnings\n",
+    "warnings.filterwarnings('ignore') # suppress sklearn deprecation warnings for now..\n",
+    "\n",
+    "import pandas as pd\n",
+    "import numpy as np\n",
+    "from sklearn.model_selection import train_test_split\n",
+    "\n",
+    "# the below checks for whether we run dowhy, causaltune, and FLAML from source\n",
+    "root_path = root_path = os.path.realpath('../..')\n",
+    "try:\n",
+    "    import causaltune\n",
+    "except ModuleNotFoundError:\n",
+    "    sys.path.append(os.path.join(root_path, \"causaltune\"))\n",
+    "\n",
+    "try:\n",
+    "    import dowhy\n",
+    "except ModuleNotFoundError:\n",
+    "    sys.path.append(os.path.join(root_path, \"dowhy\"))\n",
+    "\n",
+    "try:\n",
+    "    import flaml\n",
+    "except ModuleNotFoundError:\n",
+    "    sys.path.append(os.path.join(root_path, \"FLAML\"))\n",
+    "    \n",
+    "    \n",
+    "    \n",
+    "from causaltune import CausalTune\n",
+    "from causaltune.datasets import synth_ihdp, iv_dgp_econml, generate_non_random_dataset\n",
+    "from causaltune.data_utils import CausalityDataset\n",
+    "from causaltune.dataset_processor import CausalityDatasetProcessor"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 2,
+   "id": "e072c202",
+   "metadata": {
+    "pycharm": {
+     "name": "#%%\n"
+    }
+   },
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/html": [
+       "<style>.container { width:100% !important; }</style>"
+      ],
+      "text/plain": [
+       "<IPython.core.display.HTML object>"
+      ]
+     },
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "display_data"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "# this makes the notebook expand to full width of the browser window\n",
+    "from IPython.core.display import display, HTML\n",
+    "display(HTML(\"<style>.container { width:100% !important; }</style>\"))"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "id": "c2a0429f",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "### Random assignment \n",
+    "We first illustrate the model setup with a subset of data from the Infant Health and Development Program (IHDP)."
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 3,
+   "id": "0efc918c",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/html": [
+       "<div>\n",
+       "<style scoped>\n",
+       "    .dataframe tbody tr th:only-of-type {\n",
+       "        vertical-align: middle;\n",
+       "    }\n",
+       "\n",
+       "    .dataframe tbody tr th {\n",
+       "        vertical-align: top;\n",
+       "    }\n",
+       "\n",
+       "    .dataframe thead th {\n",
+       "        text-align: right;\n",
+       "    }\n",
+       "</style>\n",
+       "<table border=\"1\" class=\"dataframe\">\n",
+       "  <thead>\n",
+       "    <tr style=\"text-align: right;\">\n",
+       "      <th></th>\n",
+       "      <th>treatment</th>\n",
+       "      <th>y_factual</th>\n",
+       "      <th>x1</th>\n",
+       "      <th>x2</th>\n",
+       "      <th>x3</th>\n",
+       "    </tr>\n",
+       "  </thead>\n",
+       "  <tbody>\n",
+       "    <tr>\n",
+       "      <th>0</th>\n",
+       "      <td>1</td>\n",
+       "      <td>5.599916</td>\n",
+       "      <td>-0.528603</td>\n",
+       "      <td>-0.343455</td>\n",
+       "      <td>1.128554</td>\n",
+       "    </tr>\n",
+       "    <tr>\n",
+       "      <th>1</th>\n",
+       "      <td>0</td>\n",
+       "      <td>6.875856</td>\n",
+       "      <td>-1.736945</td>\n",
+       "      <td>-1.802002</td>\n",
+       "      <td>0.383828</td>\n",
+       "    </tr>\n",
+       "    <tr>\n",
+       "      <th>2</th>\n",
+       "      <td>0</td>\n",
+       "      <td>2.996273</td>\n",
+       "      <td>-0.807451</td>\n",
+       "      <td>-0.202946</td>\n",
+       "      <td>-0.360898</td>\n",
+       "    </tr>\n",
+       "    <tr>\n",
+       "      <th>3</th>\n",
+       "      <td>0</td>\n",
+       "      <td>1.366206</td>\n",
+       "      <td>0.390083</td>\n",
+       "      <td>0.596582</td>\n",
+       "      <td>-1.850350</td>\n",
+       "    </tr>\n",
+       "    <tr>\n",
+       "      <th>4</th>\n",
+       "      <td>0</td>\n",
+       "      <td>1.963538</td>\n",
+       "      <td>-1.045229</td>\n",
+       "      <td>-0.602710</td>\n",
+       "      <td>0.011465</td>\n",
+       "    </tr>\n",
+       "  </tbody>\n",
+       "</table>\n",
+       "</div>"
+      ],
+      "text/plain": [
+       "   treatment  y_factual        x1        x2        x3\n",
+       "0          1   5.599916 -0.528603 -0.343455  1.128554\n",
+       "1          0   6.875856 -1.736945 -1.802002  0.383828\n",
+       "2          0   2.996273 -0.807451 -0.202946 -0.360898\n",
+       "3          0   1.366206  0.390083  0.596582 -1.850350\n",
+       "4          0   1.963538 -1.045229 -0.602710  0.011465"
+      ]
+     },
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "display_data"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "df = synth_ihdp(return_df=True).iloc[:,:5]\n",
+    "display(df.head())"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "id": "c5bce66b",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "Generally, at least three arguments have to be supplied to `CausalityDataset`:\n",
+    "- `data`: input dataframe\n",
+    "- `treatment`: name of treatment column\n",
+    "- `outcomes`: list of names of outcome columns; provide as list even if there's just one outcome of interest\n",
+    "\n",
+    "In addition, if the propensities to treat are known, then provide the corresponding column name(s) via `propensity_modifiers`."
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 4,
+   "id": "bb50909e",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "cd = CausalityDataset(data=df, treatment='treatment', outcomes=['y_factual'])"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "id": "73b6395a",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "The next step is to use `cd.preprocess_dataset()` to deal with missing values, remove outliers etc."
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 5,
+   "id": "8803d695",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "cd.preprocess_dataset()"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "id": "dafa93e0",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "The causal model is built by assuming that all remaining features are `effect_modifiers`"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 6,
+   "id": "6695f65f",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "['x1', 'x2', 'x3']\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "print(cd.effect_modifiers)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "id": "50447729",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "Subsequently, use the preprocessed `CausalityDataset` object for training as follow: `CausalTune.fit(cd, outcome='y_factual')`."
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 7,
+   "id": "eb9ebea5",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "Fitting a Propensity-Weighted scoring estimator to be used in scoring tasks\n",
+      "Propensity Model Fitted Successfully\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "ct = CausalTune(components_time_budget=5,)   \n",
+    "ct.fit(data=cd, outcome='y_factual')"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "id": "e8cf75fb",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "The causal graph that CausalTune uses is "
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 8,
+   "id": "6b9a1ad6",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "%matplotlib inline\n",
+    "ct.causal_model.view_model()"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "id": "f0ec03d0",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "*Note that the variable `random` can be ignored and has no real meaning for the causal model.*"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "id": "80318c33",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "#### Adding common causes\n",
+    "\n",
+    "If we had reason to assume that for instance `x1` and `x2` are `common causes` instead of `effect modifiers`, this can be made explicit:\n"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 9,
+   "id": "6babd054",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "cd = CausalityDataset(data=df, treatment='treatment', outcomes=['y_factual'], common_causes=['x1', 'x2'])"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "id": "256f2054",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "The causal graph becomes"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 10,
+   "id": "510157f0",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "Fitting a Propensity-Weighted scoring estimator to be used in scoring tasks\n",
+      "Propensity Model Fitted Successfully\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "cd.preprocess_dataset()\n",
+    "ct = CausalTune(components_time_budget=5,)   \n",
+    "ct.fit(data=cd, outcome='y_factual')\n",
+    "ct.causal_model.view_model()"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "id": "ca35fcef",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "For how to proceed further with CausalTune, see for instance [here](https://github.com/py-why/causaltune/blob/main/notebooks/Random%20assignment%2C%20binary%20CATE%20example.ipynb)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "id": "c1be7581",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "### Instrumental variable identification\n",
+    "\n",
+    "In other problems of causal inference, one may seek to follow an instrumental variable approach ([Example notebook](https://github.com/py-why/causaltune/blob/main/notebooks/Comparing%20IV%20Estimators.ipynb)). "
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 11,
+   "id": "2a35636e",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "         x1        x2        x3        x4          y  treatment  Z\n",
+      "0 -0.662658  1.124321 -1.699940 -0.379268   5.236122          0  0\n",
+      "1 -0.788565  1.336684 -0.539586 -0.785838  12.039615          1  1\n",
+      "2 -0.344655 -0.204201 -1.267158  0.898114  23.469351          1  1\n",
+      "3  0.125284 -0.557028  0.403744  0.579168   5.300115          0  0\n",
+      "4  0.356507  0.330607  0.430286  1.201554  12.855370          0  0\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "#load data\n",
+    "df = iv_dgp_econml(p=4).data\n",
+    "del df['random']\n",
+    "print(df.head(5))"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "id": "a012cdff",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "Suppose we want to use $Z$ as an instrument."
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 12,
+   "id": "c9be746a",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "cd = CausalityDataset(\n",
+    "    data=df, \n",
+    "    treatment='treatment',\n",
+    "    outcomes=['y'],\n",
+    "    instruments=['Z']\n",
+    "    )\n",
+    "cd.preprocess_dataset()"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 13,
+   "id": "0bfd06a6",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "Outcomes: ['y']\n",
+      "Treatment: treatment\n",
+      "Instruments: ['Z']\n",
+      "Effect modifiers: ['x1', 'x2', 'x3', 'x4']\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "print('Outcomes:', cd.outcomes)\n",
+    "print('Treatment:', cd.treatment)\n",
+    "print('Instruments:', cd.instruments)\n",
+    "print('Effect modifiers:', cd.effect_modifiers)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 14,
+   "id": "0e738f3e",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "ct = CausalTune(\n",
+    "    components_time_budget=5,\n",
+    "    estimator_list=['iv.econml.iv.dml.DMLIV']\n",
+    "    )   \n",
+    "ct.fit(data=cd, outcome='y')"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 15,
+   "id": "83f847f9",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "ct.causal_model.view_model()"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "id": "ecb28b61",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "### Propensity modifiers\n",
+    "\n",
+    "If there are well-known propensity modifiers, it is also possible to make those explicit. This can, e.g., be used to pass them directly into the model instead of fitting a propensity weight model (for more details, see [here](https://github.com/py-why/causaltune/blob/main/notebooks/Propensity%20Model%20Selection.ipynb))."
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 16,
+   "id": "b1407bbb",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "   T         Y        X1        X2        X3        X4        X5  propensity\n",
+      "0  0  1.650705  0.521524 -1.393497  0.010672 -0.828778  1.019257    0.245100\n",
+      "1  0 -0.888552 -0.782541 -1.384920 -0.233656  0.150249 -0.495169    0.205945\n",
+      "2  0 -0.516344 -0.154831 -0.098985  2.335176 -1.888928 -0.594854    0.235870\n",
+      "3  1  0.601679  0.109516  0.092910  0.525252 -1.172202 -0.177947    0.439021\n",
+      "4  0  0.569122 -0.365630 -0.343061 -0.420554 -0.995160  1.548502    0.335151\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "#load data\n",
+    "df = generate_non_random_dataset().data\n",
+    "del df['random']\n",
+    "print(df.head(5))"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 17,
+   "id": "1b906467",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "cd = CausalityDataset(\n",
+    "    data=df, \n",
+    "    treatment='T',\n",
+    "    outcomes=['Y'],\n",
+    "    propensity_modifiers=['propensity']\n",
+    "    )\n",
+    "cd.preprocess_dataset()"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 18,
+   "id": "71394906",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "Outcomes: ['Y']\n",
+      "Treatment: T\n",
+      "Propensity Modifiers: ['propensity']\n",
+      "Effect modifiers: ['X1', 'X2', 'X3', 'X4', 'X5']\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "print('Outcomes:', cd.outcomes)\n",
+    "print('Treatment:', cd.treatment)\n",
+    "print('Propensity Modifiers:', cd.propensity_modifiers)\n",
+    "print('Effect modifiers:', cd.effect_modifiers)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 19,
+   "id": "359fd218",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "Fitting a Propensity-Weighted scoring estimator to be used in scoring tasks\n",
+      "Propensity Model Fitted Successfully\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "ct = CausalTune(\n",
+    "    components_time_budget=5,\n",
+    ")   \n",
+    "ct.fit(data=cd, outcome='Y')"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 20,
+   "id": "08e0ee9c",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "ct.causal_model.view_model()"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "id": "818762bf-a3e7-426b-87e7-3cbcaa5d1ef8",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "### Pre-processing of the test dataset based on the training set\n",
+    "You can also preprocess the data in the CausalityDataset using one of the popular category encoders: OneHot, WoE, Label, Target."
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 21,
+   "id": "fd26bb39-e55f-4f76-b225-838ddb16675b",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "unique_values_1 = ['A', 'B', 'C', 'D', 'E']\n",
+    "unique_values_2 = ['F', 'G', 'H', 'I', 'J', 'K']\n",
+    "unique_values_3 = ['L', 'M', 'N', 'O', 'P', 'Q', 'R']"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 22,
+   "id": "9354687b-6d4a-448a-813d-c8f21c761b8c",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/html": [
+       "<div>\n",
+       "<style scoped>\n",
+       "    .dataframe tbody tr th:only-of-type {\n",
+       "        vertical-align: middle;\n",
+       "    }\n",
+       "\n",
+       "    .dataframe tbody tr th {\n",
+       "        vertical-align: top;\n",
+       "    }\n",
+       "\n",
+       "    .dataframe thead th {\n",
+       "        text-align: right;\n",
+       "    }\n",
+       "</style>\n",
+       "<table border=\"1\" class=\"dataframe\">\n",
+       "  <thead>\n",
+       "    <tr style=\"text-align: right;\">\n",
+       "      <th></th>\n",
+       "      <th>treatment</th>\n",
+       "      <th>y_factual</th>\n",
+       "      <th>x1</th>\n",
+       "      <th>x2</th>\n",
+       "      <th>x3</th>\n",
+       "    </tr>\n",
+       "  </thead>\n",
+       "  <tbody>\n",
+       "    <tr>\n",
+       "      <th>0</th>\n",
+       "      <td>1</td>\n",
+       "      <td>5.599916</td>\n",
+       "      <td>-0.528603</td>\n",
+       "      <td>-0.343455</td>\n",
+       "      <td>1.128554</td>\n",
+       "    </tr>\n",
+       "    <tr>\n",
+       "      <th>1</th>\n",
+       "      <td>0</td>\n",
+       "      <td>6.875856</td>\n",
+       "      <td>-1.736945</td>\n",
+       "      <td>-1.802002</td>\n",
+       "      <td>0.383828</td>\n",
+       "    </tr>\n",
+       "    <tr>\n",
+       "      <th>2</th>\n",
+       "      <td>0</td>\n",
+       "      <td>2.996273</td>\n",
+       "      <td>-0.807451</td>\n",
+       "      <td>-0.202946</td>\n",
+       "      <td>-0.360898</td>\n",
+       "    </tr>\n",
+       "    <tr>\n",
+       "      <th>3</th>\n",
+       "      <td>0</td>\n",
+       "      <td>1.366206</td>\n",
+       "      <td>0.390083</td>\n",
+       "      <td>0.596582</td>\n",
+       "      <td>-1.850350</td>\n",
+       "    </tr>\n",
+       "    <tr>\n",
+       "      <th>4</th>\n",
+       "      <td>0</td>\n",
+       "      <td>1.963538</td>\n",
+       "      <td>-1.045229</td>\n",
+       "      <td>-0.602710</td>\n",
+       "      <td>0.011465</td>\n",
+       "    </tr>\n",
+       "  </tbody>\n",
+       "</table>\n",
+       "</div>"
+      ],
+      "text/plain": [
+       "   treatment  y_factual        x1        x2        x3\n",
+       "0          1   5.599916 -0.528603 -0.343455  1.128554\n",
+       "1          0   6.875856 -1.736945 -1.802002  0.383828\n",
+       "2          0   2.996273 -0.807451 -0.202946 -0.360898\n",
+       "3          0   1.366206  0.390083  0.596582 -1.850350\n",
+       "4          0   1.963538 -1.045229 -0.602710  0.011465"
+      ]
+     },
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "display_data"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "df_train = synth_ihdp(return_df=True).iloc[:,:5]\n",
+    "display(df_train.head())"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 23,
+   "id": "f22414f8-0624-4e04-9a3d-4dfe31e4f8f0",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/html": [
+       "<div>\n",
+       "<style scoped>\n",
+       "    .dataframe tbody tr th:only-of-type {\n",
+       "        vertical-align: middle;\n",
+       "    }\n",
+       "\n",
+       "    .dataframe tbody tr th {\n",
+       "        vertical-align: top;\n",
+       "    }\n",
+       "\n",
+       "    .dataframe thead th {\n",
+       "        text-align: right;\n",
+       "    }\n",
+       "</style>\n",
+       "<table border=\"1\" class=\"dataframe\">\n",
+       "  <thead>\n",
+       "    <tr style=\"text-align: right;\">\n",
+       "      <th></th>\n",
+       "      <th>treatment</th>\n",
+       "      <th>y_factual</th>\n",
+       "      <th>x1</th>\n",
+       "      <th>x2</th>\n",
+       "      <th>x3</th>\n",
+       "    </tr>\n",
+       "  </thead>\n",
+       "  <tbody>\n",
+       "    <tr>\n",
+       "      <th>0</th>\n",
+       "      <td>1</td>\n",
+       "      <td>5.599916</td>\n",
+       "      <td>-0.528603</td>\n",
+       "      <td>-0.343455</td>\n",
+       "      <td>1.128554</td>\n",
+       "    </tr>\n",
+       "    <tr>\n",
+       "      <th>1</th>\n",
+       "      <td>0</td>\n",
+       "      <td>6.875856</td>\n",
+       "      <td>-1.736945</td>\n",
+       "      <td>-1.802002</td>\n",
+       "      <td>0.383828</td>\n",
+       "    </tr>\n",
+       "    <tr>\n",
+       "      <th>2</th>\n",
+       "      <td>0</td>\n",
+       "      <td>2.996273</td>\n",
+       "      <td>-0.807451</td>\n",
+       "      <td>-0.202946</td>\n",
+       "      <td>-0.360898</td>\n",
+       "    </tr>\n",
+       "    <tr>\n",
+       "      <th>3</th>\n",
+       "      <td>0</td>\n",
+       "      <td>1.366206</td>\n",
+       "      <td>0.390083</td>\n",
+       "      <td>0.596582</td>\n",
+       "      <td>-1.850350</td>\n",
+       "    </tr>\n",
+       "    <tr>\n",
+       "      <th>4</th>\n",
+       "      <td>0</td>\n",
+       "      <td>1.963538</td>\n",
+       "      <td>-1.045229</td>\n",
+       "      <td>-0.602710</td>\n",
+       "      <td>0.011465</td>\n",
+       "    </tr>\n",
+       "  </tbody>\n",
+       "</table>\n",
+       "</div>"
+      ],
+      "text/plain": [
+       "   treatment  y_factual        x1        x2        x3\n",
+       "0          1   5.599916 -0.528603 -0.343455  1.128554\n",
+       "1          0   6.875856 -1.736945 -1.802002  0.383828\n",
+       "2          0   2.996273 -0.807451 -0.202946 -0.360898\n",
+       "3          0   1.366206  0.390083  0.596582 -1.850350\n",
+       "4          0   1.963538 -1.045229 -0.602710  0.011465"
+      ]
+     },
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "display_data"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "df_test = synth_ihdp(return_df=True).iloc[:,:5]\n",
+    "display(df_test.head())"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 24,
+   "id": "70477eb1-9a14-4927-85ef-fb6888d432c7",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "# Adding the category columns with random values\n",
+    "df_train['category_col1'] = np.random.choice(unique_values_1, len(df_train))\n",
+    "df_train['category_col2'] = np.random.choice(unique_values_2, len(df_train))\n",
+    "df_train['category_col3'] = np.random.choice(unique_values_3, len(df_train))\n",
+    "\n",
+    "df_test['category_col1'] = np.random.choice(unique_values_1, len(df_test))\n",
+    "df_test['category_col2'] = np.random.choice(unique_values_2, len(df_test))\n",
+    "df_test['category_col3'] = np.random.choice(unique_values_3, len(df_test))"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 28,
+   "id": "ba538a59-a875-4766-a41a-f9099f3add16",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "cd_train = CausalityDataset(\n",
+    "    data=df_train,\n",
+    "    treatment='treatment',\n",
+    "    outcomes=['y_factual'],\n",
+    "    effect_modifiers=['x1', 'x2', 'x3', 'category_col1', 'category_col2', 'category_col3']\n",
+    ")\n",
+    "\n",
+    "cd_test = CausalityDataset(\n",
+    "    data=df_test,\n",
+    "    treatment='treatment',\n",
+    "    outcomes=['y_factual'],\n",
+    "    effect_modifiers=['x1', 'x2', 'x3', 'category_col1', 'category_col2', 'category_col3']\n",
+    ")"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 29,
+   "id": "71fb2260-ca6e-4a7c-b220-8de92af82917",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/html": [
+       "<div>\n",
+       "<style scoped>\n",
+       "    .dataframe tbody tr th:only-of-type {\n",
+       "        vertical-align: middle;\n",
+       "    }\n",
+       "\n",
+       "    .dataframe tbody tr th {\n",
+       "        vertical-align: top;\n",
+       "    }\n",
+       "\n",
+       "    .dataframe thead th {\n",
+       "        text-align: right;\n",
+       "    }\n",
+       "</style>\n",
+       "<table border=\"1\" class=\"dataframe\">\n",
+       "  <thead>\n",
+       "    <tr style=\"text-align: right;\">\n",
+       "      <th></th>\n",
+       "      <th>treatment</th>\n",
+       "      <th>y_factual</th>\n",
+       "      <th>x1</th>\n",
+       "      <th>x2</th>\n",
+       "      <th>x3</th>\n",
+       "      <th>category_col1</th>\n",
+       "      <th>category_col2</th>\n",
+       "      <th>category_col3</th>\n",
+       "      <th>random</th>\n",
+       "    </tr>\n",
+       "  </thead>\n",
+       "  <tbody>\n",
+       "    <tr>\n",
+       "      <th>0</th>\n",
+       "      <td>1</td>\n",
+       "      <td>5.599916</td>\n",
+       "      <td>-0.528603</td>\n",
+       "      <td>-0.343455</td>\n",
+       "      <td>1.128554</td>\n",
+       "      <td>E</td>\n",
+       "      <td>K</td>\n",
+       "      <td>R</td>\n",
+       "      <td>1</td>\n",
+       "    </tr>\n",
+       "    <tr>\n",
+       "      <th>1</th>\n",
+       "      <td>0</td>\n",
+       "      <td>6.875856</td>\n",
+       "      <td>-1.736945</td>\n",
+       "      <td>-1.802002</td>\n",
+       "      <td>0.383828</td>\n",
+       "      <td>A</td>\n",
+       "      <td>F</td>\n",
+       "      <td>M</td>\n",
+       "      <td>1</td>\n",
+       "    </tr>\n",
+       "    <tr>\n",
+       "      <th>2</th>\n",
+       "      <td>0</td>\n",
+       "      <td>2.996273</td>\n",
+       "      <td>-0.807451</td>\n",
+       "      <td>-0.202946</td>\n",
+       "      <td>-0.360898</td>\n",
+       "      <td>D</td>\n",
+       "      <td>H</td>\n",
+       "      <td>O</td>\n",
+       "      <td>0</td>\n",
+       "    </tr>\n",
+       "    <tr>\n",
+       "      <th>3</th>\n",
+       "      <td>0</td>\n",
+       "      <td>1.366206</td>\n",
+       "      <td>0.390083</td>\n",
+       "      <td>0.596582</td>\n",
+       "      <td>-1.850350</td>\n",
+       "      <td>D</td>\n",
+       "      <td>K</td>\n",
+       "      <td>R</td>\n",
+       "      <td>0</td>\n",
+       "    </tr>\n",
+       "    <tr>\n",
+       "      <th>4</th>\n",
+       "      <td>0</td>\n",
+       "      <td>1.963538</td>\n",
+       "      <td>-1.045229</td>\n",
+       "      <td>-0.602710</td>\n",
+       "      <td>0.011465</td>\n",
+       "      <td>C</td>\n",
+       "      <td>K</td>\n",
+       "      <td>Q</td>\n",
+       "      <td>0</td>\n",
+       "    </tr>\n",
+       "  </tbody>\n",
+       "</table>\n",
+       "</div>"
+      ],
+      "text/plain": [
+       "   treatment  y_factual        x1        x2        x3 category_col1  \\\n",
+       "0          1   5.599916 -0.528603 -0.343455  1.128554             E   \n",
+       "1          0   6.875856 -1.736945 -1.802002  0.383828             A   \n",
+       "2          0   2.996273 -0.807451 -0.202946 -0.360898             D   \n",
+       "3          0   1.366206  0.390083  0.596582 -1.850350             D   \n",
+       "4          0   1.963538 -1.045229 -0.602710  0.011465             C   \n",
+       "\n",
+       "  category_col2 category_col3  random  \n",
+       "0             K             R       1  \n",
+       "1             F             M       1  \n",
+       "2             H             O       0  \n",
+       "3             K             R       0  \n",
+       "4             K             Q       0  "
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 29,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "cd_train.data.head()"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 30,
+   "id": "78d7813b-cc59-4b49-a92a-fb41bae4bd9d",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/html": [
+       "<div>\n",
+       "<style scoped>\n",
+       "    .dataframe tbody tr th:only-of-type {\n",
+       "        vertical-align: middle;\n",
+       "    }\n",
+       "\n",
+       "    .dataframe tbody tr th {\n",
+       "        vertical-align: top;\n",
+       "    }\n",
+       "\n",
+       "    .dataframe thead th {\n",
+       "        text-align: right;\n",
+       "    }\n",
+       "</style>\n",
+       "<table border=\"1\" class=\"dataframe\">\n",
+       "  <thead>\n",
+       "    <tr style=\"text-align: right;\">\n",
+       "      <th></th>\n",
+       "      <th>treatment</th>\n",
+       "      <th>y_factual</th>\n",
+       "      <th>x1</th>\n",
+       "      <th>x2</th>\n",
+       "      <th>x3</th>\n",
+       "      <th>category_col1</th>\n",
+       "      <th>category_col2</th>\n",
+       "      <th>category_col3</th>\n",
+       "      <th>random</th>\n",
+       "    </tr>\n",
+       "  </thead>\n",
+       "  <tbody>\n",
+       "    <tr>\n",
+       "      <th>0</th>\n",
+       "      <td>1</td>\n",
+       "      <td>5.599916</td>\n",
+       "      <td>-0.528603</td>\n",
+       "      <td>-0.343455</td>\n",
+       "      <td>1.128554</td>\n",
+       "      <td>B</td>\n",
+       "      <td>H</td>\n",
+       "      <td>M</td>\n",
+       "      <td>1</td>\n",
+       "    </tr>\n",
+       "    <tr>\n",
+       "      <th>1</th>\n",
+       "      <td>0</td>\n",
+       "      <td>6.875856</td>\n",
+       "      <td>-1.736945</td>\n",
+       "      <td>-1.802002</td>\n",
+       "      <td>0.383828</td>\n",
+       "      <td>C</td>\n",
+       "      <td>I</td>\n",
+       "      <td>M</td>\n",
+       "      <td>0</td>\n",
+       "    </tr>\n",
+       "    <tr>\n",
+       "      <th>2</th>\n",
+       "      <td>0</td>\n",
+       "      <td>2.996273</td>\n",
+       "      <td>-0.807451</td>\n",
+       "      <td>-0.202946</td>\n",
+       "      <td>-0.360898</td>\n",
+       "      <td>B</td>\n",
+       "      <td>K</td>\n",
+       "      <td>R</td>\n",
+       "      <td>0</td>\n",
+       "    </tr>\n",
+       "    <tr>\n",
+       "      <th>3</th>\n",
+       "      <td>0</td>\n",
+       "      <td>1.366206</td>\n",
+       "      <td>0.390083</td>\n",
+       "      <td>0.596582</td>\n",
+       "      <td>-1.850350</td>\n",
+       "      <td>C</td>\n",
+       "      <td>H</td>\n",
+       "      <td>P</td>\n",
+       "      <td>1</td>\n",
+       "    </tr>\n",
+       "    <tr>\n",
+       "      <th>4</th>\n",
+       "      <td>0</td>\n",
+       "      <td>1.963538</td>\n",
+       "      <td>-1.045229</td>\n",
+       "      <td>-0.602710</td>\n",
+       "      <td>0.011465</td>\n",
+       "      <td>A</td>\n",
+       "      <td>H</td>\n",
+       "      <td>O</td>\n",
+       "      <td>1</td>\n",
+       "    </tr>\n",
+       "  </tbody>\n",
+       "</table>\n",
+       "</div>"
+      ],
+      "text/plain": [
+       "   treatment  y_factual        x1        x2        x3 category_col1  \\\n",
+       "0          1   5.599916 -0.528603 -0.343455  1.128554             B   \n",
+       "1          0   6.875856 -1.736945 -1.802002  0.383828             C   \n",
+       "2          0   2.996273 -0.807451 -0.202946 -0.360898             B   \n",
+       "3          0   1.366206  0.390083  0.596582 -1.850350             C   \n",
+       "4          0   1.963538 -1.045229 -0.602710  0.011465             A   \n",
+       "\n",
+       "  category_col2 category_col3  random  \n",
+       "0             H             M       1  \n",
+       "1             I             M       0  \n",
+       "2             K             R       0  \n",
+       "3             H             P       1  \n",
+       "4             H             O       1  "
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 30,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "cd_test.data.head()"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "id": "2c4767e4-7aa2-47f5-ad9d-d830e77d78b0",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "You can select one of the categorical encoders: `\"onehot\", \"label\", \"target\", \"woe\"`"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 31,
+   "id": "7c0b8f72-6efb-4812-80f7-164557e9eea6",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "dataset_processor = CausalityDatasetProcessor()\n",
+    "dataset_processor.fit(\n",
+    "    cd=cd_train,\n",
+    "    encoder_type=\"label\"\n",
+    ")\n",
+    "cd_train = dataset_processor.transform(cd_train)\n",
+    "cd_test = dataset_processor.transform(cd_test)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 32,
+   "id": "7b9ee8de-ecfd-475c-9369-4bc9abd81454",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/html": [
+       "<div>\n",
+       "<style scoped>\n",
+       "    .dataframe tbody tr th:only-of-type {\n",
+       "        vertical-align: middle;\n",
+       "    }\n",
+       "\n",
+       "    .dataframe tbody tr th {\n",
+       "        vertical-align: top;\n",
+       "    }\n",
+       "\n",
+       "    .dataframe thead th {\n",
+       "        text-align: right;\n",
+       "    }\n",
+       "</style>\n",
+       "<table border=\"1\" class=\"dataframe\">\n",
+       "  <thead>\n",
+       "    <tr style=\"text-align: right;\">\n",
+       "      <th></th>\n",
+       "      <th>treatment</th>\n",
+       "      <th>y_factual</th>\n",
+       "      <th>x1</th>\n",
+       "      <th>x2</th>\n",
+       "      <th>x3</th>\n",
+       "      <th>random</th>\n",
+       "      <th>category_col1</th>\n",
+       "      <th>category_col2</th>\n",
+       "      <th>category_col3</th>\n",
+       "    </tr>\n",
+       "  </thead>\n",
+       "  <tbody>\n",
+       "    <tr>\n",
+       "      <th>0</th>\n",
+       "      <td>1</td>\n",
+       "      <td>5.599916</td>\n",
+       "      <td>-0.528603</td>\n",
+       "      <td>-0.343455</td>\n",
+       "      <td>1.128554</td>\n",
+       "      <td>1.0</td>\n",
+       "      <td>1</td>\n",
+       "      <td>1</td>\n",
+       "      <td>1</td>\n",
+       "    </tr>\n",
+       "    <tr>\n",
+       "      <th>1</th>\n",
+       "      <td>0</td>\n",
+       "      <td>6.875856</td>\n",
+       "      <td>-1.736945</td>\n",
+       "      <td>-1.802002</td>\n",
+       "      <td>0.383828</td>\n",
+       "      <td>1.0</td>\n",
+       "      <td>2</td>\n",
+       "      <td>2</td>\n",
+       "      <td>2</td>\n",
+       "    </tr>\n",
+       "    <tr>\n",
+       "      <th>2</th>\n",
+       "      <td>0</td>\n",
+       "      <td>2.996273</td>\n",
+       "      <td>-0.807451</td>\n",
+       "      <td>-0.202946</td>\n",
+       "      <td>-0.360898</td>\n",
+       "      <td>0.0</td>\n",
+       "      <td>3</td>\n",
+       "      <td>3</td>\n",
+       "      <td>3</td>\n",
+       "    </tr>\n",
+       "    <tr>\n",
+       "      <th>3</th>\n",
+       "      <td>0</td>\n",
+       "      <td>1.366206</td>\n",
+       "      <td>0.390083</td>\n",
+       "      <td>0.596582</td>\n",
+       "      <td>-1.850350</td>\n",
+       "      <td>0.0</td>\n",
+       "      <td>3</td>\n",
+       "      <td>1</td>\n",
+       "      <td>1</td>\n",
+       "    </tr>\n",
+       "    <tr>\n",
+       "      <th>4</th>\n",
+       "      <td>0</td>\n",
+       "      <td>1.963538</td>\n",
+       "      <td>-1.045228</td>\n",
+       "      <td>-0.602710</td>\n",
+       "      <td>0.011465</td>\n",
+       "      <td>0.0</td>\n",
+       "      <td>4</td>\n",
+       "      <td>1</td>\n",
+       "      <td>4</td>\n",
+       "    </tr>\n",
+       "  </tbody>\n",
+       "</table>\n",
+       "</div>"
+      ],
+      "text/plain": [
+       "   treatment  y_factual        x1        x2        x3  random  category_col1  \\\n",
+       "0          1   5.599916 -0.528603 -0.343455  1.128554     1.0              1   \n",
+       "1          0   6.875856 -1.736945 -1.802002  0.383828     1.0              2   \n",
+       "2          0   2.996273 -0.807451 -0.202946 -0.360898     0.0              3   \n",
+       "3          0   1.366206  0.390083  0.596582 -1.850350     0.0              3   \n",
+       "4          0   1.963538 -1.045228 -0.602710  0.011465     0.0              4   \n",
+       "\n",
+       "   category_col2  category_col3  \n",
+       "0              1              1  \n",
+       "1              2              2  \n",
+       "2              3              3  \n",
+       "3              1              1  \n",
+       "4              1              4  "
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 32,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "cd_train.data.head()"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 33,
+   "id": "82ba4136-d406-4b3d-9b13-4bc765ab925d",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/html": [
+       "<div>\n",
+       "<style scoped>\n",
+       "    .dataframe tbody tr th:only-of-type {\n",
+       "        vertical-align: middle;\n",
+       "    }\n",
+       "\n",
+       "    .dataframe tbody tr th {\n",
+       "        vertical-align: top;\n",
+       "    }\n",
+       "\n",
+       "    .dataframe thead th {\n",
+       "        text-align: right;\n",
+       "    }\n",
+       "</style>\n",
+       "<table border=\"1\" class=\"dataframe\">\n",
+       "  <thead>\n",
+       "    <tr style=\"text-align: right;\">\n",
+       "      <th></th>\n",
+       "      <th>treatment</th>\n",
+       "      <th>y_factual</th>\n",
+       "      <th>x1</th>\n",
+       "      <th>x2</th>\n",
+       "      <th>x3</th>\n",
+       "      <th>random</th>\n",
+       "      <th>category_col1</th>\n",
+       "      <th>category_col2</th>\n",
+       "      <th>category_col3</th>\n",
+       "    </tr>\n",
+       "  </thead>\n",
+       "  <tbody>\n",
+       "    <tr>\n",
+       "      <th>0</th>\n",
+       "      <td>1</td>\n",
+       "      <td>5.599916</td>\n",
+       "      <td>-0.528603</td>\n",
+       "      <td>-0.343455</td>\n",
+       "      <td>1.128554</td>\n",
+       "      <td>1.0</td>\n",
+       "      <td>5</td>\n",
+       "      <td>3</td>\n",
+       "      <td>2</td>\n",
+       "    </tr>\n",
+       "    <tr>\n",
+       "      <th>1</th>\n",
+       "      <td>0</td>\n",
+       "      <td>6.875856</td>\n",
+       "      <td>-1.736945</td>\n",
+       "      <td>-1.802002</td>\n",
+       "      <td>0.383828</td>\n",
+       "      <td>0.0</td>\n",
+       "      <td>4</td>\n",
+       "      <td>4</td>\n",
+       "      <td>2</td>\n",
+       "    </tr>\n",
+       "    <tr>\n",
+       "      <th>2</th>\n",
+       "      <td>0</td>\n",
+       "      <td>2.996273</td>\n",
+       "      <td>-0.807451</td>\n",
+       "      <td>-0.202946</td>\n",
+       "      <td>-0.360898</td>\n",
+       "      <td>0.0</td>\n",
+       "      <td>5</td>\n",
+       "      <td>1</td>\n",
+       "      <td>1</td>\n",
+       "    </tr>\n",
+       "    <tr>\n",
+       "      <th>3</th>\n",
+       "      <td>0</td>\n",
+       "      <td>1.366206</td>\n",
+       "      <td>0.390083</td>\n",
+       "      <td>0.596582</td>\n",
+       "      <td>-1.850350</td>\n",
+       "      <td>1.0</td>\n",
+       "      <td>4</td>\n",
+       "      <td>3</td>\n",
+       "      <td>6</td>\n",
+       "    </tr>\n",
+       "    <tr>\n",
+       "      <th>4</th>\n",
+       "      <td>0</td>\n",
+       "      <td>1.963538</td>\n",
+       "      <td>-1.045228</td>\n",
+       "      <td>-0.602710</td>\n",
+       "      <td>0.011465</td>\n",
+       "      <td>1.0</td>\n",
+       "      <td>2</td>\n",
+       "      <td>3</td>\n",
+       "      <td>3</td>\n",
+       "    </tr>\n",
+       "  </tbody>\n",
+       "</table>\n",
+       "</div>"
+      ],
+      "text/plain": [
+       "   treatment  y_factual        x1        x2        x3  random  category_col1  \\\n",
+       "0          1   5.599916 -0.528603 -0.343455  1.128554     1.0              5   \n",
+       "1          0   6.875856 -1.736945 -1.802002  0.383828     0.0              4   \n",
+       "2          0   2.996273 -0.807451 -0.202946 -0.360898     0.0              5   \n",
+       "3          0   1.366206  0.390083  0.596582 -1.850350     1.0              4   \n",
+       "4          0   1.963538 -1.045228 -0.602710  0.011465     1.0              2   \n",
+       "\n",
+       "   category_col2  category_col3  \n",
+       "0              3              2  \n",
+       "1              4              2  \n",
+       "2              1              1  \n",
+       "3              3              6  \n",
+       "4              3              3  "
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 33,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "cd_test.data.head()"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "id": "4ef24918-f676-4da8-b77a-ebf1347c7be9",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "### Example of model training on transformed data\n",
+    "Now if `outcome_model=\"auto\"` in the CausalTune constructor, we search over a simultaneous search space for the EconML estimators and for FLAML wrappers for common regressors. The old behavior is now achieved by `outcome_model=\"nested\"` (Refitting AutoML for each estimator)."
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 34,
+   "id": "7016148c-d48e-4d1d-a951-160b29b6a37b",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "# training configs\n",
+    "\n",
+    "# set evaluation metric\n",
+    "metric = \"energy_distance\"\n",
+    "\n",
+    "# it's best to specify either time_budget or components_time_budget, \n",
+    "# and let the other one be inferred; time in seconds\n",
+    "components_time_budget = 10\n",
+    "\n",
+    "# specify training set size\n",
+    "train_size = 0.7"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 35,
+   "id": "3f6b2cfd-a26e-4c96-8504-7380459d1a3d",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "ct = CausalTune(\n",
+    "    estimator_list=[\n",
+    "        \"DomainAdaptationLearner\",\n",
+    "        \"CausalForestDML\",\n",
+    "        \"ForestDRLearner\",\n",
+    "    ],\n",
+    "    metric=metric,\n",
+    "    verbose=1,\n",
+    "    components_time_budget=components_time_budget,\n",
+    "    train_size=train_size,\n",
+    "    outcome_model=\"auto\",\n",
+    ")"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 50,
+   "id": "cbdc9c92-33c8-41c4-ab15-8e15703b5a56",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "# run causaltune\n",
+    "ct.fit(data=cd_train, outcome=cd_train.outcomes[0])\n",
+    "\n",
+    "print('---------------------')\n",
+    "# return best estimator\n",
+    "print(f\"Best estimator: {ct.best_estimator}\")\n",
+    "# config of best estimator:\n",
+    "print(f\"Best config: {ct.best_config}\")\n",
+    "# best score:\n",
+    "print(f\"Best score: {ct.best_score}\")"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 37,
+   "id": "56d79fe7-bed7-4ccb-96bd-5b0843b149fb",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "predictions = ct.predict(cd_test)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 49,
+   "id": "27bab1dd-abd2-41a4-b30c-62b4722d0872",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "predictions"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "id": "ef1b4809-cc89-4318-af18-671ba2c70dd5",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "### Using pre-processing in the model object\n",
+    "- You can also use `preprocess = True` in the `CausalTune` fit method to do preprocessing automatically\n",
+    "- You should specify `encoder_type`\n",
+    "- You should also specify `encoder_outcome` (binary target column) for the `\"woe\", \"target\"` encoders, no need for `\"onehot\", \"label\"`"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 39,
+   "id": "7d251250-c64a-43b5-b804-1e3e672acb38",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "unique_values_1 = ['A', 'B', 'C', 'D', 'E']\n",
+    "unique_values_2 = ['F', 'G', 'H', 'I', 'J', 'K']\n",
+    "unique_values_3 = ['L', 'M', 'N', 'O', 'P', 'Q', 'R']\n",
+    "\n",
+    "df_train = synth_ihdp(return_df=True).iloc[:,:5]\n",
+    "df_test = synth_ihdp(return_df=True).iloc[:,:5]\n",
+    "\n",
+    "df_train['category_col1'] = np.random.choice(unique_values_1, len(df_train))\n",
+    "df_train['category_col2'] = np.random.choice(unique_values_2, len(df_train))\n",
+    "df_train['category_col3'] = np.random.choice(unique_values_3, len(df_train))\n",
+    "\n",
+    "df_test['category_col1'] = np.random.choice(unique_values_1, len(df_test))\n",
+    "df_test['category_col2'] = np.random.choice(unique_values_2, len(df_test))\n",
+    "df_test['category_col3'] = np.random.choice(unique_values_3, len(df_test))"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 40,
+   "id": "fef7b317-08aa-45bb-8eb1-f8c8eacae428",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/html": [
+       "<div>\n",
+       "<style scoped>\n",
+       "    .dataframe tbody tr th:only-of-type {\n",
+       "        vertical-align: middle;\n",
+       "    }\n",
+       "\n",
+       "    .dataframe tbody tr th {\n",
+       "        vertical-align: top;\n",
+       "    }\n",
+       "\n",
+       "    .dataframe thead th {\n",
+       "        text-align: right;\n",
+       "    }\n",
+       "</style>\n",
+       "<table border=\"1\" class=\"dataframe\">\n",
+       "  <thead>\n",
+       "    <tr style=\"text-align: right;\">\n",
+       "      <th></th>\n",
+       "      <th>treatment</th>\n",
+       "      <th>y_factual</th>\n",
+       "      <th>x1</th>\n",
+       "      <th>x2</th>\n",
+       "      <th>x3</th>\n",
+       "      <th>category_col1</th>\n",
+       "      <th>category_col2</th>\n",
+       "      <th>category_col3</th>\n",
+       "    </tr>\n",
+       "  </thead>\n",
+       "  <tbody>\n",
+       "    <tr>\n",
+       "      <th>0</th>\n",
+       "      <td>1</td>\n",
+       "      <td>5.599916</td>\n",
+       "      <td>-0.528603</td>\n",
+       "      <td>-0.343455</td>\n",
+       "      <td>1.128554</td>\n",
+       "      <td>A</td>\n",
+       "      <td>J</td>\n",
+       "      <td>N</td>\n",
+       "    </tr>\n",
+       "    <tr>\n",
+       "      <th>1</th>\n",
+       "      <td>0</td>\n",
+       "      <td>6.875856</td>\n",
+       "      <td>-1.736945</td>\n",
+       "      <td>-1.802002</td>\n",
+       "      <td>0.383828</td>\n",
+       "      <td>B</td>\n",
+       "      <td>J</td>\n",
+       "      <td>P</td>\n",
+       "    </tr>\n",
+       "    <tr>\n",
+       "      <th>2</th>\n",
+       "      <td>0</td>\n",
+       "      <td>2.996273</td>\n",
+       "      <td>-0.807451</td>\n",
+       "      <td>-0.202946</td>\n",
+       "      <td>-0.360898</td>\n",
+       "      <td>A</td>\n",
+       "      <td>J</td>\n",
+       "      <td>P</td>\n",
+       "    </tr>\n",
+       "    <tr>\n",
+       "      <th>3</th>\n",
+       "      <td>0</td>\n",
+       "      <td>1.366206</td>\n",
+       "      <td>0.390083</td>\n",
+       "      <td>0.596582</td>\n",
+       "      <td>-1.850350</td>\n",
+       "      <td>E</td>\n",
+       "      <td>F</td>\n",
+       "      <td>M</td>\n",
+       "    </tr>\n",
+       "    <tr>\n",
+       "      <th>4</th>\n",
+       "      <td>0</td>\n",
+       "      <td>1.963538</td>\n",
+       "      <td>-1.045229</td>\n",
+       "      <td>-0.602710</td>\n",
+       "      <td>0.011465</td>\n",
+       "      <td>D</td>\n",
+       "      <td>G</td>\n",
+       "      <td>Q</td>\n",
+       "    </tr>\n",
+       "  </tbody>\n",
+       "</table>\n",
+       "</div>"
+      ],
+      "text/plain": [
+       "   treatment  y_factual        x1        x2        x3 category_col1  \\\n",
+       "0          1   5.599916 -0.528603 -0.343455  1.128554             A   \n",
+       "1          0   6.875856 -1.736945 -1.802002  0.383828             B   \n",
+       "2          0   2.996273 -0.807451 -0.202946 -0.360898             A   \n",
+       "3          0   1.366206  0.390083  0.596582 -1.850350             E   \n",
+       "4          0   1.963538 -1.045229 -0.602710  0.011465             D   \n",
+       "\n",
+       "  category_col2 category_col3  \n",
+       "0             J             N  \n",
+       "1             J             P  \n",
+       "2             J             P  \n",
+       "3             F             M  \n",
+       "4             G             Q  "
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 40,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "df_train.head()"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 41,
+   "id": "372e47a5-1da8-4273-80d1-ad8392720b4d",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/html": [
+       "<div>\n",
+       "<style scoped>\n",
+       "    .dataframe tbody tr th:only-of-type {\n",
+       "        vertical-align: middle;\n",
+       "    }\n",
+       "\n",
+       "    .dataframe tbody tr th {\n",
+       "        vertical-align: top;\n",
+       "    }\n",
+       "\n",
+       "    .dataframe thead th {\n",
+       "        text-align: right;\n",
+       "    }\n",
+       "</style>\n",
+       "<table border=\"1\" class=\"dataframe\">\n",
+       "  <thead>\n",
+       "    <tr style=\"text-align: right;\">\n",
+       "      <th></th>\n",
+       "      <th>treatment</th>\n",
+       "      <th>y_factual</th>\n",
+       "      <th>x1</th>\n",
+       "      <th>x2</th>\n",
+       "      <th>x3</th>\n",
+       "      <th>category_col1</th>\n",
+       "      <th>category_col2</th>\n",
+       "      <th>category_col3</th>\n",
+       "    </tr>\n",
+       "  </thead>\n",
+       "  <tbody>\n",
+       "    <tr>\n",
+       "      <th>0</th>\n",
+       "      <td>1</td>\n",
+       "      <td>5.599916</td>\n",
+       "      <td>-0.528603</td>\n",
+       "      <td>-0.343455</td>\n",
+       "      <td>1.128554</td>\n",
+       "      <td>C</td>\n",
+       "      <td>K</td>\n",
+       "      <td>N</td>\n",
+       "    </tr>\n",
+       "    <tr>\n",
+       "      <th>1</th>\n",
+       "      <td>0</td>\n",
+       "      <td>6.875856</td>\n",
+       "      <td>-1.736945</td>\n",
+       "      <td>-1.802002</td>\n",
+       "      <td>0.383828</td>\n",
+       "      <td>D</td>\n",
+       "      <td>I</td>\n",
+       "      <td>N</td>\n",
+       "    </tr>\n",
+       "    <tr>\n",
+       "      <th>2</th>\n",
+       "      <td>0</td>\n",
+       "      <td>2.996273</td>\n",
+       "      <td>-0.807451</td>\n",
+       "      <td>-0.202946</td>\n",
+       "      <td>-0.360898</td>\n",
+       "      <td>A</td>\n",
+       "      <td>G</td>\n",
+       "      <td>P</td>\n",
+       "    </tr>\n",
+       "    <tr>\n",
+       "      <th>3</th>\n",
+       "      <td>0</td>\n",
+       "      <td>1.366206</td>\n",
+       "      <td>0.390083</td>\n",
+       "      <td>0.596582</td>\n",
+       "      <td>-1.850350</td>\n",
+       "      <td>D</td>\n",
+       "      <td>J</td>\n",
+       "      <td>M</td>\n",
+       "    </tr>\n",
+       "    <tr>\n",
+       "      <th>4</th>\n",
+       "      <td>0</td>\n",
+       "      <td>1.963538</td>\n",
+       "      <td>-1.045229</td>\n",
+       "      <td>-0.602710</td>\n",
+       "      <td>0.011465</td>\n",
+       "      <td>E</td>\n",
+       "      <td>H</td>\n",
+       "      <td>P</td>\n",
+       "    </tr>\n",
+       "  </tbody>\n",
+       "</table>\n",
+       "</div>"
+      ],
+      "text/plain": [
+       "   treatment  y_factual        x1        x2        x3 category_col1  \\\n",
+       "0          1   5.599916 -0.528603 -0.343455  1.128554             C   \n",
+       "1          0   6.875856 -1.736945 -1.802002  0.383828             D   \n",
+       "2          0   2.996273 -0.807451 -0.202946 -0.360898             A   \n",
+       "3          0   1.366206  0.390083  0.596582 -1.850350             D   \n",
+       "4          0   1.963538 -1.045229 -0.602710  0.011465             E   \n",
+       "\n",
+       "  category_col2 category_col3  \n",
+       "0             K             N  \n",
+       "1             I             N  \n",
+       "2             G             P  \n",
+       "3             J             M  \n",
+       "4             H             P  "
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 41,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "df_test.head()"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 42,
+   "id": "d0f3ae9f-1f5d-44b8-8c50-953a4ce1e7ef",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "cd_train = CausalityDataset(\n",
+    "    data=df_train,\n",
+    "    treatment='treatment',\n",
+    "    outcomes=['y_factual'],\n",
+    "    effect_modifiers=['x1', 'x2', 'x3', 'category_col1', 'category_col2', 'category_col3']\n",
+    ")\n",
+    "\n",
+    "cd_test = CausalityDataset(\n",
+    "    data=df_test,\n",
+    "    treatment='treatment',\n",
+    "    outcomes=['y_factual'],\n",
+    "    effect_modifiers=['x1', 'x2', 'x3', 'category_col1', 'category_col2', 'category_col3']\n",
+    ")"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 43,
+   "id": "6c1da720-1ef6-4bba-8bb5-047c9bff01d4",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "ct = CausalTune(\n",
+    "    estimator_list=[\n",
+    "        \"DomainAdaptationLearner\",\n",
+    "        \"CausalForestDML\",\n",
+    "        \"ForestDRLearner\",\n",
+    "    ],\n",
+    "    metric=metric,\n",
+    "    verbose=1,\n",
+    "    components_time_budget=components_time_budget,\n",
+    "    train_size=train_size,\n",
+    "    outcome_model=\"auto\"\n",
+    ")"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 48,
+   "id": "82699ee7-aafb-45c9-994f-9a0296dfe30a",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "# run causaltune\n",
+    "ct.fit(data=cd_train, outcome=cd_train.outcomes[0], preprocess=True, encoder_type = \"label\")\n",
+    "\n",
+    "print('---------------------')\n",
+    "# return best estimator\n",
+    "print(f\"Best estimator: {ct.best_estimator}\")\n",
+    "# config of best estimator:\n",
+    "print(f\"Best config: {ct.best_config}\")\n",
+    "# best score:\n",
+    "print(f\"Best score: {ct.best_score}\")"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 45,
+   "id": "92cbd4ad-ab7d-45dd-a13c-c7c99dacd63b",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "predictions = ct.predict(cd_train, preprocess=True)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 47,
+   "id": "d16777d6-f468-469d-813f-da1f90455d37",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "predictions"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": null,
+   "id": "ffaa475c-2cd6-46c8-ab23-f64f0f5f1506",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": []
+  }
+ ],
+ "metadata": {
+  "kernelspec": {
+   "display_name": "Python 3 (ipykernel)",
+   "language": "python",
+   "name": "python3"
+  },
+  "language_info": {
+   "codemirror_mode": {
+    "name": "ipython",
+    "version": 3
+   },
+   "file_extension": ".py",
+   "mimetype": "text/x-python",
+   "name": "python",
+   "nbconvert_exporter": "python",
+   "pygments_lexer": "ipython3",
+   "version": "3.10.14"
+  }
+ },
+ "nbformat": 4,
+ "nbformat_minor": 5
+}