Oathkeeper returns a 401 "Access credentials are invalid" when exceeding Ory Network's rate limiting on /sessions/whoami endpoint

[wewelll]

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Ory Network Project

No response

Describe the bug

We're using Ory Network as our authentication provider, and Oathkeeper to protect our APIs.
Oathkeeper is configured with a cookie_session authenticator and uses the /sessions/whoami endpoint to check the cookie.

When a user makes a lot of calls to our API at the same time, Oathkeeper can sometimes return a 401 - Access credentials are invalid response, even when the cookie is valid.

I did a bit of digging with our OpenTelemetry instrumentation, and figured out that the /sessions/whoami endpoint is in fact returning a 429 status, because we're exceeding rate limiting.

I see two potential improvements:

• Change the response status

Instead of returning a misleading 401 status, Oathkeeper should return another status code, like 429, so it can help the end-user understand what is happening.

• Add cache to the check_session_url call

When a user performs a lot of calls in a small timeframe, it's not necessary to call the /sessions/whoami for all calls because the session cookie hasn't changed.
I suggest to add an optional caching mechanism to the cookie_session authenticator, it would solve this issue even with a low TTL (~1s)
This caching mechanism could be similar to the one found in the oauth2_client_credentials authenticator.

Reproducing the bug

• Run Oathkeeper with a cookie_session authenticator linked to an Ory Network project.
• Log-in and retrieve the session cookie
• Write and run a script that sends 100 requests in parallel to the running Oathkeeper, with the session cookie
• You should see a 401 at some point, even though the cookie is valid

Relevant log output

No response

Relevant configuration

authenticators:
  cookie_session:
    enabled: true
    config:
      check_session_url: https://my-project-slug.projects.oryapis.com/sessions/whoami
      preserve_path: true
      extra_from: '@this'
      subject_from: 'identity.id'

Version

latest

On which operating system are you observing this issue?

macOS

In which environment are you deploying?

Kubernetes

Additional Context

No response

[aeneasr]

That makes sense, we should definitely return 429 in this scenario instead of 401 which is masking the underlying reason for the error.

[wewelll]

This issue also shows that when we build an API on top of Oathkeeper & Ory Network, the rate-limiting of our API can't be better than Ory Network's rate-limiting on the whoami endpoint.

This is quite a big limitation ... I was suggesting to add a cache mechanism based on the session cookie, in order to avoid unnecessary requests to the whoami endpoint. If the TTL is low (~1s for instance), the security trade-off is acceptable.

Do you think that it would make sense to add this feature ? I see that it exists for other authenticators like oauth2_client_credentials.

In our case, we are trying to lift this limitation by creating our own whoami that has cache, but IMO it would be simpler to have it directly in oathkeeper