0707.设计链表.md

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听说这道题目把链表常见的五个操作都覆盖了？

707.设计链表

https://leetcode-cn.com/problems/design-linked-list/

题意：

在链表类中实现这些功能：

• get(index)：获取链表中第 index 个节点的值。如果索引无效，则返回-1。
• addAtHead(val)：在链表的第一个元素之前添加一个值为 val 的节点。插入后，新节点将成为链表的第一个节点。
• addAtTail(val)：将值为 val 的节点追加到链表的最后一个元素。
• addAtIndex(index,val)：在链表中的第 index 个节点之前添加值为 val  的节点。如果 index 等于链表的长度，则该节点将附加到链表的末尾。如果 index 大于链表长度，则不会插入节点。如果index小于0，则在头部插入节点。
• deleteAtIndex(index)：如果索引 index 有效，则删除链表中的第 index 个节点。

思路

如果对链表的基础知识还不太懂，可以看这篇文章：关于链表，你该了解这些！

如果对链表的虚拟头结点不清楚，可以看这篇文章：链表：听说用虚拟头节点会方便很多？

删除链表节点：

添加链表节点：

这道题目设计链表的五个接口：

• 获取链表第index个节点的数值
• 在链表的最前面插入一个节点
• 在链表的最后面插入一个节点
• 在链表第index个节点前面插入一个节点
• 删除链表的第index个节点

可以说这五个接口，已经覆盖了链表的常见操作，是练习链表操作非常好的一道题目

链表操作的两种方式：

1. 直接使用原来的链表来进行操作。
2. 设置一个虚拟头结点在进行操作。

下面采用的设置一个虚拟头结点（这样更方便一些，大家看代码就会感受出来）。

代码

class MyLinkedList {
public:
    // 定义链表节点结构体
    struct LinkedNode {
        int val;
        LinkedNode* next;
        LinkedNode(int val):val(val), next(nullptr){}
    };

    // 初始化链表
    MyLinkedList() {
        _dummyHead = new LinkedNode(0); // 这里定义的头结点 是一个虚拟头结点，而不是真正的链表头结点
        _size = 0;
    }

    // 获取到第index个节点数值，如果index是非法数值直接返回-1， 注意index是从0开始的，第0个节点就是头结点
    int get(int index) {
        if (index > (_size - 1) || index < 0) {
            return -1;
        }
        LinkedNode* cur = _dummyHead->next;
        while(index--){ // 如果--index 就会陷入死循环
            cur = cur->next;
        }
        return cur->val;
    }

    // 在链表最前面插入一个节点，插入完成后，新插入的节点为链表的新的头结点
    void addAtHead(int val) {
        LinkedNode* newNode = new LinkedNode(val);
        newNode->next = _dummyHead->next;
        _dummyHead->next = newNode;
        _size++;
    }

    // 在链表最后面添加一个节点
    void addAtTail(int val) {
        LinkedNode* newNode = new LinkedNode(val);
        LinkedNode* cur = _dummyHead;
        while(cur->next != nullptr){
            cur = cur->next;
        }
        cur->next = newNode;
        _size++;
    }

    // 在第index个节点之前插入一个新节点，例如index为0，那么新插入的节点为链表的新头节点。
    // 如果index 等于链表的长度，则说明是新插入的节点为链表的尾结点
    // 如果index大于链表的长度，则返回空
    void addAtIndex(int index, int val) {
        if (index > _size) {
            return;
        }
        LinkedNode* newNode = new LinkedNode(val);
        LinkedNode* cur = _dummyHead;
        while(index--) {
            cur = cur->next;
        }
        newNode->next = cur->next;
        cur->next = newNode;
        _size++;
    }

    // 删除第index个节点，如果index 大于等于链表的长度，直接return，注意index是从0开始的
    void deleteAtIndex(int index) {
        if (index >= _size || index < 0) {
            return;
        }
        LinkedNode* cur = _dummyHead;
        while(index--) {
            cur = cur ->next;
        }
        LinkedNode* tmp = cur->next;
        cur->next = cur->next->next;
        delete tmp;
        _size--;
    }

    // 打印链表
    void printLinkedList() {
        LinkedNode* cur = _dummyHead;
        while (cur->next != nullptr) {
            cout << cur->next->val << " ";
            cur = cur->next;
        }
        cout << endl;
    }
private:
    int _size;
    LinkedNode* _dummyHead;

};

其他语言版本

C:

typedef struct {
    int val;
    struct MyLinkedList* next;
}MyLinkedList;

/** Initialize your data structure here. */

MyLinkedList* myLinkedListCreate() {
    //这个题必须用虚拟头指针,参数都是一级指针,头节点确定后没法改指向了!!!
    MyLinkedList* head = (MyLinkedList *)malloc(sizeof (MyLinkedList));
    head->next = NULL;
    return head;
}

/** Get the value of the index-th node in the linked list. If the index is invalid, return -1. */
int myLinkedListGet(MyLinkedList* obj, int index) {
    MyLinkedList *cur = obj->next;
    for (int i = 0; cur != NULL; i++){
        if (i == index){
            return cur->val;
        }
        else{
            cur = cur->next;
        }
    }
    return -1;
}

/** Add a node of value val before the first element of the linked list. After the insertion, the new node will be the first node of the linked list. */
void myLinkedListAddAtHead(MyLinkedList* obj, int val) {
    MyLinkedList *nhead = (MyLinkedList *)malloc(sizeof (MyLinkedList));
    nhead->val = val;
    nhead->next = obj->next;
    obj->next = nhead;

}

/** Append a node of value val to the last element of the linked list. */
void myLinkedListAddAtTail(MyLinkedList* obj, int val) {
    MyLinkedList *cur = obj;
    while(cur->next != NULL){
        cur = cur->next;
    }
    MyLinkedList *ntail = (MyLinkedList *)malloc(sizeof (MyLinkedList));
    ntail->val = val;
    ntail->next = NULL;
    cur->next = ntail;
}

/** Add a node of value val before the index-th node in the linked list. If index equals to the length of linked list, the node will be appended to the end of linked list. If index is greater than the length, the node will not be inserted. */
void myLinkedListAddAtIndex(MyLinkedList* obj, int index, int val) {
    if (index == 0){
        myLinkedListAddAtHead(obj, val);
        return;
    }
    MyLinkedList *cur = obj->next;
    for (int i = 1 ;cur != NULL; i++){
        if (i == index){
            MyLinkedList* newnode = (MyLinkedList *)malloc(sizeof (MyLinkedList));
            newnode->val = val;
            newnode->next = cur->next;
            cur->next = newnode;
            return;
        }
        else{
            cur = cur->next;
        }
    }
}

/** Delete the index-th node in the linked list, if the index is valid. */
void myLinkedListDeleteAtIndex(MyLinkedList* obj, int index) {
    if (index == 0){
        MyLinkedList *tmp = obj->next;
        if (tmp != NULL){
            obj->next = tmp->next;
            free(tmp)     
        }
        return;
    }
    MyLinkedList *cur = obj->next;
    for (int i = 1 ;cur != NULL && cur->next != NULL; i++){
        if (i == index){
            MyLinkedList *tmp = cur->next;
            if (tmp != NULL) {
                cur->next = tmp->next;
                free(tmp);
            }
            return;
        }
        else{
            cur = cur->next;
        }
    }
    
}

void myLinkedListFree(MyLinkedList* obj) {
    while(obj != NULL){
        MyLinkedList *tmp = obj;
        obj = obj->next;
        free(tmp);
    }
}

/**
 * Your MyLinkedList struct will be instantiated and called as such:
 * MyLinkedList* obj = myLinkedListCreate();
 * int param_1 = myLinkedListGet(obj, index);
 
 * myLinkedListAddAtHead(obj, val);
 
 * myLinkedListAddAtTail(obj, val);
 
 * myLinkedListAddAtIndex(obj, index, val);
 
 * myLinkedListDeleteAtIndex(obj, index);
 
 * myLinkedListFree(obj);
*/

Java：

//单链表
class ListNode {
int val;
ListNode next;
ListNode(){}
ListNode(int val) {
this.val=val;
}
}
class MyLinkedList {
    //size存储链表元素的个数
    int size;
    //虚拟头结点
    ListNode head;

    //初始化链表
    public MyLinkedList() {
        size = 0;
        head = new ListNode(0);
    }

    //获取第index个节点的数值
    public int get(int index) {
        //如果index非法，返回-1
        if (index < 0 || index >= size) {
            return -1;
        }
        ListNode currentNode = head;
        //包含一个虚拟头节点，所以查找第 index+1 个节点
        for (int i = 0; i <= index; i++) {
            currentNode = currentNode.next;
        }
        return currentNode.val;
    }

    //在链表最前面插入一个节点
    public void addAtHead(int val) {
        addAtIndex(0, val);
    }

    //在链表的最后插入一个节点
    public void addAtTail(int val) {
        addAtIndex(size, val);
    }

    // 在第 index 个节点之前插入一个新节点，例如index为0，那么新插入的节点为链表的新头节点。
    // 如果 index 等于链表的长度，则说明是新插入的节点为链表的尾结点
    // 如果 index 大于链表的长度，则返回空
    public void addAtIndex(int index, int val) {
        if (index > size) {
            return;
        }
        if (index < 0) {
            index = 0;
        }
        size++;
        //找到要插入节点的前驱
        ListNode pred = head;
        for (int i = 0; i < index; i++) {
            pred = pred.next;
        }
        ListNode toAdd = new ListNode(val);
        toAdd.next = pred.next;
        pred.next = toAdd;
    }

    //删除第index个节点
    public void deleteAtIndex(int index) {
        if (index < 0 || index >= size) {
            return;
        }
        size--;
        ListNode pred = head;
        for (int i = 0; i < index; i++) {
            pred = pred.next;
        }
        pred.next = pred.next.next;
    }
}

//双链表
class MyLinkedList {
    class ListNode {
        int val;
        ListNode next,prev;
        ListNode(int x) {val = x;}
    }

    int size;
    ListNode head,tail;//Sentinel node

    /** Initialize your data structure here. */
    public MyLinkedList() {
        size = 0;
        head = new ListNode(0);
        tail = new ListNode(0);
        head.next = tail;
        tail.prev = head;
    }
    
    /** Get the value of the index-th node in the linked list. If the index is invalid, return -1. */
    public int get(int index) {
        if(index < 0 || index >= size){return -1;}
        ListNode cur = head;

        // 通过判断 index < (size - 1) / 2 来决定是从头结点还是尾节点遍历，提高效率
        if(index < (size - 1) / 2){
            for(int i = 0; i <= index; i++){
                cur = cur.next;
            }            
        }else{
            cur = tail;
            for(int i = 0; i <= size - index - 1; i++){
                cur = cur.prev;
            }
        }
        return cur.val;
    }
    
    /** Add a node of value val before the first element of the linked list. After the insertion, the new node will be the first node of the linked list. */
    public void addAtHead(int val) {
        ListNode cur = head;
        ListNode newNode = new ListNode(val);
        newNode.next = cur.next;
        cur.next.prev = newNode;
        cur.next = newNode;
        newNode.prev = cur;
        size++;
    }
    
    /** Append a node of value val to the last element of the linked list. */
    public void addAtTail(int val) {
        ListNode cur = tail;
        ListNode newNode = new ListNode(val);
        newNode.next = tail;
        newNode.prev = cur.prev;
        cur.prev.next = newNode;
        cur.prev = newNode;
        size++;
    }
    
    /** Add a node of value val before the index-th node in the linked list. If index equals to the length of linked list, the node will be appended to the end of linked list. If index is greater than the length, the node will not be inserted. */
    public void addAtIndex(int index, int val) {
        if(index > size){return;}
        if(index < 0){index = 0;}
        ListNode cur = head;
        for(int i = 0; i < index; i++){
            cur = cur.next;
        }
        ListNode newNode = new ListNode(val);
        newNode.next = cur.next;
        cur.next.prev = newNode;
        newNode.prev = cur;
        cur.next = newNode;
        size++;
    }
    
    /** Delete the index-th node in the linked list, if the index is valid. */
    public void deleteAtIndex(int index) {
        if(index >= size || index < 0){return;}
        ListNode cur = head;
        for(int i = 0; i < index; i++){
            cur = cur.next;
        }
        cur.next.next.prev = cur;
        cur.next = cur.next.next;
        size--;
    }
}

/**
 * Your MyLinkedList object will be instantiated and called as such:
 * MyLinkedList obj = new MyLinkedList();
 * int param_1 = obj.get(index);
 * obj.addAtHead(val);
 * obj.addAtTail(val);
 * obj.addAtIndex(index,val);
 * obj.deleteAtIndex(index);
 */

Python：

# 单链表
class Node:
    
    def __init__(self, val):
        self.val = val
        self.next = None


class MyLinkedList:

    def __init__(self):
        self._head = Node(0)  # 虚拟头部节点
        self._count = 0  # 添加的节点数

    def get(self, index: int) -> int:
        """
        Get the value of the index-th node in the linked list. If the index is invalid, return -1.
        """
        if 0 <= index < self._count:
            node = self._head
            for _ in range(index + 1):
                node = node.next
            return node.val
        else:
            return -1

    def addAtHead(self, val: int) -> None:
        """
        Add a node of value val before the first element of the linked list. After the insertion, the new node will be the first node of the linked list.
        """
        self.addAtIndex(0, val)

    def addAtTail(self, val: int) -> None:
        """
        Append a node of value val to the last element of the linked list.
        """
        self.addAtIndex(self._count, val)

    def addAtIndex(self, index: int, val: int) -> None:
        """
        Add a node of value val before the index-th node in the linked list. If index equals to the length of linked list, the node will be appended to the end of linked list. If index is greater than the length, the node will not be inserted.
        """
        if index < 0:
            index = 0
        elif index > self._count:
            return

        # 计数累加
        self._count += 1

        add_node = Node(val)
        prev_node, current_node = None, self._head
        for _ in range(index + 1):
            prev_node, current_node = current_node, current_node.next
        else:
            prev_node.next, add_node.next = add_node, current_node

    def deleteAtIndex(self, index: int) -> None:
        """
        Delete the index-th node in the linked list, if the index is valid.
        """
        if 0 <= index < self._count:
            # 计数-1
            self._count -= 1
            prev_node, current_node = None, self._head
            for _ in range(index + 1):
                prev_node, current_node = current_node, current_node.next
            else:
                prev_node.next, current_node.next = current_node.next, None


# 双链表
# 相对于单链表, Node新增了prev属性
class Node:
    
    def __init__(self, val):
        self.val = val
        self.prev = None
        self.next = None


class MyLinkedList:

    def __init__(self):
        self._head, self._tail = Node(0), Node(0)  # 虚拟节点
        self._head.next, self._tail.prev = self._tail, self._head
        self._count = 0  # 添加的节点数

    def _get_node(self, index: int) -> Node:
        # 当index小于_count//2时, 使用_head查找更快, 反之_tail更快
        if index >= self._count // 2:
            # 使用prev往前找
            node = self._tail
            for _ in range(self._count - index):
                node = node.prev
        else:
            # 使用next往后找
            node = self._head   
            for _ in range(index + 1):
                node = node.next
        return node

    def get(self, index: int) -> int:
        """
        Get the value of the index-th node in the linked list. If the index is invalid, return -1.
        """
        if 0 <= index < self._count:
            node = self._get_node(index)
            return node.val
        else:
            return -1

    def addAtHead(self, val: int) -> None:
        """
        Add a node of value val before the first element of the linked list. After the insertion, the new node will be the first node of the linked list.
        """
        self._update(self._head, self._head.next, val)

    def addAtTail(self, val: int) -> None:
        """
        Append a node of value val to the last element of the linked list.
        """
        self._update(self._tail.prev, self._tail, val)

    def addAtIndex(self, index: int, val: int) -> None:
        """
        Add a node of value val before the index-th node in the linked list. If index equals to the length of linked list, the node will be appended to the end of linked list. If index is greater than the length, the node will not be inserted.
        """
        if index < 0:
            index = 0
        elif index > self._count:
            return
        node = self._get_node(index)
        self._update(node.prev, node, val)

    def _update(self, prev: Node, next: Node, val: int) -> None:
        """
            更新节点
            :param prev: 相对于更新的前一个节点
            :param next: 相对于更新的后一个节点
            :param val:  要添加的节点值
        """
        # 计数累加
        self._count += 1
        node = Node(val)
        prev.next, next.prev = node, node
        node.prev, node.next = prev, next

    def deleteAtIndex(self, index: int) -> None:
        """
        Delete the index-th node in the linked list, if the index is valid.
        """
        if 0 <= index < self._count:
            node = self._get_node(index)
            # 计数-1
            self._count -= 1
            node.prev.next, node.next.prev = node.next, node.prev

Go：

//循环双链表
type MyLinkedList struct {
	dummy *Node
}

type Node struct {
	Val  int
	Next *Node
	Pre  *Node
}

//仅保存哑节点，pre-> rear, next-> head
/** Initialize your data structure here. */
func Constructor() MyLinkedList {
	rear := &Node{
		Val:  -1,
		Next: nil,
		Pre:  nil,
	}
	rear.Next = rear
	rear.Pre = rear
	return MyLinkedList{rear}
}

/** Get the value of the index-th node in the linked list. If the index is invalid, return -1. */
func (this *MyLinkedList) Get(index int) int {
	head := this.dummy.Next
	//head == this, 遍历完全
	for head != this.dummy && index > 0 {
		index--
		head = head.Next
	}
	//否则, head == this, 索引无效
	if 0 != index {
		return -1
	}
	return head.Val
}

/** Add a node of value val before the first element of the linked list. After the insertion, the new node will be the first node of the linked list. */
func (this *MyLinkedList) AddAtHead(val int) {
	dummy := this.dummy
	node := &Node{
		Val: val,
		//head.Next指向原头节点
		Next: dummy.Next,
		//head.Pre 指向哑节点
		Pre: dummy,
	}

	//更新原头节点
	dummy.Next.Pre = node
	//更新哑节点
	dummy.Next = node
	//以上两步不能反
}

/** Append a node of value val to the last element of the linked list. */
func (this *MyLinkedList) AddAtTail(val int) {
	dummy := this.dummy
	rear := &Node{
		Val: val,
		//rear.Next = dummy(哑节点)
		Next: dummy,
		//rear.Pre = ori_rear
		Pre: dummy.Pre,
	}

	//ori_rear.Next = rear
	dummy.Pre.Next = rear
	//update dummy
	dummy.Pre = rear
	//以上两步不能反
}

/** Add a node of value val before the index-th node in the linked list. If index equals to the length of linked list, the node will be appended to the end of linked list. If index is greater than the length, the node will not be inserted. */
func (this *MyLinkedList) AddAtIndex(index int, val int) {
	head := this.dummy.Next
	//head = MyLinkedList[index]
	for head != this.dummy && index > 0 {
		head = head.Next
		index--
	}
	node := &Node{
		Val: val,
		//node.Next = MyLinkedList[index]
		Next: head,
		//node.Pre = MyLinkedList[index-1]
		Pre: head.Pre,
	}
	//MyLinkedList[index-1].Next = node
	head.Pre.Next = node
	//MyLinkedList[index].Pre = node
	head.Pre = node
	//以上两步不能反
}

/** Delete the index-th node in the linked list, if the index is valid. */
func (this *MyLinkedList) DeleteAtIndex(index int) {
	//链表为空
	if this.dummy.Next == this.dummy {
		return
	}
	head := this.dummy.Next
	//head = MyLinkedList[index]
	for head.Next != this.dummy && index > 0 {
		head = head.Next
		index--
	}
	//验证index有效
	if index == 0 {
		//MyLinkedList[index].Pre = index[index-2]
		head.Next.Pre = head.Pre
		//MyLinedList[index-2].Next = index[index]
		head.Pre.Next = head.Next
		//以上两步顺序无所谓
	}
}

javaScript:

class LinkNode {
    constructor(val, next) {
        this.val = val;
        this.next = next;
    }
}

/**
 * Initialize your data structure here.
 * 单链表 储存头尾节点 和 节点数量
 */
var MyLinkedList = function() {
    this._size = 0;
    this._tail = null;
    this._head = null;
};

/**
 * Get the value of the index-th node in the linked list. If the index is invalid, return -1. 
 * @param {number} index
 * @return {number}
 */
MyLinkedList.prototype.getNode = function(index) {
    if(index < 0 || index >= this._size) return null;
    // 创建虚拟头节点
    let cur = new LinkNode(0, this._head);
    // 0 -> head
    while(index-- >= 0) {
        cur = cur.next;
    }
    return cur;
};
MyLinkedList.prototype.get = function(index) {
    if(index < 0 || index >= this._size) return -1;
    // 获取当前节点
    return this.getNode(index).val;
};

/**
 * Add a node of value val before the first element of the linked list. After the insertion, the new node will be the first node of the linked list. 
 * @param {number} val
 * @return {void}
 */
MyLinkedList.prototype.addAtHead = function(val) {
    const node = new LinkNode(val, this._head);
    this._head = node;
    this._size++;
    if(!this._tail) {
        this._tail = node;
    }
};

/**
 * Append a node of value val to the last element of the linked list. 
 * @param {number} val
 * @return {void}
 */
MyLinkedList.prototype.addAtTail = function(val) {
    const node = new LinkNode(val, null);
    this._size++;
    if(this._tail) {
        this._tail.next = node;
        this._tail = node;
        return;
    }
    this._tail = node;
    this._head = node;
};

/**
 * Add a node of value val before the index-th node in the linked list. If index equals to the length of linked list, the node will be appended to the end of linked list. If index is greater than the length, the node will not be inserted. 
 * @param {number} index 
 * @param {number} val
 * @return {void}
 */
MyLinkedList.prototype.addAtIndex = function(index, val) {
    if(index > this._size) return;
    if(index <= 0) {
        this.addAtHead(val);
        return;
    }
    if(index === this._size) {
        this.addAtTail(val);
        return;
    }
    // 获取目标节点的上一个的节点
    const node = this.getNode(index - 1);
    node.next = new LinkNode(val, node.next);
    this._size++;
};

/**
 * Delete the index-th node in the linked list, if the index is valid. 
 * @param {number} index
 * @return {void}
 */
MyLinkedList.prototype.deleteAtIndex = function(index) {
    if(index < 0 || index >= this._size) return;
    if(index === 0) {
        this._head = this._head.next;
        this._size--;
        return;
    }
    // 获取目标节点的上一个的节点
    const node = this.getNode(index - 1);    
    node.next = node.next.next;
    // 处理尾节点
    if(index === this._size - 1) {
        this._tail = node;
    }
    this._size--;
};

// MyLinkedList.prototype.out = function() {
//     let cur = this._head;
//     const res = [];
//     while(cur) {
//         res.push(cur.val);
//         cur = cur.next;
//     }
// };
/**
 * Your MyLinkedList object will be instantiated and called as such:
 * var obj = new MyLinkedList()
 * var param_1 = obj.get(index)
 * obj.addAtHead(val)
 * obj.addAtTail(val)
 * obj.addAtIndex(index,val)
 * obj.deleteAtIndex(index)
 */

Kotlin:

class MyLinkedList {

    var next: ListNode? = null

    var size: Int = 0

    fun get(index: Int): Int {
        if (index + 1 > size) return -1
        var cur = this.next
        for (i in 0 until index) {
            cur = cur?.next
        }
        return cur?.`val` ?: -1
    }

    fun addAtHead(`val`: Int) {
        val head = ListNode(`val`)
        head.next = this.next
        this.next = head
        size++
    }

    fun addAtTail(`val`: Int) {
        val pre = ListNode(0)
        pre.next = this.next
        var cur: ListNode? = pre
        while (cur?.next != null) {
            cur = cur.next
        }
        cur?.next = ListNode(`val`)
        this.next = pre.next
        size++
    }

    fun addAtIndex(index: Int, `val`: Int) {
        if (index > size) return
        val pre = ListNode(0)
        pre.next = this.next
        var cur:ListNode? = pre
        for (i in 0 until index) {
            cur = cur?.next
        }
        val temp = cur?.next
        cur?.next = ListNode(`val`)
        cur?.next?.next = temp
        this.next = pre.next
        size++
    }

    fun deleteAtIndex(index: Int) {
        if (index + 1 > size) return
        val pre = ListNode(0)
        pre.next = this.next
        var cur: ListNode? = pre
        for (i in 0 until index) {
            cur = cur?.next
        }
        val temp = cur?.next?.next
        cur?.next?.next = null
        cur?.next = temp
        this.next = pre.next
        size--
    }
}

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• 作者微信：程序员Carl
• B站视频：代码随想录
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