From f6a426ea238ddd8ebf573826f2ae3340c3bc5239 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Vitalik Buterin Date: Mon, 5 Feb 2024 12:31:14 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 1/4] Proposed simplification to chapter 3.1 --- .../english/03-01-living-in-a-plural-world.md | 108 +++++------------- 1 file changed, 30 insertions(+), 78 deletions(-) diff --git a/contents/english/03-01-living-in-a-plural-world.md b/contents/english/03-01-living-in-a-plural-world.md index f5306e96..5520b9fd 100644 --- a/contents/english/03-01-living-in-a-plural-world.md +++ b/contents/english/03-01-living-in-a-plural-world.md @@ -4,46 +4,24 @@ > (A)re…atoms independent elements of reality? No…as quantum theory shows: they are defined by their…interactions with the rest of the world…(Q)uantum physics may just be the realization that this ubiquitous relational structure of reality continues all the way down…Reality is not a collection of things, it’s a network of processes. — Carlo Rovelli, 2022[^RelationalReality] -     Technology follows science. Thus, if we are to offer a different vision of the future of technology from Abundance Technocracy (AT) and Entrepreneurial Sovereignty (ES), we need to understand what is at the root of their understanding of science, what this might miss, and how correcting this can open new horizons. To do so, we now explore the philosophy of science behind these approaches and explore how in both the natural and social sciences the advances of the last century arose from moving beyond the limits of these perspectives to a plural, networked, relational, multiscale understanding of the reality we live in. +     Technology follows science. And so if we want to understand Plurality as a vision of _what our world could become_, we need to start off by understanding Plurality as a perspective on _how the world already is_. The Abundance Technocracy (AT) and Entrepreneurial Sovereignty (ES) perspectives, which we critiqued because of their over-emphasis on one particular way of solving social problems (a global expert class in the former case, and entrepreneurs and corporations in the latter case), also have a long history of being tied to what we consider overly simplistic analogies of science. -### Atoms and the universe +Technocracy has a long history of being justified by science and rationality. The idea of “scientific management” (a.k.a. Taylorism) that became popular in the early 1900s was justified by making analogies between social systems and simple mathematical models, and logic and reason as ways of thinking about them. High modernism in architecture is similarly inspired by the beauty of geometry. Entrepreneurial sovereignty also borrows heavily from physics and other sciences: just like particles “take the path of least action”, and evolution maximizes fitness, economic agents “maximize utility”. Every phenomenon in the world, from human societies to the motion of the stars, can ultimately be reduced to these laws. -     The simplest and most naïve way to think about science is what might be called “objectivist”, “rationalist” or, as we will dub it, “monist atomism”[^MonistAtomism]. The physical world has an objective state and obeys an ultimately quite simple set of laws, waiting to be discovered. These can be stated in mathematical terms and dictate the deterministic evolution of one state into another through the collision of atoms. Because these laws and the mathematical truths they obey are unitary and universal, everything that ever will happen can be predicted from the current state of the world. These laws are often expressed in “goal-seeking” or “teleological” terms: particles “take the path of least action”, chemical compounds “minimize free energy”, evolution maximizes fitness, economic agents “maximize utility”. Every phenomenon in the world, from human societies to the motion of the stars, can ultimately be reduced to these laws. All one needs to do — in this frame — is have sufficient computational power/intelligence, sufficiently precise observations, and the courage to strip away one’s superstitions/social constructs/biases and one will be, essentially, gods, omniscient, and possibly omnipotent. +These approaches have achieved great successes that cannot be ignored. Newtonian mechanics explained a range of phenomena and helped inspire the technologies of the industrial revolution. Darwinism is the foundation of modern biology. Economics has been the most influential of the social sciences on public policy. And the Church-Turing vision of “general computation” helped inspire the idea of general-purpose computers that are so broadly used today. But there are also limits to the power of each of these sciences, as we have been increasingly discovering in the past century. Gödel’s Theorem undermined the unity and completeness of mathematics and a range of non-Euclidean geometries are now critical to science. Symbiosis, ecology, and extended evolutionary synthesis undermined “survival of the fittest” as the central biological paradigm. Neuroscience has been reimagined around networks and emergent capabilities. -     The pattern of such thinking runs through almost every scientific field at some point in its development. Euclidean geometry, which aspires to deduce nearly all mathematical facts from a small set of axioms and concepts, and Newtonian mechanics, which describe the relationship between the motion of an object and the forces acting on it, are perhaps the most famous examples. In biology, the simple version of Darwinism focuses on the survival of the fittest species, with individual animals (or in later versions “selfish genes”) constantly struggling against each other to survive [^NaturalSelection]. In (primitive) neuroscience (especially phrenology), atoms are regions of the brain, each undertaking an atomic function that together add up to thought. In psychology, behaviorism saw thought as reducible to stimuli and response. In economics, the atoms are the self-interested individuals (or sometimes firms) of economic theory, each seeking their own advantage in the market. In computer science, the Church-Turing Thesis sees all possible operations as reducible to a series of operations on an idealized computer called a “Turing Machine”. +Plurality similarly looks at social systems from multiple perspectives, and appreciates that any single perspective has limits to its power to explain the world. A corporation can be viewed as a player in a bigger game, but a corporation is simultaneously itself a game, where employees, shareholders, management and customers are all players, and whose outcomes often do not look anything like a coherent utility function. What's more, the abstraction often leaks: individual employees of a corporation are often influenced through their _other_ relationships with the outside world, and not through the corporation itself. Countries too are both games and players, and there too we cannot cleanly separate apart actions between countries and actions within a country: the writing of this very book is a complicated mix of both in multiple ways. -     Whatever their limits, these approaches have achieved great successes that cannot be ignored. Newtonian mechanics explained a range of phenomena and helped inspire the technologies of the industrial revolution. Darwinism is the foundation of modern biology. Economics has been the most influential of the social sciences on public policy. And the Church-Turing vision of “general computation” helped inspire the idea of general-purpose computers that are so broadly used today. +Plurality is thus heavy with analogies to natural sciences: it uses many precisely because it understands the limits in relying too much on any single one. We can give a few examples. -     They are also the foundation of the Abundance Technocracy (AT) and Entrepreneurial Sovereignty (ES) worldviews we discussed in the last chapter, though each emphasizes a different aspect. AT focuses on the unity of reason and science inherent in monism and seeks to similarly rationalize social life, harnessing technology. ES focuses on the fragmentation intrinsic to atomism and seeks to model “natural laws” for the interaction of these atoms (like natural selection and market processes). In this sense, while ES and AT seem opposite, they are opposites within an aligned scientific worldview. +### Mathematics +19th century mathematics saw the rise of formality: being precise and rigorous about the definitions and properties of mathematical structures that we are using, so as to avoid inconsistencies and mistakes. At the beginning of the 20th century, there was a hope that mathematics could be “solved”, perhaps even giving a precise algorithm for determining the truth or falsity of any mathematical claim. 20th century mathematics, on the other hand, was characterized by much more uncertainty. -     For all that shared worldview has inspired, the science of the 20th century showed its limitations. Relativity and even more quantum mechanics upended the Newtonian universe. Gödel’s Theorem and a variety of following works undermined the unity and completeness of mathematics and a range of non-Euclidean geometries are now critical to science. Symbiosis, ecology, and extended evolutionary synthesis undermined “survival of the fittest” as the central biological paradigm. Neuroscience has been reimagined around networks and emergent capabilities, which in turn have become conceptually central to modern computation. Critical to all these developments are ideas such as “complexity”, “emergence”, “networks”, and “collective intelligence” that challenge the elegance of monist atomism. - - -### Complexity and emergence - -     The central idea of complexity science is that reduction of many natural phenomena to their atomic components (what we can call “reductionism”), even when conceptually possible, is often counterproductive. At the same time, studying complex systems as a single unit is often uninformative or impossible. Instead, structures (e.g. molecules, organisms, ecosystems, weather systems, societies) emerge from “atoms” at a range of (intersecting) scales that can be understood most usefully at least in part according to their own principles and laws rather than those governing their underlying components. Some of the common core arguments for “complexity”, or what we will call “pluralism”, in all the domains it is applied include: - -- Computational complexity: Even when reductionism is feasible in principle/theory, the computation required to predict higher-level phenomena based on their components (its computational complexity) is so large that performing it is unlikely to be practically relevant. In fact, in some cases, it can be proven that the required computation would consume far more resources than could possibly be recovered through the understanding gained by such a reduction. This often makes the theoretical possibility of such reduction irrelevant and creates a strong practical barrier to reduction. -- Sensitivity, chaos, and irreducible uncertainty: To make matters worse, many even relatively simple systems have been shown to exhibit “chaotic” behavior. A system is chaotic if a tiny change in the initial conditions translates into radical shifts in its eventual behavior after an extended time has elapsed. The most famous example is weather systems, where it is often said that a butterfly flapping its wings can make the difference in causing a typhoon half-way across the world weeks later. In the presence of such chaotic effects, attempts at prediction via reduction require unachievable degrees of precision. To make matters worse, there are often hard limits to how much precision is feasible, as precise instruments often interfere with the systems, they measure in ways that can lead to important changes due to the sensitivity mentioned previously. The most absolute version of this is the Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle, which puts physical upper limits on measurement precision based on this logic. In the computational view of the universe, the principle of computational irreducibility (whereby certain computations (processes in the world) can only be known by carrying out the computation[^ComputationalIrreducibility]) articulates this challenge or impossibility of reduction. -- Multiscale organization: While some might take the above observations as a council of scientific despair, an alternative is to view it as a reason to expect a diversity of analytic/scientific approaches to be fruitful under different conditions, at different scales of analysis and in ways that will intersect with each other. Indeed, in evolution natural selection is known to operate at multiple levels with major evolutionary transitions occurring from the individual to groups that become a new, higher-level organism[^MultilevelSelection]. In this view, it is natural to seek to characterize these different approaches, their “scope conditions” (viz. when they are likely to be most useful), how they can interact with each other and to consider this sort of approach as a core part of the scientific endeavor. -- Relationality: Multiscale organization implies many imperfectly commensurable ways of knowing. But if these could each be sliced into distinct scientific spheres, could monist atomism still prevail within each of several scientific fields? Yet a critical element of complexity is that phenomena at different scales often determine the interactions between and even constitute the nature of items at other scales. Units at smaller scales, for example, may have their identities and the rules they obey constituted by the larger units they in turn make up. While approximations ignoring these interactions may be useful for some phenomena, it is frequently important to trace down these dependencies in other contexts and ensure one accounts for them. -- Embedded causality: As a result of the preceding points, causation can rarely be understood completely or exhaustively in a reductive manner, where the explanation of higher-level phenomena is reduced to simpler or more atomic components. Instead, while specific causal arrows may follow such a pattern, others in the same system will take an opposite form, where the behavior of “atoms” is explained by the way they are situated in larger systems. Causal analysis will thus have quasi-“circular” elements that form equilibria and independent causation will usually emerge from forces within these equilibria, rather than by predictable reduction to a constant set of atomic “unmoved movers”. - -     Together these elements constitute a basic reimagining of the scientific project compared to monist atomism. In monist atomism, the search for scientific truth and explanation resembles something of a process of digging from different start points on a planet’s surface towards its core: people may start from many different points, but as they strip away falsehood, superstition, error, and misunderstanding, they will all find the same underlying core of truth, reducing everything they see to the same fundamental elements. - -     In the plural view, the almost the exact opposite metaphor applies: the scientific pursuit resembles the building of structures outward from the surface of a planet. While these structures might initially crowd and compete, if they grow far enough out the space they have to fill expands into the infinite void beyond. As these structure branch out, they diversify and fragment, making the possibilities for them to interact and recombine ever richer and yet the potential of their converging to a single outcome ever more remote. Furthermore, each of these recombinations can, roughly as in sexual reproduction, form new structures that themselves extend further off on their own trajectories. Progress is complexity, diversification, and intersectional recombination. - - -     While this plural vision doesn’t offer the hope of final or absolute truth that monist atomism does, it offers something perhaps as hopeful: an infinite vista of potential progress, expanding rather than contracting as it moves on. As the scientific revolutions of the 20th century so dramatically illustrated, shifting to such a plural perspective spells not the end of scientific progress, but rather an explosion of its possibilities. - -### The plurality of scientific revolutions - -     The twentieth century, and in particularly the Golden Age highlighted in the previous chapter, was the most rapid period of scientific and technological advance in human history. These advances happened in a range of disparate fields, but one common thread runs through most: the transcendence of monist atomism and the embrace of the plural. We will illustrate this with examples from mathematics, physics, biology to neuroscience. - -**Mathematics** - -     Perhaps the most surprising reach of pluralism has been into the structure of truth and thought itself. The gauntlet for twentieth century mathematics was thrown down by David Hilbert, who saw a complete and unified mathematical structure within grasp around the same time that Lord Kelvin saw the passing of the closing of the frontier in physics. Yet while the century began with Bertrand Russell and Alfred North Whitehead’s famous attempt to place all of mathematics on the grounds of a single axiomatic system, developments from that starting point have been quite opposite. Rather than reaching a single truth from which all else followed, mathematics shattered into a thousand luminous fragments. +- **Gödel's theorem**: a number of mathematical results from the early 20th century, most notably Gödel's theorem, showed that there are fundamental and irreducible ways in which key parts of mathematics cannot be fully solved. Similarly, Church proved that some mathematical problems were “undecidable” by computational processes. This dashed the dream of reducing all of mathematics to computations on basic axioms. +- **Computational complexity**: Even when reductionism is feasible in principle/theory, the computation required to predict higher-level phenomena based on their components (its computational complexity) is so large that performing it is unlikely to be practically relevant. In fact, in some cases, it is believed that the required computation would consume far more resources than could possibly be recovered through the understanding gained by such a reduction. In many real-world use cases, the situation can often be described as a well-studied computational problem where the “optimal” algorithm takes an exponentially large amount of time, and so good-enough “heuristic” algorithms often get used in practice. +- **Sensitivity, chaos, and irreducible uncertainty**: Many even relatively simple systems have been shown to exhibit “chaotic” behavior. A system is chaotic if a tiny change in the initial conditions translates into radical shifts in its eventual behavior after an extended time has elapsed. The most famous example is weather systems, where it is often said that a butterfly flapping its wings can make the difference in causing a typhoon half-way across the world weeks later. In the presence of such chaotic effects, attempts at prediction via reduction require unachievable degrees of precision. To make matters worse, there are often hard limits to how much precision is feasible, as precise instruments often interfere with the systems, they measure in ways that can lead to important changes due to the sensitivity mentioned previously. +* **Fractals**: many mathematical structures have been shown to have similar patterns at very different scales. A good example of this is the Mandelbrot set, generated by repeatedly squaring then adding the same offset to a complex number:      Geometry and topology, once the province of Euclidean certainties, turned out to admit endless variations, just as the certainties of a flat earth vanished with circumnavigation. Axiomatic systems went from the hope for complete mathematical systems to being proven, by Kurt Gödel, Paul Cohen, and others to be inherently unable to resolve some mathematical problems and necessarily incomplete. Alonzo Church showed that other mathematical questions were undecidable by any computational process. Even the pure operations of logic and mathematics, it thus turned out, were nearly as plural as the fields of science we discussed above. To illustrate: @@ -51,66 +29,40 @@ **Figure 1: The Mandelbrot Set (characterizing the chaotic behavior of simple quadratic functions depending on parameter values in the function) shown at two scales. Source: Wikipedia (left) and Stack Overflow (right).** -- Church proved that some mathematical problems were “undecidable” by computational processes and subsequent work in complexity theory has shown that even when mathematical problems might be in principle decidable, the computational complexity of arriving at such an answer is often immense. This dashed the dream of reducing all of mathematics to computations on basic axioms. -- Chaos has proven inherent even to many very simple mathematical problems. Perhaps the most famous example involves the behavior of the complex numbers of iterated application of quadratic polynomials. The behavior of such iterations turns out to form such intricate and rich patterns that characterizing them has become the source of “fractal art” as shown in Figure 1. These structures illustrate that even solutions to apparently “obvious” mathematical questions may depend on infinitely intricate details, that dazzle even our senses with their richness. -- While mathematics is not primarily concerned with phenomena well described by scales, the above phenomena have implied that rather than collapsing into a single field, twentieth century mathematics blossomed into an incredible diversity of subfields and sub-subfields, covering a range of phenomena. Geometry alone has a dozen major subfields from topology to projective geometry, studying radically different and only loosely intersecting elements of what was once a single, highly axiomatic, and largely closed set of phenomena. -- Relationality is a fundamental aspect of mathematics, as it concerns the study of the relationships between objects and the structures that emerge from those relationships. In mathematics, different branches are often interconnected, and insights from one area can be applied to another. For instance, algebraic structures are ubiquitous in many branches of mathematics, and they provide a language for expressing and exploring relationships between mathematical objects. Moreover, the study of topology is based on understanding the relationships between shapes and their properties. The mix of diversity and interconnectedness is perhaps the defining feature of modern mathematics -- Again, while “causation” is not quite the right way to understand pure mathematics, one of the most remarkable features of this modern field is its opposition to the reductionist approach, where seemingly simple questions are reduced to axioms and everything filters down through these. Perhaps the most famous example is Fermat’s Last Theorem, the claim by a the 17th century mathematician to have proven that a simple equation admits no whole number solutions. The eventual proof in the 1990s by Andrew Wiles building off centuries of intervening mathematics involved a range of techniques (especially related to so-called “elliptic curves”) developed for other purposes far more apparently advanced that the statement itself. The same is believed to be true of many other unsolved mathematical problems, such as the Riemann Hypothesis. +- **Relationality in mathematics**: in mathematics, different branches are often interconnected, and insights from one area can be applied to another. For instance, algebraic structures are ubiquitous in many branches of mathematics, and they provide a language for expressing and exploring relationships between mathematical objects. The study of algebraic geometry connects these structures to geometry. Moreover, the study of topology is based on understanding the relationships between shapes and their properties. The mix of diversity and interconnectedness is perhaps the defining feature of modern mathematics -     Many of these advances in pure mathematics have remained puzzles of curiosity and toys of the mind. Yet many of these apparently abstruse ideas have helped transform modern technology. The same elliptic curves that were central to Wiles’s proof are the foundation of one of the leading approaches to public key cryptography, given the intractability of certain solutions to problems involving them. Other advanced mathematics has proven core to the design of computer circuitry, medical image analysis, civil and aeronautical engineering, and more. Each of these applications depends on wildly different and only occasionality tangential areas of mathematics, rather than on the monolithic and integrated theory that Hilbert, Russell, and Whitehead once dreamed of. +### Physics +At the end of the 19th century, Lord Kelvin infamously proclaimed that “There is nothing new to discover in physics now.” The next century proved, on the contrary, to be the most fertile and revolutionary in the history of the field. -     In short, in sharp contrast to the monist atomist vision, the world-defining science and technology built on it in the twentieth century arose from their diversity: fields of knowledge proliferated and speciated, and each field internally, like a fractal, mirrored the same richness. The closer we looked into each area, the greater intricacy revealed itself. Surprising connections and relationships have emerged, but have only added to the complexity, rather than implying “unity”. +* **Einstein's theories of relativity** overturned the simplicity of Euclidean geometry and Newtonian dynamics of colliding billiard balls as a guide to understanding the physical world at a very large scale. When objects travel at large fractions of the speed of light, very different rules start describing their behavior. +* **Quantum mechanics and string theory** similarly showed that classical physics is insufficient at very small scales. Bell's Theorem demonstrated clearly that quantum physics cannot even be fully described as a consequence of probability theory and hidden information: rather, a particle can be in a combination (or “superposition”) of two states at the same time, where those two states _cancel each other out_. +* **“Heisenberg’s Uncertainty Principle”** puts a firm upper limit on the precision with which the velocity and position of a particle can even be measured. +* **The three body problem**, now famous after its central role in Liu Cixin's science-fiction series, shows that an interaction of even three bodies, even under simple Newtonian physics, is chaotic enough that its future behavior cannot be predicted with simple mathematical problems. However, we still regularly solve _trillion-body problems_ well enough for everyday use by using seventeenth-century abstractions such as “temperature” and “pressure”. -     Structures at every level of intersecting scale and described from the perspective of every way of knowing have proven important to progress: nuclear bombs reshape human societies, setting off environmental changes that reshape weather, twisting human psychology and feeding into the designs of computational systems that help cure disease and so on. - -**Physics** - -Pluralism is perhaps least surprising in biological systems; we can see the complexity of these all around us in everyday life. More surprising, perhaps, is the way in which 20th century physics revealed that these principles go “all the way down”, to the heart of the physical sciences that Newtonian monist atomism pioneered. - -At the end of the 19th century, Lord Kelvin infamously proclaimed that “There is nothing new to discover in physics now.” The next century proved, on the contrary, to be the most fertile and revolutionary in the history of the field. Relativity (special and especially general), quantum mechanics, and to a lesser extent thermodynamics/information theory and string theory upended the Newtonian universe, showing that the simple linear-time, Euclidean-space objective reality of colliding billiard balls was at best an approximation valid in familiar conditions. The (post-)modern physics that emerged from these revolutions beautifully illustrates pluralism in science, illustrating how pluralism is, as suggested by the epigraph from prominent physicist Carlo Rovelli, baked into the very fabric of reality. - -- Computational complexity is the core reason for the field of thermodynamics and its many offshoots. In fact, the field of information theory so core to computer science is built almost entirely on top of concepts derived from thermodynamics. The impossibility of simulating the action of billions of sub-units (e.g., molecules in a gas or compound, electrons in a wire, etc.) implies the need for thermodynamic techniques describing the average behavior of these sub-units. -- The ideas of sensitivity, chaos, and irreducible uncertainty originate or at least achieved their first intellectual prominence in physics. The simplest example of a chaotic system is three comparably sized bodies acting under gravitational forces. The behavior of smoke, of ocean currents, of weather, and many more all exhibit chaos and sensitivity. And, as noted above, the most canonical and best-established example of irreducible uncertainty is “Heisenberg’s Uncertainty Principle”, under which the quantum nature of reality puts a firm upper limit on the precision with which the velocity and position of a particle can be measured. -- For both these reasons, modern physics is organized according to the study of a wide range of different scales, illustrated by the famous “scales of the universe” walk at New York’s Hayden planetarium that takes visitors from quarks through atoms, molecules, chemical compounds, objects, planets, stars, star systems, galaxies, etc. While all systems in theory obey the same set of underlying physical laws, the physics at each scale is radically different, as different forces and phenomena are dominant and in fact, physics at the smallest scales (quantum) has yet to be reconciled with those at the largest (general relativity). -- Perhaps the most striking and consistent feature of the revolutions in twentieth century physics was the way they upset assumptions about a fixed and objective external world. Relativity showed how time, space, acceleration, and even gravity were functions of the relationship among objects, rather than absolute features of an underlying reality. Quantum physics went even further, showing that even these relative relationships are not fixed until observed and thus are fundamentally interactions rather than objects, as highlighted by Rovelli above. His interpretations of more recent developments pull ideas of time and space further apart. -- Given the diversity of levels of reality, causation in physics is profoundly embedded, shifting and cycling across scales at dizzying speeds. Atomic interactions, carefully constructed by sentient beings harnessing nano-scale computing, can trigger explosions that destabilize a planet. Collisions between stars can lead to a collapse of a microscopic blackhole that becomes the center of a galaxy. +Perhaps the most striking and consistent feature of the revolutions in twentieth century physics was the way they upset assumptions about a fixed and objective external world. Relativity showed how time, space, acceleration, and even gravity were functions of the relationship among objects, rather than absolute features of an underlying reality. Quantum physics went even further, showing that even these relative relationships are not fixed until observed and thus are fundamentally interactions rather than objects. Thus, modern science often consists of mixing and matching different disciplines to understand different aspects of the physical world at different scales      The applications of this rich and plural understanding of physical reality are at the very core of the tragedies of the twentieth century. Great powers harnessed the power of the atom to shape world affairs. Global corporations powered unprecedented communications and intelligence by harnessing their understanding of quantum physics to pack ever-tinier electronics into the palms of their customers’ hands. The burning of wood and coal by millions of families has become the cause of ecological devastation, political conflict, and world-spanning social movements based on information derived from microscopic sensors scattered around the world. - -**Biology** +### Biology If the defining idea of 19th century macrobiology (concerning advanced organisms and their interactions) was the “natural selection”, the defining idea of the 20th century analog was “ecosystems”. Where natural selection emphasized the “Darwinian” competition for survival in the face of scarce resources, the ecosystem view (closely related to the idea of “extended evolutionary synthesis”) emphasizes: -- The persistent inability to form effective models of animal behavior on reductive concepts, such as behaviorism, neuroscience, and so forth, illustrating computational complexity. -• The ways in which systems of many diverse organisms (“ecosystems”) can exhibit features similar to multicellular life (homeostasis, fragility to destruction or over propagation of internal components, etc.) illustrating sensitivity and chaos. -- The emergence of higher-level organisms through the cooperation of simpler ones (e.g., multicellular life as cooperation among single-celled organisms or “eusocial” organisms like ants from individual insects) and the potential for mutation and selection to occur at all these levels, illustrating multi-scale organization. -- The diversity of interactions between different species, including traditional competition or predator and prey relationships, but also a range of “mutualism”, where organisms depend on services provided by other organisms and help sustain them in turn, exemplifying entanglement, and relationality. -- The recognition of genetics as coding only a portion of these behaviors and of “epigenetics” or other environmental features to play important roles in evolution and adaptation, illustrating embedded causality. - +- **Limits to predictability of models**: we have continued to discover limits in our ability to make effective models of animal behavior that are based on reductive concepts, such as behaviorism, neuroscience, and so forth, illustrating computational complexity. +- **Similarities between organisms and ecosystems**: we have discovered that many diverse organisms (“ecosystems”) can exhibit features similar to multicellular life (homeostasis, fragility to destruction or over propagation of internal components, etc.) illustrating sensitivity and chaos. +- **Higher-level organisms** that operate through the cooperation of simpler ones (e.g., multicellular life as cooperation among single-celled organisms or “eusocial” organisms like ants from individual insects). A particular property of the evolution of these organisms is the potential for mutation and selection to occur at all these levels, illustrating multi-scale organization. +- **The diversity of cross-species interactions**, including traditional competition or predator and prey relationships, but also a range of “mutualism”, where organisms depend on services provided by other organisms and help sustain them in turn, exemplifying entanglement, and relationality. +- **Epigenetics**: we have discovered that genetics codes only a portion of these behaviors, and “epigenetics” or other environmental features play important roles in evolution and adaptation, illustrating embedded causality.     This shift wasn’t simply a matter of scientific theory. It led to some of the most important shifts in human behavior and interaction with nature of the 20th century. In particular, the environmental movement and the efforts it created to protect ecosystems, biodiversity, the ozone layer, and the climate all emerged from and have relied heavily on this science of “ecology”, to the point where this movement is often given that label. -     While this point is easiest to illustrate with macrobiology, as it is more familiar to the public, the same lesson applies perhaps even more dramatically to microbiology (the study of the inner workings of life in complex organisms). That field has moved from a focus on individual organs and the mechanical study of genetic expression to a “systems” approach, integrating action on a range of scales and according to many different systems of natural laws. This may be best illustrated by focusing on perhaps the most complex and mysterious biological system of all, the human brain. - - -**Neuroscience** - -    Modern neuroscience emerged from two critical discoveries about the functioning of brains. First, in the late 19th century, Camillo Golgi, Santiago Ramón y Cajal, and collaborators isolated neurons and their electrical activations as the fundamental functional unit of the brain. This analysis was refined into clear physical models by the work of Hodgkin and Huxley, who built and tested in on animals their electrical theories of nervous communication. Second, and more diffusely, a rich and nuanced picture emerged over the course of the twentieth century complicating the traditional view, often derided as “phrenology” that each brain function was physically localized to one region of the brain. Instead, while researchers like Paul Broca found important evidence of physical localization of some functions by studying brain lesion patients, a variety of other evidence including mathematical modeling, brain imaging, and single-neuron activation experiments suggested that many if not most brain functions are distributed across regions of the brain, emerging from patterns of interactions rather than primarily physical localization. - -    The understanding that emerged from these findings was that of a “network” of “neurons”, each obeying relatively simple rules for activation based on inputs, and updating the underlying connections based on co-occurrence. Again, the themes of pluralism emerge elegantly (THIS COULD USE SOME HARD LOOK BY REAL NEURO FOLKS): - -- Of all fields, neuroscience showed most sharply the bounds imposed by computational complexity. As early as the late 1950s, researchers beginning with Frank Rosenblatt built the first “artificial neural network” models of the brain and hoped to simulate a full human brain within a few years, only to discover that task was computationally many decades off if ever attainable, forcing a great diversification of ways (both model-based and experiment-based) for studying the brain. -- EXAMPLE OF SENSITIVITY AND CHAOS IN BRAIN HERE. SOME FIRST THOUGHTS IN FOOTNOTE, BUT THESE NEED TO BE BROUGHT TOGETHER MORE COHERENTLY AND CONSISTENTLY WITH OTHER MATERIAL TO BELONG HERE[^NeuroscienceComplexity] -- The wide-ranging investigation of different forms of partial physical localization and interaction centers around multiscale organization, where some phenomena are localized to very small structures (a few physically proximate neurons), while others are distributed over large brain regions, but not the entirety of the brain and others still are physically distributed but appear to be localized, at different scales, to various consistent networks of brain activity. -- The Hebbian model of connections, where they are strengthened by repeated co-firing, is perhaps one of the most elegant illustrations of the idea of “relationality” in science, closely paralleling the way we typically imagine human relationships developing. -- Neuroscience also elegantly illustrates embedded causality. Brain structure is famously plastic to learning and what is learned depends heavily on the social contexts that humans inhabit and construct as well as on the nutrients human economic and social system provide to brains. Thus, the higher-level phenomena (societies, relationships, economies, educational systems), which one might hope to help explain with features of human neuropsychology, are some of the central factors that shape the nature and function of those brains. Causation thus traces a classic circular pattern across levels. - -     Modern neuroscience has transformed this understanding into a range of applications: treatments of patients with damaged brains, development of psychiatric medicine, some treatments and interventions based on transcranial stimulation and other brain activation approaches, and more. Yet the most transformative technologies inspired by neuroscience have been at least partly digital, rather than purely biomedical. Neuroscience is increasingly central to two of the more exotic and exciting areas of digital technology development: brain-computer interfaces and the use of brain organoids as a substrate for computation. +### Neuroscience -     Most pervasively, the “neural network” architecture inspired by early mathematical models of the brain has become the foundation of the recent advances in “artificial intelligence”. Networks of trillions of nodes, each operating on fairly simple principles inspired by neurons of activation triggered by crossing a threshold determined by a linear combination of inputs, are the backbone of the “foundation models” such as BERT and the GPT models. These have taken the world by storm in the past half-decade and increasingly dominated the headlines in the last two years. All the critical features of neuroscience discussed above, and of pluralism more broadly (e.g., multiscale organization, relationality, embedded causation), manifest in the operation of these systems. +    Modern neuroscience started in the late 19th century, when Camillo Golgi, Santiago Ramón y Cajal, and collaborators isolated neurons and their electrical activations as the fundamental functional unit of the brain. This analysis was refined into clear physical models by the work of Hodgkin and Huxley, who built and tested in on animals their electrical theories of nervous communication. More recently, however, we have seen a series of discoveries that put chaos and complexity theory at the core of how the brain functions: +* **Distribution of brain functions**: mathematical modeling, brain imaging, and single-neuron activation experiments suggested that many if not most brain functions are distributed across regions of the brain, emerging from patterns of interactions rather than primarily physical localization. +* **The Hebbian model of connections**, where they are strengthened by repeated co-firing, is perhaps one of the most elegant illustrations of the idea of “relationality” in science, closely paralleling the way we typically imagine human relationships developing +* **Study of artificial neural networks**: As early as the late 1950s, researchers beginning with Frank Rosenblatt built the first “artificial neural network” models of the brain. Neural networks have become the foundation of the recent advances in “artificial intelligence”. Networks of trillions of nodes, each operating on fairly simple principles inspired by neurons of activation triggered by crossing a threshold determined by a linear combination of inputs, are the backbone of the “foundation models” such as BERT and the GPT models. ### From science to society From e5352b5f5967615bf5ce4838b68865f3479241d2 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Vitalik Buterin Date: Mon, 5 Feb 2024 13:19:32 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 2/4] Added new plurality intro chapter --- contents/english/02-01-a-view-from-yu-shan.md | 36 ++++++++++++++ contents/english/03-00-a-view-from-yu-shan.md | 47 ++++++++++-------- figs/circles1.png | Bin 0 -> 22433 bytes figs/circles2.png | Bin 0 -> 73744 bytes 4 files changed, 63 insertions(+), 20 deletions(-) create mode 100644 contents/english/02-01-a-view-from-yu-shan.md create mode 100644 figs/circles1.png create mode 100644 figs/circles2.png diff --git a/contents/english/02-01-a-view-from-yu-shan.md b/contents/english/02-01-a-view-from-yu-shan.md new file mode 100644 index 00000000..36df1920 --- /dev/null +++ b/contents/english/02-01-a-view-from-yu-shan.md @@ -0,0 +1,36 @@ +# A View from Yu Shan + +> Swirling ocean, beautiful islands;
+> a transcultural republic of citizens. + +Standing at the summit of Yushan, the highest peak in East Asia, one can not only overlook the terrain of Taiwan but also perceive how this small, mountainous island nation is intricately connected to the world. Located at the intersection of the Eurasian and the Pacific tectonic plates, Taiwan's geological fault lines have not only elevated Yushan but have also fostered a diverse and resilient society amid the clash of cultures and values. + +Taiwan has combined advanced technology and the plural spirit of the digital realm with the philosophy of broadband human rights and social resilience, transforming them into tools that promote inter-group connectivity and warmth. This is confirmed by Taiwan's role in the global digital network topology: Not just a "republic of citizens" but also a global carrier of diverse values and the spirit of collaboration. + +In recent years, the global landscape has entered an era of multi-polar ideological divisions, especially in a post-pandemic world rife with uncertainty. This shift not only highlights the importance of digital technology but also reminds us that, when facing phenomena like polarized divisions and fragmented information, global society needs more proactive, open, and inclusive forms of actionable democratic dialogue, allowing the international community to reassess and adjust global governance structures. + +In response to the multipolar authoritarianism and social fractures, our answer is a form of understated yet resolute pacifism—an action guide based on steadfast faith and the pursuit of coexistence. The true diversity and inclusion we seek allows for every voice to be heard and seen and penetrates the surface illusion of complex issues to create a collaborative consensus. + +Important milestones in Taiwan's digital democracy include the 318 Sunflower Movement, the establishment of PDIS, and the Digital Ministry. Open dialogues between the government and civil society, along with active participation from multiple stakeholders, have proven that "digital democracy" is not only feasible but can also be innovative in turning conflicts into co-creations. + +The world faces numerous challenges, including pandemics, climate crises, and inequality. Yet, like Yushan, Taiwan is becoming a supporting force in tackling these issues through its spirit of diversity and openness. As the preface of this book says, "The advent of the internet unfurled the world, illuminating paths forward," it also reflects the contours of Taiwan. This island nation's significant contributions to global society make it an indomitable force that cannot be ignored. + +[COMMUNITY CONTRIBUTIONS BEGIN HERE] + +### Sun Yat-Sen to Sunflower + +[Sun Yat-sen's association with Georgism, the Japanese colonial era (Taiwan Cultural Association, etc.) and the political environment of the Minguo era, the Nanking Decade and the subsequent relocation to Taiwan...] + +[All of these eras ultimately influenced the formation of modern Taiwan and the political transformations of the 1980-1990 era around the lifting of the martial law, culminating in the political environment that exists today.] + +### Roads to Pluralist Democracy + +[Illustrations of exciting things that have happened in the space in Taiwan] + +### A Decade of Accomplishments + +[Quantitative data showing the uniqueness of Taiwan’s accomplishment] + +### Moving Forward + +[Qualifications and nuances of how this is a work in progress, how many people are not yet engaged, etc.] diff --git a/contents/english/03-00-a-view-from-yu-shan.md b/contents/english/03-00-a-view-from-yu-shan.md index 36df1920..77fa4473 100644 --- a/contents/english/03-00-a-view-from-yu-shan.md +++ b/contents/english/03-00-a-view-from-yu-shan.md @@ -1,36 +1,43 @@ -# A View from Yu Shan +# What is plurality? -> Swirling ocean, beautiful islands;
-> a transcultural republic of citizens. +"Democracy is a technology. Like any technology, it gets better when more people strive to improve it." - Audrey Tang[^Audrey] -Standing at the summit of Yushan, the highest peak in East Asia, one can not only overlook the terrain of Taiwan but also perceive how this small, mountainous island nation is intricately connected to the world. Located at the intersection of the Eurasian and the Pacific tectonic plates, Taiwan's geological fault lines have not only elevated Yushan but have also fostered a diverse and resilient society amid the clash of cultures and values. +"Action, the only activity that goes on directly between men without the intermediary of things or matter, corresponds to the human condition of plurality … this plurality is specifically the condition — not only the conditio sine qua non, but the conditio per quam — of all political life." - Hannah Arendt[^Arendt] -Taiwan has combined advanced technology and the plural spirit of the digital realm with the philosophy of broadband human rights and social resilience, transforming them into tools that promote inter-group connectivity and warmth. This is confirmed by Taiwan's role in the global digital network topology: Not just a "republic of citizens" but also a global carrier of diverse values and the spirit of collaboration. +In the previous chapter, we discussed the growing conflict between technology - or, more precisely, technology as implemented largely by profit-seeking corporations, and democracy - or, more precisely, democracy as implemented by top-down centralized nation states, and how these two forces seem to be pulling in opposite directions. To develop an approach that moves beyond this toxic binary, it helps to first acknowledge and understand the thing that the two sides have _in common_. This is a complex topic, but in our view a reasonable summary can be made as follows: the thing that the two perspectives we previously labeled "Libertarianism" and "Technocracy" have in common is a **monist view of the world that sees the social world as a two-level structure of "individuals" and a monolith called "society"**. -In recent years, the global landscape has entered an era of multi-polar ideological divisions, especially in a post-pandemic world rife with uncertainty. This shift not only highlights the importance of digital technology but also reminds us that, when facing phenomena like polarized divisions and fragmented information, global society needs more proactive, open, and inclusive forms of actionable democratic dialogue, allowing the international community to reassess and adjust global governance structures. +If one accepts such a framework, the necessity of the two-century-old fight of Jeffersonianism vs Hamiltonianism, markets versus democracy, fear of big government vs fear of big business, and now in our telling technology versus democracy, follows as an almost immediate conclusion. If you believe that the most important categories that count are "individuals" and "society", then politics reduces to a single-dimensional slider that can be shifted left or right to reflect how much emphasis you want to give each one. -In response to the multipolar authoritarianism and social fractures, our answer is a form of understated yet resolute pacifism—an action guide based on steadfast faith and the pursuit of coexistence. The true diversity and inclusion we seek allows for every voice to be heard and seen and penetrates the surface illusion of complex issues to create a collaborative consensus. +Our approach, centered around the idea of **plurality**, rejects this divide and seeks to create a richer framework. Rather than seeing the most important structures as being individuals at one end, and "society" at the other end, we see a diverse and highly intersecting array of organizations of different scopes and different sizes. -Important milestones in Taiwan's digital democracy include the 318 Sunflower Movement, the establishment of PDIS, and the Digital Ministry. Open dialogues between the government and civil society, along with active participation from multiple stakeholders, have proven that "digital democracy" is not only feasible but can also be innovative in turning conflicts into co-creations. +Note that this view differs from a historically common approach to adding nuance to the "individuals vs society" divide in a key way: if individuals are points, and groups are circles, **our circles are not concentric**. -The world faces numerous challenges, including pandemics, climate crises, and inequality. Yet, like Yushan, Taiwan is becoming a supporting force in tackling these issues through its spirit of diversity and openness. As the preface of this book says, "The advent of the internet unfurled the world, illuminating paths forward," it also reflects the contours of Taiwan. This island nation's significant contributions to global society make it an indomitable force that cannot be ignored. +
-[COMMUNITY CONTRIBUTIONS BEGIN HERE] + -### Sun Yat-Sen to Sunflower + + + + +
-[Sun Yat-sen's association with Georgism, the Japanese colonial era (Taiwan Cultural Association, etc.) and the political environment of the Minguo era, the Nanking Decade and the subsequent relocation to Taiwan...] +Left: a concentric circle view of society, from [a sociology paper in 2004](https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/A-Dynamic%2C-Multi%E2%80%90Level-Model-of-Culture%3A-From-the-a-Erez-Gati/50c014cf2c4e5095a49d5315a150cd4491f0cecd) + + -[All of these eras ultimately influenced the formation of modern Taiwan and the political transformations of the 1980-1990 era around the lifting of the martial law, culminating in the political environment that exists today.] +Right: a plural view of society. + +
-### Roads to Pluralist Democracy +Interactions between circles are complex, and much of what is beautiful about our world comes from various interactions - as well as many of our conflicts. Each individual has all kinds of loyalties to all kinds of groups, and efforts to try to strip away this plural loyalty in favor of either unbridled valorizing of self-interest or demanding supreme loyalty to some overarching structure representing "all of society" (or "all of humanity" etc), are the cause of many of the problems that we see today. Profit-making corporations, and the workflows and the technologies that they build, often cause the most damage by stripping away this complexity. Meanwhile, democracy, seeing itself as trying to create a counter-pressure, often ends up making a second punch against these diverse groups and communities by demanding that these workflows and technologies operate in ways determined and standardized at very large scales by a centralized state. -[Illustrations of exciting things that have happened in the space in Taiwan] +### What is Plurality? -### A Decade of Accomplishments +Our vision of Plurality can be described succinctly in three parts: -[Quantitative data showing the uniqueness of Taiwan’s accomplishment] +* **Plurality is here.** The extreme diversity of the ways in which different people interact with the world and with each other, is a deep feature of the human world that cannot be taken away. This is not even something especially particular to humanity: there are deep analogues of similar ideas across the natural sciences. +* **Plurality can be harnessed, but it must be respected.** The diversity both of us as individuals and of our combinations is like fire: it can warm us, or it can burn us. Difference often is a source of conflict. But much like making our atoms stop would freeze us to death, attempting to smooth out our differences would create a cold and likely brittle society. There is a multi-century long school of philosophy that has attempted to describe and perfect the art of harnessing our diversity as a strength; this school can be revived and pushed much further. +* **Technology must take center stage in Plurality, and plurality must take center stage in technology.** Digital technology is and will be at the center of how we interact with each other, but it will be far better placed to improve the world if works with our diversity, rather than working around it or fighting against it. -### Moving Forward - -[Qualifications and nuances of how this is a work in progress, how many people are not yet engaged, etc.] +Each of the next three chapters will go through one of these ideas in much more detail. diff --git a/figs/circles1.png b/figs/circles1.png new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..4cacab5b58219b1e50d41886f791e230884535c2 GIT binary patch literal 22433 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zhzmO2&?XPev`G%o{yT){8Tj)qZczK*KjUbtZCJ7h2mXfI5KhktTKO$u^^k8c^ti#@ zo&Vlv3>*jOMdJRwF!}%U<1E1z)=E?2v<%!0Ecr0;Z;^M=f3F0ABLaqu5Wf81A^)F` z$sh8g4UT!-QTV@Kp`m)Ln-Y$8{~LIahf)LSVO_o<@4pXg;yDcYOQ?kSpL=s)!;UKv z!o)dWi|m9Ua|`B0KTJppFN?;AXz=P@>rj#6HVg6rQ5W61Cy2}9shc1F_xGWwn1z(R pc;JUWgU?zQuJmo}hx~zki?u`f_LHe9H7ykUXQXFFs@8D|`9HY@W6l5o literal 0 HcmV?d00001 From 9acdb7c1ec369fff668c1bd0bc99b8324e533b62 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: oX758725478 <77572681+0x758725478@users.noreply.github.com> Date: Mon, 5 Feb 2024 11:49:55 +0100 Subject: [PATCH 3/4] Update 05-02-immersive-shared-reality.md --- contents/english/05-02-immersive-shared-reality.md | 8 +++++++- 1 file changed, 7 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/contents/english/05-02-immersive-shared-reality.md b/contents/english/05-02-immersive-shared-reality.md index 0cce1e24..c416346d 100644 --- a/contents/english/05-02-immersive-shared-reality.md +++ b/contents/english/05-02-immersive-shared-reality.md @@ -1,7 +1,13 @@ # Immersive Shared Reality +Immersive shared reality technologies unlocks a new chapter in human interaction, leveraging cutting-edge virtual reality (VR), augmented reality (AR) and mixed reality (MR) systems. Unlike the deeply personal and sensorially rich exchanges of post-symbolic communication, shared immersive reality presents a broader canvas for human interaction, enabling people to engage in shared, multisensory experiences. This chapter delves into the landscape of immersive technologies, today’s applications, tomorrow’s potential, and the frontier. It shows how immersive technologies may facilitate shared experiences that blend physical and virtual reality, complementing and expanding human experience with interactions that surpass physical, spatial and social limitations. Shared immersive reality creates spaces where communities may converge for socialization, gaming, entertainment, and more, facilitating connections that, while less intense than symbolic communication, are meaningful and emotionally resonant. From virtual reality gatherings that unite people across the globe, to mass online gaming and virtual music festivals, these digital arenas extend the possibility space of shared human experience. + +On the horizon, shared immersive reality is poised for rapid expansion. Technological advancements will deepen the sensory integration of these virtual experiences, extending beyond sight and sound to include touch, smell, and even taste. This future, teeming with hybrid reality environments and emotional connectivity heralds a new era of human interaction, where digital spaces not only simulate reality but enhance it, bridging divides and fostering broader understanding. However, immersive reality also has its perils. From the widening surveillance to virtual escapism, these challenges demand thoughtful consideration to ensure that our digital futures augment, rather than diminish, the richness of human experience. + +TODAY + +Immersive Shared Reality refers to technology that creates a shared virtual environment where users can interact in real-time. This type of “reality” can be considered a subset application of Mediated Reality, a broader term that encompasses various technologies that mediate our perception of reality, including Virtual, Augmented and Mixed Reality (a.k.a. VR, AR, MR). -     The dawn of immersive shared reality technologies marks a transformative chapter in human interaction, leveraging cutting-edge virtual reality (VR), augmented reality (AR) and mixed reality (MR) systems. These technologies enable people, irrespective of geographical constraints, to engage in deeply shared, value-driven, and multisensory experiences, fostering a sense of solidarity and community. This chapter delves into the landscape of immersive technologies, their applications, and potential, while situating them within a broader spectrum of digital and physical interaction modalities. It focuses on immersive technologies that facilitate collective experiences blending physical and virtual elements; not only examining how they complement and expand human experience by facilitating interactions that surpass traditional social and spatial limitations but also underscoring the critical role these technologies may play in environmental and climate engagement to create sustainable, climate-resilient shared realities. Venn diagram with four overlapping circles labeled "Virtual Reality", "Augmented Reality", "Mixed Reality," and "Modulated Reality." A larger circle encompasses these, labeled "Mediated Reality." From 8bce38cb021eba4e682f15c3c904c7b86fa409a5 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: oX758725478 <77572681+0x758725478@users.noreply.github.com> Date: Mon, 5 Feb 2024 11:56:28 +0100 Subject: [PATCH 4/4] Update 05-02-immersive-shared-reality.md --- .../english/05-02-immersive-shared-reality.md | 59 +++++++++++++------ 1 file changed, 42 insertions(+), 17 deletions(-) diff --git a/contents/english/05-02-immersive-shared-reality.md b/contents/english/05-02-immersive-shared-reality.md index 0cce1e24..a32a2e27 100644 --- a/contents/english/05-02-immersive-shared-reality.md +++ b/contents/english/05-02-immersive-shared-reality.md @@ -7,39 +7,64 @@ **Figure 1: Mediated Reality Framework adapted from Mann and Nnlf ’94 ** -### Shared reality today +Shared immersive reality can apply to many human interactions, creating digital spaces where people can connect in meaningful, albeit less intensive and sensory-rich ways than post-symbolic communication. Some of the most common applications are socialization, gaming, entertainment, sports and fitness: +Virtual Reality Gatherings: These digital spaces enable people from around the world to interact in a shared virtual environment. Here, avatars represent participants, allowing for expressive movements and interactions that go beyond verbal communication. These virtual gatherings can range from collaborative work meetings to social events, where the sense of presence is amplified by the immersive, 3D environment. Participants experience a sense of togetherness and community, facilitating connections that, while not as intense as physical interactions, are still meaningful and emotionally resonant. -     Immersive Shared Reality refers to the use of technology to create a shared virtual environment where users can interact with each other in real-time. This type of “reality” can be considered a subset application of Mediated Reality, a broader term coined by Steve Mann back in the 90’s. Mediated Reality encompasses various technologies that mediate our perception of reality, including Virtual, Augmented and Mixed Reality (a.k.a. VR, AR, MR). Some of the most common applications are related to gaming, entertainment, art, healthcare, and education, which are often also immersive, shared realities. +- **Mass Online Gaming**: Online multiplayer games create expansive worlds where players collaborate, compete, and strategize together. Communication is a blend of in-game gestures, strategic planning, and quick decision-making, often under time pressure. This environment nurtures a form of camaraderie and collective intelligence, as players become attuned to each other's play styles and tactics. +- **Religious Online Services**: In the digital era, religious gatherings have expanded into online platforms, allowing congregations to participate in services and rituals remotely. This form of communal worship, while lacking the physical closeness of traditional services, still offers a sense of shared belief, uniting participants in a common religious experience. +- **Virtual Music Festivals and Parties**: With the advent of streaming technology, music festivals and parties have found a new home in the virtual world. Artists like Billie Eilish have already held virtual concerts. Music festivals like Coachella have embraced the benefits of VR without the constraints of physical venues (e.g., selling out). +- **E-Sports Tournaments**: E-sports have gained immense popularity, with spectators and players engaging in highly competitive gaming at a professional level. These events, often streamed to vast audiences, create a shared sense of excitement and allegiance among fans. +- **Remote Fitness Classes**: The rise of online fitness has brought people together in pursuit of health and wellness. Participants engage in synchronized workouts, yoga sessions, or dance classes from their own homes, sharing a common goal and a sense of group motivation. +- **Virtual tourism**: travelers can experience remote places, walking through historic cities or visiting foreign landscapes from the comfort of the homes. This technology enables travelers to virtually walk through historic cities, marvel at natural wonders, and immerse themselves in foreign landscapes. -Today’s immersive shared reality is a vibrant mix of entertainment, art, and collaboration, from virtual concerts and online multiplayer gaming to remote team-building exercises and virtual tourism. Artists like Billie Eilish have already held virtual concerts that draw crowds into the pulsating heart of her music, or music festivals like Coachella have embraced the benefits of VR without the constraints of physical venues (e.g., selling out). Such shared experiences, like in online multiplayer gaming, create worlds where players not only compete but also form lasting friendships that break the boundaries of the virtual-physical divide. Remote team-building exercises, rendered through VR, turn colleagues separated by oceans into teammates in a shared digital space, fostering team spirit and camaraderie. Through virtual tourism, travelers can experience remote places, walking through historic cities or visiting foreign landscapes without leaving their homes. +Each of these examples showcases the different ways in which technology is facilitating new forms of shared immersive reality. These experiences, while less intense than the sensory-rich interactions of post-symbolic communication, still expand the possibility space of expression, understanding, and impact, pushing the boundaries of how we communicate, foster connections, build communities, and creating shared experiences among groups of people. -But more than amusement, these platforms also create spaces for shared understanding and empathy across cultures and distances, promoting emotional connection and awareness among people who are far apart. For example, language learning applications use these to immerse users in the linguistic and cultural background of others, while virtual reality therapy sessions offer healing and comfort to those with mental health challenges. Each of these examples encapsulates a unique facet of how Immersive Shared Realities can meld entertainment with deeper social connections. As these technologies mature, they are increasingly harnessed to not just simulate reality but to enhance it, creating a bridge between diverse cultures and fostering a global community of shared experiences and mutual understanding regardless of one’s origin or language. +**TOMORROW** -### Remote shared reality tomorrow +We envision a near future where advancements in technology not only enhance these experiences in immersive shared reality but also introduce novel ways for people to connect, learn, and empathize with one another on an unprecedented scale. The future of shared immersive reality promises to making distant or imagined experiences palpably real, enveloping users in a synthetic world that simulates multiple senses simultaneously. While sight and sound have been the traditional focus, new sensors and actuators promise to deepen integration of touch, smell, and even taste. Haptic feedback systems will replicate the subtleties of physical contact. Olfactory technology will enable fragrances and odors to be part of storytelling, education, and even retail experiences in VR. Taste retargeting [^1] will unlock virtual dining experiences by altering taste perception delivering chemical modulators to the mouth. Here are a few envisioned advancements and novel examples that extend the concept of shared immersive reality into new dimensions: +Hybrid Reality Environments: Leveraging augmented reality (AR) and virtual reality (VR) in tandem, these environments blend physical and digital elements seamlessly. Imagine attending a conference where remote participants appear as full-size holograms, capable of interacting with physical objects and participants in real-time. This blurs the line between who is present physically and who is digital. -     Emerging technologies on the horizon promise to deepen the immersive experience and reshape human interaction by enveloping users in a synthetic world that simulates multiple senses simultaneously. While sight and sound have been the traditional focus, the integration of touch, smell, and even taste is beginning to enhance the immersive experience. The horizon of immersive shared reality gleams with potential, foreshadowing a tomorrow where multisensory integration is not an exception but a norm. New sensors and actuators promise to deepen the immersive experience by synthetic worlds that not only replicate but enhance all senses. +- **Enhanced Emotional Connectivity in Social VR**: Emerging technologies aim to transmit nuanced human emotions and physical sensations through VR, using advanced haptic feedback, biometric sensors, and emotional AI. This could enable users to feel the warmth of a handshake, the pressure of a hug, or even the subtleties of emotional expression conveyed through a virtual avatar, deepening connections and empathy between participants and enabling those with visual or auditory impairments to engage through other senses. +- **Massive Multi-user Online Laboratories (MMOLs)**: Scientists can collaboratively conduct experiments in a shared virtual laboratory. MMOLs could facilitate real-time collaboration on scientific research and education across the globe, breaking down barriers to access and enabling a form of immersive, collective discovery. +- **Virtual Reality Civic Spaces**: Digital replicas of civic centers, town halls, and community spaces where people can gather to discuss, debate, and make decisions about their communities. These spaces would allow for a more inclusive and accessible form of civic engagement, enabling participants to engage in local governance or community planning processes from anywhere in the world. +- ****Immersive Educational Experiences**: From virtual field trips to interactive historical reenactments, educational content will become more immersive, allowing students of all ages to explore and learn in ways that are engaging, memorable, and more impactful than traditional methods. Imagine history classes where students can witness historical events unfold or science classes where they can walk through a functioning human heart. +- **Cross-Cultural Exchange Platforms**: Platforms specifically designed to foster understanding and empathy between diverse cultural groups by immersing users in the experiences of people from different backgrounds. Through narratives, rituals, and daily life activities, these platforms could use VR and AR to bridge cultural divides and build a global sense of community. For example, language learning applications use these to immerse users in the linguistic and cultural background of others. Another example is the the Portals Policing Project [^2], which shares the lived experiences of people with law enforcement in a controlled, yet realistic virtual chamber, improving understanding and trust on both sides. +- **Environmental and Climate Change Simulations**: Interactive simulations that allow users to experience the potential impacts of climate change firsthand. For example, the Tree Project [^3] demonstrates how immersive VR can evoke empathy and compassion for the natural environment by transforming the user into a rainforest tree and exposing them to the threats of deforestation and climate change. +- **Virtual Reality Therapy Sessions for Mental Health**: Leveraging the power of VR to create therapeutic environments, sessions could offer healing and comfort to individuals facing mental health challenges. Participants could be transported to calming natural settings or engage in guided meditations designed to alleviate stress, anxiety, and depression. Tailored experiences could simulate scenarios for those with PTSD to safely confront and work through their traumas under the guidance of a therapist. Similarly, social anxiety could be addressed through simulated social interactions, allowing for practice and exposure in a controlled, supportive environment. This application of VR not only broadens access to mental health services but also introduces a novel, highly personalized approach to therapy. -Audio-visual interfaces have long been the vanguard senses in the digital realm; thus, the frontier is now expanding to include touch, facilitated by advanced haptic feedback systems that replicate the subtleties of physical contact. Smell, once considered elusive in the digital domain, is now being captured by olfactory technology, enabling fragrances and odors to be part of storytelling, education, and even retail experiences in VR. Taste, though still in nascent stages, is beginning to make its mark through taste retargeting [^TasteRetargeting], hinting at a future where dining can be a shared virtual adventure by altering taste perception delivering chemical modulators to the mouth before eating. -This multisensory expansion is not merely for enhancement but serves a higher purpose of fostering inclusivity and equality within immersive spaces. For instance, hyper-realistic social VR platforms are being designed with accessibility in mind, allowing those with visual or auditory impairments to engage through other senses. Virtual chambers are being designed where people who are fare away from one another can converse as if in the same room. For instance, the Portals Policing Project [^MultisensoryIntegration] exemplifies how Immersive Shared Realities can serve the public good by sharing the lived experiences of people with law enforcement in a controlled, yet realistic virtual chamber, improving understanding and trust on both sides. On similar lines, the Tree Project [^PortalsPolicingProject] demonstrates how immersive VR can evoke empathy and compassion for the natural environment by transforming the user into a rainforest tree and exposing them to the threats of deforestation and climate change. +As these technologies mature, they are increasingly harnessed to not just simulate reality but to enhance it, creating a bridge between diverse cultures and fostering a global community of shared experiences and mutual understanding regardless of one’s origin or language. These envisioned applications of shared immersive reality hold the potential to transform how we interact with the world and each other, fostering understanding, empathy, and collaboration across all facets of human endeavor. -### Frontiers of Immersive Shared Reality +**Frontiers of Immersive Shared Reality** -     At the frontiers of Immersive Shared Reality, we are not merely spectators but active participants in a revolution of multisensory integration [^TreeProject]. As Mediated Reality technologies advance, the precision with which sensory modalities are replicated and introduced into virtual experiences will improve, allowing for a more sophisticated and controlled use of non-traditional sensory inputs like the sense of smell and taste. This careful curation of olfactory and haptic stimuli, when combined with visual and auditory, can create a compelling illusion of reality that deeply resonates with the users’ emotions and memories. Such stimuli, when reactivated during sleep, not only can enhance these memories [^OlfactoryWearables], but simulate worlds through sensory stimulation in altered states of consciousness [^DreamEngineering], such in a shared lucid dream [^RealtimeDreamDialogue]. +As we gaze to the horizon of immersive shared reality, the very nature communal experience and human connection undergoes a profound metamorphosis. Imagine stepping into a world where shared virtual spaces are not mere simulations, but extensions of our physical reality, offering experiences that are as rich and complex as those encountered in the tangible world. In this future, immersive shared reality technologies enable a fusion of senses, thoughts, and emotions. At the frontiers of Immersive Shared Reality, we are not merely spectators but active participants in a revolution of multisensory integration [^4]. +Imagined Worlds and Dream Sharing: more sophisticated and controlled use of sensory inputs (e.g, smell, taste, visual and auditory), will enable participants to generate and share realities that deeply resonates with participants’ emotions and memories. Such stimuli, when reactivated during sleep, not only can enhance these memories [^5], but facilitate sharing altered states of consciousness [^6] and shared lucid dreams [^7]. Participants will be able to explore the subconscious playground of the human mind together. +Simulated Worlds: Virtual environments can simulate realities—both the future and past—under different conditions. For example, participants will be able to experiment with scenarios of climate change, such as rising sea levels or the impact of extreme weather events, making distant concepts an immediate and personal experience. With affective computing, the system may adapt the environment based on the user’s response, physiology as well as memories or preferences, creating a feedback loop that heightens awareness and empathy. -The importance of such integration speaks to the broader objectives of immersive shared realities – creating experiences that are not merely escapes from reality but are extensions of it, enhancing users’ understanding of and engagement with important global issues such as the critical arena of climate change, providing a platform for not just awareness but active participation in sustainability efforts. Virtual environments can simulate the stark realities of climate change, such as rising sea levels or the impact of extreme weather events, making the abstract and often distant concepts an immediate and personal experience. These immersive simulations are not scare tactics but educational tools that engage users emotionally and cognitively, fostering a deeper understanding of the environmental consequences of human actions. This can be particularly powerful when using affective computing within these realities, where the system will adapt the environment based on the user’s response, physiology as well as memories or preferences, creating a feedback loop that heightens awareness and empathy for climate issues. +- **Virtual Design Studios**: community members, architects, and engineers may come together to co-create the green spaces of tomorrow to redefine “planning.” Participants virtually touch the bark of trees slated for planting and inhale the fragrant blossoms intended for the gardens. Participant feedback can modify the simulation in real-time, enabling sensorial immersion into different visions for a project. +- **Collective Memory Palaces**: Envision virtual environments where entire communities can deposit, share, and experience collective memories and knowledge. These memory palaces serve not only as repositories of communal wisdom but as spaces where individuals can relive historical events or explore the collective psyche of humanity, fostering a deeper understanding and connection across generations. +- **Empathy Amplifiers**: Advanced immersive technologies could allow us to experience the world through the eyes of another. This direct sharing of experiences would serve as an empathy amplifier, dissolving prejudices and fostering a profound sense of unity and understanding among diverse groups of people. Envision simulations that allow individuals to live through the collective experiences of entire communities, nations, or civilizations, feeling their struggles, joys, and challenges as their own. This could serve as a powerful tool for education and conflict resolution, promoting peace on a global scale. +- **Global Consciousness Networks**: Imagine a future where people can connect their consciousness to a global network, sharing thoughts, emotions, and experiences in a dynamic, evolving stream of collective awareness. This network would enable a form of communication and connection that goes beyond language, allowing for an unparalleled synchronization of human intention and action towards global challenges. +- **Inter-species Communication Platforms**: Beyond human-to-human interaction, immersive shared reality could extend the boundaries of communication to include other species. By translating non-human languages and experiences into formats we can understand and vice versa, these platforms could foster an unprecedented level of empathy and cooperation between humans and other life forms on our planet. +- **Digital Legacy Realms**: Future immersive technologies could allow individuals to create digital legacies—entire worlds crafted from their memories, thoughts, and experiences. These realms would not only serve as a form of immortality but also as a means for future generations to explore the lives and insights of their ancestors in a deeply personal and interactive way. +-**Collective Creativity Spaces**: These digital platforms would enable artists, musicians, writers, and creators of all kinds to collaborate in real-time, across the globe, in shared virtual spaces. Here, ideas and inspirations merge in a communal creative flow, leading to art and innovation that truly represents the collective human spirit, transcending individual capabilities. -Now, consider the potential of such immersive experiences to drive environmental advocacy and the act of communal creation. In a virtual design studio, community members, architects, and engineers come together to co-create the green spaces of tomorrow. The process transcends mere planning; participants can feel and empathize with such environment and virtually touch the bark of trees slated for planting and inhale the fragrant blossoms intended for the gardens, forging a visceral connection to the project long before the first seed is sown in the physical world. Imagine a scenario where, after such collaborative design process in immersive shared reality, the community’s vision is not only transformed into detailed 3D models but then brought to life using large-scale 3D printers, capable of printing with local biomaterials that are abundant, recyclable, and have a minimal carbon footprint. The process draws on the principles of circular economy, where the materials used can be sourced, utilized, and eventually returned to the earth without generating waste. +As we embark on this journey towards a future of immersive shared reality, we stand on the brink of redefining human experience and collaboration. The technologies that lie ahead promise not just advancements in the way we interact with the world, but a revolution in the way we perceive, connect and innovate. In this new era, the barriers between individual consciousness and collective experience become more fluid, heralding a future where our shared realities foster a deeper unity and yet more creative collaborations. -The 3D printing of homes and community structures offers a radical departure from traditional construction methods. Automated printers, guided by precise digital schematics produced from the immersive shared reality sessions, layer the biomaterials to create walls and architectural features with a speed and efficiency that traditional methods cannot match. This process significantly reduces construction waste and allows for complex, organic designs that would be difficult or impossible to achieve with conventional building techniques. The concept of “printing” a community from the collective imagination of its future inhabitants is not as far-fetched as it once seemed. +**LIMITS** -Immersive shared reality serves as a powerful design tool, allowing residents to co-create their living spaces in a virtual environment. Such worlds will contribute to the formation of shared experiences and collective memory and will situate this evolving technology within the new era of post-symbolic communication described in the previous chapter. +Unlike the intimate, direct exchange of thoughts and emotions envisioned in post-symbolic communication, shared immersive realities unlocks new dimensions for human interaction and coordination from simple social interaction to education, work, and entertainment— bringing with them a distinct set of limitations and ethical concerns. If the Matrix is a dystopia of post-symbolic communication, a similar and a fitting dystopian parallel can be drawn from “Ready Player One” by Ernest Cline, which was later adapted into a film directed by Steven Spielberg. In “Ready Player One,” the Earth's environmental decay and socioeconomic disparities have driven the majority of the population to seek refuge and fulfillment in the OASIS (Ontologically Anthropocentric Sensory Immersive Simulation), a vast virtual reality universe that offers an endless array of worlds and experiences, far surpassing the bleak prospects and the desolation of the physical world. OASIS epitomizes several critical dystopian themes: -### Limits of Immersive Shared Reality +**- Virtual Escapism:** The allure of the OASIS leads to widespread neglect of the physical world, as individuals prefer the comfort and excitement of virtual experiences to addressing real-world problems. The dependency on the OASIS for fulfillment and the consequent disengagement from the physical world portray a dystopian outcome where society becomes addicted to virtual experiences, leading to widespread neglect of personal health, relationships, and civic responsibility. +- **Diminished Physical health**: Immersing oneself in alternative realities for extended periods can lead to psychological effects, such as difficulty distinguishing between virtual and physical experiences or feeling disconnected from real-world social bonds. The ready availability of an idealized digital escape could impact mental health, leading to isolation or a diminished ability to cope with real-world challenges. +- **Digital Divide**: A new digital frontier risks widening the gap between those with access to the latest technologies and those without. As these immersive experiences become more integral to social and professional life, lack of access could marginalize individuals and communities, Within OASIS, wealth and access to digital resources greatly influence one's experiences and opportunities, mirroring and amplifying real-world socioeconomic disparities. +- **Physical Health Implications**: Prolonged engagement in virtual environments raises concerns about physical health, including the effects of extended screen time on vision, and the sedentary lifestyle associated with immersive digital activities. Balancing the allure of virtual worlds with the need for physical activity and real-world interaction becomes a crucial health consideration. +- **Corporate Control, Surveillance, and Monopolization**: Shared immersive realities blur the lines between public and private, where digital spaces can be simultaneously intimate and open to wide audiences, or observed by corporate service providers. The battle for control of the OASIS highlights the dangers of a single entity owning and operating the digital realm, raising concerns about monopolization, surveillance, and the commodification of personal data and experiences in shared immersive realities. +- **Identity and Authenticity**: The freedom to create and adopt any persona in the OASIS brings into question the concepts of identity and authenticity. It illustrates the potential for anonymity and fluid identity in shared immersive realities to complicate trust and relationships, as well as the possibility of losing one's sense of self. + +"Ready Player One" serves as a cautionary tale for the development and adoption of shared immersive reality technologies, emphasizing the need for balance between digital and physical lives, and the preservation of individual privacy and autonomy. Addressing these concerns requires a careful integration of participatory governance systems, like democratic voting mechanisms, into virtual environments, as well as market interactions in “lesser bandwidth” channels that keep participants engaged in the physical realm. Grounding participants and striking a balance between digital engagement and their real-world roles and responsibilities is key to harnessing the strength of immersive technologies, without succumbing to their weaknesses. -     Despite its promise, immersive shared reality faces a wide variety of ethical dilemmas and societal challenges that could undermine the principles of Plurality. We confront potential issues such as the risk of virtual escapism and the dilution of real-world activism, potential for addition or the neglect of physical world responsibilities and relationships. As virtual experiences verge on becoming indistinguishable from our tangible reality, the risks of addiction and the potential for neglecting the physical world's demands become palpable concerns. The seductive allure of these digital realms could precipitate a form of virtual escapism, where the lines between authentic activism and simulated advocacy blur, possibly diluting the vigor of real-world change efforts. -Addressing these concerns requires a careful embedding of ethical and democratic principles within the very fabric of virtual communities. Drawing from insights presented in other chapters, the integration of participatory governance systems, like democratic voting mechanisms, into virtual environments offers a promising approach. Such systems can ensure that individuals remain grounded and accountable, preserving a balance between digital engagement and their real-world roles and responsibilities. By fostering a culture of active citizenship and responsible stewardship within these platforms, we can work towards safeguarding the plurality and diversity that form the cornerstone of vibrant societies. ## References