diff --git a/doc/conf.py b/doc/conf.py
index 32a712446b..043d477612 100644
--- a/doc/conf.py
+++ b/doc/conf.py
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-# emacs: -*- coding: utf-8; mode: python; py-indent-offset: 4; indent-tabs-mode: nil -*-
-# vi: set fileencoding=utf-8 ft=python sts=4 ts=4 sw=4 et:
 #
 # nipype documentation build configuration file, created by
 # sphinx-quickstart on Mon Jul 20 12:30:18 2009.
@@ -151,8 +149,8 @@
 master_doc = "index"
 
 # General information about the project.
-project = u"nipype"
-copyright = u"2009-21, Neuroimaging in Python team"
+project = "nipype"
+copyright = "2009-21, Neuroimaging in Python team"
 
 # The version info for the project you're documenting, acts as replacement for
 # |version| and |release|, also used in various other places throughout the
diff --git a/nipype/__init__.py b/nipype/__init__.py
index 09728b62d1..22e6f97c2d 100644
--- a/nipype/__init__.py
+++ b/nipype/__init__.py
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 # emacs: -*- mode: python; py-indent-offset: 4; indent-tabs-mode: nil -*-
 # vi: set ft=python sts=4 ts=4 sw=4 et:
 """
@@ -26,14 +25,14 @@
     import faulthandler
 
     faulthandler.enable()
-except (ImportError, IOError) as e:
+except (ImportError, OSError) as e:
     pass
 
 config = NipypeConfig()
 logging = Logging(config)
 
 
-class NipypeTester(object):
+class NipypeTester:
     def __call__(self, doctests=True, parallel=False):
         try:
             import pytest
diff --git a/nipype/algorithms/__init__.py b/nipype/algorithms/__init__.py
index e34dc850ab..a701f6fe59 100644
--- a/nipype/algorithms/__init__.py
+++ b/nipype/algorithms/__init__.py
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 # emacs: -*- mode: python; py-indent-offset: 4; indent-tabs-mode: nil -*-
 # vi: set ft=python sts=4 ts=4 sw=4 et:
 """
diff --git a/nipype/algorithms/confounds.py b/nipype/algorithms/confounds.py
index 763c7020bb..c33b7d3abe 100644
--- a/nipype/algorithms/confounds.py
+++ b/nipype/algorithms/confounds.py
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 # emacs: -*- mode: python; py-indent-offset: 4; indent-tabs-mode: nil -*-
 # vi: set ft=python sts=4 ts=4 sw=4 et:
 """
@@ -150,7 +149,7 @@ class ComputeDVARS(BaseInterface):
 
     def __init__(self, **inputs):
         self._results = {}
-        super(ComputeDVARS, self).__init__(**inputs)
+        super().__init__(**inputs)
 
     def _gen_fname(self, suffix, ext=None):
         fname, in_ext = op.splitext(op.basename(self.inputs.in_file))
@@ -165,7 +164,7 @@ def _gen_fname(self, suffix, ext=None):
         if ext.startswith("."):
             ext = ext[1:]
 
-        return op.abspath("{}_{}.{}".format(fname, suffix, ext))
+        return op.abspath(f"{fname}_{suffix}.{ext}")
 
     def _run_interface(self, runtime):
         dvars = compute_dvars(
@@ -584,7 +583,7 @@ class CompCor(SimpleInterface):
 
     def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
         """exactly the same as compcor except the header"""
-        super(CompCor, self).__init__(*args, **kwargs)
+        super().__init__(*args, **kwargs)
         self._header = "CompCor"
 
     def _run_interface(self, runtime):
@@ -713,7 +712,7 @@ def _run_interface(self, runtime):
                 self.inputs.pre_filter
             ]
             ncols = filter_basis.shape[1] if filter_basis.size > 0 else 0
-            header = ["{}{:02d}".format(ftype, i) for i in range(ncols)]
+            header = [f"{ftype}{i:02d}" for i in range(ncols)]
             if skip_vols:
                 old_basis = filter_basis
                 # nrows defined above
@@ -724,7 +723,7 @@ def _run_interface(self, runtime):
                     filter_basis[skip_vols:, :ncols] = old_basis
                 filter_basis[:skip_vols, -skip_vols:] = np.eye(skip_vols)
                 header.extend(
-                    ["NonSteadyStateOutlier{:02d}".format(i) for i in range(skip_vols)]
+                    [f"NonSteadyStateOutlier{i:02d}" for i in range(skip_vols)]
                 )
             np.savetxt(
                 self._results["pre_filter_file"],
@@ -747,7 +746,7 @@ def _run_interface(self, runtime):
             not_retained = np.where(np.logical_not(metadata["retained"]))
             components_names[retained] = components_header
             components_names[not_retained] = [
-                "dropped{}".format(i) for i in range(len(not_retained[0]))
+                f"dropped{i}" for i in range(len(not_retained[0]))
             ]
             with open(self._results["metadata_file"], "w") as f:
                 f.write("\t".join(["component"] + list(metadata.keys())) + "\n")
@@ -768,7 +767,7 @@ def _make_headers(self, num_col):
             if isdefined(self.inputs.header_prefix)
             else self._header
         )
-        headers = ["{}{:02d}".format(header, i) for i in range(num_col)]
+        headers = [f"{header}{i:02d}" for i in range(num_col)]
         return headers
 
 
@@ -781,7 +780,7 @@ class ACompCor(CompCor):
 
     def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
         """exactly the same as compcor except the header"""
-        super(ACompCor, self).__init__(*args, **kwargs)
+        super().__init__(*args, **kwargs)
         self._header = "aCompCor"
 
 
@@ -807,7 +806,7 @@ class TCompCorInputSpec(CompCorInputSpec):
 class TCompCorOutputSpec(CompCorOutputSpec):
     # and all the fields in CompCorOutputSpec
     high_variance_masks = OutputMultiPath(
-        File(exists=True), desc=(("voxels exceeding the variance" " threshold"))
+        File(exists=True), desc=("voxels exceeding the variance" " threshold")
     )
 
 
@@ -832,7 +831,7 @@ class TCompCor(CompCor):
 
     def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
         """exactly the same as compcor except the header"""
-        super(TCompCor, self).__init__(*args, **kwargs)
+        super().__init__(*args, **kwargs)
         self._header = "tCompCor"
         self._mask_files = []
 
@@ -854,7 +853,7 @@ def _process_masks(self, mask_images, timeseries=None):
             out_image = nb.Nifti1Image(mask_data, affine=img.affine, header=img.header)
 
             # save mask
-            mask_file = os.path.abspath("mask_{:03d}.nii.gz".format(i))
+            mask_file = os.path.abspath(f"mask_{i:03d}.nii.gz")
             out_image.to_filename(mask_file)
             IFLOGGER.debug(
                 "tCompcor computed and saved mask of shape %s to " "mask_file %s",
@@ -866,7 +865,7 @@ def _process_masks(self, mask_images, timeseries=None):
         return out_images
 
     def _list_outputs(self):
-        outputs = super(TCompCor, self)._list_outputs()
+        outputs = super()._list_outputs()
         outputs["high_variance_masks"] = self._mask_files
         return outputs
 
@@ -1136,7 +1135,7 @@ def plot_confound(tseries, figsize, name, units=None, series_tr=None, normalize=
 
     xlabel = "Frame #"
     if series_tr is not None:
-        xlabel = "Frame # ({} sec TR)".format(series_tr)
+        xlabel = f"Frame # ({series_tr} sec TR)"
     ax.set_xlabel(xlabel)
     ylim = ax.get_ylim()
 
@@ -1280,17 +1279,15 @@ def combine_mask_files(mask_files, mask_method=None, mask_index=None):
                 mask_index = 0
             else:
                 raise ValueError(
-                    (
-                        "When more than one mask file is provided, "
-                        "one of merge_method or mask_index must be "
-                        "set"
-                    )
+                    "When more than one mask file is provided, "
+                    "one of merge_method or mask_index must be "
+                    "set"
                 )
         if mask_index < len(mask_files):
             mask = nb.load(mask_files[mask_index])
             return [mask]
         raise ValueError(
-            ("mask_index {0} must be less than number of mask " "files {1}").format(
+            ("mask_index {} must be less than number of mask " "files {}").format(
                 mask_index, len(mask_files)
             )
         )
diff --git a/nipype/algorithms/icc.py b/nipype/algorithms/icc.py
index 8e5c6b150c..2ea5f43d87 100644
--- a/nipype/algorithms/icc.py
+++ b/nipype/algorithms/icc.py
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 import os
 from functools import lru_cache
 import numpy as np
diff --git a/nipype/algorithms/mesh.py b/nipype/algorithms/mesh.py
index 188cc3ec7c..d5a3b8a5b7 100644
--- a/nipype/algorithms/mesh.py
+++ b/nipype/algorithms/mesh.py
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 # emacs: -*- mode: python; py-indent-offset: 4; indent-tabs-mode: nil -*-
 # vi: set ft=python sts=4 ts=4 sw=4 et:
 """
@@ -30,7 +29,7 @@ class TVTKBaseInterface(BaseInterface):
     def __init__(self, **inputs):
         if VTKInfo.no_tvtk():
             raise ImportError("This interface requires tvtk to run.")
-        super(TVTKBaseInterface, self).__init__(**inputs)
+        super().__init__(**inputs)
 
 
 class WarpPointsInputSpec(BaseInterfaceInputSpec):
@@ -92,7 +91,7 @@ def _gen_fname(self, in_file, suffix="generated", ext=None):
 
         if ext[0] == ".":
             ext = ext[1:]
-        return op.abspath("%s_%s.%s" % (fname, suffix, ext))
+        return op.abspath(f"{fname}_{suffix}.{ext}")
 
     def _run_interface(self, runtime):
         import nibabel as nb
@@ -423,7 +422,7 @@ class P2PDistance(ComputeMeshWarp):
     """
 
     def __init__(self, **inputs):
-        super(P2PDistance, self).__init__(**inputs)
+        super().__init__(**inputs)
         IFLOGGER.warning(
             "This interface has been deprecated since 1.0, please "
             "use ComputeMeshWarp"
diff --git a/nipype/algorithms/metrics.py b/nipype/algorithms/metrics.py
index 155598bcd3..1cbcce9409 100644
--- a/nipype/algorithms/metrics.py
+++ b/nipype/algorithms/metrics.py
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 # emacs: -*- mode: python; py-indent-offset: 4; indent-tabs-mode: nil -*-
 # vi: set ft=python sts=4 ts=4 sw=4 et:
 """
diff --git a/nipype/algorithms/misc.py b/nipype/algorithms/misc.py
index 839696144e..0c715a8c77 100644
--- a/nipype/algorithms/misc.py
+++ b/nipype/algorithms/misc.py
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 # emacs: -*- mode: python; py-indent-offset: 4; indent-tabs-mode: nil -*-
 # vi: set ft=python sts=4 ts=4 sw=4 et:
 """Miscellaneous algorithms."""
@@ -494,7 +493,7 @@ def merge_csvs(in_list):
             try:
                 in_array = np.loadtxt(in_file, delimiter=",", skiprows=1)
             except ValueError:
-                with open(in_file, "r") as first:
+                with open(in_file) as first:
                     header_line = first.readline()
 
                 header_list = header_line.split(",")
@@ -671,7 +670,7 @@ def _run_interface(self, runtime):
             iflogger.info(
                 'Row headings have been provided. Adding "labels"' "column header."
             )
-            prefix = '"{p}","'.format(p=self.inputs.row_heading_title)
+            prefix = f'"{self.inputs.row_heading_title}","'
             csv_headings = prefix + '","'.join(itertools.chain(headings)) + '"\n'
             rowheadingsBool = True
         else:
@@ -772,7 +771,7 @@ class AddCSVColumn(BaseInterface):
     output_spec = AddCSVColumnOutputSpec
 
     def _run_interface(self, runtime):
-        in_file = open(self.inputs.in_file, "r")
+        in_file = open(self.inputs.in_file)
         _, name, ext = split_filename(self.inputs.out_file)
         if not ext == ".csv":
             ext = ".csv"
@@ -808,12 +807,12 @@ class AddCSVRowInputSpec(DynamicTraitedSpec, BaseInterfaceInputSpec):
     def __setattr__(self, key, value):
         if key not in self.copyable_trait_names():
             if not isdefined(value):
-                super(AddCSVRowInputSpec, self).__setattr__(key, value)
+                super().__setattr__(key, value)
             self._outputs[key] = value
         else:
             if key in self._outputs:
                 self._outputs[key] = value
-            super(AddCSVRowInputSpec, self).__setattr__(key, value)
+            super().__setattr__(key, value)
 
 
 class AddCSVRowOutputSpec(TraitedSpec):
@@ -850,7 +849,7 @@ class AddCSVRow(BaseInterface):
     output_spec = AddCSVRowOutputSpec
 
     def __init__(self, infields=None, force_run=True, **kwargs):
-        super(AddCSVRow, self).__init__(**kwargs)
+        super().__init__(**kwargs)
         undefined_traits = {}
         self._infields = infields
         self._have_lock = False
@@ -882,10 +881,8 @@ def _run_interface(self, runtime):
             from warnings import warn
 
             warn(
-                (
-                    "Python module filelock was not found: AddCSVRow will not be"
-                    " thread-safe in multi-processor execution"
-                )
+                "Python module filelock was not found: AddCSVRow will not be"
+                " thread-safe in multi-processor execution"
             )
 
         input_dict = {}
@@ -926,7 +923,7 @@ def _list_outputs(self):
         return outputs
 
     def _outputs(self):
-        return self._add_output_traits(super(AddCSVRow, self)._outputs())
+        return self._add_output_traits(super()._outputs())
 
     def _add_output_traits(self, base):
         return base
@@ -1070,7 +1067,7 @@ def _run_interface(self, runtime):
     def _gen_output_filename(self):
         if not isdefined(self.inputs.out_file):
             _, base, ext = split_filename(self.inputs.in_file)
-            out_file = os.path.abspath("%s_SNR%03.2f%s" % (base, self.inputs.snr, ext))
+            out_file = os.path.abspath(f"{base}_SNR{self.inputs.snr:03.2f}{ext}")
         else:
             out_file = self.inputs.out_file
 
@@ -1121,7 +1118,7 @@ def gen_noise(self, image, mask=None, snr_db=10.0, dist="normal", bg_dist="norma
             im_noise = np.sqrt((image + stde_1) ** 2 + (stde_2) ** 2)
         else:
             raise NotImplementedError(
-                ("Only normal and rician distributions " "are supported")
+                "Only normal and rician distributions " "are supported"
             )
 
         return im_noise
@@ -1547,7 +1544,7 @@ class CalculateMedian(BaseInterface):
     output_spec = CalculateMedianOutputSpec
 
     def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
-        super(CalculateMedian, self).__init__(*args, **kwargs)
+        super().__init__(*args, **kwargs)
         self._median_files = []
 
     def _gen_fname(self, suffix, idx=None, ext=None):
@@ -1569,10 +1566,10 @@ def _gen_fname(self, suffix, idx=None, ext=None):
         if self.inputs.median_file:
             outname = self.inputs.median_file
         else:
-            outname = "{}_{}".format(fname, suffix)
+            outname = f"{fname}_{suffix}"
         if idx:
             outname += str(idx)
-        return op.abspath("{}.{}".format(outname, ext))
+        return op.abspath(f"{outname}.{ext}")
 
     def _run_interface(self, runtime):
         total = None
diff --git a/nipype/algorithms/modelgen.py b/nipype/algorithms/modelgen.py
index afd6841c59..4ab54ef7e9 100644
--- a/nipype/algorithms/modelgen.py
+++ b/nipype/algorithms/modelgen.py
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 # emacs: -*- mode: python; py-indent-offset: 4; indent-tabs-mode: nil -*-
 # vi: set ft=python sts=4 ts=4 sw=4 et:
 """
@@ -167,7 +166,7 @@ def bids_gen_info(
             condition_column = "_trial_type"
             for i in events:
                 i.update({condition_column: "ev0"})
-        conditions = sorted(set([i[condition_column] for i in events]))
+        conditions = sorted({i[condition_column] for i in events})
         runinfo = Bunch(conditions=[], onsets=[], durations=[], amplitudes=[])
         for condition in conditions:
             selected_events = [i for i in events if i[condition_column] == condition]
@@ -488,7 +487,7 @@ def _generate_design(self, infolist=None):
             for filename in self.inputs.outlier_files:
                 try:
                     outindices = np.loadtxt(filename, dtype=int)
-                except IOError:
+                except OSError:
                     outliers.append([])
                 else:
                     if outindices.size == 1:
@@ -616,8 +615,8 @@ def _concatenate_info(self, infolist):
                     else:
                         raise ValueError(
                             "Mismatch in number of onsets and \
-                                          durations for run {0}, condition \
-                                          {1}".format(
+                                          durations for run {}, condition \
+                                          {}".format(
                                 i + 2, j + 1
                             )
                         )
@@ -651,7 +650,7 @@ def _generate_design(self, infolist=None):
             not isdefined(self.inputs.concatenate_runs)
             or not self.inputs.concatenate_runs
         ):
-            super(SpecifySPMModel, self)._generate_design(infolist=infolist)
+            super()._generate_design(infolist=infolist)
             return
 
         if isdefined(self.inputs.subject_info):
@@ -682,7 +681,7 @@ def _generate_design(self, infolist=None):
             for i, filename in enumerate(self.inputs.outlier_files):
                 try:
                     out = np.loadtxt(filename)
-                except IOError:
+                except OSError:
                     iflogger.warning("Error reading outliers file %s", filename)
                     out = np.array([])
 
@@ -789,7 +788,7 @@ def _gen_regress(self, i_onsets, i_durations, i_amplitudes, nscans):
         dt = TA / 10.0
         durations = np.round(np.array(i_durations) * 1000)
         if len(durations) == 1:
-            durations = durations * np.ones((len(i_onsets)))
+            durations = durations * np.ones(len(i_onsets))
         onsets = np.round(np.array(i_onsets) * 1000)
         dttemp = math.gcd(TA, math.gcd(SILENCE, TR))
         if dt < dttemp:
@@ -801,8 +800,8 @@ def _gen_regress(self, i_onsets, i_durations, i_amplitudes, nscans):
         iflogger.info("Setting dt = %d ms\n", dt)
         npts = int(np.ceil(total_time / dt))
         times = np.arange(0, total_time, dt) * 1e-3
-        timeline = np.zeros((npts))
-        timeline2 = np.zeros((npts))
+        timeline = np.zeros(npts)
+        timeline2 = np.zeros(npts)
         if isdefined(self.inputs.model_hrf) and self.inputs.model_hrf:
             hrf = spm_hrf(dt * 1e-3)
         reg_scale = 1.0
@@ -839,7 +838,7 @@ def _gen_regress(self, i_onsets, i_durations, i_amplitudes, nscans):
             if not self.inputs.stimuli_as_impulses:
                 if durations[i] == 0:
                     durations[i] = TA * nvol
-                stimdur = np.ones((int(durations[i] / dt)))
+                stimdur = np.ones(int(durations[i] / dt))
                 timeline2 = np.convolve(timeline2, stimdur)[0 : len(timeline2)]
             timeline += timeline2
             timeline2[:] = 0
@@ -866,7 +865,7 @@ def _gen_regress(self, i_onsets, i_durations, i_amplitudes, nscans):
             ):
                 plt.plot(times, timederiv)
         # sample timeline
-        timeline2 = np.zeros((npts))
+        timeline2 = np.zeros(npts)
         reg = []
         regderiv = []
         for i, trial in enumerate(np.arange(nscans) / nvol):
@@ -977,7 +976,7 @@ def _generate_design(self, infolist=None):
         else:
             infolist = gen_info(self.inputs.event_files)
         sparselist = self._generate_clustered_design(infolist)
-        super(SpecifySparseModel, self)._generate_design(infolist=sparselist)
+        super()._generate_design(infolist=sparselist)
 
     def _list_outputs(self):
         outputs = self._outputs().get()
diff --git a/nipype/algorithms/rapidart.py b/nipype/algorithms/rapidart.py
index e764dc9243..3c3a481d11 100644
--- a/nipype/algorithms/rapidart.py
+++ b/nipype/algorithms/rapidart.py
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 # emacs: -*- mode: python; py-indent-offset: 4; indent-tabs-mode: nil -*-
 # vi: set ft=python sts=4 ts=4 sw=4 et:
 """
@@ -378,7 +377,7 @@ class ArtifactDetect(BaseInterface):
     output_spec = ArtifactDetectOutputSpec
 
     def __init__(self, **inputs):
-        super(ArtifactDetect, self).__init__(**inputs)
+        super().__init__(**inputs)
 
     def _get_output_filenames(self, motionfile, output_dir):
         """Generate output files based on motion filenames
diff --git a/nipype/algorithms/stats.py b/nipype/algorithms/stats.py
index 29ce8d6be4..9fadd6fcf3 100644
--- a/nipype/algorithms/stats.py
+++ b/nipype/algorithms/stats.py
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 # emacs: -*- mode: python; py-indent-offset: 4; indent-tabs-mode: nil -*-
 # vi: set ft=python sts=4 ts=4 sw=4 et:
 """
diff --git a/nipype/algorithms/tests/__init__.py b/nipype/algorithms/tests/__init__.py
index 99fb243f19..349937997e 100644
--- a/nipype/algorithms/tests/__init__.py
+++ b/nipype/algorithms/tests/__init__.py
@@ -1,3 +1,2 @@
-# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 # emacs: -*- mode: python; py-indent-offset: 4; indent-tabs-mode: nil -*-
 # vi: set ft=python sts=4 ts=4 sw=4 et:
diff --git a/nipype/algorithms/tests/test_CompCor.py b/nipype/algorithms/tests/test_CompCor.py
index 51b1ea60f7..60e1ba34b2 100644
--- a/nipype/algorithms/tests/test_CompCor.py
+++ b/nipype/algorithms/tests/test_CompCor.py
@@ -261,7 +261,7 @@ def run_cc(
         assert os.path.exists(expected_file)
         assert os.path.getsize(expected_file) > 0
 
-        with open(ccresult.outputs.components_file, "r") as components_file:
+        with open(ccresult.outputs.components_file) as components_file:
             header = components_file.readline().rstrip().split("\t")
             components_data = np.loadtxt(components_file, delimiter="\t")
 
@@ -283,7 +283,7 @@ def run_cc(
             assert os.path.exists(expected_metadata_file)
             assert os.path.getsize(expected_metadata_file) > 0
 
-            with open(ccresult.outputs.metadata_file, "r") as metadata_file:
+            with open(ccresult.outputs.metadata_file) as metadata_file:
                 components_metadata = [
                     line.rstrip().split("\t") for line in metadata_file
                 ]
diff --git a/nipype/algorithms/tests/test_ErrorMap.py b/nipype/algorithms/tests/test_ErrorMap.py
index faae860a5a..c1b3f1cac8 100644
--- a/nipype/algorithms/tests/test_ErrorMap.py
+++ b/nipype/algorithms/tests/test_ErrorMap.py
@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
 #!/usr/bin/env python
-# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 
 import pytest
 from nipype.testing import example_data
diff --git a/nipype/algorithms/tests/test_Overlap.py b/nipype/algorithms/tests/test_Overlap.py
index ea3b5a3f5d..ee3900e82e 100644
--- a/nipype/algorithms/tests/test_Overlap.py
+++ b/nipype/algorithms/tests/test_Overlap.py
@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
 #!/usr/bin/env python
-# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 # emacs: -*- mode: python; py-indent-offset: 4; indent-tabs-mode: nil -*-
 # vi: set ft=python sts=4 ts=4 sw=4 et:
 
diff --git a/nipype/algorithms/tests/test_confounds.py b/nipype/algorithms/tests/test_confounds.py
index 29f18c9221..9698b6d2c1 100644
--- a/nipype/algorithms/tests/test_confounds.py
+++ b/nipype/algorithms/tests/test_confounds.py
@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
 #!/usr/bin/env python
-# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 import os
 
 import pytest
diff --git a/nipype/algorithms/tests/test_icc_anova.py b/nipype/algorithms/tests/test_icc_anova.py
index bd0fe3525b..34e8c5c3e9 100644
--- a/nipype/algorithms/tests/test_icc_anova.py
+++ b/nipype/algorithms/tests/test_icc_anova.py
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 import numpy as np
 from nipype.algorithms.icc import ICC_rep_anova
 
diff --git a/nipype/algorithms/tests/test_mesh_ops.py b/nipype/algorithms/tests/test_mesh_ops.py
index 8be59e08c0..484925ddbb 100644
--- a/nipype/algorithms/tests/test_mesh_ops.py
+++ b/nipype/algorithms/tests/test_mesh_ops.py
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
-# coding: utf-8
 # emacs: -*- mode: python; py-indent-offset: 4; indent-tabs-mode: nil -*-
 # vi: set ft=python sts=4 ts=4 sw=4 et:
 
diff --git a/nipype/algorithms/tests/test_modelgen.py b/nipype/algorithms/tests/test_modelgen.py
index 5931fd894e..9bc0e8376d 100644
--- a/nipype/algorithms/tests/test_modelgen.py
+++ b/nipype/algorithms/tests/test_modelgen.py
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 # emacs: -*- mode: python; py-indent-offset: 4; indent-tabs-mode: nil -*-
 # vi: set ft=python sts=4 ts=4 sw=4 et:
 
diff --git a/nipype/algorithms/tests/test_moments.py b/nipype/algorithms/tests/test_moments.py
index 91e6313193..6fe60c4e61 100644
--- a/nipype/algorithms/tests/test_moments.py
+++ b/nipype/algorithms/tests/test_moments.py
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 import numpy as np
 from nipype.algorithms.misc import calc_moments
 
diff --git a/nipype/algorithms/tests/test_normalize_tpms.py b/nipype/algorithms/tests/test_normalize_tpms.py
index 99aa5950ae..5f3f2456ca 100644
--- a/nipype/algorithms/tests/test_normalize_tpms.py
+++ b/nipype/algorithms/tests/test_normalize_tpms.py
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
-# coding: utf-8
 # emacs: -*- mode: python; py-indent-offset: 4; indent-tabs-mode: nil -*-
 # vi: set ft=python sts=4 ts=4 sw=4 et:
 
diff --git a/nipype/algorithms/tests/test_rapidart.py b/nipype/algorithms/tests/test_rapidart.py
index fdf0716805..322d32ad2e 100644
--- a/nipype/algorithms/tests/test_rapidart.py
+++ b/nipype/algorithms/tests/test_rapidart.py
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 # emacs: -*- mode: python; py-indent-offset: 4; indent-tabs-mode: nil -*-
 # vi: set ft=python sts=4 ts=4 sw=4 et:
 import numpy as np
diff --git a/nipype/algorithms/tests/test_splitmerge.py b/nipype/algorithms/tests/test_splitmerge.py
index 3060ef0611..5a8f098c18 100644
--- a/nipype/algorithms/tests/test_splitmerge.py
+++ b/nipype/algorithms/tests/test_splitmerge.py
@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
 #!/usr/bin/env python
-# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 
 from nipype.testing import example_data
 
diff --git a/nipype/algorithms/tests/test_stats.py b/nipype/algorithms/tests/test_stats.py
index 752fadf307..ed698d47cf 100644
--- a/nipype/algorithms/tests/test_stats.py
+++ b/nipype/algorithms/tests/test_stats.py
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 # emacs: -*- mode: python; py-indent-offset: 4; indent-tabs-mode: nil -*-
 # vi: set ft=python sts=4 ts=4 sw=4 et:
 
@@ -10,7 +9,7 @@
 
 def test_ActivationCount(tmpdir):
     tmpdir.chdir()
-    in_files = ["{:d}.nii".format(i) for i in range(3)]
+    in_files = [f"{i:d}.nii" for i in range(3)]
     for fname in in_files:
         nb.Nifti1Image(np.random.normal(size=(5, 5, 5)), np.eye(4)).to_filename(fname)
 
@@ -32,7 +31,7 @@ def test_ActivationCount(tmpdir):
 )
 def test_ActivationCount_normaldistr(tmpdir, threshold, above_thresh):
     tmpdir.chdir()
-    in_files = ["{:d}.nii".format(i) for i in range(3)]
+    in_files = [f"{i:d}.nii" for i in range(3)]
     for fname in in_files:
         nb.Nifti1Image(np.random.normal(size=(100, 100, 100)), np.eye(4)).to_filename(
             fname
diff --git a/nipype/caching/__init__.py b/nipype/caching/__init__.py
index 1e99ed4428..db0261ebea 100644
--- a/nipype/caching/__init__.py
+++ b/nipype/caching/__init__.py
@@ -1,2 +1 @@
-# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 from .memory import Memory
diff --git a/nipype/caching/memory.py b/nipype/caching/memory.py
index d2946710f1..c941b48b41 100644
--- a/nipype/caching/memory.py
+++ b/nipype/caching/memory.py
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 """
 Using nipype with persistence and lazy recomputation but without explicit
 name-steps pipeline: getting back scope in command-line based programming.
@@ -18,7 +17,7 @@
 # PipeFunc object: callable interface to nipype.interface objects
 
 
-class PipeFunc(object):
+class PipeFunc:
     """Callable interface to nipype.interface objects
 
     Use this to wrap nipype.interface object and call them
@@ -53,7 +52,7 @@ def __init__(self, interface, base_dir, callback=None):
         if not os.path.exists(base_dir) and os.path.isdir(base_dir):
             raise ValueError("base_dir should be an existing directory")
         self.base_dir = base_dir
-        doc = "%s\n%s" % (self.interface.__doc__, self.interface.help(returnhelp=True))
+        doc = f"{self.interface.__doc__}\n{self.interface.help(returnhelp=True)}"
         self.__doc__ = doc
         self.callback = callback
 
@@ -66,7 +65,7 @@ def __call__(self, **kwargs):
         inputs = interface.inputs.get_hashval()
         hasher = hashlib.new("md5")
         hasher.update(pickle.dumps(inputs))
-        dir_name = "%s-%s" % (
+        dir_name = "{}-{}".format(
             interface.__class__.__module__.replace(".", "-"),
             interface.__class__.__name__,
         )
@@ -103,7 +102,7 @@ def read_log(filename, run_dict=None):
     if run_dict is None:
         run_dict = dict()
 
-    with open(filename, "r") as logfile:
+    with open(filename) as logfile:
         for line in logfile:
             dir_name, job_name = line[:-1].split("/")
             jobs = run_dict.get(dir_name, set())
@@ -137,7 +136,7 @@ def rm_all_but(base_dir, dirs_to_keep, warn=False):
             shutil.rmtree(dir_name)
 
 
-class _MemoryCallback(object):
+class _MemoryCallback:
     "An object to avoid closures and have everything pickle"
 
     def __init__(self, memory):
@@ -147,7 +146,7 @@ def __call__(self, dir_name, job_name):
         self.memory._log_name(dir_name, job_name)
 
 
-class Memory(object):
+class Memory:
     """Memory context to provide caching for interfaces
 
     Parameters
@@ -224,7 +223,7 @@ def _log_name(self, dir_name, job_name):
         # immediately to avoid race conditions in parallel computing:
         # file appends are atomic
         with open(os.path.join(base_dir, "log.current"), "a") as currentlog:
-            currentlog.write("%s/%s\n" % (dir_name, job_name))
+            currentlog.write(f"{dir_name}/{job_name}\n")
 
         t = time.localtime()
         year_dir = os.path.join(base_dir, "log.%i" % t.tm_year)
@@ -239,7 +238,7 @@ def _log_name(self, dir_name, job_name):
             "Dir exists"
 
         with open(os.path.join(month_dir, "%02i.log" % t.tm_mday), "a") as rotatefile:
-            rotatefile.write("%s/%s\n" % (dir_name, job_name))
+            rotatefile.write(f"{dir_name}/{job_name}\n")
 
     def clear_previous_runs(self, warn=True):
         """Remove all the cache that where not used in the latest run of
@@ -295,4 +294,4 @@ def _clear_all_but(self, runs, warn=True):
             rm_all_but(os.path.join(self.base_dir, dir_name), job_names, warn=warn)
 
     def __repr__(self):
-        return "{}(base_dir={})".format(self.__class__.__name__, self.base_dir)
+        return f"{self.__class__.__name__}(base_dir={self.base_dir})"
diff --git a/nipype/caching/tests/__init__.py b/nipype/caching/tests/__init__.py
index 40a96afc6f..e69de29bb2 100644
--- a/nipype/caching/tests/__init__.py
+++ b/nipype/caching/tests/__init__.py
@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
diff --git a/nipype/caching/tests/test_memory.py b/nipype/caching/tests/test_memory.py
index ef80869f03..5bd9fad528 100644
--- a/nipype/caching/tests/test_memory.py
+++ b/nipype/caching/tests/test_memory.py
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 """ Test the nipype interface caching mechanism
 """
 
@@ -16,7 +15,7 @@ class SideEffectInterface(EngineTestInterface):
     def _run_interface(self, runtime):
         global nb_runs
         nb_runs += 1
-        return super(SideEffectInterface, self)._run_interface(runtime)
+        return super()._run_interface(runtime)
 
 
 def test_caching(tmpdir):
diff --git a/nipype/external/__init__.py b/nipype/external/__init__.py
index 40a96afc6f..e69de29bb2 100644
--- a/nipype/external/__init__.py
+++ b/nipype/external/__init__.py
@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
diff --git a/nipype/external/cloghandler.py b/nipype/external/cloghandler.py
index c861654990..1ac2081c91 100644
--- a/nipype/external/cloghandler.py
+++ b/nipype/external/cloghandler.py
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 # Copyright 2008 Lowell Alleman
 #
 #   Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License"); you may not
@@ -40,7 +39,6 @@
 
 """
 
-from builtins import range
 
 __version__ = "$Id: cloghandler.py 6175 2009-11-02 18:40:35Z lowell $"
 __author__ = "Lowell Alleman"
@@ -191,7 +189,7 @@ def release(self):
                 self.stream.flush()
                 if self._rotateFailed:
                     self.stream.close()
-        except IOError:
+        except OSError:
             if self._rotateFailed:
                 self.stream.close()
         finally:
@@ -266,7 +264,7 @@ def doRollover(self):
             try:
                 # Do a rename test to determine if we can successfully rename the log file
                 os.rename(self.baseFilename, tmpname)
-            except (IOError, OSError):
+            except OSError:
                 exc_value = sys.exc_info()[1]
                 self._degrade(
                     True, "rename failed.  File in use?  " "exception=%s", exc_value
@@ -319,7 +317,7 @@ def _shouldRollover(self):
         if self.maxBytes > 0:  # are we rolling over?
             try:
                 self.stream.seek(0, 2)  # due to non-posix-compliant Windows feature
-            except IOError:
+            except OSError:
                 return True
             if self.stream.tell() >= self.maxBytes:
                 return True
diff --git a/nipype/external/due.py b/nipype/external/due.py
index fc436d5d45..47a0ae4e0f 100644
--- a/nipype/external/due.py
+++ b/nipype/external/due.py
@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@
 __version__ = "0.0.5"
 
 
-class InactiveDueCreditCollector(object):
+class InactiveDueCreditCollector:
     """Just a stub at the Collector which would not do anything"""
 
     def _donothing(self, *args, **kwargs):
@@ -45,7 +45,7 @@ def nondecorating_decorator(func):
     cite = load = add = _donothing
 
     def __repr__(self):
-        return "{}()".format(self.__class__.__name__)
+        return f"{self.__class__.__name__}()"
 
 
 def _donothing_func(*args, **kwargs):
diff --git a/nipype/external/fsl_imglob.py b/nipype/external/fsl_imglob.py
index 3707e4750d..3f131c33b3 100755
--- a/nipype/external/fsl_imglob.py
+++ b/nipype/external/fsl_imglob.py
@@ -65,7 +65,6 @@
 #   innovation@isis.ox.ac.uk quoting reference DE/9564.
 import sys
 import glob
-from builtins import range
 
 
 def usage():
diff --git a/nipype/info.py b/nipype/info.py
index 1a040830dc..192ba4368f 100644
--- a/nipype/info.py
+++ b/nipype/info.py
@@ -45,7 +45,7 @@ def get_nipype_gitversion():
 if __version__.endswith("-dev"):
     gitversion = get_nipype_gitversion()
     if gitversion:
-        __version__ = "{}+{}".format(__version__, gitversion)
+        __version__ = f"{__version__}+{gitversion}"
 
 CLASSIFIERS = [
     "Development Status :: 5 - Production/Stable",
diff --git a/nipype/interfaces/__init__.py b/nipype/interfaces/__init__.py
index fe1bf9c9e5..d72a463882 100644
--- a/nipype/interfaces/__init__.py
+++ b/nipype/interfaces/__init__.py
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 # emacs: -*- mode: python; py-indent-offset: 4; indent-tabs-mode: nil -*-
 # vi: set ft=python sts=4 ts=4 sw=4 et:
 """
diff --git a/nipype/interfaces/afni/__init__.py b/nipype/interfaces/afni/__init__.py
index 3629090ac0..7e6df345bc 100644
--- a/nipype/interfaces/afni/__init__.py
+++ b/nipype/interfaces/afni/__init__.py
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 # emacs: -*- mode: python; py-indent-offset: 4; indent-tabs-mode: nil -*-
 # vi: set ft=python sts=4 ts=4 sw=4 et:
 """
diff --git a/nipype/interfaces/afni/base.py b/nipype/interfaces/afni/base.py
index e3b910f8c5..3dcf209428 100644
--- a/nipype/interfaces/afni/base.py
+++ b/nipype/interfaces/afni/base.py
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 # emacs: -*- mode: python; py-indent-offset: 4; indent-tabs-mode: nil -*-
 # vi: set ft=python sts=4 ts=4 sw=4 et:
 """Provide a base interface to AFNI commands."""
@@ -123,9 +122,7 @@ class AFNICommandBase(CommandLine):
     def _run_interface(self, runtime, correct_return_codes=(0,)):
         if platform == "darwin":
             runtime.environ["DYLD_FALLBACK_LIBRARY_PATH"] = "/usr/local/afni/"
-        return super(AFNICommandBase, self)._run_interface(
-            runtime, correct_return_codes
-        )
+        return super()._run_interface(runtime, correct_return_codes)
 
 
 class AFNICommandInputSpec(CommandLineInputSpec):
@@ -213,7 +210,7 @@ def set_default_output_type(cls, outputtype):
 
     def __init__(self, **inputs):
         """Instantiate an AFNI command tool wrapper."""
-        super(AFNICommand, self).__init__(**inputs)
+        super().__init__(**inputs)
         self.inputs.on_trait_change(self._output_update, "outputtype")
 
         if hasattr(self.inputs, "num_threads"):
@@ -248,7 +245,7 @@ def _overload_extension(self, value, name=None):
         )
 
     def _list_outputs(self):
-        outputs = super(AFNICommand, self)._list_outputs()
+        outputs = super()._list_outputs()
         metadata = dict(name_source=lambda t: t is not None)
         out_names = list(self.inputs.traits(**metadata).keys())
         if out_names:
@@ -318,13 +315,13 @@ class AFNIPythonCommand(AFNICommand):
     @property
     def cmd(self):
         """Revise the command path."""
-        orig_cmd = super(AFNIPythonCommand, self).cmd
+        orig_cmd = super().cmd
         found = shutil.which(orig_cmd)
         return found if found is not None else orig_cmd
 
     @property
     def _cmd_prefix(self):
-        return "{} ".format(self.inputs.py27_path)
+        return f"{self.inputs.py27_path} "
 
 
 def no_afni():
diff --git a/nipype/interfaces/afni/model.py b/nipype/interfaces/afni/model.py
index 1235f8afff..3eb9358811 100644
--- a/nipype/interfaces/afni/model.py
+++ b/nipype/interfaces/afni/model.py
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 # emacs: -*- mode: python; py-indent-offset: 4; indent-tabs-mode: nil -*-
 # vi: set ft = python sts = 4 ts = 4 sw = 4 et:
 """
@@ -305,7 +304,7 @@ def _format_arg(self, name, trait_spec, value):
                 if val.startswith("SYM: "):
                     value[n] = val.lstrip("SYM: ")
 
-        return super(Deconvolve, self)._format_arg(name, trait_spec, value)
+        return super()._format_arg(name, trait_spec, value)
 
     def _parse_inputs(self, skip=None):
         if skip is None:
@@ -317,7 +316,7 @@ def _parse_inputs(self, skip=None):
         if not isdefined(self.inputs.out_file):
             self.inputs.out_file = "Decon.nii"
 
-        return super(Deconvolve, self)._parse_inputs(skip)
+        return super()._parse_inputs(skip)
 
     def _list_outputs(self):
         outputs = self.output_spec().get()
@@ -637,7 +636,7 @@ class Remlfit(AFNICommand):
     def _parse_inputs(self, skip=None):
         if skip is None:
             skip = []
-        return super(Remlfit, self)._parse_inputs(skip)
+        return super()._parse_inputs(skip)
 
     def _list_outputs(self):
         outputs = self.output_spec().get()
diff --git a/nipype/interfaces/afni/preprocess.py b/nipype/interfaces/afni/preprocess.py
index 0eec60cd62..819ce663b4 100644
--- a/nipype/interfaces/afni/preprocess.py
+++ b/nipype/interfaces/afni/preprocess.py
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 # emacs: -*- mode: python; py-indent-offset: 4; indent-tabs-mode: nil -*-
 # vi: set ft=python sts=4 ts=4 sw=4 et:
 """AFNI preprocessing interfaces."""
@@ -584,7 +583,7 @@ class Allineate(AFNICommand):
     output_spec = AllineateOutputSpec
 
     def _list_outputs(self):
-        outputs = super(Allineate, self)._list_outputs()
+        outputs = super()._list_outputs()
 
         if self.inputs.out_weight_file:
             outputs["out_weight_file"] = op.abspath(self.inputs.out_weight_file)
@@ -1140,7 +1139,7 @@ def aggregate_outputs(self, runtime=None, needed_outputs=None):
         if runtime is None:
             try:
                 clip_val = load_json(outfile)["stat"]
-            except IOError:
+            except OSError:
                 return self.run().outputs
         else:
             clip_val = []
@@ -1217,7 +1216,7 @@ class DegreeCentrality(AFNICommand):
     # Re-define generated inputs
     def _list_outputs(self):
         # Update outputs dictionary if oned file is defined
-        outputs = super(DegreeCentrality, self)._list_outputs()
+        outputs = super()._list_outputs()
         if self.inputs.oned_file:
             outputs["oned_file"] = os.path.abspath(self.inputs.oned_file)
 
@@ -1554,7 +1553,7 @@ class Hist(AFNICommandBase):
     _redirect_x = True
 
     def __init__(self, **inputs):
-        super(Hist, self).__init__(**inputs)
+        super().__init__(**inputs)
         if not no_afni():
             version = Info.version()
 
@@ -1567,10 +1566,10 @@ def _parse_inputs(self, skip=None):
             if skip is None:
                 skip = []
             skip += ["out_show"]
-        return super(Hist, self)._parse_inputs(skip=skip)
+        return super()._parse_inputs(skip=skip)
 
     def _list_outputs(self):
-        outputs = super(Hist, self)._list_outputs()
+        outputs = super()._list_outputs()
         outputs["out_file"] += ".niml.hist"
         if not self.inputs.showhist:
             outputs["out_show"] = Undefined
@@ -1833,12 +1832,10 @@ def _parse_inputs(self, skip=None):
 
         if not self.inputs.save_outliers:
             skip += ["outliers_file"]
-        return super(OutlierCount, self)._parse_inputs(skip)
+        return super()._parse_inputs(skip)
 
     def _run_interface(self, runtime, correct_return_codes=(0,)):
-        runtime = super(OutlierCount, self)._run_interface(
-            runtime, correct_return_codes
-        )
+        runtime = super()._run_interface(runtime, correct_return_codes)
 
         # Read from runtime.stdout or runtime.merged
         with open(op.abspath(self.inputs.out_file), "w") as outfh:
@@ -2106,7 +2103,7 @@ def _format_arg(self, name, trait_spec, value):
         }
         if name == "stat":
             value = [_stat_dict[v] for v in value]
-        return super(ROIStats, self)._format_arg(name, trait_spec, value)
+        return super()._format_arg(name, trait_spec, value)
 
 
 class RetroicorInputSpec(AFNICommandInputSpec):
@@ -2206,7 +2203,7 @@ def _format_arg(self, name, trait_spec, value):
         if name == "in_file":
             if not isdefined(self.inputs.card) and not isdefined(self.inputs.resp):
                 return None
-        return super(Retroicor, self)._format_arg(name, trait_spec, value)
+        return super()._format_arg(name, trait_spec, value)
 
 
 class SegInputSpec(CommandLineInputSpec):
@@ -2351,7 +2348,7 @@ class SkullStrip(AFNICommand):
     output_spec = AFNICommandOutputSpec
 
     def __init__(self, **inputs):
-        super(SkullStrip, self).__init__(**inputs)
+        super().__init__(**inputs)
 
         if not no_afni():
             v = Info.version()
@@ -2546,7 +2543,7 @@ def _format_arg(self, name, trait_spec, value):
         elif name == "histogram":
             return trait_spec.argstr % (self.inputs.histogram_bin_numbers, value)
         else:
-            return super(TCorrMap, self)._format_arg(name, trait_spec, value)
+            return super()._format_arg(name, trait_spec, value)
 
 
 class NetCorrInputSpec(AFNICommandInputSpec):
@@ -3287,7 +3284,7 @@ def _format_arg(self, name, trait_spec, value):
             )
         elif name == "slice_timing" and isinstance(value, list):
             value = self._write_slice_timing()
-        return super(TShift, self)._format_arg(name, trait_spec, value)
+        return super()._format_arg(name, trait_spec, value)
 
     def _write_slice_timing(self):
         slice_timing = list(self.inputs.slice_timing)
@@ -3300,7 +3297,7 @@ def _write_slice_timing(self):
         return fname
 
     def _list_outputs(self):
-        outputs = super(TShift, self)._list_outputs()
+        outputs = super()._list_outputs()
         if isdefined(self.inputs.slice_timing):
             if isinstance(self.inputs.slice_timing, list):
                 outputs["timing_file"] = os.path.abspath("slice_timing.1D")
@@ -3507,7 +3504,7 @@ class Volreg(AFNICommand):
     def _format_arg(self, name, trait_spec, value):
         if name == "in_weight_volume" and not isinstance(value, tuple):
             value = (value, 0)
-        return super(Volreg, self)._format_arg(name, trait_spec, value)
+        return super()._format_arg(name, trait_spec, value)
 
 
 class WarpInputSpec(AFNICommandInputSpec):
@@ -3603,17 +3600,17 @@ class Warp(AFNICommand):
     output_spec = WarpOutputSpec
 
     def _run_interface(self, runtime, correct_return_codes=(0,)):
-        runtime = super(Warp, self)._run_interface(runtime, correct_return_codes)
+        runtime = super()._run_interface(runtime, correct_return_codes)
 
         if self.inputs.save_warp:
             import numpy as np
 
             warp_file = self._list_outputs()["warp_file"]
-            np.savetxt(warp_file, [runtime.stdout], fmt=str("%s"))
+            np.savetxt(warp_file, [runtime.stdout], fmt="%s")
         return runtime
 
     def _list_outputs(self):
-        outputs = super(Warp, self)._list_outputs()
+        outputs = super()._list_outputs()
         if self.inputs.save_warp:
             outputs["warp_file"] = fname_presuffix(
                 outputs["out_file"], suffix="_transform.mat", use_ext=False
@@ -4367,7 +4364,7 @@ class Qwarp(AFNICommand):
     def _format_arg(self, name, trait_spec, value):
         if name == "allineate_opts":
             return trait_spec.argstr % ("'" + value + "'")
-        return super(Qwarp, self)._format_arg(name, trait_spec, value)
+        return super()._format_arg(name, trait_spec, value)
 
     def _list_outputs(self):
         outputs = self.output_spec().get()
diff --git a/nipype/interfaces/afni/svm.py b/nipype/interfaces/afni/svm.py
index 13c83af51c..e7bd3c520a 100644
--- a/nipype/interfaces/afni/svm.py
+++ b/nipype/interfaces/afni/svm.py
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 # emacs: -*- mode: python; py-indent-offset: 4; indent-tabs-mode: nil -*-
 # vi: set ft=python sts=4 ts=4 sw=4 et:
 """AFNI's svm interfaces."""
@@ -107,7 +106,7 @@ class SVMTrain(AFNICommand):
     _additional_metadata = ["suffix"]
 
     def _format_arg(self, name, trait_spec, value):
-        return super(SVMTrain, self)._format_arg(name, trait_spec, value)
+        return super()._format_arg(name, trait_spec, value)
 
 
 class SVMTestInputSpec(AFNICommandInputSpec):
diff --git a/nipype/interfaces/afni/tests/__init__.py b/nipype/interfaces/afni/tests/__init__.py
index 99fb243f19..349937997e 100644
--- a/nipype/interfaces/afni/tests/__init__.py
+++ b/nipype/interfaces/afni/tests/__init__.py
@@ -1,3 +1,2 @@
-# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 # emacs: -*- mode: python; py-indent-offset: 4; indent-tabs-mode: nil -*-
 # vi: set ft=python sts=4 ts=4 sw=4 et:
diff --git a/nipype/interfaces/afni/utils.py b/nipype/interfaces/afni/utils.py
index 3075cffce3..26711c95a7 100644
--- a/nipype/interfaces/afni/utils.py
+++ b/nipype/interfaces/afni/utils.py
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 # emacs: -*- mode: python; py-indent-offset: 4; indent-tabs-mode: nil -*-
 # vi: set ft=python sts=4 ts=4 sw=4 et:
 """AFNI utility interfaces."""
@@ -163,7 +162,7 @@ def _overload_extension(self, value, name=None):
         return os.path.join(path, base + ext)
 
     def _gen_filename(self, name):
-        return os.path.abspath(super(AFNItoNIFTI, self)._gen_filename(name))
+        return os.path.abspath(super()._gen_filename(name))
 
 
 class AutoboxInputSpec(AFNICommandInputSpec):
@@ -224,7 +223,7 @@ class Autobox(AFNICommand):
     output_spec = AutoboxOutputSpec
 
     def aggregate_outputs(self, runtime=None, needed_outputs=None):
-        outputs = super(Autobox, self).aggregate_outputs(runtime, needed_outputs)
+        outputs = super().aggregate_outputs(runtime, needed_outputs)
         pattern = (
             r"x=(?P<x_min>-?\d+)\.\.(?P<x_max>-?\d+)  "
             r"y=(?P<y_min>-?\d+)\.\.(?P<y_max>-?\d+)  "
@@ -309,7 +308,7 @@ def aggregate_outputs(self, runtime=None, needed_outputs=None):
         if runtime is None:
             try:
                 min_val = load_json(outfile)["stat"]
-            except IOError:
+            except OSError:
                 return self.run().outputs
         else:
             min_val = []
@@ -418,7 +417,7 @@ class Bucket(AFNICommand):
     def _format_arg(self, name, spec, value):
         if name == "in_file":
             return spec.argstr % (" ".join([i[0] + "'" + i[1] + "'" for i in value]))
-        return super(Bucket, self)._format_arg(name, spec, value)
+        return super()._format_arg(name, spec, value)
 
 
 class CalcInputSpec(AFNICommandInputSpec):
@@ -492,11 +491,11 @@ def _format_arg(self, name, trait_spec, value):
             if isdefined(self.inputs.single_idx):
                 arg += "[%d]" % (self.inputs.single_idx)
             return arg
-        return super(Calc, self)._format_arg(name, trait_spec, value)
+        return super()._format_arg(name, trait_spec, value)
 
     def _parse_inputs(self, skip=None):
         """Skip the arguments without argstr metadata"""
-        return super(Calc, self)._parse_inputs(skip=("start_idx", "stop_idx", "other"))
+        return super()._parse_inputs(skip=("start_idx", "stop_idx", "other"))
 
 
 class CatInputSpec(AFNICommandInputSpec):
@@ -654,9 +653,9 @@ def _format_arg(self, name, spec, value):
         if name == "in_file":
             # Concatenate a series of filenames, with optional opkeys
             return " ".join(
-                "%s -%s" % (mfile, opkey) if opkey else mfile for mfile, opkey in value
+                f"{mfile} -{opkey}" if opkey else mfile for mfile, opkey in value
             )
-        return super(CatMatvec, self)._format_arg(name, spec, value)
+        return super()._format_arg(name, spec, value)
 
 
 class CenterMassInputSpec(CommandLineInputSpec):
@@ -747,7 +746,7 @@ class CenterMass(AFNICommandBase):
     output_spec = CenterMassOutputSpec
 
     def _list_outputs(self):
-        outputs = super(CenterMass, self)._list_outputs()
+        outputs = super()._list_outputs()
         outputs["out_file"] = os.path.abspath(self.inputs.in_file)
         outputs["cm_file"] = os.path.abspath(self.inputs.cm_file)
         sout = np.loadtxt(outputs["cm_file"], ndmin=2)
@@ -1125,11 +1124,11 @@ def _format_arg(self, name, trait_spec, value):
             if isdefined(self.inputs.single_idx):
                 arg += "[%d]" % (self.inputs.single_idx)
             return arg
-        return super(Eval, self)._format_arg(name, trait_spec, value)
+        return super()._format_arg(name, trait_spec, value)
 
     def _parse_inputs(self, skip=None):
         """Skip the arguments without argstr metadata"""
-        return super(Eval, self)._parse_inputs(skip=("start_idx", "stop_idx", "other"))
+        return super()._parse_inputs(skip=("start_idx", "stop_idx", "other"))
 
 
 class FWHMxInputSpec(CommandLineInputSpec):
@@ -1360,7 +1359,7 @@ def _parse_inputs(self, skip=None):
             if skip is None:
                 skip = []
             skip += ["out_detrend"]
-        return super(FWHMx, self)._parse_inputs(skip=skip)
+        return super()._parse_inputs(skip=skip)
 
     def _format_arg(self, name, trait_spec, value):
         if name == "detrend":
@@ -1381,10 +1380,10 @@ def _format_arg(self, name, trait_spec, value):
                 return trait_spec.argstr + " %s %f" % value
             elif isinstance(value, (str, bytes)):
                 return trait_spec.argstr + " " + value
-        return super(FWHMx, self)._format_arg(name, trait_spec, value)
+        return super()._format_arg(name, trait_spec, value)
 
     def _list_outputs(self):
-        outputs = super(FWHMx, self)._list_outputs()
+        outputs = super()._list_outputs()
 
         if self.inputs.detrend:
             fname, ext = op.splitext(self.inputs.in_file)
@@ -1550,7 +1549,7 @@ def _format_arg(self, name, spec, value):
         if name == "neighborhood" and value[0] == "RECT":
             value = ("RECT", "%s,%s,%s" % value[1])
 
-        return super(LocalBistat, self)._format_arg(name, spec, value)
+        return super()._format_arg(name, spec, value)
 
 
 class LocalstatInputSpec(AFNICommandInputSpec):
@@ -1761,7 +1760,7 @@ def _format_arg(self, name, spec, value):
             if len(value) == 3:
                 value = "%s %s %s" % value
 
-        return super(Localstat, self)._format_arg(name, spec, value)
+        return super()._format_arg(name, spec, value)
 
 
 class MaskToolInputSpec(AFNICommandInputSpec):
@@ -2011,7 +2010,7 @@ def _parse_inputs(self, skip=None):
             if skip is None:
                 skip = []
             skip += ["out_file"]
-        return super(NwarpAdjust, self)._parse_inputs(skip=skip)
+        return super()._parse_inputs(skip=skip)
 
     def _list_outputs(self):
         outputs = self.output_spec().get()
@@ -2230,7 +2229,7 @@ def _format_arg(self, name, spec, value):
                     ]
                 )
             )
-        return super(NwarpCat, self)._format_arg(name, spec, value)
+        return super()._format_arg(name, spec, value)
 
     def _gen_filename(self, name):
         if name == "out_file":
@@ -2581,7 +2580,7 @@ class ReHo(AFNICommandBase):
     output_spec = ReHoOutputSpec
 
     def _list_outputs(self):
-        outputs = super(ReHo, self)._list_outputs()
+        outputs = super()._list_outputs()
         if self.inputs.label_set:
             outputs["out_vals"] = outputs["out_file"] + "_ROI_reho.vals"
         return outputs
@@ -2590,7 +2589,7 @@ def _format_arg(self, name, spec, value):
         _neigh_dict = {"faces": 7, "edges": 19, "vertices": 27}
         if name == "neighborhood":
             value = _neigh_dict[value]
-        return super(ReHo, self)._format_arg(name, spec, value)
+        return super()._format_arg(name, spec, value)
 
 
 class ResampleInputSpec(AFNICommandInputSpec):
@@ -2622,7 +2621,7 @@ class ResampleInputSpec(AFNICommandInputSpec):
     voxel_size = traits.Tuple(
         *[traits.Float()] * 3,
         argstr="-dxyz %f %f %f",
-        desc="resample to new dx, dy and dz"
+        desc="resample to new dx, dy and dz",
     )
     master = File(argstr="-master %s", desc="align dataset grid to a reference file")
 
@@ -3237,7 +3236,7 @@ class GCOR(CommandLine):
     output_spec = GCOROutputSpec
 
     def _run_interface(self, runtime):
-        runtime = super(GCOR, self)._run_interface(runtime)
+        runtime = super()._run_interface(runtime)
 
         gcor_line = [
             line.strip()
diff --git a/nipype/interfaces/ants/__init__.py b/nipype/interfaces/ants/__init__.py
index dc96642f23..9671f1b31d 100644
--- a/nipype/interfaces/ants/__init__.py
+++ b/nipype/interfaces/ants/__init__.py
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 # emacs: -*- mode: python; py-indent-offset: 4; indent-tabs-mode: nil -*-
 # vi: set ft=python sts=4 ts=4 sw=4 et:
 """Top-level namespace for ants."""
diff --git a/nipype/interfaces/ants/base.py b/nipype/interfaces/ants/base.py
index a868e54b97..c484104d28 100644
--- a/nipype/interfaces/ants/base.py
+++ b/nipype/interfaces/ants/base.py
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 # emacs: -*- mode: python; py-indent-offset: 4; indent-tabs-mode: nil -*-
 # vi: set ft=python sts=4 ts=4 sw=4 et:
 """The ants module provides basic functions for interfacing with ANTS tools."""
@@ -74,7 +73,7 @@ class ANTSCommand(CommandLine):
     _num_threads = LOCAL_DEFAULT_NUMBER_OF_THREADS
 
     def __init__(self, **inputs):
-        super(ANTSCommand, self).__init__(**inputs)
+        super().__init__(**inputs)
         self.inputs.on_trait_change(self._num_threads_update, "num_threads")
 
         if not isdefined(self.inputs.num_threads):
diff --git a/nipype/interfaces/ants/legacy.py b/nipype/interfaces/ants/legacy.py
index 6be07f35a2..3a68a93247 100644
--- a/nipype/interfaces/ants/legacy.py
+++ b/nipype/interfaces/ants/legacy.py
@@ -1,11 +1,9 @@
-# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 """ANTS Legacy Interfaces
 
 These interfaces are for programs that have been deprecated by ANTs, but
 are preserved for backwards compatibility.
 """
 
-from builtins import range
 
 import os
 from glob import glob
@@ -335,7 +333,7 @@ def _format_arg(self, opt, spec, val):
             else:
                 start = ""
             return start + " ".join(name for name in val)
-        return super(buildtemplateparallel, self)._format_arg(opt, spec, val)
+        return super()._format_arg(opt, spec, val)
 
     def _list_outputs(self):
         outputs = self._outputs().get()
@@ -366,7 +364,7 @@ def _list_outputs(self):
         outputs["subject_outfiles"] = []
         for filename in self.inputs.in_files:
             _, base, _ = split_filename(filename)
-            temp = glob(os.path.realpath("%s%s*" % (self.inputs.out_prefix, base)))
+            temp = glob(os.path.realpath(f"{self.inputs.out_prefix}{base}*"))
             for file_ in temp:
                 outputs["subject_outfiles"].append(file_)
         return outputs
diff --git a/nipype/interfaces/ants/registration.py b/nipype/interfaces/ants/registration.py
index 4b870b53ab..de6798ccf8 100644
--- a/nipype/interfaces/ants/registration.py
+++ b/nipype/interfaces/ants/registration.py
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 """The ants module provides basic functions for interfacing with ants
    functions.
 """
@@ -203,7 +202,7 @@ def _transformation_constructor(self):
         return "".join(retval)
 
     def _regularization_constructor(self):
-        return "--regularization {0}[{1},{2}]".format(
+        return "--regularization {}[{},{}]".format(
             self.inputs.regularization,
             self.inputs.regularization_gradient_field_sigma,
             self.inputs.regularization_deformation_field_sigma,
@@ -237,7 +236,7 @@ def _format_arg(self, opt, spec, val):
                 return "--use-Histogram-Matching 1"
             else:
                 return "--use-Histogram-Matching 0"
-        return super(ANTS, self)._format_arg(opt, spec, val)
+        return super()._format_arg(opt, spec, val)
 
     def _list_outputs(self):
         outputs = self._outputs().get()
@@ -1012,12 +1011,12 @@ class Registration(ANTSCommand):
     ]
 
     def __init__(self, **inputs):
-        super(Registration, self).__init__(**inputs)
+        super().__init__(**inputs)
         self._elapsed_time = None
         self._metric_value = None
 
     def _run_interface(self, runtime, correct_return_codes=(0,)):
-        runtime = super(Registration, self)._run_interface(runtime)
+        runtime = super()._run_interface(runtime)
 
         # Parse some profiling info
         output = runtime.stdout or runtime.merged
@@ -1078,7 +1077,7 @@ def _format_metric(self, index):
             indexes = list(range(0, len(name_input)))
             specs = list()
             for i in indexes:
-                temp = dict([(k, v[i]) for k, v in items])
+                temp = {k: v[i] for k, v in items}
                 if len(self.inputs.fixed_image) == 1:
                     temp["fixed_image"] = self.inputs.fixed_image[0]
                 else:
@@ -1195,7 +1194,7 @@ def _format_registration(self):
                     moving_mask = moving_masks[ii if len(moving_masks) > 1 else 0]
                 else:
                     moving_mask = "NULL"
-                retval.append("--masks [ %s, %s ]" % (fixed_mask, moving_mask))
+                retval.append(f"--masks [ {fixed_mask}, {moving_mask} ]")
         return " ".join(retval)
 
     def _get_outputfilenames(self, inverse=False):
@@ -1248,7 +1247,7 @@ def _format_winsorize_image_intensities(self):
                 )
             )
         self._quantilesDone = True
-        return "--winsorize-image-intensities [ %s, %s ]" % (
+        return "--winsorize-image-intensities [ {}, {} ]".format(
             self.inputs.winsorize_lower_quantile,
             self.inputs.winsorize_upper_quantile,
         )
@@ -1275,7 +1274,7 @@ def _get_initial_transform_filenames(self):
     def _format_arg(self, opt, spec, val):
         if opt == "fixed_image_mask":
             if isdefined(self.inputs.moving_image_mask):
-                return "--masks [ %s, %s ]" % (
+                return "--masks [ {}, {} ]".format(
                     self.inputs.fixed_image_mask,
                     self.inputs.moving_image_mask,
                 )
@@ -1303,7 +1302,7 @@ def _format_arg(self, opt, spec, val):
                 "Gaussian",
                 "GenericLabel",
             ] and isdefined(self.inputs.interpolation_parameters):
-                return "--interpolation %s[ %s ]" % (
+                return "--interpolation {}[ {} ]".format(
                     self.inputs.interpolation,
                     ", ".join(
                         [str(param) for param in self.inputs.interpolation_parameters]
@@ -1315,13 +1314,13 @@ def _format_arg(self, opt, spec, val):
             out_filename = self._get_outputfilenames(inverse=False)
             inv_out_filename = self._get_outputfilenames(inverse=True)
             if out_filename and inv_out_filename:
-                return "--output [ %s, %s, %s ]" % (
+                return "--output [ {}, {}, {} ]".format(
                     self.inputs.output_transform_prefix,
                     out_filename,
                     inv_out_filename,
                 )
             elif out_filename:
-                return "--output [ %s, %s ]" % (
+                return "--output [ {}, {} ]".format(
                     self.inputs.output_transform_prefix,
                     out_filename,
                 )
@@ -1336,7 +1335,7 @@ def _format_arg(self, opt, spec, val):
         # This feature was removed from recent versions of antsRegistration due to corrupt outputs.
         # elif opt == 'collapse_linear_transforms_to_fixed_image_header':
         #    return self._formatCollapseLinearTransformsToFixedImageHeader()
-        return super(Registration, self)._format_arg(opt, spec, val)
+        return super()._format_arg(opt, spec, val)
 
     def _output_filenames(self, prefix, count, transform, inverse=False):
         self.low_dimensional_transform_map = {
@@ -1626,7 +1625,7 @@ def _format_arg(self, opt, spec, val):
             return self._metric_constructor()
         elif opt == "fixed_image_mask":
             return self._mask_constructor()
-        return super(MeasureImageSimilarity, self)._format_arg(opt, spec, val)
+        return super()._format_arg(opt, spec, val)
 
     def aggregate_outputs(self, runtime=None, needed_outputs=None):
         outputs = self._outputs()
@@ -1772,7 +1771,7 @@ def _num_threads_update(self):
     def _format_arg(self, name, spec, value):
         if name == "precision_type":
             return spec.argstr % value[0]
-        return super(RegistrationSynQuick, self)._format_arg(name, spec, value)
+        return super()._format_arg(name, spec, value)
 
     def _list_outputs(self):
         outputs = self.output_spec().get()
@@ -1868,13 +1867,13 @@ def _format_arg(self, name, spec, value):
             return ""
         if name == "out_file" and self.inputs.process == "disassemble":
             return ""
-        return super(CompositeTransformUtil, self)._format_arg(name, spec, value)
+        return super()._format_arg(name, spec, value)
 
     def _list_outputs(self):
         outputs = self.output_spec().get()
         if self.inputs.process == "disassemble":
             outputs["affine_transform"] = os.path.abspath(
-                "00_{}_AffineTransform.mat".format(self.inputs.output_prefix)
+                f"00_{self.inputs.output_prefix}_AffineTransform.mat"
             )
             outputs["displacement_field"] = os.path.abspath(
                 "01_{}_DisplacementFieldTransform.nii.gz".format(
diff --git a/nipype/interfaces/ants/resampling.py b/nipype/interfaces/ants/resampling.py
index 8738c2dada..1ff1f5c029 100644
--- a/nipype/interfaces/ants/resampling.py
+++ b/nipype/interfaces/ants/resampling.py
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 """ANTS Apply Transforms interface
 """
 import os
@@ -130,9 +129,7 @@ def _format_arg(self, opt, spec, val):
                     )
 
             return " ".join(series)
-        return super(WarpTimeSeriesImageMultiTransform, self)._format_arg(
-            opt, spec, val
-        )
+        return super()._format_arg(opt, spec, val)
 
     def _list_outputs(self):
         outputs = self._outputs().get()
@@ -143,9 +140,7 @@ def _list_outputs(self):
         return outputs
 
     def _run_interface(self, runtime, correct_return_codes=[0]):
-        runtime = super(WarpTimeSeriesImageMultiTransform, self)._run_interface(
-            runtime, correct_return_codes=[0, 1]
-        )
+        runtime = super()._run_interface(runtime, correct_return_codes=[0, 1])
         if "100 % complete" not in runtime.stdout:
             self.raise_exception(runtime)
         return runtime
@@ -290,7 +285,7 @@ def _format_arg(self, opt, spec, val):
 
             return " ".join(series)
 
-        return super(WarpImageMultiTransform, self)._format_arg(opt, spec, val)
+        return super()._format_arg(opt, spec, val)
 
     def _list_outputs(self):
         outputs = self._outputs().get()
@@ -509,7 +504,7 @@ def _format_arg(self, opt, spec, val):
                 "MultiLabel",
                 "Gaussian",
             ] and isdefined(self.inputs.interpolation_parameters):
-                return "--interpolation %s[ %s ]" % (
+                return "--interpolation {}[ {} ]".format(
                     self.inputs.interpolation,
                     ", ".join(
                         [str(param) for param in self.inputs.interpolation_parameters]
@@ -517,7 +512,7 @@ def _format_arg(self, opt, spec, val):
                 )
             else:
                 return "--interpolation %s" % self.inputs.interpolation
-        return super(ApplyTransforms, self)._format_arg(opt, spec, val)
+        return super()._format_arg(opt, spec, val)
 
     def _list_outputs(self):
         outputs = self._outputs().get()
@@ -614,10 +609,8 @@ def _get_transform_filenames(self):
                     )
                 else:
                     raise Exception(
-                        (
-                            "ERROR: The useInverse list must have the same number "
-                            "of entries as the transformsFileName list."
-                        )
+                        "ERROR: The useInverse list must have the same number "
+                        "of entries as the transformsFileName list."
                     )
             else:
                 retval.append("--transform %s" % self.inputs.transforms[ii])
@@ -626,4 +619,4 @@ def _get_transform_filenames(self):
     def _format_arg(self, opt, spec, val):
         if opt == "transforms":
             return self._get_transform_filenames()
-        return super(ApplyTransformsToPoints, self)._format_arg(opt, spec, val)
+        return super()._format_arg(opt, spec, val)
diff --git a/nipype/interfaces/ants/segmentation.py b/nipype/interfaces/ants/segmentation.py
index 8af76d95b9..11119cbde7 100644
--- a/nipype/interfaces/ants/segmentation.py
+++ b/nipype/interfaces/ants/segmentation.py
@@ -199,7 +199,7 @@ def _format_arg(self, opt, spec, val):
                     self.inputs.prior_probability_threshold
                 ):
                     brackets.append("%g" % self.inputs.prior_probability_threshold)
-            return "--initialization %s[%s]" % (val, ",".join(brackets))
+            return "--initialization {}[{}]".format(val, ",".join(brackets))
         if opt == "mrf_smoothing_factor":
             retval = "--mrf [%g" % val
             if isdefined(self.inputs.mrf_radius):
@@ -227,7 +227,7 @@ def _format_arg(self, opt, spec, val):
             if isdefined(self.inputs.save_posteriors):
                 retval += ",%s" % self.inputs.output_posteriors_name_template
             return retval + "]"
-        return super(Atropos, self)._format_arg(opt, spec, val)
+        return super()._format_arg(opt, spec, val)
 
     def _gen_filename(self, name):
         if name == "out_classified_image_name":
@@ -499,11 +499,11 @@ class N4BiasFieldCorrection(ANTSCommand, CopyHeaderInterface):
     def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
         """Instantiate the N4BiasFieldCorrection interface."""
         self._out_bias_file = None
-        super(N4BiasFieldCorrection, self).__init__(*args, **kwargs)
+        super().__init__(*args, **kwargs)
 
     def _format_arg(self, name, trait_spec, value):
         if name == "output_image" and self._out_bias_file:
-            newval = "[ %s, %s ]" % (value, self._out_bias_file)
+            newval = f"[ {value}, {self._out_bias_file} ]"
             return trait_spec.argstr % newval
 
         if name == "bspline_fitting_distance":
@@ -515,7 +515,7 @@ def _format_arg(self, name, trait_spec, value):
 
         if name == "n_iterations":
             if isdefined(self.inputs.convergence_threshold):
-                newval = "[ %s, %g ]" % (
+                newval = "[ {}, {:g} ]".format(
                     self._format_xarray([str(elt) for elt in value]),
                     self.inputs.convergence_threshold,
                 )
@@ -523,7 +523,7 @@ def _format_arg(self, name, trait_spec, value):
                 newval = "[ %s ]" % self._format_xarray([str(elt) for elt in value])
             return trait_spec.argstr % newval
 
-        return super(N4BiasFieldCorrection, self)._format_arg(name, trait_spec, value)
+        return super()._format_arg(name, trait_spec, value)
 
     def _parse_inputs(self, skip=None):
         skip = (skip or []) + ["save_bias", "bias_image"]
@@ -535,10 +535,10 @@ def _parse_inputs(self, skip=None):
                     os.path.basename(self.inputs.input_image), suffix="_bias"
                 )
             self._out_bias_file = bias_image
-        return super(N4BiasFieldCorrection, self)._parse_inputs(skip=skip)
+        return super()._parse_inputs(skip=skip)
 
     def _list_outputs(self):
-        outputs = super(N4BiasFieldCorrection, self)._list_outputs()
+        outputs = super()._list_outputs()
         if self._out_bias_file:
             outputs["bias_image"] = os.path.abspath(self._out_bias_file)
         return outputs
@@ -767,7 +767,7 @@ def _format_arg(self, opt, spec, val):
             _, _, ext = split_filename(self.inputs.segmentation_priors[0])
             retval = "-p nipype_priors/BrainSegmentationPrior%02d" + ext
             return retval
-        return super(CorticalThickness, self)._format_arg(opt, spec, val)
+        return super()._format_arg(opt, spec, val)
 
     def _run_interface(self, runtime, correct_return_codes=[0]):
         priors_directory = os.path.join(os.getcwd(), "nipype_priors")
@@ -783,7 +783,7 @@ def _run_interface(self, runtime, correct_return_codes=[0]):
                 and os.path.realpath(target) == os.path.abspath(f)
             ):
                 copyfile(os.path.abspath(f), target)
-        runtime = super(CorticalThickness, self)._run_interface(runtime)
+        runtime = super()._run_interface(runtime)
         return runtime
 
     def _list_outputs(self):
@@ -1006,7 +1006,7 @@ def _run_interface(self, runtime, correct_return_codes=(0,)):
 
         self.inputs.environ.update({"ANTSPATH": ants_path})
         runtime.environ.update({"ANTSPATH": ants_path})
-        runtime = super(BrainExtraction, self)._run_interface(runtime)
+        runtime = super()._run_interface(runtime)
 
         # Still, double-check if it didn't found N4
         if "we can't find" in runtime.stdout:
@@ -1235,13 +1235,13 @@ def _format_arg(self, name, trait_spec, value):
         if (name == "output_image") and (
             self.inputs.save_noise or isdefined(self.inputs.noise_image)
         ):
-            newval = "[ %s, %s ]" % (
+            newval = "[ {}, {} ]".format(
                 self._filename_from_source("output_image"),
                 self._filename_from_source("noise_image"),
             )
             return trait_spec.argstr % newval
 
-        return super(DenoiseImage, self)._format_arg(name, trait_spec, value)
+        return super()._format_arg(name, trait_spec, value)
 
 
 class JointFusionInputSpec(ANTSCommandInputSpec):
@@ -1482,16 +1482,16 @@ def _format_arg(self, opt, spec, val):
             retval = []
             for ii in range(len(self.inputs.exclusion_image_label)):
                 retval.append(
-                    "-e {0}[{1}]".format(
+                    "-e {}[{}]".format(
                         self.inputs.exclusion_image_label[ii],
                         self.inputs.exclusion_image[ii],
                     )
                 )
             return " ".join(retval)
         if opt == "patch_radius":
-            return "-p {0}".format(self._format_xarray(val))
+            return f"-p {self._format_xarray(val)}"
         if opt == "search_radius":
-            return "-s {0}".format(self._format_xarray(val))
+            return f"-s {self._format_xarray(val)}"
         if opt == "out_label_fusion":
             args = [self.inputs.out_label_fusion]
             for option in (
@@ -1508,19 +1508,19 @@ def _format_arg(self, opt, spec, val):
             return "-o [{}]".format(", ".join(args))
         if opt == "out_intensity_fusion_name_format":
             if not isdefined(self.inputs.out_label_fusion):
-                return "-o {0}".format(self.inputs.out_intensity_fusion_name_format)
+                return f"-o {self.inputs.out_intensity_fusion_name_format}"
             return ""
         if opt == "atlas_image":
             return " ".join(
                 [
-                    "-g [{0}]".format(", ".join("'%s'" % fn for fn in ai))
+                    "-g [{}]".format(", ".join("'%s'" % fn for fn in ai))
                     for ai in self.inputs.atlas_image
                 ]
             )
         if opt == "target_image":
             return " ".join(
                 [
-                    "-t [{0}]".format(", ".join("'%s'" % fn for fn in ai))
+                    "-t [{}]".format(", ".join("'%s'" % fn for fn in ai))
                     for ai in self.inputs.target_image
                 ]
             )
@@ -1528,14 +1528,12 @@ def _format_arg(self, opt, spec, val):
             if len(val) != len(self.inputs.atlas_image):
                 raise ValueError(
                     "Number of specified segmentations should be identical to the number "
-                    "of atlas image sets {0}!={1}".format(
+                    "of atlas image sets {}!={}".format(
                         len(val), len(self.inputs.atlas_image)
                     )
                 )
 
-            return " ".join(
-                ["-l {0}".format(fn) for fn in self.inputs.atlas_segmentation_image]
-            )
+            return " ".join([f"-l {fn}" for fn in self.inputs.atlas_segmentation_image])
         return super(AntsJointFusion, self)._format_arg(opt, spec, val)
 
     def _list_outputs(self):
@@ -1760,7 +1758,7 @@ def _parse_inputs(self, skip=None):
         if skip is None:
             skip = []
         skip += ["warped_white_matter", "gray_matter_label", "white_matter_label"]
-        return super(KellyKapowski, self)._parse_inputs(skip=skip)
+        return super()._parse_inputs(skip=skip)
 
     def _gen_filename(self, name):
         if name == "cortical_thickness":
@@ -1779,7 +1777,7 @@ def _gen_filename(self, name):
 
     def _format_arg(self, opt, spec, val):
         if opt == "segmentation_image":
-            newval = "[{0},{1},{2}]".format(
+            newval = "[{},{},{}]".format(
                 self.inputs.segmentation_image,
                 self.inputs.gray_matter_label,
                 self.inputs.white_matter_label,
@@ -1789,7 +1787,7 @@ def _format_arg(self, opt, spec, val):
         if opt == "cortical_thickness":
             ct = self._gen_filename("cortical_thickness")
             wm = self._gen_filename("warped_white_matter")
-            newval = "[{},{}]".format(ct, wm)
+            newval = f"[{ct},{wm}]"
             return spec.argstr % newval
 
-        return super(KellyKapowski, self)._format_arg(opt, spec, val)
+        return super()._format_arg(opt, spec, val)
diff --git a/nipype/interfaces/ants/tests/__init__.py b/nipype/interfaces/ants/tests/__init__.py
index 99fb243f19..349937997e 100644
--- a/nipype/interfaces/ants/tests/__init__.py
+++ b/nipype/interfaces/ants/tests/__init__.py
@@ -1,3 +1,2 @@
-# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 # emacs: -*- mode: python; py-indent-offset: 4; indent-tabs-mode: nil -*-
 # vi: set ft=python sts=4 ts=4 sw=4 et:
diff --git a/nipype/interfaces/ants/utils.py b/nipype/interfaces/ants/utils.py
index c68e98b479..2bc70b641f 100644
--- a/nipype/interfaces/ants/utils.py
+++ b/nipype/interfaces/ants/utils.py
@@ -196,7 +196,7 @@ class ImageMath(ANTSCommand, CopyHeaderInterface):
     )
 
     def __init__(self, **inputs):
-        super(ImageMath, self).__init__(**inputs)
+        super().__init__(**inputs)
         if self.inputs.operation in self._no_copy_header_operation:
             self.inputs.copy_header = False
 
@@ -304,7 +304,7 @@ def _format_arg(self, name, trait_spec, value):
 
             value = " ".join(["%g" % d for d in value])
 
-        return super(ResampleImageBySpacing, self)._format_arg(name, trait_spec, value)
+        return super()._format_arg(name, trait_spec, value)
 
 
 class ThresholdImageInputSpec(ANTSCommandInputSpec):
@@ -508,7 +508,7 @@ class AI(ANTSCommand):
     output_spec = AIOuputSpec
 
     def _run_interface(self, runtime, correct_return_codes=(0,)):
-        runtime = super(AI, self)._run_interface(runtime, correct_return_codes)
+        runtime = super()._run_interface(runtime, correct_return_codes)
 
         self._output = {
             "output_transform": os.path.join(
@@ -527,14 +527,14 @@ def _format_arg(self, opt, spec, val):
             return spec.argstr % val
 
         if opt == "search_grid":
-            fmtval = "[%s,%s]" % (val[0], "x".join("%g" % v for v in val[1]))
+            fmtval = "[{},{}]".format(val[0], "x".join("%g" % v for v in val[1]))
             return spec.argstr % fmtval
 
         if opt == "fixed_image_mask":
             if isdefined(self.inputs.moving_image_mask):
-                return spec.argstr % ("[%s,%s]" % (val, self.inputs.moving_image_mask))
+                return spec.argstr % (f"[{val},{self.inputs.moving_image_mask}]")
 
-        return super(AI, self)._format_arg(opt, spec, val)
+        return super()._format_arg(opt, spec, val)
 
     def _list_outputs(self):
         return getattr(self, "_output")
@@ -582,7 +582,7 @@ class AverageAffineTransform(ANTSCommand):
     output_spec = AverageAffineTransformOutputSpec
 
     def _format_arg(self, opt, spec, val):
-        return super(AverageAffineTransform, self)._format_arg(opt, spec, val)
+        return super()._format_arg(opt, spec, val)
 
     def _list_outputs(self):
         outputs = self._outputs().get()
@@ -643,7 +643,7 @@ class AverageImages(ANTSCommand):
     output_spec = AverageImagesOutputSpec
 
     def _format_arg(self, opt, spec, val):
-        return super(AverageImages, self)._format_arg(opt, spec, val)
+        return super()._format_arg(opt, spec, val)
 
     def _list_outputs(self):
         outputs = self._outputs().get()
@@ -699,7 +699,7 @@ class MultiplyImages(ANTSCommand):
     output_spec = MultiplyImagesOutputSpec
 
     def _format_arg(self, opt, spec, val):
-        return super(MultiplyImages, self)._format_arg(opt, spec, val)
+        return super()._format_arg(opt, spec, val)
 
     def _list_outputs(self):
         outputs = self._outputs().get()
@@ -751,7 +751,7 @@ class CreateJacobianDeterminantImage(ANTSCommand):
     output_spec = CreateJacobianDeterminantImageOutputSpec
 
     def _format_arg(self, opt, spec, val):
-        return super(CreateJacobianDeterminantImage, self)._format_arg(opt, spec, val)
+        return super()._format_arg(opt, spec, val)
 
     def _list_outputs(self):
         outputs = self._outputs().get()
diff --git a/nipype/interfaces/ants/visualization.py b/nipype/interfaces/ants/visualization.py
index 0fcf9a6b47..c73b64c632 100644
--- a/nipype/interfaces/ants/visualization.py
+++ b/nipype/interfaces/ants/visualization.py
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 """The ants visualisation module provides basic functions based on ITK.
 """
 
@@ -98,7 +97,7 @@ class ConvertScalarImageToRGB(ANTSCommand):
     output_spec = ConvertScalarImageToRGBOutputSpec
 
     def _format_arg(self, opt, spec, val):
-        return super(ConvertScalarImageToRGB, self)._format_arg(opt, spec, val)
+        return super()._format_arg(opt, spec, val)
 
     def _list_outputs(self):
         outputs = self._outputs().get()
diff --git a/nipype/interfaces/base/__init__.py b/nipype/interfaces/base/__init__.py
index 7c70f9768d..baf54e2b30 100644
--- a/nipype/interfaces/base/__init__.py
+++ b/nipype/interfaces/base/__init__.py
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 # emacs: -*- mode: python; py-indent-offset: 4; indent-tabs-mode: nil -*-
 # vi: set ft=python sts=4 ts=4 sw=4 et:
 """
diff --git a/nipype/interfaces/base/core.py b/nipype/interfaces/base/core.py
index fd2e2c54ca..33e583ccd3 100644
--- a/nipype/interfaces/base/core.py
+++ b/nipype/interfaces/base/core.py
@@ -61,7 +61,7 @@
 __docformat__ = "restructuredtext"
 
 
-class Interface(object):
+class Interface:
     """This is an abstract definition for Interface objects.
 
     It provides no functionality.  It defines the necessary attributes
@@ -562,7 +562,7 @@ class SimpleInterface(BaseInterface):
     """
 
     def __init__(self, from_file=None, resource_monitor=None, **inputs):
-        super(SimpleInterface, self).__init__(
+        super().__init__(
             from_file=from_file, resource_monitor=resource_monitor, **inputs
         )
         self._results = {}
@@ -628,7 +628,7 @@ def set_default_terminal_output(cls, output_type):
     def __init__(
         self, command=None, terminal_output=None, write_cmdline=False, **inputs
     ):
-        super(CommandLine, self).__init__(**inputs)
+        super().__init__(**inputs)
         self._environ = None
         # Set command. Input argument takes precedence
         self._cmd = command or getattr(self, "_cmd", None)
@@ -751,7 +751,7 @@ def _run_interface(self, runtime, correct_return_codes=(0,)):
         cmd_path = which(executable_name, env=runtime.environ)
 
         if cmd_path is None:
-            raise IOError(
+            raise OSError(
                 'No command "%s" found on host %s. Please check that the '
                 "corresponding package is installed."
                 % (executable_name, runtime.hostname)
@@ -994,7 +994,7 @@ def cmdline(self):
             result.append("mpiexec")
             if self.inputs.n_procs:
                 result.append("-n %d" % self.inputs.n_procs)
-        result.append(super(MpiCommandLine, self).cmdline)
+        result.append(super().cmdline)
         return " ".join(result)
 
 
@@ -1033,7 +1033,7 @@ def _format_arg(self, name, spec, value):
                     value = os.path.abspath(self._outputs_filenames[name])
                 else:
                     return ""
-        return super(SEMLikeCommandLine, self)._format_arg(name, spec, value)
+        return super()._format_arg(name, spec, value)
 
 
 class LibraryBaseInterface(BaseInterface):
@@ -1041,7 +1041,7 @@ class LibraryBaseInterface(BaseInterface):
     imports = ()
 
     def __init__(self, check_import=True, *args, **kwargs):
-        super(LibraryBaseInterface, self).__init__(*args, **kwargs)
+        super().__init__(*args, **kwargs)
         if check_import:
             import pkgutil
 
@@ -1065,10 +1065,10 @@ def version(self):
                 self._version = importlib.import_module(self._pkg).__version__
             except (ImportError, AttributeError):
                 pass
-        return super(LibraryBaseInterface, self).version
+        return super().version
 
 
-class PackageInfo(object):
+class PackageInfo:
     _version = None
     version_cmd = None
     version_file = None
@@ -1083,13 +1083,13 @@ def version(klass):
                         resource_monitor=False,
                         terminal_output="allatonce",
                     ).run()
-                except IOError:
+                except OSError:
                     return None
 
                 raw_info = clout.runtime.stdout
             elif klass.version_file is not None:
                 try:
-                    with open(klass.version_file, "rt") as fobj:
+                    with open(klass.version_file) as fobj:
                         raw_info = fobj.read()
                 except OSError:
                     return None
diff --git a/nipype/interfaces/base/specs.py b/nipype/interfaces/base/specs.py
index 01ef126abb..7db8388cd8 100644
--- a/nipype/interfaces/base/specs.py
+++ b/nipype/interfaces/base/specs.py
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 # emacs: -*- mode: python; py-indent-offset: 4; indent-tabs-mode: nil -*-
 # vi: set ft=python sts=4 ts=4 sw=4 et:
 """
@@ -63,7 +62,7 @@ def __init__(self, **kwargs):
         # arguments.  HasTraits does not define an __init__ and
         # therefore these args were being ignored.
         # super(TraitedSpec, self).__init__(*args, **kwargs)
-        super(BaseTraitedSpec, self).__init__(**kwargs)
+        super().__init__(**kwargs)
         traits.push_exception_handler(reraise_exceptions=True)
         undefined_traits = {}
         for trait in self.copyable_trait_names():
@@ -82,7 +81,7 @@ def __repr__(self):
         """Return a well-formatted representation of the traits"""
         outstr = []
         for name, value in sorted(self.trait_get().items()):
-            outstr.append("%s = %s" % (name, value))
+            outstr.append(f"{name} = {value}")
         return "\n{}\n".format("\n".join(outstr))
 
     def _generate_handlers(self):
@@ -115,13 +114,13 @@ def _xor_warn(self, obj, name, old, new):
                         'Input "%s" is mutually exclusive with input "%s", '
                         "which is already set"
                     ) % (name, trait_name)
-                    raise IOError(msg)
+                    raise OSError(msg)
 
     def _deprecated_warn(self, obj, name, old, new):
         """Checks if a user assigns a value to a deprecated trait"""
         if isdefined(new):
             trait_spec = self.traits()[name]
-            msg1 = "Input %s in interface %s is deprecated." % (
+            msg1 = "Input {} in interface {} is deprecated.".format(
                 name,
                 self.__class__.__name__.split("InputSpec")[0],
             )
@@ -142,7 +141,7 @@ def _deprecated_warn(self, obj, name, old, new):
                 raise TraitError(msg)
             else:
                 if trait_spec.new_name:
-                    msg += "Unsetting old value %s; setting new value %s." % (
+                    msg += "Unsetting old value {}; setting new value {}.".format(
                         name,
                         trait_spec.new_name,
                     )
@@ -150,7 +149,7 @@ def _deprecated_warn(self, obj, name, old, new):
                 if trait_spec.new_name:
                     self.trait_set(
                         trait_change_notify=False,
-                        **{"%s" % name: Undefined, "%s" % trait_spec.new_name: new}
+                        **{"%s" % name: Undefined, "%s" % trait_spec.new_name: new},
                     )
 
     def trait_get(self, **kwargs):
@@ -159,7 +158,7 @@ def trait_get(self, **kwargs):
         Augments the trait get function to return a dictionary without
         notification handles
         """
-        out = super(BaseTraitedSpec, self).trait_get(**kwargs)
+        out = super().trait_get(**kwargs)
         out = self._clean_container(out, Undefined)
         return out
 
@@ -172,7 +171,7 @@ def get_traitsfree(self, **kwargs):
         any traits. The dictionary does not contain any attributes that
         were Undefined
         """
-        out = super(BaseTraitedSpec, self).trait_get(**kwargs)
+        out = super().trait_get(**kwargs)
         out = self._clean_container(out, skipundefined=True)
         return out
 
@@ -348,7 +347,7 @@ def __getstate__(self):
         [4]
 
         """
-        state = super(BaseTraitedSpec, self).__getstate__()
+        state = super().__getstate__()
         for key in self.__all__:
             _trait_spec = self.trait(key)
             if _trait_spec.is_trait_type(OutputMultiObject):
diff --git a/nipype/interfaces/base/support.py b/nipype/interfaces/base/support.py
index 14c8a55da1..c6c223b668 100644
--- a/nipype/interfaces/base/support.py
+++ b/nipype/interfaces/base/support.py
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 # emacs: -*- mode: python; py-indent-offset: 4; indent-tabs-mode: nil -*-
 # vi: set ft=python sts=4 ts=4 sw=4 et:
 """
@@ -129,10 +128,10 @@ def __init__(self, value):
         self.value = value
 
     def __str__(self):
-        return "{}".format(self.value)
+        return f"{self.value}"
 
 
-class Bunch(object):
+class Bunch:
     """
     Dictionary-like class that provides attribute-style access to its items.
 
@@ -203,11 +202,11 @@ def __repr__(self):
             if isinstance(v, dict):
                 pairs = []
                 for key, value in sorted(v.items()):
-                    pairs.append("'%s': %s" % (key, value))
+                    pairs.append(f"'{key}': {value}")
                 v = "{" + ", ".join(pairs) + "}"
-                outstr.append("%s=%s" % (k, v))
+                outstr.append(f"{k}={v}")
             else:
-                outstr.append("%s=%r" % (k, v))
+                outstr.append(f"{k}={v!r}")
             first = False
         outstr.append(")")
         return "".join(outstr)
@@ -289,7 +288,7 @@ def _hash_bunch_dict(adict, key):
     return [(afile, hash_infile(afile)) for afile in stuff]
 
 
-class InterfaceResult(object):
+class InterfaceResult:
     """Object that contains the results of running a particular Interface.
 
     Attributes
@@ -448,7 +447,7 @@ def get_trait_desc(inputs, name, spec):
     default = ""
     if spec.usedefault:
         default = ", nipype default value: %s" % str(spec.default_value()[1])
-    line = "(%s%s)" % (type_info, default)
+    line = f"({type_info}{default})"
 
     manhelpstr = wrap(
         line,
@@ -468,7 +467,7 @@ def get_trait_desc(inputs, name, spec):
         pos = spec.position
         if pos is not None:
             manhelpstr += wrap(
-                "argument: ``%s``, position: %s" % (argstr, pos),
+                f"argument: ``{argstr}``, position: {pos}",
                 HELP_LINEWIDTH,
                 initial_indent="\t\t",
                 subsequent_indent="\t\t",
diff --git a/nipype/interfaces/base/tests/__init__.py b/nipype/interfaces/base/tests/__init__.py
index 40a96afc6f..e69de29bb2 100644
--- a/nipype/interfaces/base/tests/__init__.py
+++ b/nipype/interfaces/base/tests/__init__.py
@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
diff --git a/nipype/interfaces/base/tests/test_core.py b/nipype/interfaces/base/tests/test_core.py
index 0c3f5a8dc1..d86142ff3b 100644
--- a/nipype/interfaces/base/tests/test_core.py
+++ b/nipype/interfaces/base/tests/test_core.py
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 # emacs: -*- mode: python; py-indent-offset: 4; indent-tabs-mode: nil -*-
 # vi: set ft=python sts=4 ts=4 sw=4 et:
 import os
@@ -117,7 +116,7 @@ class DerivedInterface(nib.BaseInterface):
         input_spec = InputSpec
 
         def __init__(self, **inputs):
-            super(DerivedInterface, self).__init__(**inputs)
+            super().__init__(**inputs)
 
     inputs_dict = {"input1": 12, "input3": True, "input4": "some string"}
     bif = DerivedInterface(**inputs_dict)
@@ -571,13 +570,13 @@ class OOPCLI(nib.CommandLine):
     ci.run()
 
     class OOPShell(nib.CommandLine):
-        _cmd_prefix = "bash {}/".format(oop)
+        _cmd_prefix = f"bash {oop}/"
 
     ci = OOPShell(command=script_name)
     ci.run()
 
     class OOPBadShell(nib.CommandLine):
-        _cmd_prefix = "shell_dne {}/".format(oop)
+        _cmd_prefix = f"shell_dne {oop}/"
 
     ci = OOPBadShell(command=script_name)
     with pytest.raises(IOError):
diff --git a/nipype/interfaces/base/tests/test_resource_monitor.py b/nipype/interfaces/base/tests/test_resource_monitor.py
index 79ca422385..802e8e6ec9 100644
--- a/nipype/interfaces/base/tests/test_resource_monitor.py
+++ b/nipype/interfaces/base/tests/test_resource_monitor.py
@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
 #!/usr/bin/env python
-# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 # emacs: -*- mode: python; py-indent-offset: 4; indent-tabs-mode: nil -*-
 # vi: set ft=python sts=4 ts=4 sw=4 et:
 """
diff --git a/nipype/interfaces/base/tests/test_specs.py b/nipype/interfaces/base/tests/test_specs.py
index b088c95716..44a9c014c4 100644
--- a/nipype/interfaces/base/tests/test_specs.py
+++ b/nipype/interfaces/base/tests/test_specs.py
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 # emacs: -*- mode: python; py-indent-offset: 4; indent-tabs-mode: nil -*-
 # vi: set ft=python sts=4 ts=4 sw=4 et:
 import os
diff --git a/nipype/interfaces/base/tests/test_support.py b/nipype/interfaces/base/tests/test_support.py
index 878794b04f..3997a88280 100644
--- a/nipype/interfaces/base/tests/test_support.py
+++ b/nipype/interfaces/base/tests/test_support.py
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 # emacs: -*- mode: python; py-indent-offset: 4; indent-tabs-mode: nil -*-
 # vi: set ft=python sts=4 ts=4 sw=4 et:
 import os
@@ -50,7 +49,7 @@ def test_bunch_hash():
     assert bhash == "d1f46750044c3de102efc847720fc35f"
     # Make sure the hash stored in the json file for `infile` is correct.
     jshash = md5()
-    with open(json_pth, "r") as fp:
+    with open(json_pth) as fp:
         jshash.update(fp.read().encode("utf-8"))
     assert newbdict["infile"][0][1] == jshash.hexdigest()
     assert newbdict["yat"] is True
diff --git a/nipype/interfaces/base/traits_extension.py b/nipype/interfaces/base/traits_extension.py
index cadce596fb..db41244fc4 100644
--- a/nipype/interfaces/base/traits_extension.py
+++ b/nipype/interfaces/base/traits_extension.py
@@ -50,7 +50,7 @@
     "nifti2": (".nii", ".nii.gz"),
     "nrrd": (".nrrd", ".nhdr"),
 }
-IMG_ZIP_FMT = set([".nii.gz", "tar.gz", ".gii.gz", ".mgz", ".mgh.gz", "img.gz"])
+IMG_ZIP_FMT = {".nii.gz", "tar.gz", ".gii.gz", ".mgz", ".mgh.gz", "img.gz"}
 
 """
 The functions that pop-up the Traits GUIs, edit_traits and
@@ -121,7 +121,7 @@ def __init__(self, value=Undefined, exists=False, resolve=False, **metadata):
         """Create a BasePath trait."""
         self.exists = exists
         self.resolve = resolve
-        super(BasePath, self).__init__(value, **metadata)
+        super().__init__(value, **metadata)
 
     def validate(self, objekt, name, value, return_pathlike=False):
         """Validate a value change."""
@@ -309,15 +309,10 @@ def __init__(
                 extensions = list(set(extensions) - IMG_ZIP_FMT)
 
             self._exts = sorted(
-                set(
-                    [
-                        ".%s" % ext if not ext.startswith(".") else ext
-                        for ext in extensions
-                    ]
-                )
+                {".%s" % ext if not ext.startswith(".") else ext for ext in extensions}
             )
 
-        super(File, self).__init__(
+        super().__init__(
             value=value,
             exists=exists,
             resolve=resolve,
@@ -327,10 +322,10 @@ def __init__(
 
     def validate(self, objekt, name, value, return_pathlike=False):
         """Validate a value change."""
-        value = super(File, self).validate(objekt, name, value, return_pathlike=True)
+        value = super().validate(objekt, name, value, return_pathlike=True)
         if self._exts:
             fname = value.name
-            if not any((fname.endswith(e) for e in self._exts)):
+            if not any(fname.endswith(e) for e in self._exts):
                 self.error(objekt, name, str(value))
 
         if not return_pathlike:
@@ -366,7 +361,7 @@ def __init__(
                 )
             extensions = [ext for t in types for ext in IMG_FORMATS[t]]
 
-        super(ImageFile, self).__init__(
+        super().__init__(
             value=value,
             exists=exists,
             extensions=extensions,
@@ -421,7 +416,7 @@ def validate(self, objekt, name, value):
             and not isinstance(value[0], list)
         ):
             newvalue = [value]
-        value = super(MultiObject, self).validate(objekt, name, newvalue)
+        value = super().validate(objekt, name, newvalue)
 
         if value:
             return value
diff --git a/nipype/interfaces/brainsuite/__init__.py b/nipype/interfaces/brainsuite/__init__.py
index 45bcf5fc65..5fb27d6ae1 100644
--- a/nipype/interfaces/brainsuite/__init__.py
+++ b/nipype/interfaces/brainsuite/__init__.py
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 from .brainsuite import (
     Bse,
     Bfc,
diff --git a/nipype/interfaces/brainsuite/brainsuite.py b/nipype/interfaces/brainsuite/brainsuite.py
index 91f762f47d..846132724d 100644
--- a/nipype/interfaces/brainsuite/brainsuite.py
+++ b/nipype/interfaces/brainsuite/brainsuite.py
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 """This script provides interfaces for BrainSuite command line tools.
 Please see brainsuite.org for more information.
 
@@ -269,7 +268,7 @@ def _format_arg(self, name, spec, value):
                 }[value]
             )
 
-        return super(Bfc, self)._format_arg(name, spec, value)
+        return super()._format_arg(name, spec, value)
 
     def _list_outputs(self):
         return l_outputs(self)
@@ -777,12 +776,12 @@ def _format_arg(self, name, spec, value):
             return (
                 spec.argstr
                 % {
-                    "greater_than": "".join(("-gt %f" % threshold)),
-                    "less_than": "".join(("-lt %f" % threshold)),
-                    "equal_to": "".join(("-eq %f" % threshold)),
+                    "greater_than": "".join("-gt %f" % threshold),
+                    "less_than": "".join("-lt %f" % threshold),
+                    "equal_to": "".join("-eq %f" % threshold),
                 }[value]
             )
-        return super(Dfs, self)._format_arg(name, spec, value)
+        return super()._format_arg(name, spec, value)
 
     def _gen_filename(self, name):
         inputs = self.inputs.get()
@@ -1206,7 +1205,7 @@ def _format_arg(self, name, spec, value):
             return spec.argstr % os.path.expanduser(value)
         if name == "dataSinkDelay":
             return spec.argstr % ""
-        return super(SVReg, self)._format_arg(name, spec, value)
+        return super()._format_arg(name, spec, value)
 
 
 class BDPInputSpec(CommandLineInputSpec):
@@ -1756,7 +1755,7 @@ def _format_arg(self, name, spec, value):
             return spec.argstr % (value[0], value[1])
         if name == "dataSinkDelay":
             return spec.argstr % ""
-        return super(BDP, self)._format_arg(name, spec, value)
+        return super()._format_arg(name, spec, value)
 
 
 class ThicknessPVCInputSpec(CommandLineInputSpec):
diff --git a/nipype/interfaces/brainsuite/tests/__init__.py b/nipype/interfaces/brainsuite/tests/__init__.py
index 40a96afc6f..e69de29bb2 100644
--- a/nipype/interfaces/brainsuite/tests/__init__.py
+++ b/nipype/interfaces/brainsuite/tests/__init__.py
@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
diff --git a/nipype/interfaces/bru2nii.py b/nipype/interfaces/bru2nii.py
index 7ed9c77651..4635bbdc9d 100644
--- a/nipype/interfaces/bru2nii.py
+++ b/nipype/interfaces/bru2nii.py
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 """The bru2nii module provides basic functions for dicom conversion
 """
 
diff --git a/nipype/interfaces/c3.py b/nipype/interfaces/c3.py
index e9a3aed5eb..8112da3dd1 100644
--- a/nipype/interfaces/c3.py
+++ b/nipype/interfaces/c3.py
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 """Convert3D is a command-line tool for converting 3D images between common file formats."""
 import os
 from glob import glob
@@ -197,7 +196,7 @@ class C3d(CommandLine):
     _cmd = "c3d"
 
     def __init__(self, **inputs):
-        super(C3d, self).__init__(**inputs)
+        super().__init__(**inputs)
         self.inputs.on_trait_change(self._is_4d, "is_4d")
         if self.inputs.is_4d:
             self._is_4d()
@@ -211,7 +210,7 @@ def _run_interface(self, runtime):
             # Convert3d does not want to override file, by default
             # so we define a new output file
             self._gen_outfile()
-        runtime = super(C3d, self)._run_interface(runtime)
+        runtime = super()._run_interface(runtime)
         self._cmd = cmd
         return runtime
 
@@ -225,7 +224,7 @@ def _gen_outfile(self):
         self.inputs.out_file = fn + "_generated" + ext
         # if generated file will overwrite, raise error
         if os.path.exists(os.path.abspath(self.inputs.out_file)):
-            raise IOError("File already found - to overwrite, use `out_file`.")
+            raise OSError("File already found - to overwrite, use `out_file`.")
         iflogger.info("Generating `out_file`.")
 
     def _list_outputs(self):
diff --git a/nipype/interfaces/camino/__init__.py b/nipype/interfaces/camino/__init__.py
index e90cc6f375..766fa9c906 100644
--- a/nipype/interfaces/camino/__init__.py
+++ b/nipype/interfaces/camino/__init__.py
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 # emacs: -*- mode: python; py-indent-offset: 4; indent-tabs-mode: nil -*-
 # vi: set ft=python sts=4 ts=4 sw=4 et:
 """Camino top level namespace
diff --git a/nipype/interfaces/camino/calib.py b/nipype/interfaces/camino/calib.py
index 0c44b4abea..0c432c00b4 100644
--- a/nipype/interfaces/camino/calib.py
+++ b/nipype/interfaces/camino/calib.py
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
-
 import os
 
 from ...utils.filemanip import split_filename
diff --git a/nipype/interfaces/camino/connectivity.py b/nipype/interfaces/camino/connectivity.py
index 6fdc8239f7..3421afced2 100644
--- a/nipype/interfaces/camino/connectivity.py
+++ b/nipype/interfaces/camino/connectivity.py
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 import os
 
 from ...utils.filemanip import split_filename
diff --git a/nipype/interfaces/camino/convert.py b/nipype/interfaces/camino/convert.py
index 0dd998c0c6..d81ed9449b 100644
--- a/nipype/interfaces/camino/convert.py
+++ b/nipype/interfaces/camino/convert.py
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
-
 import os
 import glob
 
@@ -446,10 +444,10 @@ class ProcStreamlines(StdOutCommandLine):
     def _format_arg(self, name, spec, value):
         if name == "outputroot":
             return spec.argstr % self._get_actual_outputroot(value)
-        return super(ProcStreamlines, self)._format_arg(name, spec, value)
+        return super()._format_arg(name, spec, value)
 
     def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
-        super(ProcStreamlines, self).__init__(*args, **kwargs)
+        super().__init__(*args, **kwargs)
         self.outputroot_files = []
 
     def _run_interface(self, runtime):
@@ -459,13 +457,13 @@ def _run_interface(self, runtime):
             base, filename, ext = split_filename(actual_outputroot)
             if not os.path.exists(base):
                 os.makedirs(base)
-            new_runtime = super(ProcStreamlines, self)._run_interface(runtime)
+            new_runtime = super()._run_interface(runtime)
             self.outputroot_files = glob.glob(
                 os.path.join(os.getcwd(), actual_outputroot + "*")
             )
             return new_runtime
         else:
-            new_runtime = super(ProcStreamlines, self)._run_interface(runtime)
+            new_runtime = super()._run_interface(runtime)
             return new_runtime
 
     def _get_actual_outputroot(self, outputroot):
diff --git a/nipype/interfaces/camino/dti.py b/nipype/interfaces/camino/dti.py
index 3e223532f6..dbf4424600 100644
--- a/nipype/interfaces/camino/dti.py
+++ b/nipype/interfaces/camino/dti.py
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
-
 import os
 
 from ...utils.filemanip import split_filename
@@ -938,7 +936,7 @@ class TrackDT(Track):
 
     def __init__(self, command=None, **inputs):
         inputs["inputmodel"] = "dt"
-        return super(TrackDT, self).__init__(command, **inputs)
+        return super().__init__(command, **inputs)
 
 
 class TrackPICoInputSpec(TrackInputSpec):
@@ -975,7 +973,7 @@ class TrackPICo(Track):
 
     def __init__(self, command=None, **inputs):
         inputs["inputmodel"] = "pico"
-        return super(TrackPICo, self).__init__(command, **inputs)
+        return super().__init__(command, **inputs)
 
 
 class TrackBedpostxDeterInputSpec(TrackInputSpec):
@@ -1025,7 +1023,7 @@ class TrackBedpostxDeter(Track):
 
     def __init__(self, command=None, **inputs):
         inputs["inputmodel"] = "bedpostx_dyad"
-        return super(TrackBedpostxDeter, self).__init__(command, **inputs)
+        return super().__init__(command, **inputs)
 
 
 class TrackBedpostxProbaInputSpec(TrackInputSpec):
@@ -1086,7 +1084,7 @@ class TrackBedpostxProba(Track):
 
     def __init__(self, command=None, **inputs):
         inputs["inputmodel"] = "bedpostx"
-        return super(TrackBedpostxProba, self).__init__(command, **inputs)
+        return super().__init__(command, **inputs)
 
 
 class TrackBayesDiracInputSpec(TrackInputSpec):
@@ -1187,7 +1185,7 @@ class TrackBayesDirac(Track):
 
     def __init__(self, command=None, **inputs):
         inputs["inputmodel"] = "bayesdirac"
-        return super(TrackBayesDirac, self).__init__(command, **inputs)
+        return super().__init__(command, **inputs)
 
 
 class TrackBallStick(Track):
@@ -1206,7 +1204,7 @@ class TrackBallStick(Track):
 
     def __init__(self, command=None, **inputs):
         inputs["inputmodel"] = "ballstick"
-        return super(TrackBallStick, self).__init__(command, **inputs)
+        return super().__init__(command, **inputs)
 
 
 class TrackBootstrapInputSpec(TrackInputSpec):
@@ -1268,7 +1266,7 @@ class TrackBootstrap(Track):
     input_spec = TrackBootstrapInputSpec
 
     def __init__(self, command=None, **inputs):
-        return super(TrackBootstrap, self).__init__(command, **inputs)
+        return super().__init__(command, **inputs)
 
 
 class ComputeMeanDiffusivityInputSpec(CommandLineInputSpec):
diff --git a/nipype/interfaces/camino/odf.py b/nipype/interfaces/camino/odf.py
index 3825cf1bb6..de50073202 100644
--- a/nipype/interfaces/camino/odf.py
+++ b/nipype/interfaces/camino/odf.py
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
-
 import os
 
 from ...utils.filemanip import split_filename
diff --git a/nipype/interfaces/camino/tests/__init__.py b/nipype/interfaces/camino/tests/__init__.py
index 99fb243f19..349937997e 100644
--- a/nipype/interfaces/camino/tests/__init__.py
+++ b/nipype/interfaces/camino/tests/__init__.py
@@ -1,3 +1,2 @@
-# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 # emacs: -*- mode: python; py-indent-offset: 4; indent-tabs-mode: nil -*-
 # vi: set ft=python sts=4 ts=4 sw=4 et:
diff --git a/nipype/interfaces/camino/utils.py b/nipype/interfaces/camino/utils.py
index 201e4e05d0..cc1416575c 100644
--- a/nipype/interfaces/camino/utils.py
+++ b/nipype/interfaces/camino/utils.py
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 import os
 
 from ..base import (
diff --git a/nipype/interfaces/camino2trackvis/__init__.py b/nipype/interfaces/camino2trackvis/__init__.py
index b132a20f0c..ce31d60610 100644
--- a/nipype/interfaces/camino2trackvis/__init__.py
+++ b/nipype/interfaces/camino2trackvis/__init__.py
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 # emacs: -*- mode: python; py-indent-offset: 4; indent-tabs-mode: nil -*-
 # vi: set ft=python sts=4 ts=4 sw=4 et:
 """Camino-Trackvis allows interoperability between Camino and TrackVis."""
diff --git a/nipype/interfaces/camino2trackvis/convert.py b/nipype/interfaces/camino2trackvis/convert.py
index a4db0b59ef..8d1db28b95 100644
--- a/nipype/interfaces/camino2trackvis/convert.py
+++ b/nipype/interfaces/camino2trackvis/convert.py
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 """Provides interfaces to various commands provided by Camino-Trackvis."""
 
 import os
diff --git a/nipype/interfaces/camino2trackvis/tests/__init__.py b/nipype/interfaces/camino2trackvis/tests/__init__.py
index 40a96afc6f..e69de29bb2 100644
--- a/nipype/interfaces/camino2trackvis/tests/__init__.py
+++ b/nipype/interfaces/camino2trackvis/tests/__init__.py
@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
diff --git a/nipype/interfaces/cat12/preprocess.py b/nipype/interfaces/cat12/preprocess.py
index 1d962bc08b..1f9189b376 100644
--- a/nipype/interfaces/cat12/preprocess.py
+++ b/nipype/interfaces/cat12/preprocess.py
@@ -525,7 +525,7 @@ def _format_arg(self, opt, spec, val):
         elif opt in ["tpm", "shooting_tpm"]:
             return Cell2Str(val)
 
-        return super(CAT12Segment, self)._format_arg(opt, spec, val)
+        return super()._format_arg(opt, spec, val)
 
     def _list_outputs(self):
         outputs = self._outputs().get()
@@ -726,7 +726,7 @@ def _format_arg(self, opt, spec, val):
         if opt == "spm_type":
             type_map = {"same": 0, "uint8": 2, "uint16": 512, "float32": 16}
             val = type_map[val]
-        return super(CAT12SANLMDenoising, self)._format_arg(opt, spec, val)
+        return super()._format_arg(opt, spec, val)
 
     def _list_outputs(self):
         outputs = self._outputs().get()
diff --git a/nipype/interfaces/cat12/surface.py b/nipype/interfaces/cat12/surface.py
index 5e74f8d015..852150d539 100644
--- a/nipype/interfaces/cat12/surface.py
+++ b/nipype/interfaces/cat12/surface.py
@@ -163,9 +163,7 @@ def _list_outputs(self):
     def _format_arg(self, opt, spec, val):
         if opt == "left_central_surfaces":
             return Cell2Str(val)
-        return super(ExtractAdditionalSurfaceParameters, self)._format_arg(
-            opt, spec, val
-        )
+        return super()._format_arg(opt, spec, val)
 
 
 class ExtractROIBasedSurfaceMeasuresInputSpec(SPMCommandInputSpec):
@@ -257,7 +255,7 @@ def _format_arg(self, opt, spec, val):
         elif opt == "lh_roi_atlas":
             return Cell2Str(val)
 
-        return super(ExtractROIBasedSurfaceMeasures, self)._format_arg(opt, spec, val)
+        return super()._format_arg(opt, spec, val)
 
     def _list_outputs(self):
         outputs = self._outputs().get()
diff --git a/nipype/interfaces/cmtk/__init__.py b/nipype/interfaces/cmtk/__init__.py
index fc45bc986e..426130e1a5 100644
--- a/nipype/interfaces/cmtk/__init__.py
+++ b/nipype/interfaces/cmtk/__init__.py
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 """CMP implements a full processing pipeline for creating connectomes with dMRI data."""
 from .cmtk import ROIGen, CreateMatrix, CreateNodes
 from .nx import NetworkXMetrics, AverageNetworks
diff --git a/nipype/interfaces/cmtk/base.py b/nipype/interfaces/cmtk/base.py
index 17d3070504..d0c226dc49 100644
--- a/nipype/interfaces/cmtk/base.py
+++ b/nipype/interfaces/cmtk/base.py
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 # emacs: -*- mode: python; py-indent-offset: 4; indent-tabs-mode: nil -*-
 # vi: set ft=python sts=4 ts=4 sw=4 et:
 """ Base interface for cmtk """
diff --git a/nipype/interfaces/cmtk/cmtk.py b/nipype/interfaces/cmtk/cmtk.py
index bc5f2de2a5..e49c7c8547 100644
--- a/nipype/interfaces/cmtk/cmtk.py
+++ b/nipype/interfaces/cmtk/cmtk.py
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 # emacs: -*- mode: python; py-indent-offset: 4; indent-tabs-mode: nil -*-
 # vi: set ft=python sts=4 ts=4 sw=4 et:
 import pickle
diff --git a/nipype/interfaces/cmtk/convert.py b/nipype/interfaces/cmtk/convert.py
index a45daddcd6..72d105b715 100644
--- a/nipype/interfaces/cmtk/convert.py
+++ b/nipype/interfaces/cmtk/convert.py
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
-
 import os
 import os.path as op
 import datetime
@@ -134,7 +132,7 @@ def _run_interface(self, runtime):
             for ntwk in self.inputs.graphml_networks:
                 # There must be a better way to deal with the unique name problem
                 # (i.e. tracks and networks can't use the same name, and previously we were pulling them both from the input files)
-                ntwk_name = "Network {cnt}".format(cnt=count)
+                ntwk_name = f"Network {count}"
                 a.add_connectome_network_from_graphml(ntwk_name, ntwk)
                 count += 1
 
diff --git a/nipype/interfaces/cmtk/nbs.py b/nipype/interfaces/cmtk/nbs.py
index a2bd42abee..4b4be74ebb 100644
--- a/nipype/interfaces/cmtk/nbs.py
+++ b/nipype/interfaces/cmtk/nbs.py
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 # emacs: -*- mode: python; py-indent-offset: 4; indent-tabs-mode: nil -*-
 # vi: set ft=python sts=4 ts=4 sw=4 et:
 
@@ -42,9 +41,7 @@ def ntwks_to_matrices(in_files, edge_key):
                     edge_key
                 ]  # Setting the edge requested edge value as weight value
             except:
-                raise KeyError(
-                    "the graph edges do not have {} attribute".format(edge_key)
-                )
+                raise KeyError(f"the graph edges do not have {edge_key} attribute")
         matrix[:, :, idx] = nx.to_numpy_array(graph)  # Retrieve the matrix
     return matrix
 
diff --git a/nipype/interfaces/cmtk/nx.py b/nipype/interfaces/cmtk/nx.py
index 15449515f4..bbf082ce03 100644
--- a/nipype/interfaces/cmtk/nx.py
+++ b/nipype/interfaces/cmtk/nx.py
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 # emacs: -*- mode: python; py-indent-offset: 4; indent-tabs-mode: nil -*-
 # vi: set ft=python sts=4 ts=4 sw=4 et:
 import os.path as op
diff --git a/nipype/interfaces/cmtk/parcellation.py b/nipype/interfaces/cmtk/parcellation.py
index ae5f3223db..6195715065 100644
--- a/nipype/interfaces/cmtk/parcellation.py
+++ b/nipype/interfaces/cmtk/parcellation.py
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 # emacs: -*- mode: python; py-indent-offset: 4; indent-tabs-mode: nil -*-
 # vi: set ft=python sts=4 ts=4 sw=4 et:
 import os
@@ -264,7 +263,7 @@ def create_annot_label(subject_id, subjects_dir, fs_dir, parcellation_name):
     log = cmp_config.get_logger()
 
     for out in comp:
-        mris_cmd = 'mris_ca_label %s %s "%s/surf/%s.sphere.reg" "%s" "%s" ' % (
+        mris_cmd = 'mris_ca_label {} {} "{}/surf/{}.sphere.reg" "{}" "{}" '.format(
             subject_id,
             out[0],
             op.join(subjects_dir, subject_id),
@@ -277,11 +276,13 @@ def create_annot_label(subject_id, subjects_dir, fs_dir, parcellation_name):
 
         annot = '--annotation "%s"' % out[4]
 
-        mri_an_cmd = 'mri_annotation2label --subject %s --hemi %s --outdir "%s" %s' % (
-            subject_id,
-            out[0],
-            op.join(output_dir, out[3]),
-            annot,
+        mri_an_cmd = (
+            'mri_annotation2label --subject {} --hemi {} --outdir "{}" {}'.format(
+                subject_id,
+                out[0],
+                op.join(output_dir, out[3]),
+                annot,
+            )
         )
         iflogger.info(mri_an_cmd)
         runCmd(mri_an_cmd, log)
@@ -316,12 +317,12 @@ def create_annot_label(subject_id, subjects_dir, fs_dir, parcellation_name):
     )
     runCmd(mri_cmd, log)
     runCmd("mris_volmask %s" % subject_id, log)
-    mri_cmd = 'mri_convert -i "%s/mri/ribbon.mgz" -o "%s/mri/ribbon.nii.gz"' % (
+    mri_cmd = 'mri_convert -i "{}/mri/ribbon.mgz" -o "{}/mri/ribbon.nii.gz"'.format(
         op.join(subjects_dir, subject_id),
         op.join(subjects_dir, subject_id),
     )
     runCmd(mri_cmd, log)
-    mri_cmd = 'mri_convert -i "%s/mri/aseg.mgz" -o "%s/mri/aseg.nii.gz"' % (
+    mri_cmd = 'mri_convert -i "{}/mri/aseg.mgz" -o "{}/mri/aseg.nii.gz"'.format(
         op.join(subjects_dir, subject_id),
         op.join(subjects_dir, subject_id),
     )
@@ -407,15 +408,17 @@ def create_roi(subject_id, subjects_dir, fs_dir, parcellation_name, dilation):
             labelpath = op.join(output_dir, parval["fs_label_subdir_name"] % hemi)
             # construct .label file name
 
-            fname = "%s.%s.label" % (hemi, brv["dn_fsname"])
+            fname = "{}.{}.label".format(hemi, brv["dn_fsname"])
 
             # execute fs mri_label2vol to generate volume roi from the label file
             # store it in temporary file to be overwritten for each region
 
-            mri_cmd = 'mri_label2vol --label "%s" --temp "%s" --o "%s" --identity' % (
-                op.join(labelpath, fname),
-                op.join(fs_dir, "mri", "orig.mgz"),
-                op.join(output_dir, "tmp.nii.gz"),
+            mri_cmd = (
+                'mri_label2vol --label "{}" --temp "{}" --o "{}" --identity'.format(
+                    op.join(labelpath, fname),
+                    op.join(fs_dir, "mri", "orig.mgz"),
+                    op.join(output_dir, "tmp.nii.gz"),
+                )
             )
             runCmd(mri_cmd, log)
 
@@ -656,7 +659,7 @@ def crop_and_move_datasets(
             raise Exception("File %s does not exist." % d[0])
         # reslice to original volume because the roi creation with freesurfer
         # changed to 256x256x256 resolution
-        mri_cmd = 'mri_convert -rl "%s" -rt nearest "%s" -nc "%s"' % (orig, d[0], d[1])
+        mri_cmd = f'mri_convert -rl "{orig}" -rt nearest "{d[0]}" -nc "{d[1]}"'
         runCmd(mri_cmd, log)
 
 
diff --git a/nipype/interfaces/cmtk/tests/__init__.py b/nipype/interfaces/cmtk/tests/__init__.py
index 40a96afc6f..e69de29bb2 100644
--- a/nipype/interfaces/cmtk/tests/__init__.py
+++ b/nipype/interfaces/cmtk/tests/__init__.py
@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
diff --git a/nipype/interfaces/dcm2nii.py b/nipype/interfaces/dcm2nii.py
index 6b6de041bf..07eb1bb4db 100644
--- a/nipype/interfaces/dcm2nii.py
+++ b/nipype/interfaces/dcm2nii.py
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 """dcm2nii converts images from the proprietary scanner DICOM format to NIfTI."""
 import os
 import re
@@ -150,11 +149,11 @@ def _format_arg(self, opt, spec, val):
                 val = True
         if opt == "source_names":
             return spec.argstr % val[0]
-        return super(Dcm2nii, self)._format_arg(opt, spec, val)
+        return super()._format_arg(opt, spec, val)
 
     def _run_interface(self, runtime):
         self._config_created = False
-        new_runtime = super(Dcm2nii, self)._run_interface(runtime)
+        new_runtime = super()._run_interface(runtime)
         (
             self.output_files,
             self.reoriented_files,
@@ -202,7 +201,7 @@ def _parse_stdout(self, stdout):
                     # just above
                     for l in (bvecs, bvals):
                         l[-1] = os.path.join(
-                            os.path.dirname(l[-1]), "x%s" % (os.path.basename(l[-1]),)
+                            os.path.dirname(l[-1]), f"x{os.path.basename(l[-1])}"
                         )
                 elif re.search(".*->(.*)", line):
                     val = re.search(".*->(.*)", line)
@@ -443,13 +442,11 @@ def _format_arg(self, opt, spec, val):
                 val = True
         if opt == "source_names":
             return spec.argstr % (os.path.dirname(val[0]) or ".")
-        return super(Dcm2niix, self)._format_arg(opt, spec, val)
+        return super()._format_arg(opt, spec, val)
 
     def _run_interface(self, runtime):
         # may use return code 1 despite conversion
-        runtime = super(Dcm2niix, self)._run_interface(
-            runtime, correct_return_codes=(0, 1)
-        )
+        runtime = super()._run_interface(runtime, correct_return_codes=(0, 1))
         self._parse_files(self._parse_stdout(runtime.stdout))
         return runtime
 
diff --git a/nipype/interfaces/dcmstack.py b/nipype/interfaces/dcmstack.py
index 49acf9f509..6ddd252749 100644
--- a/nipype/interfaces/dcmstack.py
+++ b/nipype/interfaces/dcmstack.py
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 """dcmstack allows series of DICOM images to be stacked into multi-dimensional arrays."""
 
 import os
@@ -250,7 +249,7 @@ def _make_name_map(self):
 
     def _outputs(self):
         self._make_name_map()
-        outputs = super(LookupMeta, self)._outputs()
+        outputs = super()._outputs()
         undefined_traits = {}
         for out_name in list(self._meta_keys.values()):
             outputs.add_trait(out_name, traits.Any)
diff --git a/nipype/interfaces/diffusion_toolkit/__init__.py b/nipype/interfaces/diffusion_toolkit/__init__.py
index c3927800a3..ef8dce7e4e 100644
--- a/nipype/interfaces/diffusion_toolkit/__init__.py
+++ b/nipype/interfaces/diffusion_toolkit/__init__.py
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 """Diffusion Toolkit performs data reconstruction and fiber tracking on diffusion MR images."""
 from .base import Info
 from .postproc import SplineFilter, TrackMerge
diff --git a/nipype/interfaces/diffusion_toolkit/base.py b/nipype/interfaces/diffusion_toolkit/base.py
index 2068f18988..051d80e0f1 100644
--- a/nipype/interfaces/diffusion_toolkit/base.py
+++ b/nipype/interfaces/diffusion_toolkit/base.py
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 # emacs: -*- mode: python; py-indent-offset: 4; indent-tabs-mode: nil -*-
 # vi: set ft=python sts=4 ts=4 sw=4 et:
 """The dtk module provides basic functions for interfacing with
@@ -19,7 +18,7 @@
 __docformat__ = "restructuredtext"
 
 
-class Info(object):
+class Info:
     """Handle dtk output type and version information.
 
     Examples
diff --git a/nipype/interfaces/diffusion_toolkit/dti.py b/nipype/interfaces/diffusion_toolkit/dti.py
index c42db76d5b..37a76ab6f0 100644
--- a/nipype/interfaces/diffusion_toolkit/dti.py
+++ b/nipype/interfaces/diffusion_toolkit/dti.py
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 # emacs: -*- mode: python; py-indent-offset: 4; indent-tabs-mode: nil -*-
 # vi: set ft=python sts=4 ts=4 sw=4 et:
 """Provides interfaces to various commands provided by diffusion toolkit
@@ -107,15 +106,15 @@ def _create_gradient_matrix(self, bvecs_file, bvals_file):
         with open(_gradient_matrix_file, "w") as gradient_matrix_f:
             for i in range(len(bvals)):
                 gradient_matrix_f.write(
-                    "%s, %s, %s, %s\n" % (bvecs_x[i], bvecs_y[i], bvecs_z[i], bvals[i])
+                    f"{bvecs_x[i]}, {bvecs_y[i]}, {bvecs_z[i]}, {bvals[i]}\n"
                 )
         return _gradient_matrix_file
 
     def _format_arg(self, name, spec, value):
         if name == "bvecs":
             new_val = self._create_gradient_matrix(self.inputs.bvecs, self.inputs.bvals)
-            return super(DTIRecon, self)._format_arg("bvecs", spec, new_val)
-        return super(DTIRecon, self)._format_arg(name, spec, value)
+            return super()._format_arg("bvecs", spec, new_val)
+        return super()._format_arg(name, spec, value)
 
     def _list_outputs(self):
         out_prefix = self.inputs.out_prefix
@@ -277,7 +276,7 @@ def _run_interface(self, runtime):
             copy=False,
         )
 
-        return super(DTITracker, self)._run_interface(runtime)
+        return super()._run_interface(runtime)
 
     def _list_outputs(self):
         outputs = self.output_spec().get()
diff --git a/nipype/interfaces/diffusion_toolkit/odf.py b/nipype/interfaces/diffusion_toolkit/odf.py
index e1819912b6..3b30cc7c69 100644
--- a/nipype/interfaces/diffusion_toolkit/odf.py
+++ b/nipype/interfaces/diffusion_toolkit/odf.py
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 # emacs: -*- mode: python; py-indent-offset: 4; indent-tabs-mode: nil -*-
 # vi: set ft=python sts=4 ts=4 sw=4 et:
 """Provides interfaces to various commands provided by diffusion toolkit
@@ -109,15 +108,15 @@ def _create_gradient_matrix(self, bvecs_file, bvals_file):
         for i in range(len(bvals)):
             if int(bvals[i]) == 0:
                 continue
-            gradient_matrix_f.write("%s %s %s\n" % (bvecs_x[i], bvecs_y[i], bvecs_z[i]))
+            gradient_matrix_f.write(f"{bvecs_x[i]} {bvecs_y[i]} {bvecs_z[i]}\n")
         gradient_matrix_f.close()
         return _gradient_matrix_file
 
     def _format_arg(self, name, spec, value):
         if name == "bvecs":
             new_val = self._create_gradient_matrix(self.inputs.bvecs, self.inputs.bvals)
-            return super(HARDIMat, self)._format_arg("bvecs", spec, new_val)
-        return super(HARDIMat, self)._format_arg(name, spec, value)
+            return super()._format_arg("bvecs", spec, new_val)
+        return super()._format_arg(name, spec, value)
 
     def _list_outputs(self):
         outputs = self.output_spec().get()
@@ -388,7 +387,7 @@ def _run_interface(self, runtime):
             copy=False,
         )
 
-        return super(ODFTracker, self)._run_interface(runtime)
+        return super()._run_interface(runtime)
 
     def _list_outputs(self):
         outputs = self.output_spec().get()
diff --git a/nipype/interfaces/diffusion_toolkit/postproc.py b/nipype/interfaces/diffusion_toolkit/postproc.py
index 534b747a0d..5190843875 100644
--- a/nipype/interfaces/diffusion_toolkit/postproc.py
+++ b/nipype/interfaces/diffusion_toolkit/postproc.py
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 # emacs: -*- mode: python; py-indent-offset: 4; indent-tabs-mode: nil -*-
 # vi: set ft=python sts=4 ts=4 sw=4 et:
 """Provides interfaces to various commands provided by diffusion toolkit
diff --git a/nipype/interfaces/diffusion_toolkit/tests/__init__.py b/nipype/interfaces/diffusion_toolkit/tests/__init__.py
index 40a96afc6f..e69de29bb2 100644
--- a/nipype/interfaces/diffusion_toolkit/tests/__init__.py
+++ b/nipype/interfaces/diffusion_toolkit/tests/__init__.py
@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
diff --git a/nipype/interfaces/dipy/__init__.py b/nipype/interfaces/dipy/__init__.py
index ec840871ba..d12c13844f 100644
--- a/nipype/interfaces/dipy/__init__.py
+++ b/nipype/interfaces/dipy/__init__.py
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 """DIPY is a computational neuroimaging tool for diffusion MRI."""
 from .tracks import StreamlineTractography, TrackDensityMap
 from .tensors import TensorMode, DTI
diff --git a/nipype/interfaces/dipy/anisotropic_power.py b/nipype/interfaces/dipy/anisotropic_power.py
index 7ad82fb678..c222ea8f6a 100644
--- a/nipype/interfaces/dipy/anisotropic_power.py
+++ b/nipype/interfaces/dipy/anisotropic_power.py
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
-
 import numpy as np
 import nibabel as nb
 
diff --git a/nipype/interfaces/dipy/base.py b/nipype/interfaces/dipy/base.py
index 161ed33227..064b2fc744 100644
--- a/nipype/interfaces/dipy/base.py
+++ b/nipype/interfaces/dipy/base.py
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 """ Base interfaces for dipy """
 
 import os.path as op
@@ -134,10 +133,9 @@ def convert_to_traits_type(dipy_type, is_file=False):
         return traits.Complex, is_mandatory
     else:
         msg = (
-            "Error during convert_to_traits_type({0}).".format(dipy_type)
-            + "Unknown DIPY type."
+            f"Error during convert_to_traits_type({dipy_type})." + "Unknown DIPY type."
         )
-        raise IOError(msg)
+        raise OSError(msg)
 
 
 def create_interface_specs(class_name, params=None, BaseClass=TraitedSpec):
@@ -218,13 +216,13 @@ def dipy_to_nipype_interface(cls_name, dipy_flow, BaseClass=DipyBaseInterface):
     input_parameters = parser.positional_parameters + optional_params
 
     input_spec = create_interface_specs(
-        "{}InputSpec".format(cls_name),
+        f"{cls_name}InputSpec",
         input_parameters,
         BaseClass=BaseInterfaceInputSpec,
     )
 
     output_spec = create_interface_specs(
-        "{}OutputSpec".format(cls_name), output_parameters, BaseClass=TraitedSpec
+        f"{cls_name}OutputSpec", output_parameters, BaseClass=TraitedSpec
     )
 
     def _run_interface(self, runtime):
diff --git a/nipype/interfaces/dipy/preprocess.py b/nipype/interfaces/dipy/preprocess.py
index 867ba79d81..12b25323cd 100644
--- a/nipype/interfaces/dipy/preprocess.py
+++ b/nipype/interfaces/dipy/preprocess.py
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
-
 import os.path as op
 import nibabel as nb
 import numpy as np
@@ -103,7 +101,7 @@ def _gen_outfilename(self):
         if fext == ".gz":
             fname, fext2 = op.splitext(fname)
             fext = fext2 + fext
-        return op.abspath("%s_reslice%s" % (fname, fext))
+        return op.abspath(f"{fname}_reslice{fext}")
 
 
 class DenoiseInputSpec(TraitedSpec):
@@ -204,7 +202,7 @@ def _gen_outfilename(self):
         if fext == ".gz":
             fname, fext2 = op.splitext(fname)
             fext = fext2 + fext
-        return op.abspath("%s_denoise%s" % (fname, fext))
+        return op.abspath(f"{fname}_denoise{fext}")
 
 
 def resample_proxy(in_file, order=3, new_zooms=None, out_file=None):
@@ -218,7 +216,7 @@ def resample_proxy(in_file, order=3, new_zooms=None, out_file=None):
         if fext == ".gz":
             fname, fext2 = op.splitext(fname)
             fext = fext2 + fext
-        out_file = op.abspath("./%s_reslice%s" % (fname, fext))
+        out_file = op.abspath(f"./{fname}_reslice{fext}")
 
     img = nb.load(in_file)
     hdr = img.header.copy()
@@ -258,7 +256,7 @@ def nlmeans_proxy(in_file, settings, snr=None, smask=None, nmask=None, out_file=
         if fext == ".gz":
             fname, fext2 = op.splitext(fname)
             fext = fext2 + fext
-        out_file = op.abspath("./%s_denoise%s" % (fname, fext))
+        out_file = op.abspath(f"./{fname}_denoise{fext}")
 
     img = nb.load(in_file)
     hdr = img.header
diff --git a/nipype/interfaces/dipy/reconstruction.py b/nipype/interfaces/dipy/reconstruction.py
index 14a2dff462..6e36e695f2 100644
--- a/nipype/interfaces/dipy/reconstruction.py
+++ b/nipype/interfaces/dipy/reconstruction.py
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 """
 Interfaces to the reconstruction algorithms in dipy
 
diff --git a/nipype/interfaces/dipy/setup.py b/nipype/interfaces/dipy/setup.py
index 082d88f841..38a7622894 100644
--- a/nipype/interfaces/dipy/setup.py
+++ b/nipype/interfaces/dipy/setup.py
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 # emacs: -*- mode: python; py-indent-offset: 4; indent-tabs-mode: nil -*-
 # vi: set ft=python sts=4 ts=4 sw=4 et:
 
diff --git a/nipype/interfaces/dipy/simulate.py b/nipype/interfaces/dipy/simulate.py
index e1867342bb..8ed13a52a8 100644
--- a/nipype/interfaces/dipy/simulate.py
+++ b/nipype/interfaces/dipy/simulate.py
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 from multiprocessing import Pool, cpu_count
 import os.path as op
 
@@ -134,7 +133,7 @@ def _run_interface(self, runtime):
         nsticks = len(self.inputs.in_dirs)
         if len(self.inputs.in_frac) != nsticks:
             raise RuntimeError(
-                ("Number of sticks and their volume fractions" " must match.")
+                "Number of sticks and their volume fractions" " must match."
             )
 
         # Volume fractions of isotropic compartments
@@ -256,9 +255,7 @@ def _run_interface(self, runtime):
         )
         result = np.array(pool.map(_compute_voxel, args))
         if np.shape(result)[1] != ndirs:
-            raise RuntimeError(
-                ("Computed directions do not match number" "of b-values.")
-            )
+            raise RuntimeError("Computed directions do not match number" "of b-values.")
 
         signal = np.zeros((shape[0], shape[1], shape[2], ndirs))
         signal[msk > 0] = result
diff --git a/nipype/interfaces/dipy/tensors.py b/nipype/interfaces/dipy/tensors.py
index f2b197f372..f8be2b5c70 100644
--- a/nipype/interfaces/dipy/tensors.py
+++ b/nipype/interfaces/dipy/tensors.py
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
-
 import numpy as np
 import nibabel as nb
 
@@ -77,7 +75,7 @@ def _list_outputs(self):
         outputs["out_file"] = self._gen_filename("dti")
 
         for metric in ["fa", "md", "rd", "ad", "color_fa"]:
-            outputs["{}_file".format(metric)] = self._gen_filename(metric)
+            outputs[f"{metric}_file"] = self._gen_filename(metric)
 
         return outputs
 
diff --git a/nipype/interfaces/dipy/tests/__init__.py b/nipype/interfaces/dipy/tests/__init__.py
index 40a96afc6f..e69de29bb2 100644
--- a/nipype/interfaces/dipy/tests/__init__.py
+++ b/nipype/interfaces/dipy/tests/__init__.py
@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
diff --git a/nipype/interfaces/dipy/tracks.py b/nipype/interfaces/dipy/tracks.py
index e97250dd26..b1a912e63b 100644
--- a/nipype/interfaces/dipy/tracks.py
+++ b/nipype/interfaces/dipy/tracks.py
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
-
 import os.path as op
 import numpy as np
 import nibabel as nb
@@ -226,7 +224,7 @@ def _run_interface(self, runtime):
 
         if not (isdefined(self.inputs.in_model) or isdefined(self.inputs.in_peaks)):
             raise RuntimeError(
-                ("At least one of in_model or in_peaks should " "be supplied")
+                "At least one of in_model or in_peaks should " "be supplied"
             )
 
         img = nb.load(self.inputs.in_file)
diff --git a/nipype/interfaces/dtitk/base.py b/nipype/interfaces/dtitk/base.py
index efbd79ad98..2b6a2af6a4 100644
--- a/nipype/interfaces/dtitk/base.py
+++ b/nipype/interfaces/dtitk/base.py
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 # emacs: -*- mode: python; py-indent-offset: 4; indent-tabs-mode: nil -*-
 # vi: set ft=python sts=4 ts=4 sw=4 et:
 """The dtitk module provides classes for interfacing with the `DTITK
@@ -36,7 +35,7 @@
 LOGGER = logging.getLogger("nipype.interface")
 
 
-class DTITKRenameMixin(object):
+class DTITKRenameMixin:
     def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
         classes = [cls.__name__ for cls in self.__class__.mro()]
         dep_name = classes[0]
@@ -50,7 +49,7 @@ def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
             "".format(dep_name, new_name),
             DeprecationWarning,
         )
-        super(DTITKRenameMixin, self).__init__(*args, **kwargs)
+        super().__init__(*args, **kwargs)
 
 
 class CommandLineDtitk(CommandLine):
diff --git a/nipype/interfaces/dtitk/registration.py b/nipype/interfaces/dtitk/registration.py
index 4a50d5b1ad..c0da9ebc8d 100644
--- a/nipype/interfaces/dtitk/registration.py
+++ b/nipype/interfaces/dtitk/registration.py
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 # emacs: -*- mode: python; py-indent-offset: 4; indent-tabs-mode: nil -*-
 # vi: set ft=python sts=4 ts=4 sw=4 et:
 """DTITK registration interfaces
@@ -118,7 +117,7 @@ class Rigid(CommandLineDtitk):
         return super(Rigid, self)._format_arg(name, spec, value)"""
 
     def _run_interface(self, runtime):
-        runtime = super(Rigid, self)._run_interface(runtime)
+        runtime = super()._run_interface(runtime)
         if """.aff doesn't exist or can't be opened""" in runtime.stderr:
             self.raise_exception(runtime)
         return runtime
@@ -445,7 +444,7 @@ class AffScalarVol(CommandLineDtitk):
     def _format_arg(self, name, spec, value):
         if name == "interpolation":
             value = {"trilinear": 0, "NN": 1}[value]
-        return super(AffScalarVol, self)._format_arg(name, spec, value)
+        return super()._format_arg(name, spec, value)
 
 
 class DiffeoSymTensor3DVolInputSpec(CommandLineInputSpec):
@@ -530,7 +529,7 @@ class DiffeoSymTensor3DVol(CommandLineDtitk):
     def _format_arg(self, name, spec, value):
         if name == "resampling_type":
             value = {"forward": 0, "backward": 1}[value]
-        return super(DiffeoSymTensor3DVol, self)._format_arg(name, spec, value)
+        return super()._format_arg(name, spec, value)
 
 
 class DiffeoScalarVolInputSpec(CommandLineInputSpec):
@@ -607,7 +606,7 @@ def _format_arg(self, name, spec, value):
             value = {"forward": 0, "backward": 1}[value]
         elif name == "interpolation":
             value = {"trilinear": 0, "NN": 1}[value]
-        return super(DiffeoScalarVol, self)._format_arg(name, spec, value)
+        return super()._format_arg(name, spec, value)
 
 
 class RigidTask(DTITKRenameMixin, Rigid):
diff --git a/nipype/interfaces/dtitk/tests/__init__.py b/nipype/interfaces/dtitk/tests/__init__.py
index 99fb243f19..349937997e 100644
--- a/nipype/interfaces/dtitk/tests/__init__.py
+++ b/nipype/interfaces/dtitk/tests/__init__.py
@@ -1,3 +1,2 @@
-# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 # emacs: -*- mode: python; py-indent-offset: 4; indent-tabs-mode: nil -*-
 # vi: set ft=python sts=4 ts=4 sw=4 et:
diff --git a/nipype/interfaces/dtitk/utils.py b/nipype/interfaces/dtitk/utils.py
index da030439de..0a81a8e8f4 100644
--- a/nipype/interfaces/dtitk/utils.py
+++ b/nipype/interfaces/dtitk/utils.py
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 # emacs: -*- mode: python; py-indent-offset: 4; indent-tabs-mode: nil -*-
 # vi: set ft=python sts=4 ts=4 sw=4 et:
 """DTITK utility interfaces
diff --git a/nipype/interfaces/dynamic_slicer.py b/nipype/interfaces/dynamic_slicer.py
index 6dc6a7e154..1fede10507 100644
--- a/nipype/interfaces/dynamic_slicer.py
+++ b/nipype/interfaces/dynamic_slicer.py
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 # emacs: -*- mode: python; py-indent-offset: 4; indent-tabs-mode: nil -*-
 # vi: set ft=python sts=4 ts=4 sw=4 et:
 """Experimental Slicer wrapper - Work in progress."""
@@ -39,7 +38,7 @@ def _grab_xml(self, module):
             raise Exception(cmd.cmdline + " failed:\n%s" % ret.runtime.stderr)
 
     def _outputs(self):
-        base = super(SlicerCommandLine, self)._outputs()
+        base = super()._outputs()
         undefined_output_traits = {}
         for key in [
             node.getElementsByTagName("name")[0].firstChild.nodeValue
@@ -53,9 +52,7 @@ def _outputs(self):
 
     def __init__(self, module, **inputs):
         warnings.warn("slicer is Not fully implemented", RuntimeWarning)
-        super(SlicerCommandLine, self).__init__(
-            command="Slicer3 --launch %s " % module, name=module, **inputs
-        )
+        super().__init__(command="Slicer3 --launch %s " % module, name=module, **inputs)
         dom = self._grab_xml(module)
         self._outputs_filenames = {}
 
@@ -193,7 +190,7 @@ def _format_arg(self, name, spec, value):
             else:
                 fname = value
             return spec.argstr % fname
-        return super(SlicerCommandLine, self)._format_arg(name, spec, value)
+        return super()._format_arg(name, spec, value)
 
 
 #    test = SlicerCommandLine(module="BRAINSFit")
diff --git a/nipype/interfaces/elastix/__init__.py b/nipype/interfaces/elastix/__init__.py
index 8f60ed8ff1..1f1116af69 100644
--- a/nipype/interfaces/elastix/__init__.py
+++ b/nipype/interfaces/elastix/__init__.py
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
-# coding: utf-8
 # emacs: -*- mode: python; py-indent-offset: 4; indent-tabs-mode: nil -*-
 # vi: set ft=python sts=4 ts=4 sw=4 et:
 """elastix is a toolbox for rigid and nonrigid registration of images."""
diff --git a/nipype/interfaces/elastix/base.py b/nipype/interfaces/elastix/base.py
index 6e26937793..61fe288ff6 100644
--- a/nipype/interfaces/elastix/base.py
+++ b/nipype/interfaces/elastix/base.py
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
-# coding: utf-8
 # emacs: -*- mode: python; py-indent-offset: 4; indent-tabs-mode: nil -*-
 # vi: set ft=python sts=4 ts=4 sw=4 et:
 """The :py:mod:`nipype.interfaces.elastix` provides the interface to
diff --git a/nipype/interfaces/elastix/registration.py b/nipype/interfaces/elastix/registration.py
index 9c6074014b..44076e4118 100644
--- a/nipype/interfaces/elastix/registration.py
+++ b/nipype/interfaces/elastix/registration.py
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
-# coding: utf-8
 # emacs: -*- mode: python; py-indent-offset: 4; indent-tabs-mode: nil -*-
 # vi: set ft=python sts=4 ts=4 sw=4 et:
 """
@@ -83,7 +81,7 @@ def _list_outputs(self):
         for i, params in enumerate(self.inputs.parameters):
             config = {}
 
-            with open(params, "r") as f:
+            with open(params) as f:
                 for line in f.readlines():
                     line = line.strip()
                     if not line.startswith("//") and line:
diff --git a/nipype/interfaces/elastix/tests/__init__.py b/nipype/interfaces/elastix/tests/__init__.py
index 40a96afc6f..e69de29bb2 100644
--- a/nipype/interfaces/elastix/tests/__init__.py
+++ b/nipype/interfaces/elastix/tests/__init__.py
@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
diff --git a/nipype/interfaces/elastix/utils.py b/nipype/interfaces/elastix/utils.py
index 0cddcaba5d..fdd1889e3d 100644
--- a/nipype/interfaces/elastix/utils.py
+++ b/nipype/interfaces/elastix/utils.py
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
-# coding: utf-8
 # emacs: -*- mode: python; py-indent-offset: 4; indent-tabs-mode: nil -*-
 # vi: set ft=python sts=4 ts=4 sw=4 et:
 """
@@ -96,7 +94,7 @@ def _run_interface(self, runtime):
 
         contents = ""
 
-        with open(self.inputs.transform_file, "r") as f:
+        with open(self.inputs.transform_file) as f:
             contents = f.read()
 
         if isdefined(self.inputs.output_type):
diff --git a/nipype/interfaces/freesurfer/__init__.py b/nipype/interfaces/freesurfer/__init__.py
index 4efa90039a..b6863c9ded 100644
--- a/nipype/interfaces/freesurfer/__init__.py
+++ b/nipype/interfaces/freesurfer/__init__.py
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 # emacs: -*- mode: python; py-indent-offset: 4; indent-tabs-mode: nil -*-
 # vi: set ft=python sts=4 ts=4 sw=4 et:
 """FreeSurfer is an open source software suite for processing and analyzing brain MRI images."""
diff --git a/nipype/interfaces/freesurfer/base.py b/nipype/interfaces/freesurfer/base.py
index 6e9bb5942d..0baedd4b82 100644
--- a/nipype/interfaces/freesurfer/base.py
+++ b/nipype/interfaces/freesurfer/base.py
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 # emacs: -*- mode: python; py-indent-offset: 4; indent-tabs-mode: nil -*-
 # vi: set ft=python sts=4 ts=4 sw=4 et:
 """The freesurfer module provides basic functions for interfacing with
@@ -127,7 +126,7 @@ class FSCommand(CommandLine):
     _subjects_dir = None
 
     def __init__(self, **inputs):
-        super(FSCommand, self).__init__(**inputs)
+        super().__init__(**inputs)
         self.inputs.on_trait_change(self._subjects_dir_update, "subjects_dir")
         if not self._subjects_dir:
             self._subjects_dir = Info.subjectsdir()
@@ -147,7 +146,7 @@ def run(self, **inputs):
         if "subjects_dir" in inputs:
             self.inputs.subjects_dir = inputs["subjects_dir"]
         self._subjects_dir_update()
-        return super(FSCommand, self).run(**inputs)
+        return super().run(**inputs)
 
     def _gen_fname(self, basename, fname=None, cwd=None, suffix="_fs", use_ext=True):
         """Define a generic mapping for a single outfile
@@ -242,7 +241,7 @@ class FSCommandOpenMP(FSCommand):
     _num_threads = None
 
     def __init__(self, **inputs):
-        super(FSCommandOpenMP, self).__init__(**inputs)
+        super().__init__(**inputs)
         self.inputs.on_trait_change(self._num_threads_update, "num_threads")
         if not self._num_threads:
             self._num_threads = os.environ.get("OMP_NUM_THREADS", None)
@@ -262,7 +261,7 @@ def run(self, **inputs):
         if "num_threads" in inputs:
             self.inputs.num_threads = inputs["num_threads"]
         self._num_threads_update()
-        return super(FSCommandOpenMP, self).run(**inputs)
+        return super().run(**inputs)
 
 
 def no_freesurfer():
diff --git a/nipype/interfaces/freesurfer/longitudinal.py b/nipype/interfaces/freesurfer/longitudinal.py
index 086d0a96c8..8cf388f9e4 100644
--- a/nipype/interfaces/freesurfer/longitudinal.py
+++ b/nipype/interfaces/freesurfer/longitudinal.py
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 # emacs: -*- mode: python; py-indent-offset: 4; indent-tabs-mode: nil -*-
 # vi: set ft=python sts=4 ts=4 sw=4 et:
 """Provides interfaces to various longitudinal commands provided by freesurfer
@@ -157,7 +156,7 @@ def _format_arg(self, name, spec, value):
             return spec.argstr % {"mean": 0, "median": 1}[value]
         if name in ("transform_outputs", "scaled_intensity_outputs"):
             value = self._list_outputs()[name]
-        return super(RobustTemplate, self)._format_arg(name, spec, value)
+        return super()._format_arg(name, spec, value)
 
     def _list_outputs(self):
         outputs = self.output_spec().get()
@@ -245,7 +244,7 @@ def _format_arg(self, name, spec, value):
         if name in ("in_segmentations", "in_segmentations_noCC", "in_norms"):
             # return enumeration value
             return spec.argstr % os.path.basename(value[0])
-        return super(FuseSegmentations, self)._format_arg(name, spec, value)
+        return super()._format_arg(name, spec, value)
 
     def _list_outputs(self):
         outputs = self.output_spec().get()
diff --git a/nipype/interfaces/freesurfer/model.py b/nipype/interfaces/freesurfer/model.py
index 5c06a09238..6fea9d0ec1 100644
--- a/nipype/interfaces/freesurfer/model.py
+++ b/nipype/interfaces/freesurfer/model.py
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 # emacs: -*- mode: python; py-indent-offset: 4; indent-tabs-mode: nil -*-
 # vi: set ft=python sts=4 ts=4 sw=4 et:
 """The freesurfer module provides basic functions for interfacing with
@@ -137,7 +136,7 @@ def _list_outputs(self):
         outputs["out_file"] = outfile
         if not isdefined(outfile):
             outputs["out_file"] = os.path.join(
-                os.getcwd(), "concat_%s_%s.mgz" % (self.inputs.hemi, self.inputs.target)
+                os.getcwd(), f"concat_{self.inputs.hemi}_{self.inputs.target}.mgz"
             )
         return outputs
 
@@ -231,7 +230,7 @@ def run(self, **inputs):
             if isdefined(self.inputs.surf_measure_file):
                 copy2subjdir(self, self.inputs.surf_measure_file, folder)
 
-        return super(MRISPreprocReconAll, self).run(**inputs)
+        return super().run(**inputs)
 
     def _format_arg(self, name, spec, value):
         # mris_preproc looks for these files in the surf dir
@@ -241,7 +240,7 @@ def _format_arg(self, name, spec, value):
         if name == "surf_measure_file":
             basename = os.path.basename(value)
             return spec.argstr % basename.lstrip("rh.").lstrip("lh.")
-        return super(MRISPreprocReconAll, self)._format_arg(name, spec, value)
+        return super()._format_arg(name, spec, value)
 
 
 class GLMFitInputSpec(FSTraitedSpec):
@@ -491,7 +490,7 @@ def _format_arg(self, name, spec, value):
         if name == "surf":
             _si = self.inputs
             return spec.argstr % (_si.subject_id, _si.hemi, _si.surf_geo)
-        return super(GLMFit, self)._format_arg(name, spec, value)
+        return super()._format_arg(name, spec, value)
 
     def _list_outputs(self):
         outputs = self.output_spec().get()
@@ -565,7 +564,7 @@ def _gen_filename(self, name):
 
 class OneSampleTTest(GLMFit):
     def __init__(self, **kwargs):
-        super(OneSampleTTest, self).__init__(**kwargs)
+        super().__init__(**kwargs)
         self.inputs.one_sample = True
 
 
@@ -697,7 +696,7 @@ def _format_arg(self, name, spec, value):
             return spec.argstr % fname
         if name == "out_type":
             return ""
-        return super(Binarize, self)._format_arg(name, spec, value)
+        return super()._format_arg(name, spec, value)
 
     def _gen_filename(self, name):
         if name == "binary_file":
@@ -1066,7 +1065,7 @@ def _format_arg(self, name, spec, value):
                 ".mgz", ""
             )
             return spec.argstr % (value, intensity_name)
-        return super(SegStats, self)._format_arg(name, spec, value)
+        return super()._format_arg(name, spec, value)
 
     def _gen_filename(self, name):
         if name == "summary_file":
@@ -1158,7 +1157,7 @@ class SegStatsReconAll(SegStats):
     def _format_arg(self, name, spec, value):
         if name == "brainmask_file":
             return spec.argstr % os.path.basename(value)
-        return super(SegStatsReconAll, self)._format_arg(name, spec, value)
+        return super()._format_arg(name, spec, value)
 
     def run(self, **inputs):
         if self.inputs.copy_inputs:
@@ -1182,7 +1181,7 @@ def run(self, **inputs):
             )
             copy2subjdir(self, self.inputs.in_intensity, "mri")
             copy2subjdir(self, self.inputs.brainmask_file, "mri")
-        return super(SegStatsReconAll, self).run(**inputs)
+        return super().run(**inputs)
 
 
 class Label2VolInputSpec(FSTraitedSpec):
@@ -1411,7 +1410,7 @@ def _format_arg(self, name, spec, value):
             else:
                 return ""
                 # TODO: Fix bug when boolean values are set explicitly to false
-        return super(MS_LDA, self)._format_arg(name, spec, value)
+        return super()._format_arg(name, spec, value)
 
     def _gen_filename(self, name):
         pass
@@ -1519,22 +1518,20 @@ def run(self, **inputs):
             if "subjects_dir" in inputs:
                 inputs["subjects_dir"] = self.inputs.subjects_dir
             hemi = self.inputs.hemisphere
-            copy2subjdir(
-                self, self.inputs.sphere_reg, "surf", "{0}.sphere.reg".format(hemi)
-            )
-            copy2subjdir(self, self.inputs.white, "surf", "{0}.white".format(hemi))
+            copy2subjdir(self, self.inputs.sphere_reg, "surf", f"{hemi}.sphere.reg")
+            copy2subjdir(self, self.inputs.white, "surf", f"{hemi}.white")
             copy2subjdir(
                 self,
                 self.inputs.source_sphere_reg,
                 "surf",
-                "{0}.sphere.reg".format(hemi),
+                f"{hemi}.sphere.reg",
                 subject_id=self.inputs.source_subject,
             )
             copy2subjdir(
                 self,
                 self.inputs.source_white,
                 "surf",
-                "{0}.white".format(hemi),
+                f"{hemi}.white",
                 subject_id=self.inputs.source_subject,
             )
 
@@ -1545,7 +1542,7 @@ def run(self, **inputs):
         if not os.path.isdir(label_dir):
             os.makedirs(label_dir)
 
-        return super(Label2Label, self).run(**inputs)
+        return super().run(**inputs)
 
 
 class Label2AnnotInputSpec(FSTraitedSpec):
@@ -1618,7 +1615,7 @@ def run(self, **inputs):
                 self,
                 self.inputs.orig,
                 folder="surf",
-                basename="{0}.orig".format(self.inputs.hemisphere),
+                basename=f"{self.inputs.hemisphere}.orig",
             )
         # label dir must exist in order for output file to be written
         label_dir = os.path.join(
@@ -1626,7 +1623,7 @@ def run(self, **inputs):
         )
         if not os.path.isdir(label_dir):
             os.makedirs(label_dir)
-        return super(Label2Annot, self).run(**inputs)
+        return super().run(**inputs)
 
     def _list_outputs(self):
         outputs = self._outputs().get()
@@ -1716,7 +1713,7 @@ def _format_arg(self, name, spec, value):
             for item in ["lh.", "rh."]:
                 surf = surf.replace(item, "")
             return spec.argstr % surf
-        return super(SphericalAverage, self)._format_arg(name, spec, value)
+        return super()._format_arg(name, spec, value)
 
     def _gen_filename(self, name):
         if name == "in_average":
diff --git a/nipype/interfaces/freesurfer/petsurfer.py b/nipype/interfaces/freesurfer/petsurfer.py
index 272cba6e21..7536fac1a2 100644
--- a/nipype/interfaces/freesurfer/petsurfer.py
+++ b/nipype/interfaces/freesurfer/petsurfer.py
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 # emacs: -*- mode: python; py-indent-offset: 4; indent-tabs-mode: nil -*-
 # vi: set ft=python sts=4 ts=4 sw=4 et:
 """Provides interfaces to various commands for running PET analyses provided by FreeSurfer
@@ -517,7 +516,7 @@ def _format_arg(self, name, spec, val):
             )
         if name == 'mg':
             return spec.argstr % (val[0], ' '.join(val[1]))
-        return super(GTMPVC, self)._format_arg(name, spec, val)
+        return super()._format_arg(name, spec, val)
 
     def _list_outputs(self):
         outputs = self.output_spec().get()
diff --git a/nipype/interfaces/freesurfer/preprocess.py b/nipype/interfaces/freesurfer/preprocess.py
index 6970a70ce5..9505f5cd67 100644
--- a/nipype/interfaces/freesurfer/preprocess.py
+++ b/nipype/interfaces/freesurfer/preprocess.py
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 # emacs: -*- mode: python; py-indent-offset: 4; indent-tabs-mode: nil -*-
 # vi: set ft=python sts=4 ts=4 sw=4 et:
 """Provides interfaces to various commands provided by FreeSurfer
@@ -546,7 +545,7 @@ def _format_arg(self, name, spec, value):
         if name in ["in_type", "out_type", "template_type"]:
             if value == "niigz":
                 return spec.argstr % "nii"
-        return super(MRIConvert, self)._format_arg(name, spec, value)
+        return super()._format_arg(name, spec, value)
 
     def _get_outfilename(self):
         outfile = self.inputs.out_file
@@ -728,19 +727,19 @@ def cmdline(self):
         outdir = self._get_outdir()
         cmd = []
         if not os.path.exists(outdir):
-            cmdstr = "%s -c \"import os; os.makedirs('%s')\"" % (
+            cmdstr = "{} -c \"import os; os.makedirs('{}')\"".format(
                 op.basename(sys.executable),
                 outdir,
             )
             cmd.extend([cmdstr])
         infofile = os.path.join(outdir, "shortinfo.txt")
         if not os.path.exists(infofile):
-            cmdstr = "dcmdir-info-mgh %s > %s" % (self.inputs.dicom_dir, infofile)
+            cmdstr = f"dcmdir-info-mgh {self.inputs.dicom_dir} > {infofile}"
             cmd.extend([cmdstr])
         files = self._get_filelist(outdir)
         for infile, outfile in files:
             if not os.path.exists(outfile):
-                single_cmd = "%s%s %s %s" % (
+                single_cmd = "{}{} {} {}".format(
                     self._cmd_prefix,
                     self.cmd,
                     infile,
@@ -1572,11 +1571,11 @@ def _format_arg(self, name, trait_spec, value):
             )
         ):
             return None
-        return super(ReconAll, self)._format_arg(name, trait_spec, value)
+        return super()._format_arg(name, trait_spec, value)
 
     @property
     def cmdline(self):
-        cmd = super(ReconAll, self).cmdline
+        cmd = super().cmdline
 
         # Adds '-expert' flag if expert flags are passed
         # Mutually exclusive with 'expert' input parameter
@@ -1619,8 +1618,8 @@ def cmdline(self):
         no_run = True
         flags = []
         for step, outfiles, infiles in steps:
-            flag = "-{}".format(step)
-            noflag = "-no{}".format(step)
+            flag = f"-{step}"
+            noflag = f"-no{step}"
             if noflag in cmd:
                 continue
             elif flag in cmd:
@@ -1652,7 +1651,7 @@ def _prep_expert_file(self):
         for binary in self._binaries:
             args = getattr(self.inputs, binary)
             if isdefined(args):
-                lines.append("{} {}\n".format(binary, args))
+                lines.append(f"{binary} {args}\n")
 
         if lines == []:
             return ""
@@ -1664,7 +1663,7 @@ def _prep_expert_file(self):
         expert_fname = os.path.abspath("expert.opts")
         with open(expert_fname, "w") as fobj:
             fobj.write(contents)
-        return " -expert {}".format(expert_fname)
+        return f" -expert {expert_fname}"
 
     def _get_expert_file(self):
         # Read pre-existing options file, if it exists
@@ -1678,7 +1677,7 @@ def _get_expert_file(self):
         )
         if not os.path.exists(xopts_file):
             return ""
-        with open(xopts_file, "r") as fobj:
+        with open(xopts_file) as fobj:
             return fobj.read()
 
     @property
@@ -1890,7 +1889,7 @@ def _format_arg(self, name, spec, value):
             "init_cost_file",
         ) and isinstance(value, bool):
             value = self._list_outputs()[name]
-        return super(BBRegister, self)._format_arg(name, spec, value)
+        return super()._format_arg(name, spec, value)
 
     def _gen_filename(self, name):
         if name == "out_reg_file":
@@ -2353,7 +2352,7 @@ def _format_arg(self, name, spec, value):
         )
         if name in options and isinstance(value, bool):
             value = self._list_outputs()[name]
-        return super(RobustRegister, self)._format_arg(name, spec, value)
+        return super()._format_arg(name, spec, value)
 
     def _list_outputs(self):
         outputs = self.output_spec().get()
@@ -2441,7 +2440,7 @@ def _format_arg(self, name, spec, value):
                     cmd = " ".join((cmd, "-at %s" % self.inputs.xfm_list[i]))
                 cmd = " ".join((cmd, file))
             return cmd
-        return super(FitMSParams, self)._format_arg(name, spec, value)
+        return super()._format_arg(name, spec, value)
 
     def _list_outputs(self):
         outputs = self.output_spec().get()
@@ -2894,7 +2893,7 @@ class CARegister(FSCommandOpenMP):
     def _format_arg(self, name, spec, value):
         if name == "l_files" and len(value) == 1:
             value.append("identity.nofile")
-        return super(CARegister, self)._format_arg(name, spec, value)
+        return super()._format_arg(name, spec, value)
 
     def _gen_fname(self, name):
         if name == "out_file":
@@ -3115,19 +3114,19 @@ def run(self, **inputs):
                 self,
                 self.inputs.smoothwm,
                 folder="surf",
-                basename="{0}.smoothwm".format(self.inputs.hemisphere),
+                basename=f"{self.inputs.hemisphere}.smoothwm",
             )
             copy2subjdir(
                 self,
                 self.inputs.curv,
                 folder="surf",
-                basename="{0}.curv".format(self.inputs.hemisphere),
+                basename=f"{self.inputs.hemisphere}.curv",
             )
             copy2subjdir(
                 self,
                 self.inputs.sulc,
                 folder="surf",
-                basename="{0}.sulc".format(self.inputs.hemisphere),
+                basename=f"{self.inputs.hemisphere}.sulc",
             )
 
         # The label directory must exist in order for an output to be written
@@ -3137,7 +3136,7 @@ def run(self, **inputs):
         if not os.path.isdir(label_dir):
             os.makedirs(label_dir)
 
-        return super(MRIsCALabel, self).run(**inputs)
+        return super().run(**inputs)
 
     def _list_outputs(self):
         outputs = self.output_spec().get()
@@ -3231,7 +3230,7 @@ def _format_arg(self, name, spec, value):
             # mri_cc can't use abspaths just the basename
             basename = os.path.basename(value)
             return spec.argstr % basename
-        return super(SegmentCC, self)._format_arg(name, spec, value)
+        return super()._format_arg(name, spec, value)
 
     def _list_outputs(self):
         outputs = self.output_spec().get()
@@ -3246,7 +3245,7 @@ def run(self, **inputs):
                 inputs["subjects_dir"] = self.inputs.subjects_dir
             for originalfile in [self.inputs.in_file, self.inputs.in_norm]:
                 copy2subjdir(self, originalfile, folder="mri")
-        return super(SegmentCC, self).run(**inputs)
+        return super().run(**inputs)
 
     def aggregate_outputs(self, runtime=None, needed_outputs=None):
         # it is necessary to find the output files and move
@@ -3273,7 +3272,7 @@ def aggregate_outputs(self, runtime=None, needed_outputs=None):
                     if not os.path.isdir(os.path.dirname(out_tmp)):
                         os.makedirs(os.path.dirname(out_tmp))
                     shutil.move(out_tmp, out_file)
-        return super(SegmentCC, self).aggregate_outputs(runtime, needed_outputs)
+        return super().aggregate_outputs(runtime, needed_outputs)
 
 
 class SegmentWMInputSpec(FSTraitedSpec):
@@ -3487,4 +3486,4 @@ class ConcatenateLTA(FSCommand):
     def _format_arg(self, name, spec, value):
         if name == "out_type":
             value = {"VOX2VOX": 0, "RAS2RAS": 1}[value]
-        return super(ConcatenateLTA, self)._format_arg(name, spec, value)
+        return super()._format_arg(name, spec, value)
diff --git a/nipype/interfaces/freesurfer/registration.py b/nipype/interfaces/freesurfer/registration.py
index 8b1624c87d..948714fb05 100644
--- a/nipype/interfaces/freesurfer/registration.py
+++ b/nipype/interfaces/freesurfer/registration.py
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 # emacs: -*- mode: python; py-indent-offset: 4; indent-tabs-mode: nil -*-
 # vi: set ft=python sts=4 ts=4 sw=4 et:
 """Provides interfaces to various longitudinal commands provided by freesurfer
@@ -71,7 +70,7 @@ class MPRtoMNI305(FSScriptCommand):
     output_spec = MPRtoMNI305OutputSpec
 
     def __init__(self, **inputs):
-        super(MPRtoMNI305, self).__init__(**inputs)
+        super().__init__(**inputs)
         self.inputs.on_trait_change(self._environ_update, "target")
         self.inputs.on_trait_change(self._environ_update, "reference_dir")
 
@@ -85,7 +84,7 @@ def _format_arg(self, opt, spec, val):
                 val, os.path.abspath(retval + ext), copy=True, hashmethod="content"
             )
             return retval
-        return super(MPRtoMNI305, self)._format_arg(opt, spec, val)
+        return super()._format_arg(opt, spec, val)
 
     def _environ_update(self):
         # refdir = os.path.join(Info.home(), val)
@@ -98,7 +97,7 @@ def _get_fname(self, fname):
         return split_filename(fname)[1]
 
     def _list_outputs(self):
-        outputs = super(MPRtoMNI305, self)._list_outputs()
+        outputs = super()._list_outputs()
         fullname = "_".join(
             [
                 self._get_fname(self.inputs.in_file),
@@ -308,7 +307,7 @@ class Register(FSCommand):
     def _format_arg(self, opt, spec, val):
         if opt == "curv":
             return spec.argstr
-        return super(Register, self)._format_arg(opt, spec, val)
+        return super()._format_arg(opt, spec, val)
 
     def _gen_filename(self, name):
         if name == "out_file":
@@ -388,7 +387,7 @@ def _format_arg(self, opt, spec, val):
         if opt == "template":
             if isdefined(self.inputs.template_param):
                 return spec.argstr % (val + "#" + str(self.inputs.template_param))
-        return super(Paint, self)._format_arg(opt, spec, val)
+        return super()._format_arg(opt, spec, val)
 
     def _list_outputs(self):
         outputs = self.output_spec().get()
@@ -587,7 +586,7 @@ def _format_arg(self, opt, spec, val):
             val = self._list_outputs()[opt]
         elif opt == "reference_mask" and val is False:
             return "--no-ref-mask"
-        return super(MRICoreg, self)._format_arg(opt, spec, val)
+        return super()._format_arg(opt, spec, val)
 
     def _list_outputs(self):
         outputs = self.output_spec().get()
diff --git a/nipype/interfaces/freesurfer/tests/__init__.py b/nipype/interfaces/freesurfer/tests/__init__.py
index 40a96afc6f..e69de29bb2 100644
--- a/nipype/interfaces/freesurfer/tests/__init__.py
+++ b/nipype/interfaces/freesurfer/tests/__init__.py
@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
diff --git a/nipype/interfaces/freesurfer/tests/test_model.py b/nipype/interfaces/freesurfer/tests/test_model.py
index 73a2d1f5c6..0c56a87522 100644
--- a/nipype/interfaces/freesurfer/tests/test_model.py
+++ b/nipype/interfaces/freesurfer/tests/test_model.py
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 # emacs: -*- mode: python; py-indent-offset: 4; indent-tabs-mode: nil -*-
 # vi: set ft=python sts=4 ts=4 sw=4 et:
 
diff --git a/nipype/interfaces/freesurfer/tests/test_preprocess.py b/nipype/interfaces/freesurfer/tests/test_preprocess.py
index 00df9393b6..a6e2c3cbf9 100644
--- a/nipype/interfaces/freesurfer/tests/test_preprocess.py
+++ b/nipype/interfaces/freesurfer/tests/test_preprocess.py
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 # emacs: -*- mode: python; py-indent-offset: 4; indent-tabs-mode: nil -*-
 # vi: set ft=python sts=4 ts=4 sw=4 et:
 import os
@@ -66,7 +65,7 @@ def test_fitmsparams(create_files_in_directory):
     # .inputs based parameters setting
     fit.inputs.in_files = filelist
     fit.inputs.out_dir = outdir
-    assert fit.cmdline == "mri_ms_fitparms  %s %s %s" % (
+    assert fit.cmdline == "mri_ms_fitparms  {} {} {}".format(
         filelist[0],
         filelist[1],
         outdir,
@@ -137,7 +136,7 @@ def test_mandatory_outvol(create_files_in_directory):
         ext = ext2 + ext
 
     assert mni.cmdline == (
-        "mri_nu_correct.mni --i %s --n 4 --o %s_output%s" % (filelist[0], base, ext)
+        f"mri_nu_correct.mni --i {filelist[0]} --n 4 --o {base}_output{ext}"
     )
 
     # test with custom outfile
diff --git a/nipype/interfaces/freesurfer/tests/test_utils.py b/nipype/interfaces/freesurfer/tests/test_utils.py
index 09584a404e..323c04166d 100644
--- a/nipype/interfaces/freesurfer/tests/test_utils.py
+++ b/nipype/interfaces/freesurfer/tests/test_utils.py
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 # emacs: -*- mode: python; py-indent-offset: 4; indent-tabs-mode: nil -*-
 # vi: set ft=python sts=4 ts=4 sw=4 et:
 import os
diff --git a/nipype/interfaces/freesurfer/utils.py b/nipype/interfaces/freesurfer/utils.py
index 921bb7488f..94da167bd2 100644
--- a/nipype/interfaces/freesurfer/utils.py
+++ b/nipype/interfaces/freesurfer/utils.py
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 # emacs: -*- mode: python; py-indent-offset: 4; indent-tabs-mode: nil -*-
 # vi: set ft=python sts=4 ts=4 sw=4 et:
 """Interfaces to assorted Freesurfer utility programs.
@@ -341,7 +340,7 @@ def _format_arg(self, name, spec, value):
             else:
                 range = "%.3f" % range
             method = dict(point="", max="-max", average="-avg")[value]
-            return "--proj%s%s %s" % (units, method, range)
+            return f"--proj{units}{method} {range}"
 
         if name == "reg_header":
             return spec.argstr % self.inputs.subject_id
@@ -373,7 +372,7 @@ def _format_arg(self, name, spec, value):
             if value is True:
                 return spec.argstr % "sphere.reg"
 
-        return super(SampleToSurface, self)._format_arg(name, spec, value)
+        return super()._format_arg(name, spec, value)
 
     def _get_outfilename(self, opt="out_file"):
         outfile = getattr(self.inputs, opt)
@@ -608,7 +607,7 @@ def _format_arg(self, name, spec, value):
                         )
             if value in implicit_filetypes:
                 return ""
-        return super(SurfaceTransform, self)._format_arg(name, spec, value)
+        return super()._format_arg(name, spec, value)
 
     def _list_outputs(self):
         outputs = self._outputs().get()
@@ -652,7 +651,7 @@ def _list_outputs(self):
                 use_ext = False
             outputs["out_file"] = fname_presuffix(
                 source,
-                suffix=".%s%s" % (self.inputs.target_subject, ext),
+                suffix=f".{self.inputs.target_subject}{ext}",
                 newpath=os.getcwd(),
                 use_ext=use_ext,
             )
@@ -998,7 +997,7 @@ def _format_arg(self, name, spec, value):
                 if len(value) == 2:
                     return "-fminmax %.3f %.3f" % value
                 else:
-                    return "-fminmax %.3f %.3f -fmid %.3f" % (
+                    return "-fminmax {:.3f} {:.3f} -fmid {:.3f}".format(
                         value[0],
                         value[2],
                         value[1],
@@ -1011,11 +1010,11 @@ def _format_arg(self, name, spec, value):
             if re.match(r"%s[\.\-_]" % self.inputs.hemi, value[:3]):
                 value = value[3:]
             return "-annotation %s" % value
-        return super(SurfaceSnapshots, self)._format_arg(name, spec, value)
+        return super()._format_arg(name, spec, value)
 
     def _run_interface(self, runtime):
         if not isdefined(self.inputs.screenshot_stem):
-            stem = "%s_%s_%s" % (
+            stem = "{}_{}_{}".format(
                 self.inputs.subject_id,
                 self.inputs.hemi,
                 self.inputs.surface,
@@ -1031,7 +1030,7 @@ def _run_interface(self, runtime):
             raise RuntimeError("Graphics are not enabled -- cannot run tksurfer")
         runtime.environ["_SNAPSHOT_STEM"] = stem
         self._write_tcl_script()
-        runtime = super(SurfaceSnapshots, self)._run_interface(runtime)
+        runtime = super()._run_interface(runtime)
         # If a display window can't be opened, this will crash on
         # aggregate_outputs.  Let's try to parse stderr and raise a
         # better exception here if that happened.
@@ -1085,7 +1084,7 @@ def _write_tcl_script(self):
     def _list_outputs(self):
         outputs = self._outputs().get()
         if not isdefined(self.inputs.screenshot_stem):
-            stem = "%s_%s_%s" % (
+            stem = "{}_{}_{}".format(
                 self.inputs.subject_id,
                 self.inputs.hemi,
                 self.inputs.surface,
@@ -1133,7 +1132,7 @@ class ImageInfo(FSCommand):
     output_spec = ImageInfoOutputSpec
 
     def info_regexp(self, info, field, delim="\n"):
-        m = re.search(r"%s\s*:\s+(.+?)%s" % (field, delim), info)
+        m = re.search(fr"{field}\s*:\s+(.+?){delim}", info)
         if m:
             return m.group(1)
         else:
@@ -1299,7 +1298,7 @@ class MRIsConvert(FSCommand):
     def _format_arg(self, name, spec, value):
         if name == "out_file" and not os.path.isabs(value):
             value = os.path.abspath(value)
-        return super(MRIsConvert, self)._format_arg(name, spec, value)
+        return super()._format_arg(name, spec, value)
 
     def _list_outputs(self):
         outputs = self.output_spec().get()
@@ -1764,7 +1763,7 @@ def _run_interface(self, runtime):
         # The returncode is meaningless in BET.  So check the output
         # in stderr and if it's set, then update the returncode
         # accordingly.
-        runtime = super(SmoothTessellation, self)._run_interface(runtime)
+        runtime = super()._run_interface(runtime)
         if "failed" in runtime.stderr:
             self.raise_exception(runtime)
         return runtime
@@ -1968,7 +1967,7 @@ def _format_arg(self, name, spec, value):
             spec = "--lta-inv %s"
         if name in ("fsl_out", "lta_out") and value is True:
             value = self._list_outputs()[name]
-        return super(Tkregister2, self)._format_arg(name, spec, value)
+        return super()._format_arg(name, spec, value)
 
     def _list_outputs(self):
         outputs = self._outputs().get()
@@ -2064,7 +2063,7 @@ def _format_arg(self, name, spec, value):
             return value  # os.path.abspath(value)
         # if name == 'copy_name' and value:
         #     self.input_spec.transform
-        return super(AddXFormToHeader, self)._format_arg(name, spec, value)
+        return super()._format_arg(name, spec, value)
 
     def _list_outputs(self):
         outputs = self._outputs().get()
@@ -2543,24 +2542,24 @@ def run(self, **inputs):
                 self,
                 self.inputs.in_orig,
                 folder="surf",
-                basename="{0}.orig".format(hemi),
+                basename=f"{hemi}.orig",
             )
             copy2subjdir(
                 self,
                 self.inputs.in_inflated,
                 folder="surf",
-                basename="{0}.inflated".format(hemi),
+                basename=f"{hemi}.inflated",
             )
             copy2subjdir(self, self.inputs.in_brain, folder="mri", basename="brain.mgz")
             copy2subjdir(self, self.inputs.in_wm, folder="mri", basename="wm.mgz")
-        return super(FixTopology, self).run(**inputs)
+        return super().run(**inputs)
 
     def _format_arg(self, name, spec, value):
         if name == "sphere":
             # get the basename and take out the hemisphere
             suffix = os.path.basename(value).split(".", 1)[1]
             return spec.argstr % suffix
-        return super(FixTopology, self)._format_arg(name, spec, value)
+        return super()._format_arg(name, spec, value)
 
     def _list_outputs(self):
         outputs = self._outputs().get()
@@ -2793,7 +2792,7 @@ def run(self, **inputs):
                 self,
                 self.inputs.in_white,
                 "surf",
-                "{0}.white".format(self.inputs.hemisphere),
+                f"{self.inputs.hemisphere}.white",
             )
             for originalfile in [self.inputs.in_aseg, self.inputs.in_T1]:
                 copy2subjdir(self, originalfile, folder="mri")
@@ -2808,7 +2807,7 @@ def run(self, **inputs):
                     self,
                     self.inputs.in_label,
                     "label",
-                    "{0}.aparc.annot".format(self.inputs.hemisphere),
+                    f"{self.inputs.hemisphere}.aparc.annot",
                 )
             else:
                 os.makedirs(
@@ -2816,7 +2815,7 @@ def run(self, **inputs):
                         self.inputs.subjects_dir, self.inputs.subject_id, "label"
                     )
                 )
-        return super(MakeSurfaces, self).run(**inputs)
+        return super().run(**inputs)
 
     def _format_arg(self, name, spec, value):
         if name in ["in_T1", "in_aseg"]:
@@ -2845,7 +2844,7 @@ def _format_arg(self, name, spec, value):
                 basename = os.path.basename(value)
                 suffix = basename.split(".")[1]
                 return spec.argstr % suffix
-        return super(MakeSurfaces, self)._format_arg(name, spec, value)
+        return super()._format_arg(name, spec, value)
 
     def _list_outputs(self):
         outputs = self._outputs().get()
@@ -2948,7 +2947,7 @@ def _format_arg(self, name, spec, value):
             if name == "in_file":
                 basename = os.path.basename(value)
                 return spec.argstr % basename
-        return super(Curvature, self)._format_arg(name, spec, value)
+        return super()._format_arg(name, spec, value)
 
     def _list_outputs(self):
         outputs = self._outputs().get()
@@ -3069,7 +3068,7 @@ def _format_arg(self, name, spec, value):
         if name in ["surface", "curvfile1", "curvfile2"]:
             prefix = os.path.basename(value).split(".")[1]
             return spec.argstr % prefix
-        return super(CurvatureStats, self)._format_arg(name, spec, value)
+        return super()._format_arg(name, spec, value)
 
     def _list_outputs(self):
         outputs = self._outputs().get()
@@ -3084,7 +3083,7 @@ def run(self, **inputs):
             copy2subjdir(self, self.inputs.surface, "surf")
             copy2subjdir(self, self.inputs.curvfile1, "surf")
             copy2subjdir(self, self.inputs.curvfile2, "surf")
-        return super(CurvatureStats, self).run(**inputs)
+        return super().run(**inputs)
 
 
 class JacobianInputSpec(FSTraitedSpec):
@@ -3316,12 +3315,12 @@ def run(self, **inputs):
             copy2subjdir(self, self.inputs.in_aseg, "mri")
             copy2subjdir(self, self.inputs.aseg, "mri", "aseg.mgz")
 
-        return super(VolumeMask, self).run(**inputs)
+        return super().run(**inputs)
 
     def _format_arg(self, name, spec, value):
         if name == "in_aseg":
             return spec.argstr % os.path.basename(value).rstrip(".mgz")
-        return super(VolumeMask, self)._format_arg(name, spec, value)
+        return super()._format_arg(name, spec, value)
 
     def _list_outputs(self):
         outputs = self._outputs().get()
@@ -3504,17 +3503,17 @@ def run(self, **inputs):
                 self,
                 self.inputs.thickness,
                 "surf",
-                "{0}.thickness".format(self.inputs.hemisphere),
+                f"{self.inputs.hemisphere}.thickness",
             )
             if isdefined(self.inputs.cortex_label):
                 copy2subjdir(
                     self,
                     self.inputs.cortex_label,
                     "label",
-                    "{0}.cortex.label".format(self.inputs.hemisphere),
+                    f"{self.inputs.hemisphere}.cortex.label",
                 )
         createoutputdirs(self._list_outputs())
-        return super(ParcellationStats, self).run(**inputs)
+        return super().run(**inputs)
 
     def _gen_filename(self, name):
         if name in ["out_table", "out_color"]:
@@ -3665,21 +3664,15 @@ def run(self, **inputs):
             if "subjects_dir" in inputs:
                 inputs["subjects_dir"] = self.inputs.subjects_dir
             hemi = self.inputs.hemisphere
-            copy2subjdir(
-                self, self.inputs.annotation, "label", "{0}.aparc.annot".format(hemi)
-            )
-            copy2subjdir(
-                self, self.inputs.cortex, "label", "{0}.cortex.label".format(hemi)
-            )
-            copy2subjdir(self, self.inputs.white, "surf", "{0}.white".format(hemi))
-            copy2subjdir(
-                self, self.inputs.thickness, "surf", "{0}.thickness".format(hemi)
-            )
+            copy2subjdir(self, self.inputs.annotation, "label", f"{hemi}.aparc.annot")
+            copy2subjdir(self, self.inputs.cortex, "label", f"{hemi}.cortex.label")
+            copy2subjdir(self, self.inputs.white, "surf", f"{hemi}.white")
+            copy2subjdir(self, self.inputs.thickness, "surf", f"{hemi}.thickness")
             copy2subjdir(self, self.inputs.orig, "mri", "orig.mgz")
             copy2subjdir(self, self.inputs.rawavg, "mri", "rawavg.mgz")
         # need to create output directories
         createoutputdirs(self._list_outputs())
-        return super(Contrast, self).run(**inputs)
+        return super().run(**inputs)
 
     def _list_outputs(self):
         outputs = self._outputs().get()
@@ -3907,7 +3900,7 @@ def run(self, **inputs):
             copy2subjdir(self, self.inputs.lh_annotation, "label")
             copy2subjdir(self, self.inputs.rh_annotation, "label")
 
-        return super(Aparc2Aseg, self).run(**inputs)
+        return super().run(**inputs)
 
     def _format_arg(self, name, spec, value):
         if name == "aseg":
@@ -3917,7 +3910,7 @@ def _format_arg(self, name, spec, value):
         elif name == "out_file":
             return spec.argstr % os.path.abspath(value)
 
-        return super(Aparc2Aseg, self)._format_arg(name, spec, value)
+        return super()._format_arg(name, spec, value)
 
     def _list_outputs(self):
         outputs = self._outputs().get()
@@ -4201,7 +4194,7 @@ class LTAConvert(CommandLine):
     def _format_arg(self, name, spec, value):
         if name.startswith("out_") and value is True:
             value = self._list_outputs()[name]
-        return super(LTAConvert, self)._format_arg(name, spec, value)
+        return super()._format_arg(name, spec, value)
 
     def _list_outputs(self):
         outputs = self.output_spec().get()
diff --git a/nipype/interfaces/fsl/__init__.py b/nipype/interfaces/fsl/__init__.py
index 0d2e9664d2..ffeb9b39fc 100644
--- a/nipype/interfaces/fsl/__init__.py
+++ b/nipype/interfaces/fsl/__init__.py
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 # emacs: -*- mode: python; py-indent-offset: 4; indent-tabs-mode: nil -*-
 # vi: set ft=python sts=4 ts=4 sw=4 et:
 """
diff --git a/nipype/interfaces/fsl/aroma.py b/nipype/interfaces/fsl/aroma.py
index f4cab884a2..85033a3f88 100644
--- a/nipype/interfaces/fsl/aroma.py
+++ b/nipype/interfaces/fsl/aroma.py
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 # emacs: -*- mode: python; py-indent-offset: 4; indent-tabs-mode: nil -*-
 # vi: set ft=python sts=4 ts=4 sw=4 et:
 """This commandline module provides classes for interfacing with the
@@ -146,7 +145,7 @@ class ICA_AROMA(CommandLine):
     def _format_arg(self, name, trait_spec, value):
         if name == "out_dir":
             return trait_spec.argstr % os.path.abspath(value)
-        return super(ICA_AROMA, self)._format_arg(name, trait_spec, value)
+        return super()._format_arg(name, trait_spec, value)
 
     def _list_outputs(self):
         outputs = self.output_spec().get()
diff --git a/nipype/interfaces/fsl/base.py b/nipype/interfaces/fsl/base.py
index dbafde7f87..3b117b4cc5 100644
--- a/nipype/interfaces/fsl/base.py
+++ b/nipype/interfaces/fsl/base.py
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 # emacs: -*- mode: python; py-indent-offset: 4; indent-tabs-mode: nil -*-
 # vi: set ft=python sts=4 ts=4 sw=4 et:
 """The fsl module provides classes for interfacing with the `FSL
@@ -168,7 +167,7 @@ class FSLCommand(CommandLine):
     ]
 
     def __init__(self, **inputs):
-        super(FSLCommand, self).__init__(**inputs)
+        super().__init__(**inputs)
         self.inputs.on_trait_change(self._output_update, "output_type")
 
         if self._output_type is None:
diff --git a/nipype/interfaces/fsl/dti.py b/nipype/interfaces/fsl/dti.py
index 7253b7023b..40b48c770a 100644
--- a/nipype/interfaces/fsl/dti.py
+++ b/nipype/interfaces/fsl/dti.py
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 # emacs: -*- mode: python; py-indent-offset: 4; indent-tabs-mode: nil -*-
 # vi: set ft=python sts=4 ts=4 sw=4 et:
 """The fsl module provides classes for interfacing with the `FSL
@@ -290,7 +289,7 @@ class FSLXCommand(FSLCommand):
 
     def _run_interface(self, runtime):
         self._out_dir = os.getcwd()
-        runtime = super(FSLXCommand, self)._run_interface(runtime)
+        runtime = super()._run_interface(runtime)
         if runtime.stderr:
             self.raise_exception(runtime)
         return runtime
@@ -452,7 +451,7 @@ class BEDPOSTX5(FSLXCommand):
     _can_resume = True
 
     def __init__(self, **inputs):
-        super(BEDPOSTX5, self).__init__(**inputs)
+        super().__init__(**inputs)
         self.inputs.on_trait_change(self._cuda_update, "use_gpu")
 
     def _cuda_update(self):
@@ -475,7 +474,7 @@ def _run_interface(self, runtime):
             _, _, ext = split_filename(self.inputs.grad_dev)
             copyfile(self.inputs.grad_dev, os.path.join(subjectdir, "grad_dev" + ext))
 
-        retval = super(BEDPOSTX5, self)._run_interface(runtime)
+        retval = super()._run_interface(runtime)
 
         self._out_dir = subjectdir + ".bedpostX"
         return retval
@@ -816,7 +815,7 @@ def __init__(self, **inputs):
             ("Deprecated: Please use create_bedpostx_pipeline " "instead"),
             DeprecationWarning,
         )
-        return super(ProbTrackX, self).__init__(**inputs)
+        return super().__init__(**inputs)
 
     def _run_interface(self, runtime):
         for i in range(1, len(self.inputs.thsamples) + 1):
@@ -853,7 +852,7 @@ def _run_interface(self, runtime):
                     f.write("%s\n" % seed)
             f.close()
 
-        runtime = super(ProbTrackX, self)._run_interface(runtime)
+        runtime = super()._run_interface(runtime)
         if runtime.stderr:
             self.raise_exception(runtime)
         return runtime
@@ -861,12 +860,12 @@ def _run_interface(self, runtime):
     def _format_arg(self, name, spec, value):
         if name == "target_masks" and isdefined(value):
             fname = "targets.txt"
-            return super(ProbTrackX, self)._format_arg(name, spec, [fname])
+            return super()._format_arg(name, spec, [fname])
         elif name == "seed" and isinstance(value, list):
             fname = "seeds.txt"
-            return super(ProbTrackX, self)._format_arg(name, spec, fname)
+            return super()._format_arg(name, spec, fname)
         else:
-            return super(ProbTrackX, self)._format_arg(name, spec, value)
+            return super()._format_arg(name, spec, value)
 
     def _list_outputs(self):
         outputs = self.output_spec().get()
@@ -1068,7 +1067,7 @@ class ProbTrackX2(ProbTrackX):
     output_spec = ProbTrackX2OutputSpec
 
     def _list_outputs(self):
-        outputs = super(ProbTrackX2, self)._list_outputs()
+        outputs = super()._list_outputs()
 
         if not isdefined(self.inputs.out_dir):
             out_dir = os.getcwd()
@@ -1200,7 +1199,7 @@ def _run_interface(self, runtime):
             self.inputs.out_file = self._gen_fname(
                 base_name, cwd=os.path.abspath(pth), suffix="_vreg"
             )
-        return super(VecReg, self)._run_interface(runtime)
+        return super()._run_interface(runtime)
 
     def _list_outputs(self):
         outputs = self.output_spec().get()
@@ -1274,7 +1273,7 @@ def _list_outputs(self):
                 self._gen_fname(
                     base_name,
                     cwd=cwd,
-                    suffix="_proj_seg_thr_{}".format(self.inputs.threshold),
+                    suffix=f"_proj_seg_thr_{self.inputs.threshold}",
                 )
             )
         return outputs
@@ -1328,7 +1327,7 @@ class FindTheBiggest(FSLCommand):
     def _run_interface(self, runtime):
         if not isdefined(self.inputs.out_file):
             self.inputs.out_file = self._gen_fname("biggestSegmentation", suffix="")
-        return super(FindTheBiggest, self)._run_interface(runtime)
+        return super()._run_interface(runtime)
 
     def _list_outputs(self):
         outputs = self.output_spec().get()
@@ -1440,7 +1439,7 @@ def _format_arg(self, name, spec, value):
                 return spec.argstr % self._list_outputs()["skeleton_file"]
             else:
                 return spec.argstr % value
-        return super(TractSkeleton, self)._format_arg(name, spec, value)
+        return super()._format_arg(name, spec, value)
 
     def _list_outputs(self):
         outputs = self.output_spec().get()
@@ -1514,7 +1513,7 @@ def _format_arg(self, name, spec, value):
         if name == "local_max_file":
             if isinstance(value, bool):
                 return spec.argstr % self._list_outputs()["local_max_file"]
-        return super(DistanceMap, self)._format_arg(name, spec, value)
+        return super()._format_arg(name, spec, value)
 
     def _list_outputs(self):
         outputs = self.output_spec().get()
diff --git a/nipype/interfaces/fsl/epi.py b/nipype/interfaces/fsl/epi.py
index 26ce76ca4a..35d36f17d0 100644
--- a/nipype/interfaces/fsl/epi.py
+++ b/nipype/interfaces/fsl/epi.py
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 # emacs: -*- mode: python; py-indent-offset: 4; indent-tabs-mode: nil -*-
 # vi: set ft=python sts=4 ts=4 sw=4 et:
 """The fsl module provides classes for interfacing with the `FSL
@@ -105,7 +104,7 @@ def _parse_inputs(self, skip=None):
         if not isdefined(self.inputs.nocheck) or not self.inputs.nocheck:
             skip += ["nocheck"]
 
-        return super(PrepareFieldmap, self)._parse_inputs(skip=skip)
+        return super()._parse_inputs(skip=skip)
 
     def _list_outputs(self):
         outputs = self.output_spec().get()
@@ -113,7 +112,7 @@ def _list_outputs(self):
         return outputs
 
     def _run_interface(self, runtime):
-        runtime = super(PrepareFieldmap, self)._run_interface(runtime)
+        runtime = super()._run_interface(runtime)
 
         if runtime.returncode == 0:
             out_file = self.inputs.out_fieldmap
@@ -356,10 +355,10 @@ def _format_arg(self, name, trait_spec, value):
             if path != "":
                 if not os.path.exists(path):
                     raise ValueError("out_base path must exist if provided")
-        return super(TOPUP, self)._format_arg(name, trait_spec, value)
+        return super()._format_arg(name, trait_spec, value)
 
     def _list_outputs(self):
-        outputs = super(TOPUP, self)._list_outputs()
+        outputs = super()._list_outputs()
         del outputs["out_base"]
         base_path = None
         if isdefined(self.inputs.out_base):
@@ -408,10 +407,8 @@ def _generate_encfile(self):
         if len(self.inputs.encoding_direction) != len(durations):
             if len(self.inputs.readout_times) != 1:
                 raise ValueError(
-                    (
-                        "Readout time must be a float or match the"
-                        "length of encoding directions"
-                    )
+                    "Readout time must be a float or match the"
+                    "length of encoding directions"
                 )
             durations = durations * len(self.inputs.encoding_direction)
 
@@ -430,7 +427,7 @@ def _generate_encfile(self):
     def _overload_extension(self, value, name=None):
         if name == "out_base":
             return value
-        return super(TOPUP, self)._overload_extension(value, name)
+        return super()._overload_extension(value, name)
 
 
 class ApplyTOPUPInputSpec(FSLCommandInputSpec):
@@ -538,12 +535,12 @@ def _parse_inputs(self, skip=None):
         if not isdefined(self.inputs.in_index):
             self.inputs.in_index = list(range(1, len(self.inputs.in_files) + 1))
 
-        return super(ApplyTOPUP, self)._parse_inputs(skip=skip)
+        return super()._parse_inputs(skip=skip)
 
     def _format_arg(self, name, spec, value):
         if name == "in_topup_fieldcoef":
             return spec.argstr % value.split("_fieldcoef")[0]
-        return super(ApplyTOPUP, self)._format_arg(name, spec, value)
+        return super()._format_arg(name, spec, value)
 
 
 class EddyInputSpec(FSLCommandInputSpec):
@@ -951,7 +948,7 @@ class Eddy(FSLCommand):
     _num_threads = 1
 
     def __init__(self, **inputs):
-        super(Eddy, self).__init__(**inputs)
+        super().__init__(**inputs)
         self.inputs.on_trait_change(self._num_threads_update, "num_threads")
         if not isdefined(self.inputs.num_threads):
             self.inputs.num_threads = self._num_threads
@@ -984,7 +981,7 @@ def _run_interface(self, runtime):
             )
         ):
             self._cmd = "eddy"
-        runtime = super(Eddy, self)._run_interface(runtime)
+        runtime = super()._run_interface(runtime)
 
         # Restore command to avoid side-effects
         self._cmd = cmd
@@ -997,7 +994,7 @@ def _format_arg(self, name, spec, value):
             return spec.argstr % fname_presuffix(value, use_ext=False)
         if name == "out_base":
             return spec.argstr % os.path.abspath(value)
-        return super(Eddy, self)._format_arg(name, spec, value)
+        return super()._format_arg(name, spec, value)
 
     def _list_outputs(self):
         outputs = self.output_spec().get()
@@ -1411,10 +1408,10 @@ def __init__(self, **inputs):
             ),
             DeprecationWarning,
         )
-        return super(EPIDeWarp, self).__init__(**inputs)
+        return super().__init__(**inputs)
 
     def _run_interface(self, runtime):
-        runtime = super(EPIDeWarp, self)._run_interface(runtime)
+        runtime = super()._run_interface(runtime)
         if runtime.stderr:
             self.raise_exception(runtime)
         return runtime
@@ -1514,10 +1511,10 @@ def __init__(self, **inputs):
             ("Deprecated: Please use nipype.interfaces.fsl.epi.Eddy " "instead"),
             DeprecationWarning,
         )
-        return super(EddyCorrect, self).__init__(**inputs)
+        return super().__init__(**inputs)
 
     def _run_interface(self, runtime):
-        runtime = super(EddyCorrect, self)._run_interface(runtime)
+        runtime = super()._run_interface(runtime)
         if runtime.stderr:
             self.raise_exception(runtime)
         return runtime
diff --git a/nipype/interfaces/fsl/fix.py b/nipype/interfaces/fsl/fix.py
index 1b6d62a5bc..503355d4b1 100644
--- a/nipype/interfaces/fsl/fix.py
+++ b/nipype/interfaces/fsl/fix.py
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 # emacs: -*- mode: python; py-indent-offset: 4; indent-tabs-mode: nil -*-
 # vi: set ft=python sts=4 ts=4 sw=4 et:
 """The fix module provides classes for interfacing with the `FSL FIX
@@ -375,7 +374,7 @@ class Cleaner(CommandLine):
 
     def _get_cleaned_functional_filename(self, artifacts_list_filename):
         """extract the proper filename from the first line of the artifacts file"""
-        artifacts_list_file = open(artifacts_list_filename, "r")
+        artifacts_list_file = open(artifacts_list_filename)
         functional_filename, extension = artifacts_list_file.readline().split(".")
         artifacts_list_file_path, artifacts_list_filename = os.path.split(
             artifacts_list_filename
diff --git a/nipype/interfaces/fsl/maths.py b/nipype/interfaces/fsl/maths.py
index d8669c4422..d146a7795c 100644
--- a/nipype/interfaces/fsl/maths.py
+++ b/nipype/interfaces/fsl/maths.py
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 # emacs: -*- mode: python; py-indent-offset: 4; indent-tabs-mode: nil -*-
 # vi: set ft=python sts=4 ts=4 sw=4 et:
 """
@@ -117,7 +116,7 @@ def _format_arg(self, name, spec, value):
                     arg += "p"
             arg += " %.10f" % value
             return arg
-        return super(Threshold, self)._format_arg(name, spec, value)
+        return super()._format_arg(name, spec, value)
 
 
 class StdImageInput(MathsInput):
@@ -345,7 +344,7 @@ def _format_arg(self, name, spec, value):
         if name == "fwhm":
             sigma = float(value) / np.sqrt(8 * np.log(2))
             return spec.argstr % sigma
-        return super(IsotropicSmooth, self)._format_arg(name, spec, value)
+        return super()._format_arg(name, spec, value)
 
 
 class ApplyMaskInput(MathsInput):
@@ -416,7 +415,7 @@ class DilateImage(MathsCommand):
     def _format_arg(self, name, spec, value):
         if name == "operation":
             return spec.argstr % dict(mean="M", modal="D", max="F")[value]
-        return super(DilateImage, self)._format_arg(name, spec, value)
+        return super()._format_arg(name, spec, value)
 
 
 class ErodeInput(KernelInput):
@@ -440,7 +439,7 @@ def _format_arg(self, name, spec, value):
             if value:
                 return "-eroF"
             return "-ero"
-        return super(ErodeImage, self)._format_arg(name, spec, value)
+        return super()._format_arg(name, spec, value)
 
 
 class SpatialFilterInput(KernelInput):
@@ -501,7 +500,7 @@ class UnaryMaths(MathsCommand):
 
     def _list_outputs(self):
         self._suffix = "_" + self.inputs.operation
-        return super(UnaryMaths, self)._list_outputs()
+        return super()._list_outputs()
 
 
 class BinaryMathsInput(MathsInput):
@@ -579,7 +578,7 @@ class MultiImageMaths(MathsCommand):
     def _format_arg(self, name, spec, value):
         if name == "op_string":
             return value % tuple(self.inputs.operand_files)
-        return super(MultiImageMaths, self)._format_arg(name, spec, value)
+        return super()._format_arg(name, spec, value)
 
 
 class TemporalFilterInput(MathsInput):
diff --git a/nipype/interfaces/fsl/model.py b/nipype/interfaces/fsl/model.py
index 24adb907cf..087a3caa1f 100644
--- a/nipype/interfaces/fsl/model.py
+++ b/nipype/interfaces/fsl/model.py
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 # emacs: -*- mode: python; py-indent-offset: 4; indent-tabs-mode: nil -*-
 # vi: set ft=python sts=4 ts=4 sw=4 et:
 """The fsl module provides classes for interfacing with the `FSL
@@ -144,10 +143,10 @@ class Level1Design(BaseInterface):
     output_spec = Level1DesignOutputSpec
 
     def _create_ev_file(self, evfname, evinfo):
-        f = open(evfname, "wt")
+        f = open(evfname, "w")
         for i in evinfo:
             if len(i) == 3:
-                f.write("%f %f %f\n" % (i[0], i[1], i[2]))
+                f.write(f"{i[0]:f} {i[1]:f} {i[2]:f}\n")
             else:
                 f.write("%f\n" % i[0])
         f.close()
@@ -466,7 +465,7 @@ def _list_outputs(self):
         outputs = self._outputs().get()
         is_ica = False
         outputs["feat_dir"] = None
-        with open(self.inputs.fsf_file, "rt") as fp:
+        with open(self.inputs.fsf_file) as fp:
             text = fp.read()
             if "set fmri(inmelodic) 1" in text:
                 is_ica = True
@@ -523,13 +522,11 @@ class FEATModel(FSLCommand):
 
     def _format_arg(self, name, trait_spec, value):
         if name == "fsf_file":
-            return super(FEATModel, self)._format_arg(
-                name, trait_spec, self._get_design_root(value)
-            )
+            return super()._format_arg(name, trait_spec, self._get_design_root(value))
         elif name == "ev_files":
             return ""
         else:
-            return super(FEATModel, self)._format_arg(name, trait_spec, value)
+            return super()._format_arg(name, trait_spec, value)
 
     def _get_design_root(self, infile):
         _, fname = os.path.split(infile)
@@ -827,7 +824,7 @@ class FILMGLS(FSLCommand):
     def _get_pe_files(self, cwd):
         files = None
         if isdefined(self.inputs.design_file):
-            fp = open(self.inputs.design_file, "rt")
+            fp = open(self.inputs.design_file)
             for line in fp.readlines():
                 if line.startswith("/NumWaves"):
                     numpes = int(line.split()[-1])
@@ -842,14 +839,14 @@ def _get_numcons(self):
         numtcons = 0
         numfcons = 0
         if isdefined(self.inputs.tcon_file):
-            fp = open(self.inputs.tcon_file, "rt")
+            fp = open(self.inputs.tcon_file)
             for line in fp.readlines():
                 if line.startswith("/NumContrasts"):
                     numtcons = int(line.split()[-1])
                     break
             fp.close()
         if isdefined(self.inputs.fcon_file):
-            fp = open(self.inputs.fcon_file, "rt")
+            fp = open(self.inputs.fcon_file)
             for line in fp.readlines():
                 if line.startswith("/NumContrasts"):
                     numfcons = int(line.split()[-1])
@@ -952,7 +949,7 @@ def _run_interface(self, runtime):
         for i, rundir in enumerate(ensure_list(self.inputs.feat_dirs)):
             fsf_txt += fsf_dirs.substitute(runno=i + 1, rundir=os.path.abspath(rundir))
         fsf_txt += fsf_footer.substitute()
-        f = open(os.path.join(os.getcwd(), "register.fsf"), "wt")
+        f = open(os.path.join(os.getcwd(), "register.fsf"), "w")
         f.write(fsf_txt)
         f.close()
 
@@ -1136,7 +1133,7 @@ def _run_interface(self, runtime):
         if os.access(os.path.join(cwd, log_dir), os.F_OK):
             rmtree(os.path.join(cwd, log_dir))
 
-        return super(FLAMEO, self)._run_interface(runtime)
+        return super()._run_interface(runtime)
 
     # ohinds: 2010-04-06
     # made these compatible with flameo
@@ -1280,7 +1277,7 @@ def _run_interface(self, runtime):
         # The returncode is meaningless in ContrastMgr.  So check the output
         # in stderr and if it's set, then update the returncode
         # accordingly.
-        runtime = super(ContrastMgr, self)._run_interface(runtime)
+        runtime = super()._run_interface(runtime)
         if runtime.stderr:
             self.raise_exception(runtime)
         return runtime
@@ -1292,7 +1289,7 @@ def _format_arg(self, name, trait_spec, value):
             path, _ = os.path.split(value)
             return path
         else:
-            return super(ContrastMgr, self)._format_arg(name, trait_spec, value)
+            return super()._format_arg(name, trait_spec, value)
 
     def _get_design_root(self, infile):
         _, fname = os.path.split(infile)
@@ -1302,14 +1299,14 @@ def _get_numcons(self):
         numtcons = 0
         numfcons = 0
         if isdefined(self.inputs.tcon_file):
-            fp = open(self.inputs.tcon_file, "rt")
+            fp = open(self.inputs.tcon_file)
             for line in fp.readlines():
                 if line.startswith("/NumContrasts"):
                     numtcons = int(line.split()[-1])
                     break
             fp.close()
         if isdefined(self.inputs.fcon_file):
-            fp = open(self.inputs.fcon_file, "rt")
+            fp = open(self.inputs.fcon_file)
             for line in fp.readlines():
                 if line.startswith("/NumContrasts"):
                     numfcons = int(line.split()[-1])
@@ -1386,7 +1383,7 @@ def _run_interface(self, runtime):
         cwd = os.getcwd()
         mat_txt = [
             "/NumWaves   1",
-            "/NumPoints  {:d}".format(self.inputs.num_copes),
+            f"/NumPoints  {self.inputs.num_copes:d}",
             "/PPheights  1",
             "",
             "/Matrix",
@@ -1410,7 +1407,7 @@ def _run_interface(self, runtime):
 
         grp_txt = [
             "/NumWaves   1",
-            "/NumPoints  {:d}".format(self.inputs.num_copes),
+            f"/NumPoints  {self.inputs.num_copes:d}",
             "",
             "/Matrix",
         ]
@@ -1422,7 +1419,7 @@ def _run_interface(self, runtime):
 
         # write design files
         for i, name in enumerate(["design.mat", "design.con", "design.grp"]):
-            f = open(os.path.join(cwd, name), "wt")
+            f = open(os.path.join(cwd, name), "w")
             f.write(txt[name])
             f.close()
 
@@ -1591,7 +1588,7 @@ def _run_interface(self, runtime):
             if ("fts" in key) and (nfcons == 0):
                 continue
             filename = key.replace("_", ".")
-            f = open(os.path.join(cwd, filename), "wt")
+            f = open(os.path.join(cwd, filename), "w")
             f.write(val)
             f.close()
 
@@ -2098,7 +2095,7 @@ def _format_arg(self, name, spec, value):
             else:
                 fname = value
             return spec.argstr % fname
-        return super(Cluster, self)._format_arg(name, spec, value)
+        return super()._format_arg(name, spec, value)
 
 
 class DualRegressionInputSpec(FSLCommandInputSpec):
@@ -2338,21 +2335,17 @@ def _list_outputs(self):
             prefix = "clusterm"
         if prefix:
             outputs["t_p_files"] = glob(
-                self._gen_fname("%s_%s_p_tstat*" % (self.inputs.base_name, prefix))
+                self._gen_fname(f"{self.inputs.base_name}_{prefix}_p_tstat*")
             )
             outputs["t_corrected_p_files"] = glob(
-                self._gen_fname(
-                    "%s_%s_corrp_tstat*.nii" % (self.inputs.base_name, prefix)
-                )
+                self._gen_fname(f"{self.inputs.base_name}_{prefix}_corrp_tstat*.nii")
             )
 
             outputs["f_p_files"] = glob(
-                self._gen_fname("%s_%s_p_fstat*.nii" % (self.inputs.base_name, prefix))
+                self._gen_fname(f"{self.inputs.base_name}_{prefix}_p_fstat*.nii")
             )
             outputs["f_corrected_p_files"] = glob(
-                self._gen_fname(
-                    "%s_%s_corrp_fstat*.nii" % (self.inputs.base_name, prefix)
-                )
+                self._gen_fname(f"{self.inputs.base_name}_{prefix}_corrp_fstat*.nii")
             )
         return outputs
 
@@ -2509,7 +2502,7 @@ class GLM(FSLCommand):
     output_spec = GLMOutputSpec
 
     def _list_outputs(self):
-        outputs = super(GLM, self)._list_outputs()
+        outputs = super()._list_outputs()
 
         if isdefined(self.inputs.out_cope):
             outputs["out_cope"] = os.path.abspath(self.inputs.out_cope)
diff --git a/nipype/interfaces/fsl/possum.py b/nipype/interfaces/fsl/possum.py
index 88797aaecd..494be7490c 100644
--- a/nipype/interfaces/fsl/possum.py
+++ b/nipype/interfaces/fsl/possum.py
@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
 #!/usr/bin/env python
-# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 # emacs: -*- mode: python; py-indent-offset: 4; indent-tabs-mode: nil -*-
 # vi: set ft=python sts=4 ts=4 sw=4 et:
 """
diff --git a/nipype/interfaces/fsl/preprocess.py b/nipype/interfaces/fsl/preprocess.py
index 8899c6f975..804ea3cfc6 100644
--- a/nipype/interfaces/fsl/preprocess.py
+++ b/nipype/interfaces/fsl/preprocess.py
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 # emacs: -*- mode: python; py-indent-offset: 4; indent-tabs-mode: nil -*-
 # vi: set ft=python sts=4 ts=4 sw=4 et:
 """The fsl module provides classes for interfacing with the `FSL
@@ -160,13 +159,13 @@ def _run_interface(self, runtime):
         # The returncode is meaningless in BET.  So check the output
         # in stderr and if it's set, then update the returncode
         # accordingly.
-        runtime = super(BET, self)._run_interface(runtime)
+        runtime = super()._run_interface(runtime)
         if runtime.stderr:
             self.raise_exception(runtime)
         return runtime
 
     def _format_arg(self, name, spec, value):
-        formatted = super(BET, self)._format_arg(name, spec, value)
+        formatted = super()._format_arg(name, spec, value)
         if name == "in_file":
             # Convert to relative path to prevent BET failure
             # with long paths.
@@ -391,7 +390,7 @@ class FAST(FSLCommand):
 
     def _format_arg(self, name, spec, value):
         # first do what should be done in general
-        formatted = super(FAST, self)._format_arg(name, spec, value)
+        formatted = super()._format_arg(name, spec, value)
         if name == "in_files":
             # FAST needs the -S parameter value to correspond to the number
             # of input images, otherwise it will ignore all but the first
@@ -739,7 +738,7 @@ class FLIRT(FSLCommand):
     _log_written = False
 
     def aggregate_outputs(self, runtime=None, needed_outputs=None):
-        outputs = super(FLIRT, self).aggregate_outputs(
+        outputs = super().aggregate_outputs(
             runtime=runtime, needed_outputs=needed_outputs
         )
         if self.inputs.save_log and not self._log_written:
@@ -761,7 +760,7 @@ def _parse_inputs(self, skip=None):
                 "uses_qform arguments to run"
             )
         skip.append("save_log")
-        return super(FLIRT, self)._parse_inputs(skip=skip)
+        return super()._parse_inputs(skip=skip)
 
 
 class ApplyXFMInputSpec(FLIRTInputSpec):
@@ -901,7 +900,7 @@ def _format_arg(self, name, spec, value):
                 return ""
             else:
                 return spec.argstr % value
-        return super(MCFLIRT, self)._format_arg(name, spec, value)
+        return super()._format_arg(name, spec, value)
 
     def _list_outputs(self):
         outputs = self._outputs().get()
@@ -1336,7 +1335,7 @@ def _format_arg(self, name, spec, value):
             return spec.argstr % value[0]
         if name in list(self.filemap.keys()):
             return spec.argstr % self._list_outputs()[name]
-        return super(FNIRT, self)._format_arg(name, spec, value)
+        return super()._format_arg(name, spec, value)
 
     def _gen_filename(self, name):
         if name in ["warped_file", "log_file"]:
@@ -1354,7 +1353,7 @@ def write_config(self, configfile):
         """
         try:
             fid = open(configfile, "w+")
-        except IOError:
+        except OSError:
             print("unable to create config_file %s" % (configfile))
 
         for item in list(self.inputs.get().items()):
@@ -1481,7 +1480,7 @@ class ApplyWarp(FSLCommand):
     def _format_arg(self, name, spec, value):
         if name == "superlevel":
             return spec.argstr % str(value)
-        return super(ApplyWarp, self)._format_arg(name, spec, value)
+        return super()._format_arg(name, spec, value)
 
     def _list_outputs(self):
         outputs = self._outputs().get()
@@ -1681,7 +1680,7 @@ def _format_arg(self, name, spec, value):
             for filename, thresh in value:
                 arglist.extend([filename, "%.10f" % thresh])
             return " ".join(arglist)
-        return super(SUSAN, self)._format_arg(name, spec, value)
+        return super()._format_arg(name, spec, value)
 
     def _list_outputs(self):
         outputs = self._outputs().get()
@@ -1912,10 +1911,7 @@ def _parse_inputs(self, skip=None):
 
         if not input_phase and not input_vsm and not input_fmap:
             raise RuntimeError(
-                (
-                    "Either phasemap_in_file, shift_in_file or fmap_in_file must "
-                    "be set."
-                )
+                "Either phasemap_in_file, shift_in_file or fmap_in_file must " "be set."
             )
 
         if not isdefined(self.inputs.in_file):
@@ -1956,10 +1952,8 @@ def _parse_inputs(self, skip=None):
                     trait_spec.name_source = "shift_in_file"
                 else:
                     raise RuntimeError(
-                        (
-                            "Either phasemap_in_file, shift_in_file or "
-                            "fmap_in_file must be set."
-                        )
+                        "Either phasemap_in_file, shift_in_file or "
+                        "fmap_in_file must be set."
                     )
 
                 if vsm_save_unmasked:
@@ -1991,10 +1985,8 @@ def _parse_inputs(self, skip=None):
                     trait_spec.name_source = "fmap_in_file"
                 else:
                     raise RuntimeError(
-                        (
-                            "Either phasemap_in_file, shift_in_file or "
-                            "fmap_in_file must be set."
-                        )
+                        "Either phasemap_in_file, shift_in_file or "
+                        "fmap_in_file must be set."
                     )
 
                 if fmap_save_unmasked:
@@ -2004,7 +1996,7 @@ def _parse_inputs(self, skip=None):
             else:
                 skip += ["save_fmap", "save_unmasked_fmap", "fmap_out_file"]
 
-        return super(FUGUE, self)._parse_inputs(skip=skip)
+        return super()._parse_inputs(skip=skip)
 
 
 class PRELUDEInputSpec(FSLCommandInputSpec):
@@ -2096,7 +2088,7 @@ class PRELUDE(FSLCommand):
     _cmd = "prelude"
 
     def __init__(self, **kwargs):
-        super(PRELUDE, self).__init__(**kwargs)
+        super().__init__(**kwargs)
         warn("This has not been fully tested. Please report any failures.")
 
     def _list_outputs(self):
@@ -2270,9 +2262,9 @@ def _gen_fname(self, basename):
             method = thres.replace(".", "")
 
         if basename == "original_segmentations":
-            return op.abspath("%s_all_%s_origsegs.nii.gz" % (outname, method))
+            return op.abspath(f"{outname}_all_{method}_origsegs.nii.gz")
         if basename == "segmentation_file":
-            return op.abspath("%s_all_%s_firstseg.nii.gz" % (outname, method))
+            return op.abspath(f"{outname}_all_{method}_firstseg.nii.gz")
 
         return None
 
diff --git a/nipype/interfaces/fsl/tests/__init__.py b/nipype/interfaces/fsl/tests/__init__.py
index 40a96afc6f..e69de29bb2 100644
--- a/nipype/interfaces/fsl/tests/__init__.py
+++ b/nipype/interfaces/fsl/tests/__init__.py
@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
diff --git a/nipype/interfaces/fsl/tests/test_FILMGLS.py b/nipype/interfaces/fsl/tests/test_FILMGLS.py
index a308e9da50..ce2cc57ffd 100644
--- a/nipype/interfaces/fsl/tests/test_FILMGLS.py
+++ b/nipype/interfaces/fsl/tests/test_FILMGLS.py
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 from nipype.interfaces.fsl.model import FILMGLS, FILMGLSInputSpec
 
 
diff --git a/nipype/interfaces/fsl/tests/test_Level1Design_functions.py b/nipype/interfaces/fsl/tests/test_Level1Design_functions.py
index f13ddfaccf..157a217dbc 100644
--- a/nipype/interfaces/fsl/tests/test_Level1Design_functions.py
+++ b/nipype/interfaces/fsl/tests/test_Level1Design_functions.py
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 import os
 from ...base import Undefined
 from ..model import Level1Design
@@ -35,4 +34,4 @@ def test_level1design(tmpdir):
             do_tempfilter,
             key,
         )
-        assert "set fmri(convolve1) {0}".format(val) in output_txt
+        assert f"set fmri(convolve1) {val}" in output_txt
diff --git a/nipype/interfaces/fsl/tests/test_base.py b/nipype/interfaces/fsl/tests/test_base.py
index b030a28a18..c1cc56fc36 100644
--- a/nipype/interfaces/fsl/tests/test_base.py
+++ b/nipype/interfaces/fsl/tests/test_base.py
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 # emacs: -*- mode: python; py-indent-offset: 4; indent-tabs-mode: nil -*-
 # vi: set ft=python sts=4 ts=4 sw=4 et:
 import os
diff --git a/nipype/interfaces/fsl/tests/test_dti.py b/nipype/interfaces/fsl/tests/test_dti.py
index 0a6a2e8d63..5e5297d608 100644
--- a/nipype/interfaces/fsl/tests/test_dti.py
+++ b/nipype/interfaces/fsl/tests/test_dti.py
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 # emacs: -*- mode: python; py-indent-offset: 4; indent-tabs-mode: nil -*-
 # vi: set ft=python sts=4 ts=4 sw=4 et:
 import os
@@ -371,7 +370,7 @@ def test_tbss_skeleton(create_files_in_directory):
     bones.inputs.data_file = "b.nii"  # Even though that's silly
 
     # Now we get a command line
-    assert bones.cmdline == "tbss_skeleton -i a.nii -p 0.200 b.nii %s b.nii %s" % (
+    assert bones.cmdline == "tbss_skeleton -i a.nii -p 0.200 b.nii {} b.nii {}".format(
         Info.standard_image("LowerCingulum_1mm.nii.gz"),
         os.path.join(newdir, "b_skeletonised.nii"),
     )
@@ -409,7 +408,7 @@ def test_distancemap(create_files_in_directory):
 
     # And we should be able to write out a maxima map
     mapper.inputs.local_max_file = True
-    assert mapper.cmdline == "distancemap --out=%s --in=a.nii --localmax=%s" % (
+    assert mapper.cmdline == "distancemap --out={} --in=a.nii --localmax={}".format(
         os.path.join(newdir, "a_dstmap.nii"),
         os.path.join(newdir, "a_lclmax.nii"),
     )
diff --git a/nipype/interfaces/fsl/tests/test_epi.py b/nipype/interfaces/fsl/tests/test_epi.py
index e8f408de45..6e796324a8 100644
--- a/nipype/interfaces/fsl/tests/test_epi.py
+++ b/nipype/interfaces/fsl/tests/test_epi.py
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 # emacs: -*- mode: python; py-indent-offset: 4; indent-tabs-mode: nil -*-
 # vi: set ft=python sts=4 ts=4 sw=4 et:
 import os
diff --git a/nipype/interfaces/fsl/tests/test_maths.py b/nipype/interfaces/fsl/tests/test_maths.py
index d082910e42..189fff8b3f 100644
--- a/nipype/interfaces/fsl/tests/test_maths.py
+++ b/nipype/interfaces/fsl/tests/test_maths.py
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 # emacs: -*- mode: python; py-indent-offset: 4; indent-tabs-mode: nil -*-
 # vi: set ft=python sts=4 ts=4 sw=4 et:
 import os
@@ -28,10 +27,10 @@ def test_maths_base(create_files_in_directory_plus_output_type):
 
     # Set an in file
     maths.inputs.in_file = "a.nii"
-    out_file = "a_maths{}".format(out_ext)
+    out_file = f"a_maths{out_ext}"
 
     # Now test the most basic command line
-    assert maths.cmdline == "fslmaths a.nii {}".format(os.path.join(testdir, out_file))
+    assert maths.cmdline == f"fslmaths a.nii {os.path.join(testdir, out_file)}"
 
     # Now test that we can set the various data types
     dtypes = ["float", "char", "int", "short", "double", "input"]
@@ -103,9 +102,9 @@ def test_threshold(create_files_in_directory_plus_output_type):
     cmdline = "fslmaths a.nii {} b.nii"
     for val in [0, 0.0, -1, -1.5, -0.5, 0.5, 3, 400, 400.5]:
         thresh.inputs.thresh = val
-        assert thresh.cmdline == cmdline.format("-thr {:.10f}".format(val))
+        assert thresh.cmdline == cmdline.format(f"-thr {val:.10f}")
 
-    val = "{:.10f}".format(42)
+    val = f"{42:.10f}"
     thresh = fsl.Threshold(
         in_file="a.nii", out_file="b.nii", thresh=42, use_robust_range=True
     )
@@ -144,7 +143,7 @@ def test_meanimage(create_files_in_directory_plus_output_type):
     # Test the auto naming
     meaner = fsl.MeanImage(in_file="a.nii")
     assert meaner.cmdline == "fslmaths a.nii -Tmean {}".format(
-        os.path.join(testdir, "a_mean{}".format(out_ext))
+        os.path.join(testdir, f"a_mean{out_ext}")
     )
 
 
@@ -196,7 +195,7 @@ def test_maximage(create_files_in_directory_plus_output_type):
     # Test the auto naming
     maxer = fsl.MaxImage(in_file="a.nii")
     assert maxer.cmdline == "fslmaths a.nii -Tmax {}".format(
-        os.path.join(testdir, "a_max{}".format(out_ext))
+        os.path.join(testdir, f"a_max{out_ext}")
     )
 
 
@@ -226,7 +225,7 @@ def test_smooth(create_files_in_directory_plus_output_type):
     # Test automatic naming
     smoother = fsl.IsotropicSmooth(in_file="a.nii", sigma=5)
     assert smoother.cmdline == "fslmaths a.nii -s {:.5f} {}".format(
-        5, os.path.join(testdir, "a_smooth{}".format(out_ext))
+        5, os.path.join(testdir, f"a_smooth{out_ext}")
     )
 
 
@@ -251,7 +250,7 @@ def test_mask(create_files_in_directory_plus_output_type):
     # Test auto name generation
     masker = fsl.ApplyMask(in_file="a.nii", mask_file="b.nii")
     assert masker.cmdline == "fslmaths a.nii -mas b.nii " + os.path.join(
-        testdir, "a_masked{}".format(out_ext)
+        testdir, f"a_masked{out_ext}"
     )
 
 
@@ -273,7 +272,7 @@ def test_dilation(create_files_in_directory_plus_output_type):
     for op in ["mean", "modal", "max"]:
         cv = dict(mean="M", modal="D", max="F")
         diller.inputs.operation = op
-        assert diller.cmdline == "fslmaths a.nii -dil{} b.nii".format(cv[op])
+        assert diller.cmdline == f"fslmaths a.nii -dil{cv[op]} b.nii"
 
     # Now test the different kernel options
     for k in ["3D", "2D", "box", "boxv", "gauss", "sphere"]:
@@ -281,8 +280,7 @@ def test_dilation(create_files_in_directory_plus_output_type):
             diller.inputs.kernel_shape = k
             diller.inputs.kernel_size = size
             assert (
-                diller.cmdline
-                == "fslmaths a.nii -kernel {} {:.4f} -dilF b.nii".format(k, size)
+                diller.cmdline == f"fslmaths a.nii -kernel {k} {size:.4f} -dilF b.nii"
             )
 
     # Test that we can use a file kernel
@@ -296,7 +294,7 @@ def test_dilation(create_files_in_directory_plus_output_type):
     # Test that we don't need to request an out name
     dil = fsl.DilateImage(in_file="a.nii", operation="max")
     assert dil.cmdline == "fslmaths a.nii -dilF {}".format(
-        os.path.join(testdir, "a_dil{}".format(out_ext))
+        os.path.join(testdir, f"a_dil{out_ext}")
     )
 
 
@@ -320,7 +318,7 @@ def test_erosion(create_files_in_directory_plus_output_type):
     # Test that we don't need to request an out name
     erode = fsl.ErodeImage(in_file="a.nii")
     assert erode.cmdline == "fslmaths a.nii -ero {}".format(
-        os.path.join(testdir, "a_ero{}".format(out_ext))
+        os.path.join(testdir, f"a_ero{out_ext}")
     )
 
 
@@ -341,12 +339,12 @@ def test_spatial_filter(create_files_in_directory_plus_output_type):
     # Test the different operations
     for op in ["mean", "meanu", "median"]:
         filter.inputs.operation = op
-        assert filter.cmdline == "fslmaths a.nii -f{} b.nii".format(op)
+        assert filter.cmdline == f"fslmaths a.nii -f{op} b.nii"
 
     # Test that we don't need to ask for an out name
     filter = fsl.SpatialFilter(in_file="a.nii", operation="mean")
     assert filter.cmdline == "fslmaths a.nii -fmean {}".format(
-        os.path.join(testdir, "a_filt{}".format(out_ext))
+        os.path.join(testdir, f"a_filt{out_ext}")
     )
 
 
@@ -368,13 +366,13 @@ def test_unarymaths(create_files_in_directory_plus_output_type):
     ops = ["exp", "log", "sin", "cos", "sqr", "sqrt", "recip", "abs", "bin", "index"]
     for op in ops:
         maths.inputs.operation = op
-        assert maths.cmdline == "fslmaths a.nii -{} b.nii".format(op)
+        assert maths.cmdline == f"fslmaths a.nii -{op} b.nii"
 
     # Test that we don't need to ask for an out file
     for op in ops:
         maths = fsl.UnaryMaths(in_file="a.nii", operation=op)
         assert maths.cmdline == "fslmaths a.nii -{} {}".format(
-            op, os.path.join(testdir, "a_{}{}".format(op, out_ext))
+            op, os.path.join(testdir, f"a_{op}{out_ext}")
         )
 
 
@@ -400,7 +398,7 @@ def test_binarymaths(create_files_in_directory_plus_output_type):
             maths = fsl.BinaryMaths(in_file="a.nii", out_file="c.nii", operation=op)
             if ent == "b.nii":
                 maths.inputs.operand_file = ent
-                assert maths.cmdline == "fslmaths a.nii -{} b.nii c.nii".format(op)
+                assert maths.cmdline == f"fslmaths a.nii -{op} b.nii c.nii"
             else:
                 maths.inputs.operand_value = ent
                 assert maths.cmdline == "fslmaths a.nii -{} {:.8f} c.nii".format(
@@ -411,7 +409,7 @@ def test_binarymaths(create_files_in_directory_plus_output_type):
     for op in ops:
         maths = fsl.BinaryMaths(in_file="a.nii", operation=op, operand_file="b.nii")
         assert maths.cmdline == "fslmaths a.nii -{} b.nii {}".format(
-            op, os.path.join(testdir, "a_maths{}".format(out_ext))
+            op, os.path.join(testdir, f"a_maths{out_ext}")
         )
 
 
@@ -470,5 +468,5 @@ def test_tempfilt(create_files_in_directory_plus_output_type):
     # Test that we don't need to ask for an out file
     filt = fsl.TemporalFilter(in_file="a.nii", highpass_sigma=64)
     assert filt.cmdline == "fslmaths a.nii -bptf 64.000000 -1.000000 {}".format(
-        os.path.join(testdir, "a_filt{}".format(out_ext))
+        os.path.join(testdir, f"a_filt{out_ext}")
     )
diff --git a/nipype/interfaces/fsl/tests/test_model.py b/nipype/interfaces/fsl/tests/test_model.py
index 8c12f04fa4..7278f1f6aa 100644
--- a/nipype/interfaces/fsl/tests/test_model.py
+++ b/nipype/interfaces/fsl/tests/test_model.py
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 # emacs: -*- mode: python; py-indent-offset: 4; indent-tabs-mode: nil -*-
 # vi: set ft=python sts=4 ts=4 sw=4 et:
 import os
diff --git a/nipype/interfaces/fsl/tests/test_preprocess.py b/nipype/interfaces/fsl/tests/test_preprocess.py
index a5752d8d49..b322077675 100644
--- a/nipype/interfaces/fsl/tests/test_preprocess.py
+++ b/nipype/interfaces/fsl/tests/test_preprocess.py
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 # emacs: -*- mode: python; py-indent-offset: 4; indent-tabs-mode: nil -*-
 # vi: set ft=python sts=4 ts=4 sw=4 et:
 import os
@@ -43,12 +42,12 @@ def test_bet(setup_infile):
     # Test generated outfile name
     better.inputs.in_file = tmp_infile
     outfile = fsl_name(better, "foo_brain")
-    realcmd = "bet %s %s" % (tmp_infile, outfile)
+    realcmd = f"bet {tmp_infile} {outfile}"
     assert better.cmdline == realcmd
     # Test specified outfile name
     outfile = fsl_name(better, "/newdata/bar")
     better.inputs.out_file = outfile
-    realcmd = "bet %s %s" % (tmp_infile, outfile)
+    realcmd = f"bet {tmp_infile} {outfile}"
     assert better.cmdline == realcmd
 
     # infile foo.nii doesn't exist
@@ -104,13 +103,13 @@ def test_fast(setup_infile):
     assert faster.inputs.manual_seg == Undefined
     assert faster.inputs != fasted.inputs
     assert fasted.cmdline == "fast -v -S 1 %s" % (tmp_infile)
-    assert fasted2.cmdline == "fast -v -S 2 %s %s" % (tmp_infile, tmp_infile)
+    assert fasted2.cmdline == f"fast -v -S 2 {tmp_infile} {tmp_infile}"
 
     faster = fsl.FAST()
     faster.inputs.in_files = tmp_infile
     assert faster.cmdline == "fast -S 1 %s" % (tmp_infile)
     faster.inputs.in_files = [tmp_infile, tmp_infile]
-    assert faster.cmdline == "fast -S 2 %s %s" % (tmp_infile, tmp_infile)
+    assert faster.cmdline == f"fast -S 2 {tmp_infile} {tmp_infile}"
 
     # Our options and some test values for them
     # Should parallel the opt_map structure in the class for clarity
@@ -123,7 +122,7 @@ def test_fast(setup_infile):
         "segments": ("-g", True),
         "init_transform": ("-a %s" % (tmp_infile), "%s" % (tmp_infile)),
         "other_priors": (
-            "-A %s %s %s" % (tmp_infile, tmp_infile, tmp_infile),
+            f"-A {tmp_infile} {tmp_infile} {tmp_infile}",
             (["%s" % (tmp_infile), "%s" % (tmp_infile), "%s" % (tmp_infile)]),
         ),
         "no_pve": ("--nopve", True),
@@ -242,7 +241,7 @@ def test_flirt(setup_flirt):
     pth, fname, ext = split_filename(infile)
     outfile = fsl_name(flirter, "%s_flirt" % fname)
     outmat = "%s_flirt.mat" % fname
-    realcmd = "flirt -in %s -ref %s -out %s -omat %s" % (
+    realcmd = "flirt -in {} -ref {} -out {} -omat {}".format(
         infile,
         reffile,
         outfile,
@@ -303,7 +302,7 @@ def test_flirt(setup_flirt):
         else:
             value = trait_spec.default
             param = trait_spec.argstr % value
-        cmdline = "flirt -in %s -ref %s" % (infile, reffile)
+        cmdline = f"flirt -in {infile} -ref {reffile}"
         # Handle autogeneration of outfile
         pth, fname, ext = split_filename(infile)
         outfile = fsl_name(fsl.FLIRT(), "%s_flirt" % fname)
diff --git a/nipype/interfaces/fsl/tests/test_utils.py b/nipype/interfaces/fsl/tests/test_utils.py
index ca52354dd4..8c295a9fb4 100644
--- a/nipype/interfaces/fsl/tests/test_utils.py
+++ b/nipype/interfaces/fsl/tests/test_utils.py
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 # emacs: -*- mode: python; py-indent-offset: 4; indent-tabs-mode: nil -*-
 # vi: set ft=python sts=4 ts=4 sw=4 et:
 
@@ -75,7 +74,7 @@ def test_fslmerge(create_files_in_directory_plus_output_type):
 
     # verify that providing a tr value updates the dimension to tr
     merger.inputs.tr = 2.25
-    assert merger.cmdline == "fslmerge -tr foo_merged.nii %s %.2f" % (
+    assert merger.cmdline == "fslmerge -tr foo_merged.nii {} {:.2f}".format(
         " ".join(filelist),
         2.25,
     )
@@ -89,7 +88,7 @@ def test_fslmerge(create_files_in_directory_plus_output_type):
         tr=2.25,
     )
 
-    assert merger2.cmdline == "fslmerge -tr foo_merged.nii %s %.2f" % (
+    assert merger2.cmdline == "fslmerge -tr foo_merged.nii {} {:.2f}".format(
         " ".join(filelist),
         2.25,
     )
@@ -168,9 +167,12 @@ def test_overlay(create_files_in_directory_plus_output_type):
         auto_thresh_bg=True,
         out_file="foo2_overlay.nii",
     )
-    assert overlay2.cmdline == "overlay 1 0 %s -a %s 2.50 10.00 foo2_overlay.nii" % (
-        filelist[1],
-        filelist[0],
+    assert (
+        overlay2.cmdline
+        == "overlay 1 0 {} -a {} 2.50 10.00 foo2_overlay.nii".format(
+            filelist[1],
+            filelist[0],
+        )
     )
 
 
@@ -196,9 +198,12 @@ def test_slicer(create_files_in_directory_plus_output_type):
     slicer.inputs.all_axial = True
     slicer.inputs.image_width = 750
     slicer.inputs.out_file = "foo_bar.png"
-    assert slicer.cmdline == "slicer %s %s -L -i 10.000 20.000  -A 750 foo_bar.png" % (
-        filelist[0],
-        filelist[1],
+    assert (
+        slicer.cmdline
+        == "slicer {} {} -L -i 10.000 20.000  -A 750 foo_bar.png".format(
+            filelist[0],
+            filelist[1],
+        )
     )
 
     # .run based parameter setting
@@ -313,7 +318,7 @@ def test_convertxfm(create_files_in_directory_plus_output_type):
     cvt2 = fsl.ConvertXFM(
         in_file=filelist[0], in_file2=filelist[1], concat_xfm=True, out_file="bar.mat"
     )
-    assert cvt2.cmdline == "convert_xfm -omat bar.mat -concat %s %s" % (
+    assert cvt2.cmdline == "convert_xfm -omat bar.mat -concat {} {}".format(
         filelist[1],
         filelist[0],
     )
diff --git a/nipype/interfaces/fsl/utils.py b/nipype/interfaces/fsl/utils.py
index 734eccc74d..c9366cc014 100644
--- a/nipype/interfaces/fsl/utils.py
+++ b/nipype/interfaces/fsl/utils.py
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 # emacs: -*- mode: python; py-indent-offset: 4; indent-tabs-mode: nil -*-
 # vi: set ft=python sts=4 ts=4 sw=4 et:
 """The fsl module provides classes for interfacing with the `FSL
@@ -261,8 +260,8 @@ class Smooth(FSLCommand):
     def _format_arg(self, name, trait_spec, value):
         if name == "fwhm":
             sigma = float(value) / np.sqrt(8 * np.log(2))
-            return super(Smooth, self)._format_arg(name, trait_spec, sigma)
-        return super(Smooth, self)._format_arg(name, trait_spec, value)
+            return super()._format_arg(name, trait_spec, sigma)
+        return super()._format_arg(name, trait_spec, value)
 
 
 class SliceInputSpec(FSLCommandInputSpec):
@@ -410,7 +409,7 @@ def _format_arg(self, name, spec, value):
             if isdefined(self.inputs.tr):
                 return "-tr"
             return spec.argstr % value
-        return super(Merge, self)._format_arg(name, spec, value)
+        return super()._format_arg(name, spec, value)
 
 
 class ExtractROIInputSpec(FSLCommandInputSpec):
@@ -484,7 +483,7 @@ class ExtractROI(FSLCommand):
     def _format_arg(self, name, spec, value):
         if name == "crop_list":
             return " ".join(map(str, sum(list(map(list, value)), [])))
-        return super(ExtractROI, self)._format_arg(name, spec, value)
+        return super()._format_arg(name, spec, value)
 
     def _list_outputs(self):
         """Create a Bunch which contains all possible files generated
@@ -630,7 +629,7 @@ def _gen_filename(self, name):
         return None
 
     def _parse_inputs(self, skip=None):
-        return super(ImageMaths, self)._parse_inputs(skip=["suffix"])
+        return super()._parse_inputs(skip=["suffix"])
 
     def _list_outputs(self):
         suffix = "_maths"  # ohinds: build suffix
@@ -716,7 +715,7 @@ def _format_arg(self, name, trait_spec, value):
             except IndexError:
                 n_cols = 1
             return trait_spec.argstr % ",".join(map(str, list(range(1, n_cols + 1))))
-        return super(FilterRegressor, self)._format_arg(name, trait_spec, value)
+        return super()._format_arg(name, trait_spec, value)
 
     def _list_outputs(self):
         outputs = self.output_spec().get()
@@ -805,7 +804,7 @@ def _format_arg(self, name, trait_spec, value):
                     return self.inputs.op_string % self.inputs.mask_file
                 else:
                     raise ValueError("-k %s option in op_string requires mask_file")
-        return super(ImageStats, self)._format_arg(name, trait_spec, value)
+        return super()._format_arg(name, trait_spec, value)
 
     def aggregate_outputs(self, runtime=None, needed_outputs=None):
         outputs = self._outputs()
@@ -814,7 +813,7 @@ def aggregate_outputs(self, runtime=None, needed_outputs=None):
         if runtime is None:
             try:
                 out_stat = load_json(outfile)["stat"]
-            except IOError:
+            except OSError:
                 return self.run().outputs
         else:
             out_stat = []
@@ -883,7 +882,7 @@ class AvScale(CommandLine):
     _cmd = "avscale"
 
     def _run_interface(self, runtime):
-        runtime = super(AvScale, self)._run_interface(runtime)
+        runtime = super()._run_interface(runtime)
 
         expr = re.compile(
             r"Rotation & Translation Matrix:\n(?P<rot_tran_mat>[0-9\. \n-]+)[\s\n]*"
@@ -1070,12 +1069,12 @@ def _format_arg(self, name, spec, value):
             else:
                 return "1"
         if name == "show_negative_stats":
-            return "%s %.2f %.2f" % (
+            return "{} {:.2f} {:.2f}".format(
                 self.inputs.stat_image,
                 self.inputs.stat_thresh[0] * -1,
                 self.inputs.stat_thresh[1] * -1,
             )
-        return super(Overlay, self)._format_arg(name, spec, value)
+        return super()._format_arg(name, spec, value)
 
     def _list_outputs(self):
         outputs = self._outputs().get()
@@ -1085,7 +1084,7 @@ def _list_outputs(self):
                 not isdefined(self.inputs.show_negative_stats)
                 or not self.inputs.show_negative_stats
             ):
-                stem = "%s_and_%s" % (
+                stem = "{}_and_{}".format(
                     split_filename(self.inputs.stat_image)[1],
                     split_filename(self.inputs.stat_image2)[1],
                 )
@@ -1233,7 +1232,7 @@ def _format_arg(self, name, spec, value):
                 return "-L"
             else:
                 return ""
-        return super(Slicer, self)._format_arg(name, spec, value)
+        return super()._format_arg(name, spec, value)
 
     def _list_outputs(self):
         outputs = self._outputs().get()
@@ -1350,7 +1349,7 @@ def _format_arg(self, name, spec, value):
             return "--ymin=%d --ymax=%d" % value
         elif name == "plot_size":
             return "-h %d -w %d" % value
-        return super(PlotTimeSeries, self)._format_arg(name, spec, value)
+        return super()._format_arg(name, spec, value)
 
     def _list_outputs(self):
         outputs = self._outputs().get()
@@ -1444,7 +1443,7 @@ def _format_arg(self, name, spec, value):
             if self.inputs.plot_type == "displacement":
                 title = "-t 'MCFLIRT estimated mean displacement (mm)'"
                 labels = "-a abs,rel"
-                return "%s %s" % (title, labels)
+                return f"{title} {labels}"
 
             # Get the right starting and ending position depending on source
             # package
@@ -1453,17 +1452,17 @@ def _format_arg(self, name, spec, value):
             )
 
             # Format the title properly
-            sfstr = "--start=%d --finish=%d" % sfdict["%s_%s" % (source, value[:3])]
+            sfstr = "--start=%d --finish=%d" % sfdict[f"{source}_{value[:3]}"]
             titledict = dict(fsl="MCFLIRT", spm="Realign")
             unitdict = dict(rot="radians", tra="mm")
 
-            title = "'%s estimated %s (%s)'" % (
+            title = "'{} estimated {} ({})'".format(
                 titledict[source],
                 value,
                 unitdict[value[:3]],
             )
 
-            return "-t %s %s -a x,y,z" % (title, sfstr)
+            return f"-t {title} {sfstr} -a x,y,z"
         elif name == "plot_size":
             return "-h %d -w %d" % value
         elif name == "in_file":
@@ -1473,7 +1472,7 @@ def _format_arg(self, name, spec, value):
             else:
                 return "-i %s" % value
 
-        return super(PlotMotionParams, self)._format_arg(name, spec, value)
+        return super()._format_arg(name, spec, value)
 
     def _list_outputs(self):
         outputs = self._outputs().get()
@@ -1577,7 +1576,7 @@ def _list_outputs(self):
                 if self.inputs.concat_xfm:
                     _, infile2, _ = split_filename(self.inputs.in_file2)
                     outfile = fname_presuffix(
-                        "%s_%s" % (infile1, infile2),
+                        f"{infile1}_{infile2}",
                         suffix=".mat",
                         newpath=os.getcwd(),
                         use_ext=False,
@@ -2026,7 +2025,7 @@ def _parse_inputs(self, skip=None):
             skip += self.inputs._ofs[:1] + self.inputs._ofs[3:]
         else:
             skip += self.inputs._ofs[1:]
-        return super(Complex, self)._parse_inputs(skip)
+        return super()._parse_inputs(skip)
 
     def _gen_filename(self, name):
         if name == "complex_out_file":
@@ -2241,7 +2240,7 @@ def _parse_inputs(self, skip=None):
             skip += ["out_jacobian"]
 
         skip += ["write_jacobian"]
-        return super(WarpUtils, self)._parse_inputs(skip=skip)
+        return super()._parse_inputs(skip=skip)
 
 
 class ConvertWarpInputSpec(FSLCommandInputSpec):
@@ -2505,21 +2504,19 @@ def __init__(self, command=None, **inputs):
         self._in_file = None
         self._outformat = None
 
-        super(WarpPoints, self).__init__(command=command, **inputs)
+        super().__init__(command=command, **inputs)
 
     def _format_arg(self, name, trait_spec, value):
         if name == "out_file":
             return ""
 
-        return super(WarpPoints, self)._format_arg(name, trait_spec, value)
+        return super()._format_arg(name, trait_spec, value)
 
     def _parse_inputs(self, skip=None):
         fname, ext = op.splitext(self.inputs.in_coords)
         setattr(self, "_in_file", fname)
         setattr(self, "_outformat", ext[1:])
-        first_args = super(WarpPoints, self)._parse_inputs(
-            skip=["in_coords", "out_file"]
-        )
+        first_args = super()._parse_inputs(skip=["in_coords", "out_file"])
 
         second_args = fname + ".txt"
 
@@ -2584,7 +2581,7 @@ def _coords_to_trk(self, points, out_file):
 
     def _overload_extension(self, value, name):
         if name == "out_file":
-            return "%s.%s" % (value, getattr(self, "_outformat"))
+            return "{}.{}".format(value, getattr(self, "_outformat"))
 
     def _run_interface(self, runtime):
         fname = getattr(self, "_in_file")
@@ -2598,7 +2595,7 @@ def _run_interface(self, runtime):
             tmpfile = self._tmpfile
             self._trk_to_coords(fname, out_file=tmpfile)
 
-        runtime = super(WarpPoints, self)._run_interface(runtime)
+        runtime = super()._run_interface(runtime)
         newpoints = np.fromstring("\n".join(runtime.stdout.split("\n")[1:]), sep=" ")
 
         if tmpfile is not None:
diff --git a/nipype/interfaces/image.py b/nipype/interfaces/image.py
index 1535b1baf8..f86ae7ef15 100644
--- a/nipype/interfaces/image.py
+++ b/nipype/interfaces/image.py
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 # emacs: -*- mode: python; py-indent-offset: 4; indent-tabs-mode: nil -*-
 # vi: set ft=python sts=4 ts=4 sw=4 et:
 
diff --git a/nipype/interfaces/io.py b/nipype/interfaces/io.py
index 4f6e455959..0152e200e5 100644
--- a/nipype/interfaces/io.py
+++ b/nipype/interfaces/io.py
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 # emacs: -*- mode: python; py-indent-offset: 4; indent-tabs-mode: nil -*-
 # vi: set ft=python sts=4 ts=4 sw=4 et:
 """ Set of interfaces that allow interaction with data. Currently
@@ -85,7 +84,7 @@ def copytree(src, dst, use_hardlink=False):
                     hashmethod="content",
                     use_hardlink=use_hardlink,
                 )
-        except (IOError, os.error) as why:
+        except (OSError, os.error) as why:
             errors.append((srcname, dstname, str(why)))
         # catch the Error from the recursive copytree so that we can
         # continue with other files
@@ -135,12 +134,12 @@ def _get_head_bucket(s3_resource, bucket_name):
             )
             raise Exception(err_msg)
         else:
-            err_msg = "Unable to connect to bucket: %s. Error message:\n%s" % (
+            err_msg = "Unable to connect to bucket: {}. Error message:\n{}".format(
                 bucket_name,
                 exc,
             )
     except Exception as exc:
-        err_msg = "Unable to connect to bucket: %s. Error message:\n%s" % (
+        err_msg = "Unable to connect to bucket: {}. Error message:\n{}".format(
             bucket_name,
             exc,
         )
@@ -155,14 +154,14 @@ def _list_outputs(self):
         raise NotImplementedError
 
     def _outputs(self):
-        return self._add_output_traits(super(IOBase, self)._outputs())
+        return self._add_output_traits(super()._outputs())
 
     def _add_output_traits(self, base):
         return base
 
 
 # Class to track percentage of S3 file upload
-class ProgressPercentage(object):
+class ProgressPercentage:
     """
     Callable class instsance (via __call__ method) that displays
     upload percentage of a file to S3
@@ -256,12 +255,12 @@ class DataSinkInputSpec(DynamicTraitedSpec, BaseInterfaceInputSpec):
     def __setattr__(self, key, value):
         if key not in self.copyable_trait_names():
             if not isdefined(value):
-                super(DataSinkInputSpec, self).__setattr__(key, value)
+                super().__setattr__(key, value)
             self._outputs[key] = value
         else:
             if key in self._outputs:
                 self._outputs[key] = value
-            super(DataSinkInputSpec, self).__setattr__(key, value)
+            super().__setattr__(key, value)
 
 
 # DataSink outputs
@@ -346,7 +345,7 @@ def __init__(self, infields=None, force_run=True, **kwargs):
             Indicates the input fields to be dynamically created
         """
 
-        super(DataSink, self).__init__(**kwargs)
+        super().__init__(**kwargs)
         undefined_traits = {}
         # used for mandatory inputs check
         self._infields = infields
@@ -476,7 +475,7 @@ def _return_aws_keys(self):
 
         # Check if creds exist
         if creds_path and os.path.exists(creds_path):
-            with open(creds_path, "r") as creds_in:
+            with open(creds_path) as creds_in:
                 # Grab csv rows
                 row1 = creds_in.readline()
                 row2 = creds_in.readline()
@@ -886,7 +885,7 @@ def __init__(self, infields=None, outfields=None, **kwargs):
         """
         if not outfields:
             outfields = ["outfiles"]
-        super(S3DataGrabber, self).__init__(**kwargs)
+        super().__init__(**kwargs)
         undefined_traits = {}
         # used for mandatory inputs check
         self._infields = infields
@@ -964,12 +963,12 @@ def _list_outputs(self):
                     if re.match(template, fname):
                         filelist.append(fname)
                 if len(filelist) == 0:
-                    msg = "Output key: %s Template: %s returned no files" % (
+                    msg = "Output key: {} Template: {} returned no files".format(
                         key,
                         template,
                     )
                     if self.inputs.raise_on_empty:
-                        raise IOError(msg)
+                        raise OSError(msg)
                     else:
                         warn(msg)
                 else:
@@ -1012,12 +1011,12 @@ def _list_outputs(self):
                         if re.match(filledtemplate, fname):
                             outfiles.append(fname)
                     if len(outfiles) == 0:
-                        msg = "Output key: %s Template: %s returned no files" % (
+                        msg = "Output key: {} Template: {} returned no files".format(
                             key,
                             filledtemplate,
                         )
                         if self.inputs.raise_on_empty:
-                            raise IOError(msg)
+                            raise OSError(msg)
                         else:
                             warn(msg)
                         outputs[key].append(None)
@@ -1171,7 +1170,7 @@ def __init__(self, infields=None, outfields=None, **kwargs):
         """
         if not outfields:
             outfields = ["outfiles"]
-        super(DataGrabber, self).__init__(**kwargs)
+        super().__init__(**kwargs)
         undefined_traits = {}
         # used for mandatory inputs check
         self._infields = infields
@@ -1239,12 +1238,12 @@ def _list_outputs(self):
             if not args:
                 filelist = glob.glob(template)
                 if len(filelist) == 0:
-                    msg = "Output key: %s Template: %s returned no files" % (
+                    msg = "Output key: {} Template: {} returned no files".format(
                         key,
                         template,
                     )
                     if self.inputs.raise_on_empty:
-                        raise IOError(msg)
+                        raise OSError(msg)
                     else:
                         warn(msg)
                 else:
@@ -1284,12 +1283,12 @@ def _list_outputs(self):
                             )
                     outfiles = glob.glob(filledtemplate)
                     if len(outfiles) == 0:
-                        msg = "Output key: %s Template: %s returned no files" % (
+                        msg = "Output key: {} Template: {} returned no files".format(
                             key,
                             filledtemplate,
                         )
                         if self.inputs.raise_on_empty:
-                            raise IOError(msg)
+                            raise OSError(msg)
                         else:
                             warn(msg)
                         outputs[key].append(None)
@@ -1392,14 +1391,14 @@ def __init__(self, templates, **kwargs):
             used to select files.
 
         """
-        super(SelectFiles, self).__init__(**kwargs)
+        super().__init__(**kwargs)
 
         # Infer the infields and outfields from the template
         infields = []
         for name, template in list(templates.items()):
             for _, field_name, _, _ in string.Formatter().parse(template):
                 if field_name is not None:
-                    field_name = re.match("\w+", field_name).group()
+                    field_name = re.match(r"\w+", field_name).group()
                     if field_name not in infields:
                         infields.append(field_name)
 
@@ -1421,13 +1420,9 @@ def _add_output_traits(self, base):
     def _list_outputs(self):
         """Find the files and expose them as interface outputs."""
         outputs = {}
-        info = dict(
-            [
-                (k, v)
-                for k, v in list(self.inputs.__dict__.items())
-                if k in self._infields
-            ]
-        )
+        info = {
+            k: v for k, v in list(self.inputs.__dict__.items()) if k in self._infields
+        }
 
         force_lists = self.inputs.force_lists
         if isinstance(force_lists, bool):
@@ -1461,12 +1456,12 @@ def _list_outputs(self):
 
             # Handle the case where nothing matched
             if not filelist:
-                msg = "No files were found matching %s template: %s" % (
+                msg = "No files were found matching {} template: {}".format(
                     field,
                     filled_template,
                 )
                 if self.inputs.raise_on_empty:
-                    raise IOError(msg)
+                    raise OSError(msg)
                 else:
                     warn(msg)
 
@@ -1920,7 +1915,7 @@ def __init__(self, infields=None, outfields=None, **kwargs):
         See class examples for usage
 
         """
-        super(XNATSource, self).__init__(**kwargs)
+        super().__init__(**kwargs)
         undefined_traits = {}
         # used for mandatory inputs check
         self._infields = infields
@@ -1992,7 +1987,7 @@ def _list_outputs(self):
             if not args:
                 file_objects = xnat.select(template).get("obj")
                 if file_objects == []:
-                    raise IOError("Template %s returned no files" % template)
+                    raise OSError("Template %s returned no files" % template)
                 outputs[key] = simplify_list(
                     [
                         str(file_object.get())
@@ -2027,7 +2022,7 @@ def _list_outputs(self):
                         file_objects = xnat.select(target).get("obj")
 
                         if file_objects == []:
-                            raise IOError("Template %s " "returned no files" % target)
+                            raise OSError("Template %s " "returned no files" % target)
 
                         outfiles = simplify_list(
                             [
@@ -2040,7 +2035,7 @@ def _list_outputs(self):
                         file_objects = xnat.select(template).get("obj")
 
                         if file_objects == []:
-                            raise IOError("Template %s " "returned no files" % template)
+                            raise OSError("Template %s " "returned no files" % template)
 
                         outfiles = simplify_list(
                             [
@@ -2104,7 +2099,7 @@ def __setattr__(self, key, value):
         if key not in self.copyable_trait_names():
             self._outputs[key] = value
         else:
-            super(XNATSinkInputSpec, self).__setattr__(key, value)
+            super().__setattr__(key, value)
 
 
 class XNATSink(LibraryBaseInterface, IOBase):
@@ -2232,7 +2227,7 @@ def push_file(self, xnat, file_name, out_key, uri_template_args):
             uri_template_args["container_id"] += "_results"
 
     # define resource level
-    uri_template_args["resource_label"] = "%s_%s" % (
+    uri_template_args["resource_label"] = "{}_{}".format(
         uri_template_args["container_id"],
         out_key.split(".")[0],
     )
@@ -2306,7 +2301,7 @@ class SQLiteSink(LibraryBaseInterface, IOBase):
     _pkg = "sqlite3"
 
     def __init__(self, input_names, **inputs):
-        super(SQLiteSink, self).__init__(**inputs)
+        super().__init__(**inputs)
 
         self._input_names = ensure_list(input_names)
         add_traits(self.inputs, [name for name in self._input_names])
@@ -2368,7 +2363,7 @@ class MySQLSink(IOBase):
     input_spec = MySQLSinkInputSpec
 
     def __init__(self, input_names, **inputs):
-        super(MySQLSink, self).__init__(**inputs)
+        super().__init__(**inputs)
 
         self._input_names = ensure_list(input_names)
         add_traits(self.inputs, [name for name in self._input_names])
@@ -2509,7 +2504,7 @@ def __init__(self, infields=None, outfields=None, **kwargs):
         kwargs = kwargs.copy()
         kwargs["infields"] = infields
         kwargs["outfields"] = outfields
-        super(SSHDataGrabber, self).__init__(**kwargs)
+        super().__init__(**kwargs)
         if None in (self.inputs.username, self.inputs.password):
             raise ValueError(
                 "either both username and password " "are provided or none of them"
@@ -2544,7 +2539,7 @@ def _get_files_over_ssh(self, template):
             # no files
             msg = "Output template: %s returned no files" % template
             if self.inputs.raise_on_empty:
-                raise IOError(msg)
+                raise OSError(msg)
             else:
                 warn(msg)
 
@@ -2575,7 +2570,7 @@ def _get_files_over_ssh(self, template):
                 for f in files_to_download:
                     try:
                         sftp.get(os.path.join(template_dir, f), f)
-                    except IOError:
+                    except OSError:
                         iflogger.info("remote file %s not found" % f)
 
             # return value
@@ -2726,7 +2721,7 @@ def _list_outputs(self):
 
         outputs = {}
         if isdefined(self.inputs.in_file):
-            with open(self.inputs.in_file, "r") as f:
+            with open(self.inputs.in_file) as f:
                 data = simplejson.load(f)
 
             if not isinstance(data, dict):
@@ -2752,12 +2747,12 @@ class JSONFileSinkInputSpec(DynamicTraitedSpec, BaseInterfaceInputSpec):
     def __setattr__(self, key, value):
         if key not in self.copyable_trait_names():
             if not isdefined(value):
-                super(JSONFileSinkInputSpec, self).__setattr__(key, value)
+                super().__setattr__(key, value)
             self._outputs[key] = value
         else:
             if key in self._outputs:
                 self._outputs[key] = value
-            super(JSONFileSinkInputSpec, self).__setattr__(key, value)
+            super().__setattr__(key, value)
 
 
 class JSONFileSinkOutputSpec(TraitedSpec):
@@ -2796,7 +2791,7 @@ class JSONFileSink(IOBase):
     output_spec = JSONFileSinkOutputSpec
 
     def __init__(self, infields=[], force_run=True, **inputs):
-        super(JSONFileSink, self).__init__(**inputs)
+        super().__init__(**inputs)
         self._input_names = infields
 
         undefined_traits = {}
@@ -2917,7 +2912,7 @@ def __init__(self, infields=None, **kwargs):
         infields : list of str
             Indicates the input fields to be dynamically created
         """
-        super(BIDSDataGrabber, self).__init__(**kwargs)
+        super().__init__(**kwargs)
 
         if not isdefined(self.inputs.output_query):
             self.inputs.output_query = {
@@ -2938,7 +2933,7 @@ def __init__(self, infields=None, **kwargs):
             from bids import layout as bidslayout
 
             bids_config = join(dirname(bidslayout.__file__), "config", "bids.json")
-            bids_config = json.load(open(bids_config, "r"))
+            bids_config = json.load(open(bids_config))
             infields = [i["name"] for i in bids_config["entities"]]
 
         self._infields = infields or []
@@ -2980,7 +2975,7 @@ def _list_outputs(self):
             if len(filelist) == 0:
                 msg = "Output key: %s returned no files" % key
                 if self.inputs.raise_on_empty:
-                    raise IOError(msg)
+                    raise OSError(msg)
                 else:
                     iflogger.warning(msg)
                     filelist = Undefined
diff --git a/nipype/interfaces/matlab.py b/nipype/interfaces/matlab.py
index f68c5ea43d..de959988f4 100644
--- a/nipype/interfaces/matlab.py
+++ b/nipype/interfaces/matlab.py
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 # emacs: -*- mode: python; py-indent-offset: 4; indent-tabs-mode: nil -*-
 # vi: set ft=python sts=4 ts=4 sw=4 et:
 """Interfaces to run MATLAB scripts."""
@@ -97,7 +96,7 @@ def __init__(self, matlab_cmd=None, **inputs):
         """initializes interface to matlab
         (default 'matlab -nodesktop -nosplash')
         """
-        super(MatlabCommand, self).__init__(**inputs)
+        super().__init__(**inputs)
         if matlab_cmd and isdefined(matlab_cmd):
             self._cmd = matlab_cmd
         elif self._default_matlab_cmd:
@@ -153,7 +152,7 @@ def set_default_paths(cls, paths):
 
     def _run_interface(self, runtime):
         self.terminal_output = "allatonce"
-        runtime = super(MatlabCommand, self)._run_interface(runtime)
+        runtime = super()._run_interface(runtime)
         try:
             # Matlab can leave the terminal in a barbbled state
             os.system("stty sane")
@@ -170,7 +169,7 @@ def _format_arg(self, name, trait_spec, value):
             if self.inputs.uses_mcr:
                 argstr = "%s"
             return self._gen_matlab_command(argstr, value)
-        return super(MatlabCommand, self)._format_arg(name, trait_spec, value)
+        return super()._format_arg(name, trait_spec, value)
 
     def _gen_matlab_command(self, argstr, script_lines):
         """Generates commands and, if mfile specified, writes it to disk."""
@@ -208,12 +207,12 @@ def _gen_matlab_command(self, argstr, script_lines):
 
         script_lines = "\n".join(prescript) + script_lines + "\n".join(postscript)
         if mfile:
-            with open(os.path.join(cwd, self.inputs.script_file), "wt") as mfile:
+            with open(os.path.join(cwd, self.inputs.script_file), "w") as mfile:
                 mfile.write(script_lines)
             if self.inputs.uses_mcr:
                 script = "%s" % (os.path.join(cwd, self.inputs.script_file))
             else:
-                script = "addpath('%s');%s" % (
+                script = "addpath('{}');{}".format(
                     cwd,
                     self.inputs.script_file.split(".")[0],
                 )
diff --git a/nipype/interfaces/meshfix.py b/nipype/interfaces/meshfix.py
index 505426bfe2..097fdf4010 100644
--- a/nipype/interfaces/meshfix.py
+++ b/nipype/interfaces/meshfix.py
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 # emacs: -*- mode: python; py-indent-offset: 4; indent-tabs-mode: nil -*-
 # vi: set ft=python sts=4 ts=4 sw=4 et:
 """MeshFix corrects topological errors in polygonal meshes."""
diff --git a/nipype/interfaces/minc/__init__.py b/nipype/interfaces/minc/__init__.py
index a69e38eeb2..b05ef82b5d 100644
--- a/nipype/interfaces/minc/__init__.py
+++ b/nipype/interfaces/minc/__init__.py
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 # emacs: -*- mode: python; py-indent-offset: 4; indent-tabs-mode: nil -*-
 # vi: set ft=python sts=4 ts=4 sw=4 et:
 """The MINC (McConnell Brain Imaging Centre, Montreal Neurological Institute) toolkit.
diff --git a/nipype/interfaces/minc/base.py b/nipype/interfaces/minc/base.py
index 7fe817dcaa..8731627693 100644
--- a/nipype/interfaces/minc/base.py
+++ b/nipype/interfaces/minc/base.py
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 # emacs: -*- mode: python; py-indent-offset: 4; indent-tabs-mode: nil -*-
 # vi: set ft=python sts=4 ts=4 sw=4 et:
 """The minc module provides classes for interfacing with the `MINC
@@ -28,7 +27,7 @@ def no_minc():
     return not check_minc()
 
 
-class Info(object):
+class Info:
     """Handle MINC version information.
 
     version refers to the version of MINC on the system
@@ -52,7 +51,7 @@ def version():
             clout = CommandLine(
                 command="mincinfo", args="-version", terminal_output="allatonce"
             ).run()
-        except IOError:
+        except OSError:
             return None
 
         out = clout.runtime.stdout
diff --git a/nipype/interfaces/minc/minc.py b/nipype/interfaces/minc/minc.py
index 4e740afab4..4742c64e72 100644
--- a/nipype/interfaces/minc/minc.py
+++ b/nipype/interfaces/minc/minc.py
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 # emacs: -*- mode: python; py-indent-offset: 4; indent-tabs-mode: nil -*-
 # vi: set ft=python sts=4 ts=4 sw=4 et:
 """The minc module provides classes for interfacing with the `MINC
@@ -691,7 +690,7 @@ def _format_arg(self, name, spec, value):
                 return "-p %d,%d" % (value[0], value[1])
             else:
                 raise ValueError("Invalid precision argument: " + str(value))
-        return super(Dump, self)._format_arg(name, spec, value)
+        return super()._format_arg(name, spec, value)
 
 
 class AverageInputSpec(CommandLineInputSpec):
@@ -1633,10 +1632,10 @@ def _format_arg(self, name, spec, value):
             if isinstance(value, bool) and value:
                 return "--title"
             elif isinstance(value, str):
-                return "--title --title_text %s" % (value,)
+                return f"--title --title_text {value}"
             else:
                 raise ValueError('Unknown value for "title" argument: ' + str(value))
-        return super(Pik, self)._format_arg(name, spec, value)
+        return super()._format_arg(name, spec, value)
 
 
 class BlurInputSpec(CommandLineInputSpec):
@@ -1803,7 +1802,7 @@ def _list_outputs(self):
     @property
     def cmdline(self):
         output_file_base = self.inputs.output_file_base
-        orig_cmdline = super(Blur, self).cmdline
+        orig_cmdline = super().cmdline
 
         if isdefined(output_file_base):
             return orig_cmdline
@@ -1811,7 +1810,7 @@ def cmdline(self):
             # FIXME this seems like a bit of a hack. Can we force output_file
             # to show up in cmdline by default, even if it isn't specified in
             # the instantiation of Pik?
-            return "%s %s" % (orig_cmdline, self._gen_output_base())
+            return f"{orig_cmdline} {self._gen_output_base()}"
 
 
 class MathInputSpec(CommandLineInputSpec):
@@ -2205,13 +2204,13 @@ def _format_arg(self, name, spec, value):
             if isinstance(value, bool) and value:
                 return spec.argstr
             elif isinstance(value, bool) and not value:
-                raise ValueError("Does not make sense to specify %s=False" % (name,))
+                raise ValueError(f"Does not make sense to specify {name}=False")
             elif isinstance(value, float):
-                return "%s -const %s" % (spec.argstr, value)
+                return f"{spec.argstr} -const {value}"
             else:
-                raise ValueError("Invalid %s argument: %s" % (name, value))
+                raise ValueError(f"Invalid {name} argument: {value}")
 
-        return super(Math, self)._format_arg(name, spec, value)
+        return super()._format_arg(name, spec, value)
 
     def _parse_inputs(self):
         """A number of the command line options expect precisely one or two files."""
@@ -2269,7 +2268,7 @@ def _parse_inputs(self):
                         % (n, nr_input_files)
                     )
 
-        return super(Math, self)._parse_inputs()
+        return super()._parse_inputs()
 
 
 class ResampleInputSpec(CommandLineInputSpec):
@@ -3154,7 +3153,7 @@ class Gennlxfm(CommandLine):
     _cmd = "gennlxfm"
 
     def _list_outputs(self):
-        outputs = super(Gennlxfm, self)._list_outputs()
+        outputs = super()._list_outputs()
         outputs["output_grid"] = re.sub(
             ".(nlxfm|xfm)$", "_grid_0.mnc", outputs["output_file"]
         )
@@ -3219,10 +3218,10 @@ class XfmConcat(CommandLine):
     _cmd = "xfmconcat"
 
     def _list_outputs(self):
-        outputs = super(XfmConcat, self)._list_outputs()
+        outputs = super()._list_outputs()
 
         if os.path.exists(outputs["output_file"]):
-            if "grid" in open(outputs["output_file"], "r").read():
+            if "grid" in open(outputs["output_file"]).read():
                 outputs["output_grids"] = glob.glob(
                     re.sub(".(nlxfm|xfm)$", "_grid_*.mnc", outputs["output_file"])
                 )
@@ -3410,7 +3409,7 @@ def _list_outputs(self):
         outputs["output_xfm"] = os.path.abspath(self._gen_filename("output_xfm"))
 
         assert os.path.exists(outputs["output_xfm"])
-        if "grid" in open(outputs["output_xfm"], "r").read():
+        if "grid" in open(outputs["output_xfm"]).read():
             outputs["output_grid"] = re.sub(
                 ".(nlxfm|xfm)$", "_grid_0.mnc", outputs["output_xfm"]
             )
@@ -3512,7 +3511,7 @@ def _list_outputs(self):
         outputs["output_file"] = os.path.abspath(self._gen_outfilename())
 
         assert os.path.exists(outputs["output_file"])
-        if "grid" in open(outputs["output_file"], "r").read():
+        if "grid" in open(outputs["output_file"]).read():
             outputs["output_grid"] = re.sub(
                 ".(nlxfm|xfm)$", "_grid_0.mnc", outputs["output_file"]
             )
@@ -3583,7 +3582,7 @@ def _list_outputs(self):
         outputs["output_file"] = os.path.abspath(self._gen_outfilename())
 
         assert os.path.exists(outputs["output_file"])
-        if "grid" in open(outputs["output_file"], "r").read():
+        if "grid" in open(outputs["output_file"]).read():
             outputs["output_grid"] = re.sub(
                 ".(nlxfm|xfm)$", "_grid_0.mnc", outputs["output_file"]
             )
@@ -3843,11 +3842,11 @@ class VolSymm(CommandLine):
     _cmd = "volsymm"
 
     def _list_outputs(self):
-        outputs = super(VolSymm, self)._list_outputs()
+        outputs = super()._list_outputs()
 
         # Have to manually check for the grid files.
         if os.path.exists(outputs["trans_file"]):
-            if "grid" in open(outputs["trans_file"], "r").read():
+            if "grid" in open(outputs["trans_file"]).read():
                 outputs["output_grid"] = re.sub(
                     ".(nlxfm|xfm)$", "_grid_0.mnc", outputs["trans_file"]
                 )
diff --git a/nipype/interfaces/minc/testdata.py b/nipype/interfaces/minc/testdata.py
index 1c33fe2b2b..9bd06355d1 100644
--- a/nipype/interfaces/minc/testdata.py
+++ b/nipype/interfaces/minc/testdata.py
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
-
 import os
 from ...testing import example_data
 
diff --git a/nipype/interfaces/minc/tests/__init__.py b/nipype/interfaces/minc/tests/__init__.py
index 40a96afc6f..e69de29bb2 100644
--- a/nipype/interfaces/minc/tests/__init__.py
+++ b/nipype/interfaces/minc/tests/__init__.py
@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
diff --git a/nipype/interfaces/mipav/__init__.py b/nipype/interfaces/mipav/__init__.py
index 85cc052c1e..51dd200dce 100644
--- a/nipype/interfaces/mipav/__init__.py
+++ b/nipype/interfaces/mipav/__init__.py
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 """MIPAV enables quantitative analysis and visualization of multimodal medical images."""
 from .developer import (
     JistLaminarVolumetricLayering,
diff --git a/nipype/interfaces/mipav/developer.py b/nipype/interfaces/mipav/developer.py
index 03069fcf98..f0d67eb9ba 100644
--- a/nipype/interfaces/mipav/developer.py
+++ b/nipype/interfaces/mipav/developer.py
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
-# -*- coding: utf8 -*-
 """Autogenerated file - DO NOT EDIT
 If you spot a bug, please report it on the mailing list and/or change the generator."""
 
diff --git a/nipype/interfaces/mipav/generate_classes.py b/nipype/interfaces/mipav/generate_classes.py
index 55f0f6a5db..ab91e48150 100644
--- a/nipype/interfaces/mipav/generate_classes.py
+++ b/nipype/interfaces/mipav/generate_classes.py
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
-
 if __name__ == "__main__":
     from nipype.interfaces.slicer.generate_classes import generate_all_classes
 
diff --git a/nipype/interfaces/mipav/tests/__init__.py b/nipype/interfaces/mipav/tests/__init__.py
index 40a96afc6f..e69de29bb2 100644
--- a/nipype/interfaces/mipav/tests/__init__.py
+++ b/nipype/interfaces/mipav/tests/__init__.py
@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
diff --git a/nipype/interfaces/mixins/reporting.py b/nipype/interfaces/mixins/reporting.py
index 182738ca64..90ca804618 100644
--- a/nipype/interfaces/mixins/reporting.py
+++ b/nipype/interfaces/mixins/reporting.py
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 # emacs: -*- mode: python; py-indent-offset: 4; indent-tabs-mode: nil -*-
 # vi: set ft=python sts=4 ts=4 sw=4 et:
 """ class mixin and utilities for enabling reports for nipype interfaces """
@@ -31,11 +30,11 @@ class ReportCapableInterface(BaseInterface):
     _out_report = None
 
     def __init__(self, generate_report=False, **kwargs):
-        super(ReportCapableInterface, self).__init__(**kwargs)
+        super().__init__(**kwargs)
         self.generate_report = generate_report
 
     def _post_run_hook(self, runtime):
-        runtime = super(ReportCapableInterface, self)._post_run_hook(runtime)
+        runtime = super()._post_run_hook(runtime)
 
         # leave early if there's nothing to do
         if not self.generate_report:
@@ -53,7 +52,7 @@ def _post_run_hook(self, runtime):
 
     def _list_outputs(self):
         try:
-            outputs = super(ReportCapableInterface, self)._list_outputs()
+            outputs = super()._list_outputs()
         except NotImplementedError:
             outputs = {}
         if self._out_report is not None:
diff --git a/nipype/interfaces/mixins/tests/__init__.py b/nipype/interfaces/mixins/tests/__init__.py
index 40a96afc6f..e69de29bb2 100644
--- a/nipype/interfaces/mixins/tests/__init__.py
+++ b/nipype/interfaces/mixins/tests/__init__.py
@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
diff --git a/nipype/interfaces/mne/__init__.py b/nipype/interfaces/mne/__init__.py
index 820780e54d..4a4750e8a4 100644
--- a/nipype/interfaces/mne/__init__.py
+++ b/nipype/interfaces/mne/__init__.py
@@ -1,3 +1,2 @@
-# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 """MNE is a software for exploring, visualizing, and analyzing human neurophysiological data."""
 from .base import WatershedBEM
diff --git a/nipype/interfaces/mne/base.py b/nipype/interfaces/mne/base.py
index 9fa880d44c..45f7e0e9c8 100644
--- a/nipype/interfaces/mne/base.py
+++ b/nipype/interfaces/mne/base.py
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 import os.path as op
 import glob
 
diff --git a/nipype/interfaces/mne/tests/__init__.py b/nipype/interfaces/mne/tests/__init__.py
index 40a96afc6f..e69de29bb2 100644
--- a/nipype/interfaces/mne/tests/__init__.py
+++ b/nipype/interfaces/mne/tests/__init__.py
@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
diff --git a/nipype/interfaces/mrtrix/__init__.py b/nipype/interfaces/mrtrix/__init__.py
index 3aafdc1db7..232dc119cf 100644
--- a/nipype/interfaces/mrtrix/__init__.py
+++ b/nipype/interfaces/mrtrix/__init__.py
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 # emacs: -*- mode: python; py-indent-offset: 4; indent-tabs-mode: nil -*-
 # vi: set ft=python sts=4 ts=4 sw=4 et:
 """MRTrix version 2 (DEPRECATED) -- tools to perform various types of diffusion MRI analyses."""
diff --git a/nipype/interfaces/mrtrix/convert.py b/nipype/interfaces/mrtrix/convert.py
index 8fa2d3a058..8a0e14d3eb 100644
--- a/nipype/interfaces/mrtrix/convert.py
+++ b/nipype/interfaces/mrtrix/convert.py
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 # emacs: -*- mode: python; py-indent-offset: 4; indent-tabs-mode: nil -*-
 # vi: set ft=python sts=4 ts=4 sw=4 et:
 import os.path as op
@@ -119,7 +118,7 @@ def track_gen(track_points):
             if len(pts_str) < (n_pts * bytesize):
                 if not n_streams == stream_count:
                     raise nb.trackvis.HeaderError(
-                        "Expecting %s points, found only %s" % (stream_count, n_streams)
+                        f"Expecting {stream_count} points, found only {n_streams}"
                     )
                     iflogger.error(
                         "Expecting %s points, found only %s", stream_count, n_streams
diff --git a/nipype/interfaces/mrtrix/preprocess.py b/nipype/interfaces/mrtrix/preprocess.py
index c79f9016e9..93bfbbcfd6 100644
--- a/nipype/interfaces/mrtrix/preprocess.py
+++ b/nipype/interfaces/mrtrix/preprocess.py
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 # emacs: -*- mode: python; py-indent-offset: 4; indent-tabs-mode: nil -*-
 # vi: set ft=python sts=4 ts=4 sw=4 et:
 
diff --git a/nipype/interfaces/mrtrix/tensors.py b/nipype/interfaces/mrtrix/tensors.py
index 70b789d4e3..3680282b89 100644
--- a/nipype/interfaces/mrtrix/tensors.py
+++ b/nipype/interfaces/mrtrix/tensors.py
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 # emacs: -*- mode: python; py-indent-offset: 4; indent-tabs-mode: nil -*-
 # vi: set ft=python sts=4 ts=4 sw=4 et:
 
diff --git a/nipype/interfaces/mrtrix/tests/__init__.py b/nipype/interfaces/mrtrix/tests/__init__.py
index 40a96afc6f..e69de29bb2 100644
--- a/nipype/interfaces/mrtrix/tests/__init__.py
+++ b/nipype/interfaces/mrtrix/tests/__init__.py
@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
diff --git a/nipype/interfaces/mrtrix/tracking.py b/nipype/interfaces/mrtrix/tracking.py
index 4624d2c780..53e805eeb6 100644
--- a/nipype/interfaces/mrtrix/tracking.py
+++ b/nipype/interfaces/mrtrix/tracking.py
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 # emacs: -*- mode: python; py-indent-offset: 4; indent-tabs-mode: nil -*-
 # vi: set ft=python sts=4 ts=4 sw=4 et:
 
@@ -433,7 +432,7 @@ class DiffusionTensorStreamlineTrack(StreamlineTrack):
 
     def __init__(self, command=None, **inputs):
         inputs["inputmodel"] = "DT_STREAM"
-        return super(DiffusionTensorStreamlineTrack, self).__init__(command, **inputs)
+        return super().__init__(command, **inputs)
 
 
 class ProbabilisticSphericallyDeconvolutedStreamlineTrackInputSpec(
@@ -467,9 +466,7 @@ class ProbabilisticSphericallyDeconvolutedStreamlineTrack(StreamlineTrack):
 
     def __init__(self, command=None, **inputs):
         inputs["inputmodel"] = "SD_PROB"
-        return super(
-            ProbabilisticSphericallyDeconvolutedStreamlineTrack, self
-        ).__init__(command, **inputs)
+        return super().__init__(command, **inputs)
 
 
 class SphericallyDeconvolutedStreamlineTrack(StreamlineTrack):
@@ -494,6 +491,4 @@ class SphericallyDeconvolutedStreamlineTrack(StreamlineTrack):
 
     def __init__(self, command=None, **inputs):
         inputs["inputmodel"] = "SD_STREAM"
-        return super(SphericallyDeconvolutedStreamlineTrack, self).__init__(
-            command, **inputs
-        )
+        return super().__init__(command, **inputs)
diff --git a/nipype/interfaces/mrtrix3/base.py b/nipype/interfaces/mrtrix3/base.py
index 1a0ad94c4d..ba8c253e73 100644
--- a/nipype/interfaces/mrtrix3/base.py
+++ b/nipype/interfaces/mrtrix3/base.py
@@ -110,7 +110,7 @@ def _format_arg(self, name, trait_spec, value):
         if name == "out_bvec":
             return trait_spec.argstr % (value, self.inputs.out_bval)
 
-        return super(MRTrix3Base, self)._format_arg(name, trait_spec, value)
+        return super()._format_arg(name, trait_spec, value)
 
     def _parse_inputs(self, skip=None):
         if skip is None:
@@ -131,7 +131,7 @@ def _parse_inputs(self, skip=None):
         except AttributeError:
             pass
 
-        return super(MRTrix3Base, self)._parse_inputs(skip=skip)
+        return super()._parse_inputs(skip=skip)
 
     @property
     def version(self):
diff --git a/nipype/interfaces/mrtrix3/connectivity.py b/nipype/interfaces/mrtrix3/connectivity.py
index 95e3546266..c111afe969 100644
--- a/nipype/interfaces/mrtrix3/connectivity.py
+++ b/nipype/interfaces/mrtrix3/connectivity.py
@@ -221,7 +221,7 @@ def _parse_inputs(self, skip=None):
                 "src/dwi/tractography/connectomics/" "example_configs/fs_default.txt",
             )
 
-        return super(LabelConfig, self)._parse_inputs(skip=skip)
+        return super()._parse_inputs(skip=skip)
 
     def _list_outputs(self):
         outputs = self.output_spec().get()
@@ -313,7 +313,7 @@ def _parse_inputs(self, skip=None):
                 "src/dwi/tractography/connectomics/" "example_configs/fs_default.txt",
             )
 
-        return super(LabelConvert, self)._parse_inputs(skip=skip)
+        return super()._parse_inputs(skip=skip)
 
     def _list_outputs(self):
         outputs = self.output_spec().get()
diff --git a/nipype/interfaces/mrtrix3/tests/__init__.py b/nipype/interfaces/mrtrix3/tests/__init__.py
index 40a96afc6f..e69de29bb2 100644
--- a/nipype/interfaces/mrtrix3/tests/__init__.py
+++ b/nipype/interfaces/mrtrix3/tests/__init__.py
@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
diff --git a/nipype/interfaces/mrtrix3/tracking.py b/nipype/interfaces/mrtrix3/tracking.py
index 301f5deeff..bc724b42a6 100644
--- a/nipype/interfaces/mrtrix3/tracking.py
+++ b/nipype/interfaces/mrtrix3/tracking.py
@@ -367,7 +367,7 @@ def _format_arg(self, name, trait_spec, value):
             value = ["%f" % v for v in value]
             return trait_spec.argstr % ",".join(value)
 
-        return super(Tractography, self)._format_arg(name, trait_spec, value)
+        return super()._format_arg(name, trait_spec, value)
 
     def _list_outputs(self):
         outputs = self.output_spec().get()
diff --git a/nipype/interfaces/niftyfit/base.py b/nipype/interfaces/niftyfit/base.py
index cdd116eb38..1239fa967b 100644
--- a/nipype/interfaces/niftyfit/base.py
+++ b/nipype/interfaces/niftyfit/base.py
@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ class NiftyFitCommand(CommandLine):
 
     def __init__(self, **inputs):
         """Init method calling super. No version to be checked."""
-        super(NiftyFitCommand, self).__init__(**inputs)
+        super().__init__(**inputs)
 
     def _gen_fname(self, basename, out_dir=None, suffix=None, ext=None):
         if basename == "":
diff --git a/nipype/interfaces/niftyfit/dwi.py b/nipype/interfaces/niftyfit/dwi.py
index 9adb6b3817..b065e15169 100644
--- a/nipype/interfaces/niftyfit/dwi.py
+++ b/nipype/interfaces/niftyfit/dwi.py
@@ -338,7 +338,7 @@ def _format_arg(self, name, trait_spec, value):
             return ""
         if name == "tenmap2_file" and self.inputs.ten_type != "lower-tri":
             return ""
-        return super(FitDwi, self)._format_arg(name, trait_spec, value)
+        return super()._format_arg(name, trait_spec, value)
 
 
 class DwiToolInputSpec(CommandLineInputSpec):
@@ -600,4 +600,4 @@ def _format_arg(self, name, trait_spec, value):
                 self.inputs.dti_flag2
             ):
                 return ""
-        return super(DwiTool, self)._format_arg(name, trait_spec, value)
+        return super()._format_arg(name, trait_spec, value)
diff --git a/nipype/interfaces/niftyfit/tests/test_asl.py b/nipype/interfaces/niftyfit/tests/test_asl.py
index b500a9aa68..b919e0a483 100644
--- a/nipype/interfaces/niftyfit/tests/test_asl.py
+++ b/nipype/interfaces/niftyfit/tests/test_asl.py
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 # emacs: -*- mode: python; py-indent-offset: 4; indent-tabs-mode: nil -*-
 # vi: set ft=python sts=4 ts=4 sw=4 et:
 
diff --git a/nipype/interfaces/niftyfit/tests/test_qt1.py b/nipype/interfaces/niftyfit/tests/test_qt1.py
index 930176467f..794e6c5130 100644
--- a/nipype/interfaces/niftyfit/tests/test_qt1.py
+++ b/nipype/interfaces/niftyfit/tests/test_qt1.py
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 # emacs: -*- mode: python; py-indent-offset: 4; indent-tabs-mode: nil -*-
 # vi: set ft=python sts=4 ts=4 sw=4 et:
 
diff --git a/nipype/interfaces/niftyreg/__init__.py b/nipype/interfaces/niftyreg/__init__.py
index 1bc01a9ad5..e22eae03ed 100644
--- a/nipype/interfaces/niftyreg/__init__.py
+++ b/nipype/interfaces/niftyreg/__init__.py
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 # emacs: -*- mode: python; py-indent-offset: 4; indent-tabs-mode: nil -*-
 # vi: set ft=python sts=4 ts=4 sw=4 et:
 """
diff --git a/nipype/interfaces/niftyreg/base.py b/nipype/interfaces/niftyreg/base.py
index f62a92b84a..c507f27d72 100644
--- a/nipype/interfaces/niftyreg/base.py
+++ b/nipype/interfaces/niftyreg/base.py
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 # emacs: -*- mode: python; py-indent-offset: 4; indent-tabs-mode: nil -*-
 # vi: set ft=python sts=4 ts=4 sw=4 et:
 """
@@ -61,7 +60,7 @@ class NiftyRegCommand(CommandLine):
 
     def __init__(self, required_version=None, **inputs):
         self.num_threads = 1
-        super(NiftyRegCommand, self).__init__(**inputs)
+        super().__init__(**inputs)
         self.required_version = required_version
         _version = self.version
         if _version:
@@ -120,7 +119,7 @@ def exists(self):
     def _format_arg(self, name, spec, value):
         if name == "omp_core_val":
             self.numthreads = value
-        return super(NiftyRegCommand, self)._format_arg(name, spec, value)
+        return super()._format_arg(name, spec, value)
 
     def _gen_fname(self, basename, out_dir=None, suffix=None, ext=None):
         if basename == "":
diff --git a/nipype/interfaces/niftyreg/reg.py b/nipype/interfaces/niftyreg/reg.py
index 1fc357227f..2d31d874e3 100644
--- a/nipype/interfaces/niftyreg/reg.py
+++ b/nipype/interfaces/niftyreg/reg.py
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 # emacs: -*- mode: python; py-indent-offset: 4; indent-tabs-mode: nil -*-
 # vi: set ft=python sts=4 ts=4 sw=4 et:
 """
@@ -153,12 +152,12 @@ class RegAladin(NiftyRegCommand):
     output_spec = RegAladinOutputSpec
 
     def _list_outputs(self):
-        outputs = super(RegAladin, self)._list_outputs()
+        outputs = super()._list_outputs()
 
         # Make a list of the linear transformation file and the input image
         aff = os.path.abspath(outputs["aff_file"])
         flo = os.path.abspath(self.inputs.flo_file)
-        outputs["avg_output"] = "%s %s" % (aff, flo)
+        outputs["avg_output"] = f"{aff} {flo}"
         return outputs
 
 
@@ -386,7 +385,7 @@ def _remove_extension(in_file):
         return os.path.join(dn, bn)
 
     def _list_outputs(self):
-        outputs = super(RegF3D, self)._list_outputs()
+        outputs = super()._list_outputs()
 
         if self.inputs.vel_flag is True:
             res_name = self._remove_extension(outputs["res_file"])
@@ -398,7 +397,7 @@ def _list_outputs(self):
         if self.inputs.vel_flag is True and isdefined(self.inputs.aff_file):
             cpp_file = os.path.abspath(outputs["cpp_file"])
             flo_file = os.path.abspath(self.inputs.flo_file)
-            outputs["avg_output"] = "%s %s %s" % (
+            outputs["avg_output"] = "{} {} {}".format(
                 self.inputs.aff_file,
                 cpp_file,
                 flo_file,
@@ -406,6 +405,6 @@ def _list_outputs(self):
         else:
             cpp_file = os.path.abspath(outputs["cpp_file"])
             flo_file = os.path.abspath(self.inputs.flo_file)
-            outputs["avg_output"] = "%s %s" % (cpp_file, flo_file)
+            outputs["avg_output"] = f"{cpp_file} {flo_file}"
 
         return outputs
diff --git a/nipype/interfaces/niftyreg/regutils.py b/nipype/interfaces/niftyreg/regutils.py
index 30799d8f2e..2d02586ec5 100644
--- a/nipype/interfaces/niftyreg/regutils.py
+++ b/nipype/interfaces/niftyreg/regutils.py
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 # emacs: -*- mode: python; py-indent-offset: 4; indent-tabs-mode: nil -*-
 # vi: set ft=python sts=4 ts=4 sw=4 et:
 """The regutils module provides classes for interfacing with the `niftyreg
@@ -117,12 +116,12 @@ def _format_arg(self, name, spec, value):
             inter_val = {"NN": 0, "LIN": 1, "CUB": 3, "SINC": 4}
             return spec.argstr % inter_val[value]
         else:
-            return super(RegResample, self)._format_arg(name, spec, value)
+            return super()._format_arg(name, spec, value)
 
     def _overload_extension(self, value, name=None):
         path, base, _ = split_filename(value)
         suffix = self.inputs.type
-        return os.path.join(path, "{0}_{1}.nii.gz".format(base, suffix))
+        return os.path.join(path, f"{base}_{suffix}.nii.gz")
 
 
 class RegJacobianInputSpec(NiftyRegCommandInputSpec):
@@ -190,7 +189,7 @@ class RegJacobian(NiftyRegCommand):
     def _overload_extension(self, value, name=None):
         path, base, _ = split_filename(value)
         suffix = self.inputs.type
-        return os.path.join(path, "{0}_{1}.nii.gz".format(base, suffix))
+        return os.path.join(path, f"{base}_{suffix}.nii.gz")
 
 
 class RegToolsInputSpec(NiftyRegCommandInputSpec):
@@ -339,7 +338,7 @@ def _format_arg(self, name, spec, value):
             inter_val = {"NN": 0, "LIN": 1, "CUB": 3, "SINC": 4}
             return spec.argstr % inter_val[value]
         else:
-            return super(RegTools, self)._format_arg(name, spec, value)
+            return super()._format_arg(name, spec, value)
 
 
 class RegAverageInputSpec(NiftyRegCommandInputSpec):
@@ -523,11 +522,11 @@ def _list_outputs(self):
     @property
     def cmdline(self):
         """Rewrite the cmdline to write options in text_file."""
-        argv = super(RegAverage, self).cmdline
+        argv = super().cmdline
         reg_average_cmd = os.path.join(os.getcwd(), "reg_average_cmd")
         with open(reg_average_cmd, "w") as f:
             f.write(argv)
-        return "%s --cmd_file %s" % (self.cmd, reg_average_cmd)
+        return f"{self.cmd} --cmd_file {reg_average_cmd}"
 
 
 class RegTransformInputSpec(NiftyRegCommandInputSpec):
@@ -960,4 +959,4 @@ class RegMeasure(NiftyRegCommand):
     def _overload_extension(self, value, name=None):
         path, base, _ = split_filename(value)
         suffix = self.inputs.measure_type
-        return os.path.join(path, "{0}_{1}.txt".format(base, suffix))
+        return os.path.join(path, f"{base}_{suffix}.txt")
diff --git a/nipype/interfaces/niftyreg/tests/__init__.py b/nipype/interfaces/niftyreg/tests/__init__.py
index 40a96afc6f..e69de29bb2 100644
--- a/nipype/interfaces/niftyreg/tests/__init__.py
+++ b/nipype/interfaces/niftyreg/tests/__init__.py
@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
diff --git a/nipype/interfaces/niftyreg/tests/test_reg.py b/nipype/interfaces/niftyreg/tests/test_reg.py
index 59773c880e..4af3e15bdb 100644
--- a/nipype/interfaces/niftyreg/tests/test_reg.py
+++ b/nipype/interfaces/niftyreg/tests/test_reg.py
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 # emacs: -*- mode: python; py-indent-offset: 4; indent-tabs-mode: nil -*-
 # vi: set ft=python sts=4 ts=4 sw=4 et:
 
diff --git a/nipype/interfaces/niftyreg/tests/test_regutils.py b/nipype/interfaces/niftyreg/tests/test_regutils.py
index 3efc9efb56..86ec9e5d3a 100644
--- a/nipype/interfaces/niftyreg/tests/test_regutils.py
+++ b/nipype/interfaces/niftyreg/tests/test_regutils.py
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 # emacs: -*- mode: python; py-indent-offset: 4; indent-tabs-mode: nil -*-
 # vi: set ft=python sts=4 ts=4 sw=4 et:
 import os
@@ -219,7 +218,7 @@ def test_reg_average():
         argv = f_obj.read()
     os.remove(reg_average_cmd)
 
-    expected_argv = "%s %s -avg %s %s %s -omp 1" % (
+    expected_argv = "{} {} -avg {} {} {} -omp 1".format(
         get_custom_path("reg_average"),
         os.path.join(os.getcwd(), "avg_out.nii.gz"),
         one_file,
@@ -230,7 +229,7 @@ def test_reg_average():
     assert argv.decode("utf-8") == expected_argv
 
     # Test command line with text file
-    expected_cmd = "%s --cmd_file %s" % (
+    expected_cmd = "{} --cmd_file {}".format(
         get_custom_path("reg_average"),
         reg_average_cmd,
     )
@@ -252,7 +251,7 @@ def test_reg_average():
         argv = f_obj.read()
     os.remove(reg_average_cmd)
 
-    expected_argv = "%s %s -avg %s %s %s -omp 1" % (
+    expected_argv = "{} {} -avg {} {} {} -omp 1".format(
         get_custom_path("reg_average"),
         os.path.join(os.getcwd(), "avg_out.txt"),
         one_file,
@@ -277,7 +276,7 @@ def test_reg_average():
         argv = f_obj.read()
     os.remove(reg_average_cmd)
 
-    expected_argv = "%s %s -avg_lts %s %s %s -omp 1" % (
+    expected_argv = "{} {} -avg_lts {} {} {} -omp 1".format(
         get_custom_path("reg_average"),
         os.path.join(os.getcwd(), "avg_out.txt"),
         one_file,
@@ -314,7 +313,7 @@ def test_reg_average():
         argv = f_obj.read()
     os.remove(reg_average_cmd)
 
-    expected_argv = "%s %s -avg_tran %s -omp 1 %s %s %s %s %s %s" % (
+    expected_argv = "{} {} -avg_tran {} -omp 1 {} {} {} {} {} {}".format(
         get_custom_path("reg_average"),
         os.path.join(os.getcwd(), "avg_out.nii.gz"),
         ref_file,
@@ -361,7 +360,7 @@ def test_reg_average():
         argv = f_obj.read()
     os.remove(reg_average_cmd)
 
-    expected_argv = "%s %s -demean3 %s -omp 1 %s %s %s %s %s %s %s %s %s" % (
+    expected_argv = "{} {} -demean3 {} -omp 1 {} {} {} {} {} {} {} {} {}".format(
         get_custom_path("reg_average"),
         os.path.join(os.getcwd(), "avg_out.nii.gz"),
         ref_file,
diff --git a/nipype/interfaces/niftyseg/base.py b/nipype/interfaces/niftyseg/base.py
index 65f1f9ff14..efc6c51721 100644
--- a/nipype/interfaces/niftyseg/base.py
+++ b/nipype/interfaces/niftyseg/base.py
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 # emacs: -*- mode: python; py-indent-offset: 4; indent-tabs-mode: nil -*-
 # vi: set ft=python sts=4 ts=4 sw=4 et:
 """
@@ -28,9 +27,7 @@ class NiftySegCommand(NiftyFitCommand):
     _min_version = None
 
     def __init__(self, **inputs):
-        super(NiftySegCommand, self).__init__(**inputs)
+        super().__init__(**inputs)
 
     def get_version(self):
-        return super(NiftySegCommand, self).version_from_command(
-            cmd="seg_EM", flag="--version"
-        )
+        return super().version_from_command(cmd="seg_EM", flag="--version")
diff --git a/nipype/interfaces/niftyseg/em.py b/nipype/interfaces/niftyseg/em.py
index d6fb4d5180..eb45fbdb26 100644
--- a/nipype/interfaces/niftyseg/em.py
+++ b/nipype/interfaces/niftyseg/em.py
@@ -170,4 +170,4 @@ def _format_arg(self, opt, spec, val):
             _nb_priors = len(self.inputs.priors)
             return "-priors %d %s" % (_nb_priors, " ".join(self.inputs.priors))
         else:
-            return super(EM, self)._format_arg(opt, spec, val)
+            return super()._format_arg(opt, spec, val)
diff --git a/nipype/interfaces/niftyseg/label_fusion.py b/nipype/interfaces/niftyseg/label_fusion.py
index aa255247d2..232468508c 100644
--- a/nipype/interfaces/niftyseg/label_fusion.py
+++ b/nipype/interfaces/niftyseg/label_fusion.py
@@ -186,7 +186,7 @@ def _format_arg(self, opt, spec, val):
         if opt == "classifier_type" and val == "STEPS":
             return self.get_steps_args()
 
-        return super(LabelFusion, self)._format_arg(opt, spec, val)
+        return super()._format_arg(opt, spec, val)
 
     def get_steps_args(self):
         if not isdefined(self.inputs.template_file):
@@ -283,7 +283,7 @@ def _overload_extension(self, value, name=None):
         path, base, _ = split_filename(value)
         _, _, ext = split_filename(self.inputs.in_file)
         suffix = self.inputs.classifier_type.lower()
-        return os.path.join(path, "{0}_{1}{2}".format(base, suffix, ext))
+        return os.path.join(path, f"{base}_{suffix}{ext}")
 
 
 class CalcTopNCCInputSpec(CommandLineInputSpec):
@@ -344,7 +344,7 @@ def aggregate_outputs(self, runtime=None, needed_outputs=None):
         if runtime is None or not runtime.stdout:
             try:
                 out_files = load_json(outfile)["files"]
-            except IOError:
+            except OSError:
                 return self.run().outputs
         else:
             out_files = []
diff --git a/nipype/interfaces/niftyseg/maths.py b/nipype/interfaces/niftyseg/maths.py
index 4f5edfe0f4..726dba3e7a 100644
--- a/nipype/interfaces/niftyseg/maths.py
+++ b/nipype/interfaces/niftyseg/maths.py
@@ -89,7 +89,7 @@ def _overload_extension(self, value, name=None):
         if suffix != "_merged" and isdefined(self.inputs.operation):
             suffix = "_" + self.inputs.operation
 
-        return os.path.join(path, "{0}{1}{2}".format(base, suffix, ext))
+        return os.path.join(path, f"{base}{suffix}{ext}")
 
 
 class UnaryMathsInput(MathsInput):
@@ -356,12 +356,12 @@ def _format_arg(self, opt, spec, val):
             # Only float
             if val in ["pow", "thr", "uthr", "smo", "edge", "sobel3", "sobel5", "smol"]:
                 if not isdefined(self.inputs.operand_value):
-                    err = "operand_value not set for {0}.".format(val)
+                    err = f"operand_value not set for {val}."
                     raise NipypeInterfaceError(err)
             # only files
             elif val in ["min", "llsnorm", "masknan", "hdr_copy"]:
                 if not isdefined(self.inputs.operand_file):
-                    err = "operand_file not set for {0}.".format(val)
+                    err = f"operand_file not set for {val}."
                     raise NipypeInterfaceError(err)
             # splitinter:
             elif val == "splitinter":
@@ -372,16 +372,16 @@ def _format_arg(self, opt, spec, val):
         if opt == "operand_value" and float(val) == 0.0:
             return "0"
 
-        return super(BinaryMaths, self)._format_arg(opt, spec, val)
+        return super()._format_arg(opt, spec, val)
 
     def _overload_extension(self, value, name=None):
         if self.inputs.operation == "hdr_copy":
             path, base, _ = split_filename(value)
             _, base, ext = split_filename(self.inputs.operand_file)
             suffix = self.inputs.operation
-            return os.path.join(path, "{0}{1}{2}".format(base, suffix, ext))
+            return os.path.join(path, f"{base}{suffix}{ext}")
         else:
-            return super(BinaryMaths, self)._overload_extension(value, name)
+            return super()._overload_extension(value, name)
 
 
 class BinaryMathsInputInteger(MathsInput):
@@ -600,4 +600,4 @@ def _format_arg(self, opt, spec, val):
         if opt == "merge_files":
             return "-merge %d %d %s" % (len(val), self.inputs.dimension, " ".join(val))
 
-        return super(Merge, self)._format_arg(opt, spec, val)
+        return super()._format_arg(opt, spec, val)
diff --git a/nipype/interfaces/niftyseg/stats.py b/nipype/interfaces/niftyseg/stats.py
index 88e173ac5d..8db7764fce 100644
--- a/nipype/interfaces/niftyseg/stats.py
+++ b/nipype/interfaces/niftyseg/stats.py
@@ -67,7 +67,7 @@ def _parse_stdout(self, stdout):
         return np.array(out).squeeze()
 
     def _run_interface(self, runtime):
-        new_runtime = super(StatsCommand, self)._run_interface(runtime)
+        new_runtime = super()._run_interface(runtime)
         self.output = self._parse_stdout(new_runtime.stdout)
         return new_runtime
 
diff --git a/nipype/interfaces/niftyseg/tests/test_stats.py b/nipype/interfaces/niftyseg/tests/test_stats.py
index 7f3824e01a..b3bb9a3bb0 100644
--- a/nipype/interfaces/niftyseg/tests/test_stats.py
+++ b/nipype/interfaces/niftyseg/tests/test_stats.py
@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ def test_unary_stats():
     unarys.inputs.in_file = in_file
     unarys.inputs.operation = "a"
 
-    expected_cmd = "{cmd} {in_file} -a".format(cmd=cmd, in_file=in_file)
+    expected_cmd = f"{cmd} {in_file} -a"
 
     assert unarys.cmdline == expected_cmd
 
@@ -53,6 +53,6 @@ def test_binary_stats():
     binarys.inputs.operand_value = 2
     binarys.inputs.operation = "sa"
 
-    expected_cmd = "{cmd} {in_file} -sa 2.00000000".format(cmd=cmd, in_file=in_file)
+    expected_cmd = f"{cmd} {in_file} -sa 2.00000000"
 
     assert binarys.cmdline == expected_cmd
diff --git a/nipype/interfaces/nilearn.py b/nipype/interfaces/nilearn.py
index 95494e7f5f..9622baecf0 100644
--- a/nipype/interfaces/nilearn.py
+++ b/nipype/interfaces/nilearn.py
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 # emacs: -*- mode: python; py-indent-offset: 4; indent-tabs-mode: nil -*-
 # vi: set ft=python sts=4 ts=4 sw=4 et:
 """Nilearn is a Python library for fast and easy statistical learning on NeuroImaging data."""
diff --git a/nipype/interfaces/nipy/__init__.py b/nipype/interfaces/nipy/__init__.py
index 72317edae0..c7fee0b8d8 100644
--- a/nipype/interfaces/nipy/__init__.py
+++ b/nipype/interfaces/nipy/__init__.py
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 """NIPY is a python project for analysis of structural and functional neuroimaging data."""
 from .model import FitGLM, EstimateContrast
 from .preprocess import ComputeMask, SpaceTimeRealigner
diff --git a/nipype/interfaces/nipy/base.py b/nipype/interfaces/nipy/base.py
index 2d742d3e90..25aef8b873 100644
--- a/nipype/interfaces/nipy/base.py
+++ b/nipype/interfaces/nipy/base.py
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 # emacs: -*- mode: python; py-indent-offset: 4; indent-tabs-mode: nil -*-
 # vi: set ft=python sts=4 ts=4 sw=4 et:
 """ Base interface for nipy """
diff --git a/nipype/interfaces/nipy/model.py b/nipype/interfaces/nipy/model.py
index d232fcea1b..6efef33dbb 100644
--- a/nipype/interfaces/nipy/model.py
+++ b/nipype/interfaces/nipy/model.py
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 import os
 
 from .base import NipyBaseInterface
diff --git a/nipype/interfaces/nipy/preprocess.py b/nipype/interfaces/nipy/preprocess.py
index d9e7f65ade..b6ef21cb5b 100644
--- a/nipype/interfaces/nipy/preprocess.py
+++ b/nipype/interfaces/nipy/preprocess.py
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 import os
 
 import nibabel as nb
@@ -61,7 +60,7 @@ def _run_interface(self, runtime):
 
         brain_mask = compute_mask(**args)
         _, name, ext = split_filename(self.inputs.mean_volume)
-        self._brain_mask_path = os.path.abspath("%s_mask.%s" % (name, ext))
+        self._brain_mask_path = os.path.abspath(f"{name}_mask.{ext}")
         nb.save(
             nb.Nifti1Image(brain_mask.astype(np.uint8), nii.affine),
             self._brain_mask_path,
diff --git a/nipype/interfaces/nipy/tests/__init__.py b/nipype/interfaces/nipy/tests/__init__.py
index 40a96afc6f..e69de29bb2 100644
--- a/nipype/interfaces/nipy/tests/__init__.py
+++ b/nipype/interfaces/nipy/tests/__init__.py
@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
diff --git a/nipype/interfaces/nipy/utils.py b/nipype/interfaces/nipy/utils.py
index 08eb80e0b2..cdbb5ea46a 100644
--- a/nipype/interfaces/nipy/utils.py
+++ b/nipype/interfaces/nipy/utils.py
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
-
 import warnings
 import numpy as np
 import nibabel as nb
@@ -63,7 +61,7 @@ def __init__(self, **inputs):
             ),
             DeprecationWarning,
         )
-        super(Similarity, self).__init__(**inputs)
+        super().__init__(**inputs)
 
     def _run_interface(self, runtime):
         from nipy.algorithms.registration.histogram_registration import (
diff --git a/nipype/interfaces/nitime/__init__.py b/nipype/interfaces/nitime/__init__.py
index f3fc84079a..883d417ba0 100644
--- a/nipype/interfaces/nitime/__init__.py
+++ b/nipype/interfaces/nitime/__init__.py
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 # emacs: -*- mode: python; py-indent-offset: 4; indent-tabs-mode: nil -*-
 # vi: set ft=python sts=4 ts=4 sw=4 et:
 """Nitime is a library for time-series analysis of data from neuroscience experiments."""
diff --git a/nipype/interfaces/nitime/analysis.py b/nipype/interfaces/nitime/analysis.py
index d5b6c3a3de..351b981077 100644
--- a/nipype/interfaces/nitime/analysis.py
+++ b/nipype/interfaces/nitime/analysis.py
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 # emacs: -*- mode: python; py-indent-offset: 4; indent-tabs-mode: nil -*-
 # vi: set ft=python sts=4 ts=4 sw=4 et:
 """
@@ -264,7 +263,7 @@ def _make_output_files(self):
             fid.write("," + ",".join(self.ROIs) + "\n")
             # this writes ROI and data to a line
             for r, line in zip(self.ROIs, open(tmp_f)):
-                fid.write("%s,%s" % (r, line))
+                fid.write(f"{r},{line}")
             fid.close()
 
     def _make_output_figures(self):
diff --git a/nipype/interfaces/nitime/base.py b/nipype/interfaces/nitime/base.py
index fb31cafc75..7e434f1d3e 100644
--- a/nipype/interfaces/nitime/base.py
+++ b/nipype/interfaces/nitime/base.py
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 # emacs: -*- mode: python; py-indent-offset: 4; indent-tabs-mode: nil -*-
 # vi: set ft=python sts=4 ts=4 sw=4 et:
 """ Base interface for nitime """
diff --git a/nipype/interfaces/nitime/tests/__init__.py b/nipype/interfaces/nitime/tests/__init__.py
index 40a96afc6f..e69de29bb2 100644
--- a/nipype/interfaces/nitime/tests/__init__.py
+++ b/nipype/interfaces/nitime/tests/__init__.py
@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
diff --git a/nipype/interfaces/nitime/tests/test_nitime.py b/nipype/interfaces/nitime/tests/test_nitime.py
index 2f94ccd2d2..64bb8366a0 100644
--- a/nipype/interfaces/nitime/tests/test_nitime.py
+++ b/nipype/interfaces/nitime/tests/test_nitime.py
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 # emacs: -*- mode: python; py-indent-offset: 4; indent-tabs-mode: nil -*-
 # vi: set ft=python sts=4 ts=4 sw=4 et:
 import os
diff --git a/nipype/interfaces/petpvc.py b/nipype/interfaces/petpvc.py
index 283677c59a..dbd1d805ed 100644
--- a/nipype/interfaces/petpvc.py
+++ b/nipype/interfaces/petpvc.py
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 # emacs: -*- mode: python; py-indent-offset: 4; indent-tabs-mode: nil -*-
 # vi: set ft=python sts=4 ts=4 sw=4 et:
 """PETPVC is a toolbox for partial volume correction in positron emission tomography."""
@@ -183,7 +182,7 @@ def _list_outputs(self):
         if not isdefined(outputs["out_file"]):
             method_name = self.inputs.pvc.lower()
             outputs["out_file"] = self._gen_fname(
-                self.inputs.in_file, suffix="_{}_pvc".format(method_name)
+                self.inputs.in_file, suffix=f"_{method_name}_pvc"
             )
 
         outputs["out_file"] = os.path.abspath(outputs["out_file"])
diff --git a/nipype/interfaces/quickshear.py b/nipype/interfaces/quickshear.py
index feb9ee22f4..a56a8841bc 100644
--- a/nipype/interfaces/quickshear.py
+++ b/nipype/interfaces/quickshear.py
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 """Quickshear is a simple geometric defacing algorithm."""
 
 from .base import CommandLineInputSpec, CommandLine, traits, TraitedSpec, File
diff --git a/nipype/interfaces/r.py b/nipype/interfaces/r.py
index a586de183c..780484bdf8 100644
--- a/nipype/interfaces/r.py
+++ b/nipype/interfaces/r.py
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 # emacs: -*- mode: python; py-indent-offset: 4; indent-tabs-mode: nil -*-
 # vi: set ft=python sts=4 ts=4 sw=4 et:
 """Interfaces to run R scripts."""
@@ -57,7 +56,7 @@ def __init__(self, r_cmd=None, **inputs):
         """initializes interface to r
         (default 'R')
         """
-        super(RCommand, self).__init__(**inputs)
+        super().__init__(**inputs)
         if r_cmd and isdefined(r_cmd):
             self._cmd = r_cmd
 
@@ -83,7 +82,7 @@ def set_default_rfile(self, rfile):
 
     def _run_interface(self, runtime):
         self.terminal_output = "allatonce"
-        runtime = super(RCommand, self)._run_interface(runtime)
+        runtime = super()._run_interface(runtime)
         if "R code threw an exception" in runtime.stderr:
             self.raise_exception(runtime)
         return runtime
@@ -92,7 +91,7 @@ def _format_arg(self, name, trait_spec, value):
         if name in ["script"]:
             argstr = trait_spec.argstr
             return self._gen_r_command(argstr, value)
-        return super(RCommand, self)._format_arg(name, trait_spec, value)
+        return super()._format_arg(name, trait_spec, value)
 
     def _gen_r_command(self, argstr, script_lines):
         """Generates commands and, if rfile specified, writes it to disk."""
@@ -110,7 +109,7 @@ def _gen_r_command(self, argstr, script_lines):
             script = script.replace("$", "\\$")
         else:
             script_path = os.path.join(os.getcwd(), self.inputs.script_file)
-            with open(script_path, "wt") as rfile:
+            with open(script_path, "w") as rfile:
                 rfile.write(script_lines)
             script = "source('%s')" % script_path
 
diff --git a/nipype/interfaces/semtools/__init__.py b/nipype/interfaces/semtools/__init__.py
index a09c926c37..ef43a28900 100644
--- a/nipype/interfaces/semtools/__init__.py
+++ b/nipype/interfaces/semtools/__init__.py
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 """SEM Tools are useful tools for Structural Equation Modeling."""
 from .diffusion import *
 from .featurecreator import GenerateCsfClippedFromClassifiedImage
diff --git a/nipype/interfaces/semtools/brains/__init__.py b/nipype/interfaces/semtools/brains/__init__.py
index dd369fb168..9177db7e3d 100644
--- a/nipype/interfaces/semtools/brains/__init__.py
+++ b/nipype/interfaces/semtools/brains/__init__.py
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 from .segmentation import SimilarityIndex, BRAINSTalairach, BRAINSTalairachMask
 from .utilities import (
     HistogramMatchingFilter,
diff --git a/nipype/interfaces/semtools/brains/classify.py b/nipype/interfaces/semtools/brains/classify.py
index bc46613693..e1305471f0 100644
--- a/nipype/interfaces/semtools/brains/classify.py
+++ b/nipype/interfaces/semtools/brains/classify.py
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
-# -*- coding: utf8 -*-
 """Autogenerated file - DO NOT EDIT
 If you spot a bug, please report it on the mailing list and/or change the generator."""
 
diff --git a/nipype/interfaces/semtools/brains/segmentation.py b/nipype/interfaces/semtools/brains/segmentation.py
index 79e25c2bda..75105fc0aa 100644
--- a/nipype/interfaces/semtools/brains/segmentation.py
+++ b/nipype/interfaces/semtools/brains/segmentation.py
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
-# -*- coding: utf8 -*-
 """Autogenerated file - DO NOT EDIT
 If you spot a bug, please report it on the mailing list and/or change the generator."""
 
diff --git a/nipype/interfaces/semtools/brains/tests/__init__.py b/nipype/interfaces/semtools/brains/tests/__init__.py
index 40a96afc6f..e69de29bb2 100644
--- a/nipype/interfaces/semtools/brains/tests/__init__.py
+++ b/nipype/interfaces/semtools/brains/tests/__init__.py
@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
diff --git a/nipype/interfaces/semtools/brains/utilities.py b/nipype/interfaces/semtools/brains/utilities.py
index 78ee3c25c5..a1241aca19 100644
--- a/nipype/interfaces/semtools/brains/utilities.py
+++ b/nipype/interfaces/semtools/brains/utilities.py
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
-# -*- coding: utf8 -*-
 """Autogenerated file - DO NOT EDIT
 If you spot a bug, please report it on the mailing list and/or change the generator."""
 
diff --git a/nipype/interfaces/semtools/converters.py b/nipype/interfaces/semtools/converters.py
index 4df811eff5..65fd1d4739 100644
--- a/nipype/interfaces/semtools/converters.py
+++ b/nipype/interfaces/semtools/converters.py
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
-# -*- coding: utf8 -*-
 """Autogenerated file - DO NOT EDIT
 If you spot a bug, please report it on the mailing list and/or change the generator."""
 
diff --git a/nipype/interfaces/semtools/diffusion/__init__.py b/nipype/interfaces/semtools/diffusion/__init__.py
index 28044fe337..1f56f11145 100644
--- a/nipype/interfaces/semtools/diffusion/__init__.py
+++ b/nipype/interfaces/semtools/diffusion/__init__.py
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 from .diffusion import dtiaverage, dtiestim, dtiprocess, DWIConvert
 from .tractography import *
 from .gtract import (
diff --git a/nipype/interfaces/semtools/diffusion/diffusion.py b/nipype/interfaces/semtools/diffusion/diffusion.py
index d352adf276..e990606e77 100644
--- a/nipype/interfaces/semtools/diffusion/diffusion.py
+++ b/nipype/interfaces/semtools/diffusion/diffusion.py
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
-# -*- coding: utf8 -*-
 """Autogenerated file - DO NOT EDIT
 If you spot a bug, please report it on the mailing list and/or change the generator."""
 
diff --git a/nipype/interfaces/semtools/diffusion/gtract.py b/nipype/interfaces/semtools/diffusion/gtract.py
index 2e5a5816c5..cb9bbaf638 100644
--- a/nipype/interfaces/semtools/diffusion/gtract.py
+++ b/nipype/interfaces/semtools/diffusion/gtract.py
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
-# -*- coding: utf8 -*-
 """Autogenerated file - DO NOT EDIT
 If you spot a bug, please report it on the mailing list and/or change the generator."""
 
diff --git a/nipype/interfaces/semtools/diffusion/maxcurvature.py b/nipype/interfaces/semtools/diffusion/maxcurvature.py
index be6bfd10e6..66c147ad81 100644
--- a/nipype/interfaces/semtools/diffusion/maxcurvature.py
+++ b/nipype/interfaces/semtools/diffusion/maxcurvature.py
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
-# -*- coding: utf8 -*-
 """Autogenerated file - DO NOT EDIT
 If you spot a bug, please report it on the mailing list and/or change the generator."""
 
diff --git a/nipype/interfaces/semtools/diffusion/tests/__init__.py b/nipype/interfaces/semtools/diffusion/tests/__init__.py
index 40a96afc6f..e69de29bb2 100644
--- a/nipype/interfaces/semtools/diffusion/tests/__init__.py
+++ b/nipype/interfaces/semtools/diffusion/tests/__init__.py
@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
diff --git a/nipype/interfaces/semtools/diffusion/tractography/__init__.py b/nipype/interfaces/semtools/diffusion/tractography/__init__.py
index ac45b2050f..809910cf28 100644
--- a/nipype/interfaces/semtools/diffusion/tractography/__init__.py
+++ b/nipype/interfaces/semtools/diffusion/tractography/__init__.py
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 from .commandlineonly import fiberstats
 from .fiberprocess import fiberprocess
 from .fibertrack import fibertrack
diff --git a/nipype/interfaces/semtools/diffusion/tractography/commandlineonly.py b/nipype/interfaces/semtools/diffusion/tractography/commandlineonly.py
index 6544282a00..fe4520f9df 100644
--- a/nipype/interfaces/semtools/diffusion/tractography/commandlineonly.py
+++ b/nipype/interfaces/semtools/diffusion/tractography/commandlineonly.py
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
-# -*- coding: utf8 -*-
 """Autogenerated file - DO NOT EDIT
 If you spot a bug, please report it on the mailing list and/or change the generator."""
 
diff --git a/nipype/interfaces/semtools/diffusion/tractography/fiberprocess.py b/nipype/interfaces/semtools/diffusion/tractography/fiberprocess.py
index e069c8d6b7..d20a7cba53 100644
--- a/nipype/interfaces/semtools/diffusion/tractography/fiberprocess.py
+++ b/nipype/interfaces/semtools/diffusion/tractography/fiberprocess.py
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
-# -*- coding: utf8 -*-
 """Autogenerated file - DO NOT EDIT
 If you spot a bug, please report it on the mailing list and/or change the generator."""
 
diff --git a/nipype/interfaces/semtools/diffusion/tractography/fibertrack.py b/nipype/interfaces/semtools/diffusion/tractography/fibertrack.py
index cd8f1a5cd3..663010632c 100644
--- a/nipype/interfaces/semtools/diffusion/tractography/fibertrack.py
+++ b/nipype/interfaces/semtools/diffusion/tractography/fibertrack.py
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
-# -*- coding: utf8 -*-
 """Autogenerated file - DO NOT EDIT
 If you spot a bug, please report it on the mailing list and/or change the generator."""
 
diff --git a/nipype/interfaces/semtools/diffusion/tractography/tests/__init__.py b/nipype/interfaces/semtools/diffusion/tractography/tests/__init__.py
index 40a96afc6f..e69de29bb2 100644
--- a/nipype/interfaces/semtools/diffusion/tractography/tests/__init__.py
+++ b/nipype/interfaces/semtools/diffusion/tractography/tests/__init__.py
@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
diff --git a/nipype/interfaces/semtools/diffusion/tractography/ukftractography.py b/nipype/interfaces/semtools/diffusion/tractography/ukftractography.py
index 5cd092caa6..4be8a97811 100644
--- a/nipype/interfaces/semtools/diffusion/tractography/ukftractography.py
+++ b/nipype/interfaces/semtools/diffusion/tractography/ukftractography.py
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
-# -*- coding: utf8 -*-
 """Autogenerated file - DO NOT EDIT
 If you spot a bug, please report it on the mailing list and/or change the generator."""
 
diff --git a/nipype/interfaces/semtools/featurecreator.py b/nipype/interfaces/semtools/featurecreator.py
index 1e5b01f252..85c72a993f 100644
--- a/nipype/interfaces/semtools/featurecreator.py
+++ b/nipype/interfaces/semtools/featurecreator.py
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
-# -*- coding: utf8 -*-
 """Autogenerated file - DO NOT EDIT
 If you spot a bug, please report it on the mailing list and/or change the generator."""
 
diff --git a/nipype/interfaces/semtools/filtering/__init__.py b/nipype/interfaces/semtools/filtering/__init__.py
index b5b7eccb20..159dc2c490 100644
--- a/nipype/interfaces/semtools/filtering/__init__.py
+++ b/nipype/interfaces/semtools/filtering/__init__.py
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 from .denoising import UnbiasedNonLocalMeans
 from .featuredetection import (
     GenerateSummedGradientImage,
diff --git a/nipype/interfaces/semtools/filtering/denoising.py b/nipype/interfaces/semtools/filtering/denoising.py
index 24b9055afc..22575b7842 100644
--- a/nipype/interfaces/semtools/filtering/denoising.py
+++ b/nipype/interfaces/semtools/filtering/denoising.py
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
-# -*- coding: utf8 -*-
 """Autogenerated file - DO NOT EDIT
 If you spot a bug, please report it on the mailing list and/or change the generator."""
 
diff --git a/nipype/interfaces/semtools/filtering/featuredetection.py b/nipype/interfaces/semtools/filtering/featuredetection.py
index df22f88810..7e72c2c2b4 100644
--- a/nipype/interfaces/semtools/filtering/featuredetection.py
+++ b/nipype/interfaces/semtools/filtering/featuredetection.py
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
-# -*- coding: utf8 -*-
 """Autogenerated file - DO NOT EDIT
 If you spot a bug, please report it on the mailing list and/or change the generator."""
 
diff --git a/nipype/interfaces/semtools/filtering/tests/__init__.py b/nipype/interfaces/semtools/filtering/tests/__init__.py
index 40a96afc6f..e69de29bb2 100644
--- a/nipype/interfaces/semtools/filtering/tests/__init__.py
+++ b/nipype/interfaces/semtools/filtering/tests/__init__.py
@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
diff --git a/nipype/interfaces/semtools/legacy/__init__.py b/nipype/interfaces/semtools/legacy/__init__.py
index 343704adb7..de11d37760 100644
--- a/nipype/interfaces/semtools/legacy/__init__.py
+++ b/nipype/interfaces/semtools/legacy/__init__.py
@@ -1,2 +1 @@
-# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 from .registration import scalartransform
diff --git a/nipype/interfaces/semtools/legacy/registration.py b/nipype/interfaces/semtools/legacy/registration.py
index 959a1b1dc0..e899aa44ab 100644
--- a/nipype/interfaces/semtools/legacy/registration.py
+++ b/nipype/interfaces/semtools/legacy/registration.py
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
-# -*- coding: utf8 -*-
 """Autogenerated file - DO NOT EDIT
 If you spot a bug, please report it on the mailing list and/or change the generator."""
 
diff --git a/nipype/interfaces/semtools/legacy/tests/__init__.py b/nipype/interfaces/semtools/legacy/tests/__init__.py
index 40a96afc6f..e69de29bb2 100644
--- a/nipype/interfaces/semtools/legacy/tests/__init__.py
+++ b/nipype/interfaces/semtools/legacy/tests/__init__.py
@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
diff --git a/nipype/interfaces/semtools/registration/__init__.py b/nipype/interfaces/semtools/registration/__init__.py
index 6d52169ab3..808e0f67eb 100644
--- a/nipype/interfaces/semtools/registration/__init__.py
+++ b/nipype/interfaces/semtools/registration/__init__.py
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 from .specialized import VBRAINSDemonWarp, BRAINSDemonWarp, BRAINSTransformFromFiducials
 from .brainsresample import BRAINSResample
 from .brainsfit import BRAINSFit
diff --git a/nipype/interfaces/semtools/registration/brainsfit.py b/nipype/interfaces/semtools/registration/brainsfit.py
index 56c9da54f2..41d8b2c77f 100644
--- a/nipype/interfaces/semtools/registration/brainsfit.py
+++ b/nipype/interfaces/semtools/registration/brainsfit.py
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
-# -*- coding: utf8 -*-
 """Autogenerated file - DO NOT EDIT
 If you spot a bug, please report it on the mailing list and/or change the generator."""
 
diff --git a/nipype/interfaces/semtools/registration/brainsresample.py b/nipype/interfaces/semtools/registration/brainsresample.py
index a77a52dca3..f7351f17c4 100644
--- a/nipype/interfaces/semtools/registration/brainsresample.py
+++ b/nipype/interfaces/semtools/registration/brainsresample.py
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
-# -*- coding: utf8 -*-
 """Autogenerated file - DO NOT EDIT
 If you spot a bug, please report it on the mailing list and/or change the generator."""
 
diff --git a/nipype/interfaces/semtools/registration/brainsresize.py b/nipype/interfaces/semtools/registration/brainsresize.py
index 8de4d616b9..ae4c50fe83 100644
--- a/nipype/interfaces/semtools/registration/brainsresize.py
+++ b/nipype/interfaces/semtools/registration/brainsresize.py
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
-# -*- coding: utf8 -*-
 """Autogenerated file - DO NOT EDIT
 If you spot a bug, please report it on the mailing list and/or change the generator."""
 
diff --git a/nipype/interfaces/semtools/registration/specialized.py b/nipype/interfaces/semtools/registration/specialized.py
index 85f8509a5b..61e71611e7 100644
--- a/nipype/interfaces/semtools/registration/specialized.py
+++ b/nipype/interfaces/semtools/registration/specialized.py
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
-# -*- coding: utf8 -*-
 """Autogenerated file - DO NOT EDIT
 If you spot a bug, please report it on the mailing list and/or change the generator."""
 
diff --git a/nipype/interfaces/semtools/registration/tests/__init__.py b/nipype/interfaces/semtools/registration/tests/__init__.py
index 40a96afc6f..e69de29bb2 100644
--- a/nipype/interfaces/semtools/registration/tests/__init__.py
+++ b/nipype/interfaces/semtools/registration/tests/__init__.py
@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
diff --git a/nipype/interfaces/semtools/segmentation/__init__.py b/nipype/interfaces/semtools/segmentation/__init__.py
index 0cc6090203..8d11e465ef 100644
--- a/nipype/interfaces/semtools/segmentation/__init__.py
+++ b/nipype/interfaces/semtools/segmentation/__init__.py
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 from .specialized import (
     BRAINSCut,
     BRAINSROIAuto,
diff --git a/nipype/interfaces/semtools/segmentation/specialized.py b/nipype/interfaces/semtools/segmentation/specialized.py
index a7744775c4..ba33e7a268 100644
--- a/nipype/interfaces/semtools/segmentation/specialized.py
+++ b/nipype/interfaces/semtools/segmentation/specialized.py
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
-# -*- coding: utf8 -*-
 """Autogenerated file - DO NOT EDIT
 If you spot a bug, please report it on the mailing list and/or change the generator."""
 
diff --git a/nipype/interfaces/semtools/segmentation/tests/__init__.py b/nipype/interfaces/semtools/segmentation/tests/__init__.py
index 40a96afc6f..e69de29bb2 100644
--- a/nipype/interfaces/semtools/segmentation/tests/__init__.py
+++ b/nipype/interfaces/semtools/segmentation/tests/__init__.py
@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
diff --git a/nipype/interfaces/semtools/testing/__init__.py b/nipype/interfaces/semtools/testing/__init__.py
index d06a7ea2df..aa4b5619c8 100644
--- a/nipype/interfaces/semtools/testing/__init__.py
+++ b/nipype/interfaces/semtools/testing/__init__.py
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 from .featuredetection import SphericalCoordinateGeneration
 from .landmarkscompare import LandmarksCompare
 from .generateaveragelmkfile import GenerateAverageLmkFile
diff --git a/nipype/interfaces/semtools/testing/featuredetection.py b/nipype/interfaces/semtools/testing/featuredetection.py
index 16735b3bb8..59d7dd3ea7 100644
--- a/nipype/interfaces/semtools/testing/featuredetection.py
+++ b/nipype/interfaces/semtools/testing/featuredetection.py
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
-# -*- coding: utf8 -*-
 """Autogenerated file - DO NOT EDIT
 If you spot a bug, please report it on the mailing list and/or change the generator."""
 
diff --git a/nipype/interfaces/semtools/testing/generateaveragelmkfile.py b/nipype/interfaces/semtools/testing/generateaveragelmkfile.py
index fe3aa71521..b1c701a119 100644
--- a/nipype/interfaces/semtools/testing/generateaveragelmkfile.py
+++ b/nipype/interfaces/semtools/testing/generateaveragelmkfile.py
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
-# -*- coding: utf8 -*-
 """Autogenerated file - DO NOT EDIT
 If you spot a bug, please report it on the mailing list and/or change the generator."""
 
diff --git a/nipype/interfaces/semtools/testing/landmarkscompare.py b/nipype/interfaces/semtools/testing/landmarkscompare.py
index 9a5ad26883..a03ce653af 100644
--- a/nipype/interfaces/semtools/testing/landmarkscompare.py
+++ b/nipype/interfaces/semtools/testing/landmarkscompare.py
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
-# -*- coding: utf8 -*-
 """Autogenerated file - DO NOT EDIT
 If you spot a bug, please report it on the mailing list and/or change the generator."""
 
diff --git a/nipype/interfaces/semtools/tests/__init__.py b/nipype/interfaces/semtools/tests/__init__.py
index 40a96afc6f..e69de29bb2 100644
--- a/nipype/interfaces/semtools/tests/__init__.py
+++ b/nipype/interfaces/semtools/tests/__init__.py
@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
diff --git a/nipype/interfaces/semtools/utilities/__init__.py b/nipype/interfaces/semtools/utilities/__init__.py
index 2209064909..02a5540951 100644
--- a/nipype/interfaces/semtools/utilities/__init__.py
+++ b/nipype/interfaces/semtools/utilities/__init__.py
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 from .brains import (
     BRAINSConstellationModeler,
     landmarksConstellationWeights,
diff --git a/nipype/interfaces/semtools/utilities/brains.py b/nipype/interfaces/semtools/utilities/brains.py
index b5964e3555..a7b2591f09 100644
--- a/nipype/interfaces/semtools/utilities/brains.py
+++ b/nipype/interfaces/semtools/utilities/brains.py
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
-# -*- coding: utf8 -*-
 """Autogenerated file - DO NOT EDIT
 If you spot a bug, please report it on the mailing list and/or change the generator."""
 
diff --git a/nipype/interfaces/semtools/utilities/tests/__init__.py b/nipype/interfaces/semtools/utilities/tests/__init__.py
index 40a96afc6f..e69de29bb2 100644
--- a/nipype/interfaces/semtools/utilities/tests/__init__.py
+++ b/nipype/interfaces/semtools/utilities/tests/__init__.py
@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
diff --git a/nipype/interfaces/slicer/__init__.py b/nipype/interfaces/slicer/__init__.py
index 91c56b131f..d874ab88c4 100644
--- a/nipype/interfaces/slicer/__init__.py
+++ b/nipype/interfaces/slicer/__init__.py
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 """
 3D Slicer is a platform for medical image informatics processing and visualization.
 
diff --git a/nipype/interfaces/slicer/base.py b/nipype/interfaces/slicer/base.py
index aae54ec00b..de00883265 100644
--- a/nipype/interfaces/slicer/base.py
+++ b/nipype/interfaces/slicer/base.py
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 from ..base import SEMLikeCommandLine
 
 
diff --git a/nipype/interfaces/slicer/converters.py b/nipype/interfaces/slicer/converters.py
index 6d4a824eea..f9aa9e458b 100644
--- a/nipype/interfaces/slicer/converters.py
+++ b/nipype/interfaces/slicer/converters.py
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
-# -*- coding: utf8 -*-
 """Autogenerated file - DO NOT EDIT
 If you spot a bug, please report it on the mailing list and/or change the generator."""
 
diff --git a/nipype/interfaces/slicer/diffusion/__init__.py b/nipype/interfaces/slicer/diffusion/__init__.py
index d7f3089de5..807fecdde2 100644
--- a/nipype/interfaces/slicer/diffusion/__init__.py
+++ b/nipype/interfaces/slicer/diffusion/__init__.py
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 from .diffusion import (
     ResampleDTIVolume,
     DWIRicianLMMSEFilter,
diff --git a/nipype/interfaces/slicer/diffusion/diffusion.py b/nipype/interfaces/slicer/diffusion/diffusion.py
index d5ffadae17..56d398b3b3 100644
--- a/nipype/interfaces/slicer/diffusion/diffusion.py
+++ b/nipype/interfaces/slicer/diffusion/diffusion.py
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
-# -*- coding: utf8 -*-
 """Autogenerated file - DO NOT EDIT
 If you spot a bug, please report it on the mailing list and/or change the generator."""
 
diff --git a/nipype/interfaces/slicer/diffusion/tests/__init__.py b/nipype/interfaces/slicer/diffusion/tests/__init__.py
index 40a96afc6f..e69de29bb2 100644
--- a/nipype/interfaces/slicer/diffusion/tests/__init__.py
+++ b/nipype/interfaces/slicer/diffusion/tests/__init__.py
@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
diff --git a/nipype/interfaces/slicer/filtering/__init__.py b/nipype/interfaces/slicer/filtering/__init__.py
index 13b79f8705..8d7a6c0da4 100644
--- a/nipype/interfaces/slicer/filtering/__init__.py
+++ b/nipype/interfaces/slicer/filtering/__init__.py
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 from .morphology import GrayscaleGrindPeakImageFilter, GrayscaleFillHoleImageFilter
 from .denoising import (
     GradientAnisotropicDiffusion,
diff --git a/nipype/interfaces/slicer/filtering/arithmetic.py b/nipype/interfaces/slicer/filtering/arithmetic.py
index f57d7adf37..47fb8da82b 100644
--- a/nipype/interfaces/slicer/filtering/arithmetic.py
+++ b/nipype/interfaces/slicer/filtering/arithmetic.py
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
-# -*- coding: utf8 -*-
 """Autogenerated file - DO NOT EDIT
 If you spot a bug, please report it on the mailing list and/or change the generator."""
 
diff --git a/nipype/interfaces/slicer/filtering/checkerboardfilter.py b/nipype/interfaces/slicer/filtering/checkerboardfilter.py
index 6566f15248..429fdc83b8 100644
--- a/nipype/interfaces/slicer/filtering/checkerboardfilter.py
+++ b/nipype/interfaces/slicer/filtering/checkerboardfilter.py
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
-# -*- coding: utf8 -*-
 """Autogenerated file - DO NOT EDIT
 If you spot a bug, please report it on the mailing list and/or change the generator."""
 
diff --git a/nipype/interfaces/slicer/filtering/denoising.py b/nipype/interfaces/slicer/filtering/denoising.py
index 6f3af80d2b..fa8518c1bc 100644
--- a/nipype/interfaces/slicer/filtering/denoising.py
+++ b/nipype/interfaces/slicer/filtering/denoising.py
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
-# -*- coding: utf8 -*-
 """Autogenerated file - DO NOT EDIT
 If you spot a bug, please report it on the mailing list and/or change the generator."""
 
diff --git a/nipype/interfaces/slicer/filtering/extractskeleton.py b/nipype/interfaces/slicer/filtering/extractskeleton.py
index d6cca550e8..d0ec5ffe98 100644
--- a/nipype/interfaces/slicer/filtering/extractskeleton.py
+++ b/nipype/interfaces/slicer/filtering/extractskeleton.py
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
-# -*- coding: utf8 -*-
 """Autogenerated file - DO NOT EDIT
 If you spot a bug, please report it on the mailing list and/or change the generator."""
 
diff --git a/nipype/interfaces/slicer/filtering/histogrammatching.py b/nipype/interfaces/slicer/filtering/histogrammatching.py
index f67e9a9e1a..c9eb9af89c 100644
--- a/nipype/interfaces/slicer/filtering/histogrammatching.py
+++ b/nipype/interfaces/slicer/filtering/histogrammatching.py
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
-# -*- coding: utf8 -*-
 """Autogenerated file - DO NOT EDIT
 If you spot a bug, please report it on the mailing list and/or change the generator."""
 
diff --git a/nipype/interfaces/slicer/filtering/imagelabelcombine.py b/nipype/interfaces/slicer/filtering/imagelabelcombine.py
index b8990f3e21..b8e2202d4d 100644
--- a/nipype/interfaces/slicer/filtering/imagelabelcombine.py
+++ b/nipype/interfaces/slicer/filtering/imagelabelcombine.py
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
-# -*- coding: utf8 -*-
 """Autogenerated file - DO NOT EDIT
 If you spot a bug, please report it on the mailing list and/or change the generator."""
 
diff --git a/nipype/interfaces/slicer/filtering/morphology.py b/nipype/interfaces/slicer/filtering/morphology.py
index 40e4960d2b..8338f56407 100644
--- a/nipype/interfaces/slicer/filtering/morphology.py
+++ b/nipype/interfaces/slicer/filtering/morphology.py
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
-# -*- coding: utf8 -*-
 """Autogenerated file - DO NOT EDIT
 If you spot a bug, please report it on the mailing list and/or change the generator."""
 
diff --git a/nipype/interfaces/slicer/filtering/n4itkbiasfieldcorrection.py b/nipype/interfaces/slicer/filtering/n4itkbiasfieldcorrection.py
index 1de5e87e2f..ccf066f4da 100644
--- a/nipype/interfaces/slicer/filtering/n4itkbiasfieldcorrection.py
+++ b/nipype/interfaces/slicer/filtering/n4itkbiasfieldcorrection.py
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
-# -*- coding: utf8 -*-
 """Autogenerated file - DO NOT EDIT
 If you spot a bug, please report it on the mailing list and/or change the generator."""
 
diff --git a/nipype/interfaces/slicer/filtering/resamplescalarvectordwivolume.py b/nipype/interfaces/slicer/filtering/resamplescalarvectordwivolume.py
index 98c0baa178..74db29363a 100644
--- a/nipype/interfaces/slicer/filtering/resamplescalarvectordwivolume.py
+++ b/nipype/interfaces/slicer/filtering/resamplescalarvectordwivolume.py
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
-# -*- coding: utf8 -*-
 """Autogenerated file - DO NOT EDIT
 If you spot a bug, please report it on the mailing list and/or change the generator."""
 
diff --git a/nipype/interfaces/slicer/filtering/tests/__init__.py b/nipype/interfaces/slicer/filtering/tests/__init__.py
index 40a96afc6f..e69de29bb2 100644
--- a/nipype/interfaces/slicer/filtering/tests/__init__.py
+++ b/nipype/interfaces/slicer/filtering/tests/__init__.py
@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
diff --git a/nipype/interfaces/slicer/filtering/thresholdscalarvolume.py b/nipype/interfaces/slicer/filtering/thresholdscalarvolume.py
index 2fdfc76d52..0bcf5b413c 100644
--- a/nipype/interfaces/slicer/filtering/thresholdscalarvolume.py
+++ b/nipype/interfaces/slicer/filtering/thresholdscalarvolume.py
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
-# -*- coding: utf8 -*-
 """Autogenerated file - DO NOT EDIT
 If you spot a bug, please report it on the mailing list and/or change the generator."""
 
diff --git a/nipype/interfaces/slicer/filtering/votingbinaryholefillingimagefilter.py b/nipype/interfaces/slicer/filtering/votingbinaryholefillingimagefilter.py
index d8756b0b05..73c7ed5b47 100644
--- a/nipype/interfaces/slicer/filtering/votingbinaryholefillingimagefilter.py
+++ b/nipype/interfaces/slicer/filtering/votingbinaryholefillingimagefilter.py
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
-# -*- coding: utf8 -*-
 """Autogenerated file - DO NOT EDIT
 If you spot a bug, please report it on the mailing list and/or change the generator."""
 
diff --git a/nipype/interfaces/slicer/generate_classes.py b/nipype/interfaces/slicer/generate_classes.py
index 89125a963f..83f76c45b2 100644
--- a/nipype/interfaces/slicer/generate_classes.py
+++ b/nipype/interfaces/slicer/generate_classes.py
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 """This script generates Slicer Interfaces based on the CLI modules XML. CLI
 modules are selected from the hardcoded list below and generated code is placed
 in the cli_modules.py file (and imported in __init__.py). For this to work
@@ -46,7 +45,7 @@ def add_class_to_package(class_codes, class_names, module_name, package_dir):
 import os\n\n\n"""
     f_m.write(imports)
     f_m.write("\n\n".join(class_codes))
-    f_i.write("from %s import %s\n" % (module_name, ", ".join(class_names)))
+    f_i.write("from {} import {}\n".format(module_name, ", ".join(class_names)))
     f_m.close()
     f_i.close()
 
@@ -127,7 +126,7 @@ def generate_all_classes(
     all_code = {}
     for module in modules_list:
         print("=" * 80)
-        print("Generating Definition for module {0}".format(module))
+        print(f"Generating Definition for module {module}")
         print("^" * 80)
         package, code, module = generate_class(
             module, launcher, redirect_x=redirect_x, mipav_hacks=mipav_hacks
@@ -331,7 +330,7 @@ def generate_class(
             ]:
                 if not param.getElementsByTagName("channel"):
                     raise RuntimeError(
-                        "Insufficient XML specification: each element of type 'file', 'directory', 'image', 'geometry', 'transform',  or 'table' requires 'channel' field.\n{0}".format(
+                        "Insufficient XML specification: each element of type 'file', 'directory', 'image', 'geometry', 'transform',  or 'table' requires 'channel' field.\n{}".format(
                             traitsParams
                         )
                     )
@@ -382,7 +381,7 @@ def generate_class(
                     )
                 else:
                     raise RuntimeError(
-                        "Insufficient XML specification: each element of type 'file', 'directory', 'image', 'geometry', 'transform',  or 'table' requires 'channel' field to be in ['input','output'].\n{0}".format(
+                        "Insufficient XML specification: each element of type 'file', 'directory', 'image', 'geometry', 'transform',  or 'table' requires 'channel' field to be in ['input','output'].\n{}".format(
                             traitsParams
                         )
                     )
@@ -417,7 +416,7 @@ def generate_class(
 
     output_filenames_code = "_outputs_filenames = {"
     output_filenames_code += ",".join(
-        ["'%s':'%s'" % (key, value) for key, value in outputs_filenames.items()]
+        [f"'{key}':'{value}'" for key, value in outputs_filenames.items()]
     )
     output_filenames_code += "}"
 
@@ -431,7 +430,7 @@ def generate_class(
     output_spec = %module_name%OutputSpec
     _cmd = "%launcher% %name% "
     %output_filenames_code%\n"""
-    template += "    _redirect_x = {0}\n".format(str(redirect_x))
+    template += f"    _redirect_x = {str(redirect_x)}\n"
 
     main_class = (
         template.replace("%class_str%", class_string)
@@ -494,9 +493,9 @@ def parse_params(params):
     list = []
     for key, value in params.items():
         if isinstance(value, (str, bytes)):
-            list.append('%s="%s"' % (key, value.replace('"', "'")))
+            list.append('{}="{}"'.format(key, value.replace('"', "'")))
         else:
-            list.append("%s=%s" % (key, value))
+            list.append(f"{key}={value}")
 
     return ", ".join(list)
 
diff --git a/nipype/interfaces/slicer/legacy/__init__.py b/nipype/interfaces/slicer/legacy/__init__.py
index f65d44f058..4c0da2e0a0 100644
--- a/nipype/interfaces/slicer/legacy/__init__.py
+++ b/nipype/interfaces/slicer/legacy/__init__.py
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 from .diffusion import *
 from .segmentation import OtsuThresholdSegmentation
 from .filtering import OtsuThresholdImageFilter, ResampleScalarVolume
diff --git a/nipype/interfaces/slicer/legacy/converters.py b/nipype/interfaces/slicer/legacy/converters.py
index 490eb5b23c..053415b189 100644
--- a/nipype/interfaces/slicer/legacy/converters.py
+++ b/nipype/interfaces/slicer/legacy/converters.py
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
-# -*- coding: utf8 -*-
 """Autogenerated file - DO NOT EDIT
 If you spot a bug, please report it on the mailing list and/or change the generator."""
 
diff --git a/nipype/interfaces/slicer/legacy/diffusion/__init__.py b/nipype/interfaces/slicer/legacy/diffusion/__init__.py
index 9a9143d214..b40040d9e7 100644
--- a/nipype/interfaces/slicer/legacy/diffusion/__init__.py
+++ b/nipype/interfaces/slicer/legacy/diffusion/__init__.py
@@ -1,2 +1 @@
-# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 from .denoising import DWIUnbiasedNonLocalMeansFilter
diff --git a/nipype/interfaces/slicer/legacy/diffusion/denoising.py b/nipype/interfaces/slicer/legacy/diffusion/denoising.py
index 2e5345c34c..5adda02a5a 100644
--- a/nipype/interfaces/slicer/legacy/diffusion/denoising.py
+++ b/nipype/interfaces/slicer/legacy/diffusion/denoising.py
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
-# -*- coding: utf8 -*-
 """Autogenerated file - DO NOT EDIT
 If you spot a bug, please report it on the mailing list and/or change the generator."""
 
diff --git a/nipype/interfaces/slicer/legacy/diffusion/tests/__init__.py b/nipype/interfaces/slicer/legacy/diffusion/tests/__init__.py
index 40a96afc6f..e69de29bb2 100644
--- a/nipype/interfaces/slicer/legacy/diffusion/tests/__init__.py
+++ b/nipype/interfaces/slicer/legacy/diffusion/tests/__init__.py
@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
diff --git a/nipype/interfaces/slicer/legacy/filtering.py b/nipype/interfaces/slicer/legacy/filtering.py
index dda29920b2..749ba3942c 100644
--- a/nipype/interfaces/slicer/legacy/filtering.py
+++ b/nipype/interfaces/slicer/legacy/filtering.py
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 """Autogenerated file - DO NOT EDIT
 If you spot a bug, please report it on the mailing list and/or change the generator."""
 
diff --git a/nipype/interfaces/slicer/legacy/registration.py b/nipype/interfaces/slicer/legacy/registration.py
index 109b5c0464..7eee2b069e 100644
--- a/nipype/interfaces/slicer/legacy/registration.py
+++ b/nipype/interfaces/slicer/legacy/registration.py
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
-# -*- coding: utf8 -*-
 """Autogenerated file - DO NOT EDIT
 If you spot a bug, please report it on the mailing list and/or change the generator."""
 
diff --git a/nipype/interfaces/slicer/legacy/segmentation.py b/nipype/interfaces/slicer/legacy/segmentation.py
index 8440c776c0..0f51afe35c 100644
--- a/nipype/interfaces/slicer/legacy/segmentation.py
+++ b/nipype/interfaces/slicer/legacy/segmentation.py
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
-# -*- coding: utf8 -*-
 """Autogenerated file - DO NOT EDIT
 If you spot a bug, please report it on the mailing list and/or change the generator."""
 
diff --git a/nipype/interfaces/slicer/legacy/tests/__init__.py b/nipype/interfaces/slicer/legacy/tests/__init__.py
index 40a96afc6f..e69de29bb2 100644
--- a/nipype/interfaces/slicer/legacy/tests/__init__.py
+++ b/nipype/interfaces/slicer/legacy/tests/__init__.py
@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
diff --git a/nipype/interfaces/slicer/quantification/__init__.py b/nipype/interfaces/slicer/quantification/__init__.py
index c0e1e870e7..c34d46d1b5 100644
--- a/nipype/interfaces/slicer/quantification/__init__.py
+++ b/nipype/interfaces/slicer/quantification/__init__.py
@@ -1,3 +1,2 @@
-# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 from .changequantification import IntensityDifferenceMetric
 from .petstandarduptakevaluecomputation import PETStandardUptakeValueComputation
diff --git a/nipype/interfaces/slicer/quantification/changequantification.py b/nipype/interfaces/slicer/quantification/changequantification.py
index 8b529fa33b..0e0f5dc20a 100644
--- a/nipype/interfaces/slicer/quantification/changequantification.py
+++ b/nipype/interfaces/slicer/quantification/changequantification.py
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
-# -*- coding: utf8 -*-
 """Autogenerated file - DO NOT EDIT
 If you spot a bug, please report it on the mailing list and/or change the generator."""
 
diff --git a/nipype/interfaces/slicer/quantification/petstandarduptakevaluecomputation.py b/nipype/interfaces/slicer/quantification/petstandarduptakevaluecomputation.py
index 2fe281f09f..2c4c337dac 100644
--- a/nipype/interfaces/slicer/quantification/petstandarduptakevaluecomputation.py
+++ b/nipype/interfaces/slicer/quantification/petstandarduptakevaluecomputation.py
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
-# -*- coding: utf8 -*-
 """Autogenerated file - DO NOT EDIT
 If you spot a bug, please report it on the mailing list and/or change the generator."""
 
diff --git a/nipype/interfaces/slicer/quantification/tests/__init__.py b/nipype/interfaces/slicer/quantification/tests/__init__.py
index 40a96afc6f..e69de29bb2 100644
--- a/nipype/interfaces/slicer/quantification/tests/__init__.py
+++ b/nipype/interfaces/slicer/quantification/tests/__init__.py
@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
diff --git a/nipype/interfaces/slicer/registration/__init__.py b/nipype/interfaces/slicer/registration/__init__.py
index faa3c92b2f..ddb3988eae 100644
--- a/nipype/interfaces/slicer/registration/__init__.py
+++ b/nipype/interfaces/slicer/registration/__init__.py
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 from .specialized import (
     ACPCTransform,
     FiducialRegistration,
diff --git a/nipype/interfaces/slicer/registration/brainsfit.py b/nipype/interfaces/slicer/registration/brainsfit.py
index 5780d29096..3baf06648c 100644
--- a/nipype/interfaces/slicer/registration/brainsfit.py
+++ b/nipype/interfaces/slicer/registration/brainsfit.py
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
-# -*- coding: utf8 -*-
 """Autogenerated file - DO NOT EDIT
 If you spot a bug, please report it on the mailing list and/or change the generator."""
 
diff --git a/nipype/interfaces/slicer/registration/brainsresample.py b/nipype/interfaces/slicer/registration/brainsresample.py
index 9512a05195..201bbeab55 100644
--- a/nipype/interfaces/slicer/registration/brainsresample.py
+++ b/nipype/interfaces/slicer/registration/brainsresample.py
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
-# -*- coding: utf8 -*-
 """Autogenerated file - DO NOT EDIT
 If you spot a bug, please report it on the mailing list and/or change the generator."""
 
diff --git a/nipype/interfaces/slicer/registration/specialized.py b/nipype/interfaces/slicer/registration/specialized.py
index 1de0c117ea..e03f1a95b1 100644
--- a/nipype/interfaces/slicer/registration/specialized.py
+++ b/nipype/interfaces/slicer/registration/specialized.py
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
-# -*- coding: utf8 -*-
 """Autogenerated file - DO NOT EDIT
 If you spot a bug, please report it on the mailing list and/or change the generator."""
 
diff --git a/nipype/interfaces/slicer/registration/tests/__init__.py b/nipype/interfaces/slicer/registration/tests/__init__.py
index 40a96afc6f..e69de29bb2 100644
--- a/nipype/interfaces/slicer/registration/tests/__init__.py
+++ b/nipype/interfaces/slicer/registration/tests/__init__.py
@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
diff --git a/nipype/interfaces/slicer/segmentation/__init__.py b/nipype/interfaces/slicer/segmentation/__init__.py
index 48fdc62f8c..4c7e36f0c1 100644
--- a/nipype/interfaces/slicer/segmentation/__init__.py
+++ b/nipype/interfaces/slicer/segmentation/__init__.py
@@ -1,3 +1,2 @@
-# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 from .specialized import RobustStatisticsSegmenter, EMSegmentCommandLine, BRAINSROIAuto
 from .simpleregiongrowingsegmentation import SimpleRegionGrowingSegmentation
diff --git a/nipype/interfaces/slicer/segmentation/simpleregiongrowingsegmentation.py b/nipype/interfaces/slicer/segmentation/simpleregiongrowingsegmentation.py
index 6d58a63ea9..98af4fdc1b 100644
--- a/nipype/interfaces/slicer/segmentation/simpleregiongrowingsegmentation.py
+++ b/nipype/interfaces/slicer/segmentation/simpleregiongrowingsegmentation.py
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
-# -*- coding: utf8 -*-
 """Autogenerated file - DO NOT EDIT
 If you spot a bug, please report it on the mailing list and/or change the generator."""
 
diff --git a/nipype/interfaces/slicer/segmentation/specialized.py b/nipype/interfaces/slicer/segmentation/specialized.py
index da0bff4dd1..90374ddd0c 100644
--- a/nipype/interfaces/slicer/segmentation/specialized.py
+++ b/nipype/interfaces/slicer/segmentation/specialized.py
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
-# -*- coding: utf8 -*-
 """Autogenerated file - DO NOT EDIT
 If you spot a bug, please report it on the mailing list and/or change the generator."""
 
diff --git a/nipype/interfaces/slicer/segmentation/tests/__init__.py b/nipype/interfaces/slicer/segmentation/tests/__init__.py
index 40a96afc6f..e69de29bb2 100644
--- a/nipype/interfaces/slicer/segmentation/tests/__init__.py
+++ b/nipype/interfaces/slicer/segmentation/tests/__init__.py
@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
diff --git a/nipype/interfaces/slicer/surface.py b/nipype/interfaces/slicer/surface.py
index 6d7a7b2382..7a4c77af70 100644
--- a/nipype/interfaces/slicer/surface.py
+++ b/nipype/interfaces/slicer/surface.py
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
-# -*- coding: utf8 -*-
 """Autogenerated file - DO NOT EDIT
 If you spot a bug, please report it on the mailing list and/or change the generator."""
 
diff --git a/nipype/interfaces/slicer/tests/__init__.py b/nipype/interfaces/slicer/tests/__init__.py
index 40a96afc6f..e69de29bb2 100644
--- a/nipype/interfaces/slicer/tests/__init__.py
+++ b/nipype/interfaces/slicer/tests/__init__.py
@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
diff --git a/nipype/interfaces/slicer/utilities.py b/nipype/interfaces/slicer/utilities.py
index 01f469f259..2e0eae1165 100644
--- a/nipype/interfaces/slicer/utilities.py
+++ b/nipype/interfaces/slicer/utilities.py
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
-# -*- coding: utf8 -*-
 """Autogenerated file - DO NOT EDIT
 If you spot a bug, please report it on the mailing list and/or change the generator."""
 
diff --git a/nipype/interfaces/spm/__init__.py b/nipype/interfaces/spm/__init__.py
index 1823bef4da..160bbae150 100644
--- a/nipype/interfaces/spm/__init__.py
+++ b/nipype/interfaces/spm/__init__.py
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 # emacs: -*- mode: python; py-indent-offset: 4; indent-tabs-mode: nil -*-
 # vi: set ft=python sts=4 ts=4 sw=4 et:
 """SPM is a software package for the analysis of brain imaging data sequences."""
diff --git a/nipype/interfaces/spm/base.py b/nipype/interfaces/spm/base.py
index 4e9b78e1f1..7e1662db50 100644
--- a/nipype/interfaces/spm/base.py
+++ b/nipype/interfaces/spm/base.py
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 # emacs: -*- mode: python; py-indent-offset: 4; indent-tabs-mode: nil -*-
 # vi: set ft=python sts=4 ts=4 sw=4 et:
 """The spm module provides basic functions for interfacing with SPM  tools.
@@ -224,7 +223,7 @@ def getinfo(klass, matlab_cmd=None, paths=None, use_mcr=None):
         """
         try:
             out = mlab.run()
-        except (IOError, RuntimeError) as e:
+        except (OSError, RuntimeError) as e:
             # if no Matlab at all -- exception could be raised
             # No Matlab -- no spm
             logger.debug("%s", e)
@@ -306,7 +305,7 @@ class SPMCommand(BaseInterface):
     ]
 
     def __init__(self, **inputs):
-        super(SPMCommand, self).__init__(**inputs)
+        super().__init__(**inputs)
         self.inputs.on_trait_change(
             self._matlab_cmd_update, ["matlab_cmd", "mfile", "paths", "use_mcr"]
         )
@@ -360,7 +359,9 @@ def version(self):
             use_mcr=self.inputs.use_mcr,
         )
         if info_dict:
-            return "%s.%s" % (info_dict["name"].split("SPM")[-1], info_dict["release"])
+            return "{}.{}".format(
+                info_dict["name"].split("SPM")[-1], info_dict["release"]
+            )
 
     @property
     def jobtype(self):
@@ -484,7 +485,7 @@ def _generate_job(self, prefix="", contents=None):
             return jobstring
         if isinstance(contents, dict):
             for key, value in list(contents.items()):
-                newprefix = "%s.%s" % (prefix, key)
+                newprefix = f"{prefix}.{key}"
                 jobstring += self._generate_job(newprefix, value)
             return jobstring
         if isinstance(contents, np.ndarray):
@@ -503,9 +504,9 @@ def _generate_job(self, prefix="", contents=None):
                                 "{}" if not isinstance(el, (str, bytes)) else "'{}'"
                             ]
                         val_format = ", ".join(items_format).format
-                        jobstring += "[{}];...\n".format(val_format(*val))
+                        jobstring += f"[{val_format(*val)}];...\n"
                     elif isinstance(val, (str, bytes)):
-                        jobstring += "'{}';...\n".format(val)
+                        jobstring += f"'{val}';...\n"
                     else:
                         jobstring += "%s;...\n" % str(val)
                 jobstring += "};\n"
@@ -519,9 +520,9 @@ def _generate_job(self, prefix="", contents=None):
                         jobstring += self._generate_job(newprefix, val[field])
             return jobstring
         if isinstance(contents, (str, bytes)):
-            jobstring += "%s = '%s';\n" % (prefix, contents)
+            jobstring += f"{prefix} = '{contents}';\n"
             return jobstring
-        jobstring += "%s = %s;\n" % (prefix, str(contents))
+        jobstring += f"{prefix} = {str(contents)};\n"
         return jobstring
 
     def _make_matlab_command(self, contents, postscript=None):
@@ -561,7 +562,7 @@ def _make_matlab_command(self, contents, postscript=None):
         if self.mlab.inputs.mfile:
             if isdefined(self.inputs.use_v8struct) and self.inputs.use_v8struct:
                 mscript += self._generate_job(
-                    "jobs{1}.spm.%s.%s" % (self.jobtype, self.jobname), contents[0]
+                    f"jobs{{1}}.spm.{self.jobtype}.{self.jobname}", contents[0]
                 )
             else:
                 if self.jobname in [
@@ -576,13 +577,13 @@ def _make_matlab_command(self, contents, postscript=None):
                 ]:
                     # parentheses
                     mscript += self._generate_job(
-                        "jobs{1}.%s{1}.%s(1)" % (self.jobtype, self.jobname),
+                        f"jobs{{1}}.{self.jobtype}{{1}}.{self.jobname}(1)",
                         contents[0],
                     )
                 else:
                     # curly brackets
                     mscript += self._generate_job(
-                        "jobs{1}.%s{1}.%s{1}" % (self.jobtype, self.jobname),
+                        f"jobs{{1}}.{self.jobtype}{{1}}.{self.jobname}{{1}}",
                         contents[0],
                     )
         else:
@@ -620,11 +621,11 @@ def __init__(
         self, value=NoDefaultSpecified, exists=False, resolve=False, **metadata
     ):
         """Create an ImageFileSPM trait."""
-        super(ImageFileSPM, self).__init__(
+        super().__init__(
             value=value,
             exists=exists,
             types=["nifti1", "nifti2"],
             allow_compressed=False,
             resolve=resolve,
-            **metadata
+            **metadata,
         )
diff --git a/nipype/interfaces/spm/model.py b/nipype/interfaces/spm/model.py
index 68a2484c86..8df967573e 100644
--- a/nipype/interfaces/spm/model.py
+++ b/nipype/interfaces/spm/model.py
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 # emacs: -*- mode: python; py-indent-offset: 4; indent-tabs-mode: nil -*-
 # vi: set ft=python sts=4 ts=4 sw=4 et:
 """The spm module provides basic functions for interfacing with matlab
@@ -153,13 +152,11 @@ def _format_arg(self, opt, spec, val):
                 return [val]
             else:
                 return val
-        return super(Level1Design, self)._format_arg(opt, spec, val)
+        return super()._format_arg(opt, spec, val)
 
     def _parse_inputs(self):
         """validate spm realign options if set to None ignore"""
-        einputs = super(Level1Design, self)._parse_inputs(
-            skip=("mask_threshold", "flags")
-        )
+        einputs = super()._parse_inputs(skip=("mask_threshold", "flags"))
         if isdefined(self.inputs.flags):
             einputs[0].update({flag: val for (flag, val) in self.inputs.flags.items()})
         for sessinfo in einputs[0]["sess"]:
@@ -191,9 +188,7 @@ def _make_matlab_command(self, content):
             postscript += "save SPM SPM;\n"
         else:
             postscript = None
-        return super(Level1Design, self)._make_matlab_command(
-            content, postscript=postscript
-        )
+        return super()._make_matlab_command(content, postscript=postscript)
 
     def _list_outputs(self):
         outputs = self._outputs().get()
@@ -276,14 +271,14 @@ def _format_arg(self, opt, spec, val):
             return np.array([str(val)], dtype=object)
         if opt == "estimation_method":
             if isinstance(val, (str, bytes)):
-                return {"{}".format(val): 1}
+                return {f"{val}": 1}
             else:
                 return val
-        return super(EstimateModel, self)._format_arg(opt, spec, val)
+        return super()._format_arg(opt, spec, val)
 
     def _parse_inputs(self):
         """validate spm realign options if set to None ignore"""
-        einputs = super(EstimateModel, self)._parse_inputs(skip=("flags"))
+        einputs = super()._parse_inputs(skip=("flags"))
         if isdefined(self.inputs.flags):
             einputs[0].update({flag: val for (flag, val) in self.inputs.flags.items()})
         return einputs
@@ -301,26 +296,22 @@ def _list_outputs(self):
             "Bayesian" in self.inputs.estimation_method.keys()
             or "Bayesian2" in self.inputs.estimation_method.keys()
         ):
-            outputs["labels"] = os.path.join(pth, "labels.{}".format(outtype))
+            outputs["labels"] = os.path.join(pth, f"labels.{outtype}")
             outputs["SDerror"] = glob(os.path.join(pth, "Sess*_SDerror*"))
             outputs["ARcoef"] = glob(os.path.join(pth, "Sess*_AR_*"))
             if betas:
-                outputs["Cbetas"] = [
-                    os.path.join(pth, "C{}".format(beta)) for beta in betas
-                ]
-                outputs["SDbetas"] = [
-                    os.path.join(pth, "SD{}".format(beta)) for beta in betas
-                ]
+                outputs["Cbetas"] = [os.path.join(pth, f"C{beta}") for beta in betas]
+                outputs["SDbetas"] = [os.path.join(pth, f"SD{beta}") for beta in betas]
 
         if "Classical" in self.inputs.estimation_method.keys():
-            outputs["residual_image"] = os.path.join(pth, "ResMS.{}".format(outtype))
-            outputs["RPVimage"] = os.path.join(pth, "RPV.{}".format(outtype))
+            outputs["residual_image"] = os.path.join(pth, f"ResMS.{outtype}")
+            outputs["RPVimage"] = os.path.join(pth, f"RPV.{outtype}")
             if self.inputs.write_residuals:
                 outputs["residual_images"] = glob(os.path.join(pth, "Res_*"))
             if betas:
                 outputs["beta_images"] = [os.path.join(pth, beta) for beta in betas]
 
-        outputs["mask_image"] = os.path.join(pth, "mask.{}".format(outtype))
+        outputs["mask_image"] = os.path.join(pth, f"mask.{outtype}")
         outputs["spm_mat_file"] = os.path.join(pth, "SPM.mat")
         return outputs
 
@@ -1055,11 +1046,11 @@ def _format_arg(self, opt, spec, val):
                     outdict[mapping[key]] = keyval
                 outlist.append(outdict)
             return outlist
-        return super(FactorialDesign, self)._format_arg(opt, spec, val)
+        return super()._format_arg(opt, spec, val)
 
     def _parse_inputs(self):
         """validate spm realign options if set to None ignore"""
-        einputs = super(FactorialDesign, self)._parse_inputs()
+        einputs = super()._parse_inputs()
         if not isdefined(self.inputs.spm_mat_dir):
             einputs[0]["dir"] = np.array([str(os.getcwd())], dtype=object)
         return einputs
@@ -1098,7 +1089,7 @@ def _format_arg(self, opt, spec, val):
         """Convert input to appropriate format for spm"""
         if opt in ["in_files"]:
             return np.array(val, dtype=object)
-        return super(OneSampleTTestDesign, self)._format_arg(opt, spec, val)
+        return super()._format_arg(opt, spec, val)
 
 
 class TwoSampleTTestDesignInputSpec(FactorialDesignInputSpec):
@@ -1145,7 +1136,7 @@ def _format_arg(self, opt, spec, val):
         """Convert input to appropriate format for spm"""
         if opt in ["group1_files", "group2_files"]:
             return np.array(val, dtype=object)
-        return super(TwoSampleTTestDesign, self)._format_arg(opt, spec, val)
+        return super()._format_arg(opt, spec, val)
 
 
 class PairedTTestDesignInputSpec(FactorialDesignInputSpec):
@@ -1181,7 +1172,7 @@ def _format_arg(self, opt, spec, val):
         """Convert input to appropriate format for spm"""
         if opt in ["paired_files"]:
             return [dict(scans=np.array(files, dtype=object)) for files in val]
-        return super(PairedTTestDesign, self)._format_arg(opt, spec, val)
+        return super()._format_arg(opt, spec, val)
 
 
 class MultipleRegressionDesignInputSpec(FactorialDesignInputSpec):
@@ -1231,4 +1222,4 @@ def _format_arg(self, opt, spec, val):
                     outdict[mapping[key]] = keyval
                 outlist.append(outdict)
             return outlist
-        return super(MultipleRegressionDesign, self)._format_arg(opt, spec, val)
+        return super()._format_arg(opt, spec, val)
diff --git a/nipype/interfaces/spm/preprocess.py b/nipype/interfaces/spm/preprocess.py
index a612865039..3cc65ce39f 100644
--- a/nipype/interfaces/spm/preprocess.py
+++ b/nipype/interfaces/spm/preprocess.py
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 # emacs: -*- mode: python; py-indent-offset: 4; indent-tabs-mode: nil -*-
 # vi: set ft=python sts=4 ts=4 sw=4 et:
 """SPM wrappers for preprocessing data
@@ -236,12 +235,12 @@ def _format_arg(self, opt, spec, val):
         if opt in ["phase_file", "magnitude_file", "anat_file", "epi_file"]:
             return scans_for_fname(ensure_list(val))
 
-        return super(FieldMap, self)._format_arg(opt, spec, val)
+        return super()._format_arg(opt, spec, val)
 
     def _parse_inputs(self):
         """validate spm fieldmap options if set to None ignore"""
 
-        einputs = super(FieldMap, self)._parse_inputs()
+        einputs = super()._parse_inputs()
         return [{"calculatevdm": einputs[0]}]
 
     def _list_outputs(self):
@@ -340,12 +339,12 @@ def _format_arg(self, opt, spec, val):
             )
         if opt == 'vdmfile':
             return scans_for_fname(ensure_list(val))
-        return super(ApplyVDM, self)._format_arg(opt, spec, val)
+        return super()._format_arg(opt, spec, val)
 
     def _parse_inputs(self):
         """validate spm fieldmap options if set to None ignore"""
 
-        einputs = super(ApplyVDM, self)._parse_inputs()
+        einputs = super()._parse_inputs()
 
         return [{"applyvdm": einputs[0]}]
 
@@ -460,7 +459,7 @@ def _format_arg(self, opt, spec, val):
             return scans_for_fnames(
                 ensure_list(val), keep4d=False, separate_sessions=True
             )
-        return super(SliceTiming, self)._format_arg(opt, spec, val)
+        return super()._format_arg(opt, spec, val)
 
     def _list_outputs(self):
         outputs = self._outputs().get()
@@ -612,11 +611,11 @@ def _format_arg(self, opt, spec, val):
             return scans_for_fnames(
                 val, keep4d=False, separate_sessions=separate_sessions
             )
-        return super(Realign, self)._format_arg(opt, spec, val)
+        return super()._format_arg(opt, spec, val)
 
     def _parse_inputs(self):
         """validate spm realign options if set to None ignore"""
-        einputs = super(Realign, self)._parse_inputs()
+        einputs = super()._parse_inputs()
         return [{"%s" % (self.inputs.jobtype): einputs[0]}]
 
     def _list_outputs(self):
@@ -872,10 +871,10 @@ def _format_arg(self, opt, spec, val):
             return scans_for_fnames(
                 ensure_list(val), keep4d=False, separate_sessions=True
             )
-        return super(RealignUnwarp, self)._format_arg(opt, spec, val)
+        return super()._format_arg(opt, spec, val)
 
     def _parse_inputs(self, skip=()):
-        spmdict = super(RealignUnwarp, self)._parse_inputs(skip=())[0]
+        spmdict = super()._parse_inputs(skip=())[0]
 
         if isdefined(self.inputs.phase_map):
             pmscan = spmdict["data"]["pmscan"]
@@ -1051,16 +1050,14 @@ def _format_arg(self, opt, spec, val):
                 return scans_for_fnames(val + self.inputs.apply_to_files)
             else:
                 return scans_for_fnames(val)
-        return super(Coregister, self)._format_arg(opt, spec, val)
+        return super()._format_arg(opt, spec, val)
 
     def _parse_inputs(self):
         """validate spm coregister options if set to None ignore"""
         if self.inputs.jobtype == "write":
-            einputs = super(Coregister, self)._parse_inputs(
-                skip=("jobtype", "apply_to_files")
-            )
+            einputs = super()._parse_inputs(skip=("jobtype", "apply_to_files"))
         else:
-            einputs = super(Coregister, self)._parse_inputs(skip=("jobtype"))
+            einputs = super()._parse_inputs(skip=("jobtype"))
         jobtype = self.inputs.jobtype
         return [{"%s" % (jobtype): einputs[0]}]
 
@@ -1228,13 +1225,11 @@ def _format_arg(self, opt, spec, val):
         if opt in ["write_wrap"]:
             if len(val) != 3:
                 raise ValueError("%s must have 3 elements" % opt)
-        return super(Normalize, self)._format_arg(opt, spec, val)
+        return super()._format_arg(opt, spec, val)
 
     def _parse_inputs(self):
         """Validate spm normalize options if set to None ignore"""
-        einputs = super(Normalize, self)._parse_inputs(
-            skip=("jobtype", "apply_to_files")
-        )
+        einputs = super()._parse_inputs(skip=("jobtype", "apply_to_files"))
         if isdefined(self.inputs.apply_to_files):
             inputfiles = deepcopy(self.inputs.apply_to_files)
             if isdefined(self.inputs.source):
@@ -1461,13 +1456,11 @@ def _format_arg(self, opt, spec, val):
         if opt in ["nonlinear_regularization"]:
             if len(val) != 5:
                 raise ValueError("%s must have 5 elements" % opt)
-        return super(Normalize12, self)._format_arg(opt, spec, val)
+        return super()._format_arg(opt, spec, val)
 
     def _parse_inputs(self, skip=()):
         """validate spm normalize options if set to None ignore"""
-        einputs = super(Normalize12, self)._parse_inputs(
-            skip=("jobtype", "apply_to_files")
-        )
+        einputs = super()._parse_inputs(skip=("jobtype", "apply_to_files"))
         if isdefined(self.inputs.apply_to_files):
             inputfiles = deepcopy(self.inputs.apply_to_files)
             if isdefined(self.inputs.image_to_align):
@@ -1713,7 +1706,7 @@ def _format_arg(self, opt, spec, val):
             return scans_for_fname(val)
         if opt == "clean_masks":
             return clean_masks_dict[val]
-        return super(Segment, self)._format_arg(opt, spec, val)
+        return super()._format_arg(opt, spec, val)
 
     def _list_outputs(self):
         outputs = self._outputs().get()
@@ -1726,7 +1719,7 @@ def _list_outputs(self):
                     [("modulated", "mw"), ("normalized", "w"), ("native", "")]
                 ):
                     if getattr(self.inputs, outtype)[idx]:
-                        outfield = "%s_%s_image" % (image, tissue)
+                        outfield = f"{image}_{tissue}_image"
                         outputs[outfield] = fname_presuffix(
                             f, prefix="%sc%d" % (prefix, tidx + 1)
                         )
@@ -1901,11 +1894,9 @@ def _format_arg(self, opt, spec, val):
                 new_tissues.append(new_tissue)
             return new_tissues
         elif opt == "write_deformation_fields":
-            return super(NewSegment, self)._format_arg(
-                opt, spec, [int(val[0]), int(val[1])]
-            )
+            return super()._format_arg(opt, spec, [int(val[0]), int(val[1])])
         else:
-            return super(NewSegment, self)._format_arg(opt, spec, val)
+            return super()._format_arg(opt, spec, val)
 
     def _list_outputs(self):
         outputs = self._outputs().get()
@@ -2151,11 +2142,9 @@ def _format_arg(self, opt, spec, val):
                 new_tissues.append(new_tissue)
             return new_tissues
         elif opt == "write_deformation_fields":
-            return super(MultiChannelNewSegment, self)._format_arg(
-                opt, spec, [int(val[0]), int(val[1])]
-            )
+            return super()._format_arg(opt, spec, [int(val[0]), int(val[1])])
         else:
-            return super(MultiChannelNewSegment, self)._format_arg(opt, spec, val)
+            return super()._format_arg(opt, spec, val)
 
     def _list_outputs(self):
         outputs = self._outputs().get()
@@ -2292,7 +2281,7 @@ def _format_arg(self, opt, spec, val):
                 else:
                     return val
 
-        return super(Smooth, self)._format_arg(opt, spec, val)
+        return super()._format_arg(opt, spec, val)
 
     def _list_outputs(self):
         outputs = self._outputs().get()
@@ -2414,7 +2403,7 @@ def _format_arg(self, opt, spec, val):
             new_param["its"] = val[2]
             return [new_param]
         else:
-            return super(DARTEL, self)._format_arg(opt, spec, val)
+            return super()._format_arg(opt, spec, val)
 
     def _list_outputs(self):
         outputs = self._outputs().get()
@@ -2430,7 +2419,7 @@ def _list_outputs(self):
         for filename in self.inputs.image_files[0]:
             pth, base, ext = split_filename(filename)
             outputs["dartel_flow_fields"].append(
-                os.path.realpath("u_%s_%s%s" % (base, self.inputs.template_prefix, ext))
+                os.path.realpath(f"u_{base}_{self.inputs.template_prefix}{ext}")
             )
         return outputs
 
@@ -2534,7 +2523,7 @@ def _format_arg(self, opt, spec, val):
             else:
                 return [val, val, val]
         else:
-            return super(DARTELNorm2MNI, self)._format_arg(opt, spec, val)
+            return super()._format_arg(opt, spec, val)
 
     def _list_outputs(self):
         outputs = self._outputs().get()
@@ -2548,9 +2537,7 @@ def _list_outputs(self):
             prefix = "s" + prefix
         for filename in self.inputs.apply_to_files:
             pth, base, ext = split_filename(filename)
-            outputs["normalized_files"].append(
-                os.path.realpath("%s%s%s" % (prefix, base, ext))
-            )
+            outputs["normalized_files"].append(os.path.realpath(f"{prefix}{base}{ext}"))
 
         return outputs
 
@@ -2617,7 +2604,7 @@ def _format_arg(self, opt, spec, val):
         if opt in ["flowfield_files"]:
             return scans_for_fnames(val, keep4d=True)
         else:
-            return super(CreateWarped, self)._format_arg(opt, spec, val)
+            return super()._format_arg(opt, spec, val)
 
     def _list_outputs(self):
         outputs = self._outputs().get()
@@ -2625,9 +2612,9 @@ def _list_outputs(self):
         for filename in self.inputs.image_files:
             pth, base, ext = split_filename(filename)
             if isdefined(self.inputs.modulate) and self.inputs.modulate:
-                outputs["warped_files"].append(os.path.realpath("mw%s%s" % (base, ext)))
+                outputs["warped_files"].append(os.path.realpath(f"mw{base}{ext}"))
             else:
-                outputs["warped_files"].append(os.path.realpath("w%s%s" % (base, ext)))
+                outputs["warped_files"].append(os.path.realpath(f"w{base}{ext}"))
         return outputs
 
 
@@ -2664,7 +2651,7 @@ def _format_arg(self, opt, spec, val):
             return scans_for_fnames(val, keep4d=False, separate_sessions=False)
 
         else:
-            return super(ApplyDeformations, self)._format_arg(opt, spec, val)
+            return super()._format_arg(opt, spec, val)
 
     def _list_outputs(self):
         outputs = self._outputs().get()
@@ -2691,7 +2678,7 @@ class VBMSegmentInputSpec(SPMCommandInputSpec):
         (2, 2, 2, 3, 4, 2),
         *([traits.Int()] * 6),
         usedefault=True,
-        desc="number of gaussians for each tissue class"
+        desc="number of gaussians for each tissue class",
     )
     bias_regularization = traits.Enum(
         0.0001,
@@ -2973,7 +2960,7 @@ def _list_outputs(self):
                 )
             if self.inputs.pve_label_normalized:
                 outputs["pve_label_normalized_images"].append(
-                    os.path.join(pth, "w%sp0%s.nii" % (dartel_px, base))
+                    os.path.join(pth, f"w{dartel_px}p0{base}.nii")
                 )
             if self.inputs.pve_label_dartel == 1:
                 outputs["pve_label_registered_images"].append(
@@ -2990,16 +2977,16 @@ def _list_outputs(self):
                 )
             if self.inputs.bias_corrected_normalized:
                 outputs["normalized_bias_corrected_images"].append(
-                    os.path.join(pth, "wm%s%s.nii" % (dartel_px, base))
+                    os.path.join(pth, f"wm{dartel_px}{base}.nii")
                 )
 
             if self.inputs.deformation_field[0]:
                 outputs["forward_deformation_field"].append(
-                    os.path.join(pth, "y_%s%s.nii" % (dartel_px, base))
+                    os.path.join(pth, f"y_{dartel_px}{base}.nii")
                 )
             if self.inputs.deformation_field[1]:
                 outputs["inverse_deformation_field"].append(
-                    os.path.join(pth, "iy_%s%s.nii" % (dartel_px, base))
+                    os.path.join(pth, f"iy_{dartel_px}{base}.nii")
                 )
 
             if self.inputs.jacobian_determinant and do_dartel:
@@ -3018,18 +3005,16 @@ def _format_arg(self, opt, spec, val):
         elif opt in ["dartel_template"]:
             return np.array([val], dtype=object)
         elif opt in ["deformation_field"]:
-            return super(VBMSegment, self)._format_arg(
-                opt, spec, [int(val[0]), int(val[1])]
-            )
+            return super()._format_arg(opt, spec, [int(val[0]), int(val[1])])
         else:
-            return super(VBMSegment, self)._format_arg(opt, spec, val)
+            return super()._format_arg(opt, spec, val)
 
     def _parse_inputs(self):
         if self.inputs.spatial_normalization == "low":
-            einputs = super(VBMSegment, self)._parse_inputs(
+            einputs = super()._parse_inputs(
                 skip=("spatial_normalization", "dartel_template")
             )
             einputs[0]["estwrite"]["extopts"]["dartelwarp"] = {"normlow": 1}
             return einputs
         else:
-            return super(VBMSegment, self)._parse_inputs(skip=("spatial_normalization"))
+            return super()._parse_inputs(skip=("spatial_normalization"))
diff --git a/nipype/interfaces/spm/tests/__init__.py b/nipype/interfaces/spm/tests/__init__.py
index 40a96afc6f..e69de29bb2 100644
--- a/nipype/interfaces/spm/tests/__init__.py
+++ b/nipype/interfaces/spm/tests/__init__.py
@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
diff --git a/nipype/interfaces/spm/tests/test_base.py b/nipype/interfaces/spm/tests/test_base.py
index c2c991d742..1f653c0a86 100644
--- a/nipype/interfaces/spm/tests/test_base.py
+++ b/nipype/interfaces/spm/tests/test_base.py
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 # emacs: -*- mode: python; py-indent-offset: 4; indent-tabs-mode: nil -*-
 # vi: set ft=python sts=4 ts=4 sw=4 et:
 import os
diff --git a/nipype/interfaces/spm/tests/test_model.py b/nipype/interfaces/spm/tests/test_model.py
index a960d06fb8..fd9a0236d7 100644
--- a/nipype/interfaces/spm/tests/test_model.py
+++ b/nipype/interfaces/spm/tests/test_model.py
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 # emacs: -*- mode: python; py-indent-offset: 4; indent-tabs-mode: nil -*-
 # vi: set ft=python sts=4 ts=4 sw=4 et:
 import os
diff --git a/nipype/interfaces/spm/tests/test_preprocess.py b/nipype/interfaces/spm/tests/test_preprocess.py
index de5c79caba..74608749ec 100644
--- a/nipype/interfaces/spm/tests/test_preprocess.py
+++ b/nipype/interfaces/spm/tests/test_preprocess.py
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 # emacs: -*- mode: python; py-indent-offset: 4; indent-tabs-mode: nil -*-
 # vi: set ft=python sts=4 ts=4 sw=4 et:
 import os
diff --git a/nipype/interfaces/spm/tests/test_utils.py b/nipype/interfaces/spm/tests/test_utils.py
index c41a0da966..83a9b1e43e 100644
--- a/nipype/interfaces/spm/tests/test_utils.py
+++ b/nipype/interfaces/spm/tests/test_utils.py
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 # emacs: -*- mode: python; py-indent-offset: 4; indent-tabs-mode: nil -*-
 # vi: set ft=python sts=4 ts=4 sw=4 et:
 import os
@@ -21,7 +20,7 @@ def test_coreg():
     assert not isdefined(coreg.inputs.mat)
     pth, mov, _ = split_filename(moving)
     _, tgt, _ = split_filename(target)
-    mat = os.path.join(pth, "%s_to_%s.mat" % (mov, tgt))
+    mat = os.path.join(pth, f"{mov}_to_{tgt}.mat")
     invmat = fname_presuffix(mat, prefix="inverse_")
     script = coreg._make_matlab_command(None)
     assert coreg.inputs.mat == mat
diff --git a/nipype/interfaces/spm/utils.py b/nipype/interfaces/spm/utils.py
index 1c9e506d57..566e1a2cde 100644
--- a/nipype/interfaces/spm/utils.py
+++ b/nipype/interfaces/spm/utils.py
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 # emacs: -*- mode: python; py-indent-offset: 4; indent-tabs-mode: nil -*-
 # vi: set ft=python sts=4 ts=4 sw=4 et:
 
@@ -97,7 +96,7 @@ def _make_mat_file(self):
         """makes name for matfile if doesn exist"""
         pth, mv, _ = split_filename(self.inputs.moving)
         _, tgt, _ = split_filename(self.inputs.target)
-        mat = os.path.join(pth, "%s_to_%s.mat" % (mv, tgt))
+        mat = os.path.join(pth, f"{mv}_to_{tgt}.mat")
         return mat
 
     def _make_matlab_command(self, _):
@@ -107,16 +106,16 @@ def _make_matlab_command(self, _):
         if not isdefined(self.inputs.invmat):
             self.inputs.invmat = self._make_inv_file()
         script = """
-        target = '%s';
-        moving = '%s';
+        target = '{}';
+        moving = '{}';
         targetv = spm_vol(target);
         movingv = spm_vol(moving);
         x = spm_coreg(targetv, movingv);
         M = spm_matrix(x);
-        save('%s' , 'M' );
+        save('{}' , 'M' );
         M = inv(M);
-        save('%s','M')
-        """ % (
+        save('{}','M')
+        """.format(
             self.inputs.target,
             self.inputs.moving,
             self.inputs.mat,
@@ -168,9 +167,9 @@ def _make_matlab_command(self, _):
         outputs = self._list_outputs()
         self.inputs.out_file = outputs["out_file"]
         script = """
-        infile = '%s';
-        outfile = '%s'
-        transform = load('%s');
+        infile = '{}';
+        outfile = '{}'
+        transform = load('{}');
 
         V = spm_vol(infile);
         X = spm_read_vols(V);
@@ -179,7 +178,7 @@ def _make_matlab_command(self, _):
         V.fname = fullfile(outfile);
         spm_write_vol(V,X);
 
-        """ % (
+        """.format(
             self.inputs.in_file,
             self.inputs.out_file,
             self.inputs.mat,
@@ -492,13 +491,13 @@ def _format_arg(self, opt, spec, val):
             if val:
                 return 1
             return 0
-        return super(DicomImport, self)._format_arg(opt, spec, val)
+        return super()._format_arg(opt, spec, val)
 
     def _run_interface(self, runtime):
         od = os.path.abspath(self.inputs.output_dir)
         if not os.path.isdir(od):
             os.mkdir(od)
-        return super(DicomImport, self)._run_interface(runtime)
+        return super()._run_interface(runtime)
 
     def _list_outputs(self):
         from glob import glob
diff --git a/nipype/interfaces/tests/__init__.py b/nipype/interfaces/tests/__init__.py
index 40a96afc6f..e69de29bb2 100644
--- a/nipype/interfaces/tests/__init__.py
+++ b/nipype/interfaces/tests/__init__.py
@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
diff --git a/nipype/interfaces/tests/test_io.py b/nipype/interfaces/tests/test_io.py
index f460a203b7..3537c12d78 100644
--- a/nipype/interfaces/tests/test_io.py
+++ b/nipype/interfaces/tests/test_io.py
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 # emacs: -*- mode: python; py-indent-offset: 4; indent-tabs-mode: nil -*-
 # vi: set ft=python sts=4 ts=4 sw=4 et:
 import os
@@ -536,7 +535,7 @@ def test_datafinder_depth(tmpdir):
             df.inputs.min_depth = min_depth
             df.inputs.max_depth = max_depth
             result = df.run()
-            expected = ["{}".format(x) for x in range(min_depth, max_depth + 1)]
+            expected = [f"{x}" for x in range(min_depth, max_depth + 1)]
             for path, exp_fname in zip(result.outputs.out_paths, expected):
                 _, fname = os.path.split(path)
                 assert fname == exp_fname
@@ -595,7 +594,7 @@ def test_jsonsink(tmpdir, inputs_attributes):
         expected_data[key] = val
 
     res = js.run()
-    with open(res.outputs.out_file, "r") as f:
+    with open(res.outputs.out_file) as f:
         data = simplejson.load(f)
 
     assert data == expected_data
diff --git a/nipype/interfaces/tests/test_matlab.py b/nipype/interfaces/tests/test_matlab.py
index 21679a78e2..0150b64eb5 100644
--- a/nipype/interfaces/tests/test_matlab.py
+++ b/nipype/interfaces/tests/test_matlab.py
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 # emacs: -*- mode: python; py-indent-offset: 4; indent-tabs-mode: nil -*-
 # vi: set ft=python sts=4 ts=4 sw=4 et:
 import os
diff --git a/nipype/interfaces/tests/test_nilearn.py b/nipype/interfaces/tests/test_nilearn.py
index 29a068552c..1fed076b47 100644
--- a/nipype/interfaces/tests/test_nilearn.py
+++ b/nipype/interfaces/tests/test_nilearn.py
@@ -156,7 +156,7 @@ def _test_4d_label(
         self.assert_expected_output(wanted_labels, wanted)
 
     def assert_expected_output(self, labels, wanted):
-        with open(self.filenames["out_file"], "r") as output:
+        with open(self.filenames["out_file"]) as output:
             got = [line.split() for line in output]
             labels_got = got.pop(0)  # remove header
             assert labels_got == labels
diff --git a/nipype/interfaces/tests/test_r.py b/nipype/interfaces/tests/test_r.py
index 6550a32747..6e980e61cd 100644
--- a/nipype/interfaces/tests/test_r.py
+++ b/nipype/interfaces/tests/test_r.py
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 # emacs: -*- mode: python; py-indent-offset: 4; indent-tabs-mode: nil -*-
 # vi: set ft=python sts=4 ts=4 sw=4 et:
 import os
diff --git a/nipype/interfaces/utility/__init__.py b/nipype/interfaces/utility/__init__.py
index f5556e7263..b4df1c2afb 100644
--- a/nipype/interfaces/utility/__init__.py
+++ b/nipype/interfaces/utility/__init__.py
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 # emacs: -*- mode: python; py-indent-offset: 4; indent-tabs-mode: nil -*-
 # vi: set ft=python sts=4 ts=4 sw=4 et:
 """
diff --git a/nipype/interfaces/utility/base.py b/nipype/interfaces/utility/base.py
index 641489ecc4..812eeabd98 100644
--- a/nipype/interfaces/utility/base.py
+++ b/nipype/interfaces/utility/base.py
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 # emacs: -*- mode: python; py-indent-offset: 4; indent-tabs-mode: nil -*-
 # vi: set ft=python sts=4 ts=4 sw=4 et:
 """
@@ -58,7 +57,7 @@ class IdentityInterface(IOBase):
     output_spec = DynamicTraitedSpec
 
     def __init__(self, fields=None, mandatory_inputs=True, **inputs):
-        super(IdentityInterface, self).__init__(**inputs)
+        super().__init__(**inputs)
         if fields is None or not fields:
             raise ValueError("Identity Interface fields must be a non-empty list")
         # Each input must be in the fields.
@@ -175,7 +174,7 @@ class Merge(IOBase):
     output_spec = MergeOutputSpec
 
     def __init__(self, numinputs=0, **inputs):
-        super(Merge, self).__init__(**inputs)
+        super().__init__(**inputs)
         self._numinputs = numinputs
         if numinputs >= 1:
             input_names = ["in%d" % (i + 1) for i in range(numinputs)]
@@ -229,7 +228,7 @@ class RenameOutputSpec(TraitedSpec):
 
 
 class Rename(SimpleInterface, IOBase):
-    """Change the name of a file based on a mapped format string.
+    r"""Change the name of a file based on a mapped format string.
 
     To use additional inputs that will be defined at run-time, the class
     constructor must be called with the format template, and the fields
@@ -275,7 +274,7 @@ class Rename(SimpleInterface, IOBase):
     output_spec = RenameOutputSpec
 
     def __init__(self, format_string=None, **inputs):
-        super(Rename, self).__init__(**inputs)
+        super().__init__(**inputs)
         if format_string is not None:
             self.inputs.format_string = format_string
             self.fmt_fields = re.findall(r"%\((.+?)\)", format_string)
diff --git a/nipype/interfaces/utility/csv.py b/nipype/interfaces/utility/csv.py
index 04cb28438e..3bfc46203d 100644
--- a/nipype/interfaces/utility/csv.py
+++ b/nipype/interfaces/utility/csv.py
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 # emacs: -*- mode: python; py-indent-offset: 4; indent-tabs-mode: nil -*-
 # vi: set ft=python sts=4 ts=4 sw=4 et:
 """CSV Handling utilities
@@ -59,7 +58,7 @@ def _parse_line(self, line):
         return entry
 
     def _get_outfields(self):
-        with open(self.inputs.in_file, "r") as fid:
+        with open(self.inputs.in_file) as fid:
             entry = self._parse_line(fid.readline())
             if self.inputs.header:
                 self._outfields = tuple(entry)
@@ -72,7 +71,7 @@ def _run_interface(self, runtime):
         return runtime
 
     def _outputs(self):
-        return self._add_output_traits(super(CSVReader, self)._outputs())
+        return self._add_output_traits(super()._outputs())
 
     def _add_output_traits(self, base):
         return add_traits(base, self._get_outfields())
@@ -82,7 +81,7 @@ def _list_outputs(self):
         isHeader = True
         for key in self._outfields:
             outputs[key] = []  # initialize outfields
-        with open(self.inputs.in_file, "r") as fid:
+        with open(self.inputs.in_file) as fid:
             for line in fid.readlines():
                 if self.inputs.header and isHeader:  # skip header line
                     isHeader = False
diff --git a/nipype/interfaces/utility/tests/__init__.py b/nipype/interfaces/utility/tests/__init__.py
index 40a96afc6f..e69de29bb2 100644
--- a/nipype/interfaces/utility/tests/__init__.py
+++ b/nipype/interfaces/utility/tests/__init__.py
@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
diff --git a/nipype/interfaces/utility/tests/test_base.py b/nipype/interfaces/utility/tests/test_base.py
index a19cff16b4..4a4e6d8899 100644
--- a/nipype/interfaces/utility/tests/test_base.py
+++ b/nipype/interfaces/utility/tests/test_base.py
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 # emacs: -*- mode: python; py-indent-offset: 4; indent-tabs-mode: nil -*-
 # vi: set ft=python sts=4 ts=4 sw=4 et:
 import os
@@ -72,7 +71,7 @@ def test_merge(tmpdir, args, kwargs, in_lists, expected):
     numinputs = args[0] if args else 0
     if numinputs >= 1:
         for i in range(1, numinputs + 1):
-            setattr(node.inputs, "in{:d}".format(i), in_lists[i - 1])
+            setattr(node.inputs, f"in{i:d}", in_lists[i - 1])
 
     res = node.run()
     if numinputs < 1:
diff --git a/nipype/interfaces/utility/tests/test_csv.py b/nipype/interfaces/utility/tests/test_csv.py
index ffd69f000f..923af9d837 100644
--- a/nipype/interfaces/utility/tests/test_csv.py
+++ b/nipype/interfaces/utility/tests/test_csv.py
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 # emacs: -*- mode: python; py-indent-offset: 4; indent-tabs-mode: nil -*-
 # vi: set ft=python sts=4 ts=4 sw=4 et:
 
diff --git a/nipype/interfaces/utility/tests/test_wrappers.py b/nipype/interfaces/utility/tests/test_wrappers.py
index 1e2ce8a953..f3e378c2c3 100644
--- a/nipype/interfaces/utility/tests/test_wrappers.py
+++ b/nipype/interfaces/utility/tests/test_wrappers.py
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 # emacs: -*- mode: python; py-indent-offset: 4; indent-tabs-mode: nil -*-
 # vi: set ft=python sts=4 ts=4 sw=4 et:
 import os
diff --git a/nipype/interfaces/utility/wrappers.py b/nipype/interfaces/utility/wrappers.py
index f638816166..dffe98c862 100644
--- a/nipype/interfaces/utility/wrappers.py
+++ b/nipype/interfaces/utility/wrappers.py
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 # emacs: -*- mode: python; py-indent-offset: 4; indent-tabs-mode: nil -*-
 # vi: set ft=python sts=4 ts=4 sw=4 et:
 """
@@ -71,12 +70,12 @@ def __init__(
             in an otherwise empty namespace
         """
 
-        super(Function, self).__init__(**inputs)
+        super().__init__(**inputs)
         if function:
             if hasattr(function, "__call__"):
                 try:
                     self.inputs.function_str = getsource(function)
-                except IOError:
+                except OSError:
                     raise Exception(
                         "Interface Function does not accept "
                         "function objects defined interactively "
diff --git a/nipype/interfaces/vista/__init__.py b/nipype/interfaces/vista/__init__.py
index 928ff19fc2..414a002527 100644
--- a/nipype/interfaces/vista/__init__.py
+++ b/nipype/interfaces/vista/__init__.py
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 # emacs: -*- mode: python; py-indent-offset: 4; indent-tabs-mode: nil -*-
 # vi: set ft=python sts=4 ts=4 sw=4 et:
 """VistaSoft contains Matlab code to perform a variety of analysis on MRI data."""
diff --git a/nipype/interfaces/vista/tests/__init__.py b/nipype/interfaces/vista/tests/__init__.py
index 40a96afc6f..e69de29bb2 100644
--- a/nipype/interfaces/vista/tests/__init__.py
+++ b/nipype/interfaces/vista/tests/__init__.py
@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
diff --git a/nipype/interfaces/vista/vista.py b/nipype/interfaces/vista/vista.py
index 12823b10cc..5e6571639a 100644
--- a/nipype/interfaces/vista/vista.py
+++ b/nipype/interfaces/vista/vista.py
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 # emacs: -*- mode: python; py-indent-offset: 4; indent-tabs-mode: nil -*-
 # vi: set ft=python sts=4 ts=4 sw=4 et:
 
diff --git a/nipype/interfaces/vtkbase.py b/nipype/interfaces/vtkbase.py
index cb4d74e62f..dffcb6e2a4 100644
--- a/nipype/interfaces/vtkbase.py
+++ b/nipype/interfaces/vtkbase.py
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 # emacs: -*- mode: python; py-indent-offset: 4; indent-tabs-mode: nil -*-
 # vi: set ft=python sts=4 ts=4 sw=4 et:
 """
diff --git a/nipype/interfaces/workbench/__init__.py b/nipype/interfaces/workbench/__init__.py
index fb68624c88..693ee395a8 100644
--- a/nipype/interfaces/workbench/__init__.py
+++ b/nipype/interfaces/workbench/__init__.py
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 # emacs: -*- mode: python; py-indent-offset: 4; indent-tabs-mode: nil -*-
 # vi: set ft=python sts=4 ts=4 sw=4 et:
 """Connectome Workbench is a visualization for neuroimaging data, esp. derived from HCP data."""
diff --git a/nipype/interfaces/workbench/base.py b/nipype/interfaces/workbench/base.py
index d91c85d9f6..0cfb8624d7 100644
--- a/nipype/interfaces/workbench/base.py
+++ b/nipype/interfaces/workbench/base.py
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 # emacs: -*- mode: python; py-indent-offset: 4; indent-tabs-mode: nil -*-
 # vi: set ft=python sts=4 ts=4 sw=4 et:
 """
diff --git a/nipype/interfaces/workbench/cifti.py b/nipype/interfaces/workbench/cifti.py
index 272aec1a3e..d8b0c1a721 100644
--- a/nipype/interfaces/workbench/cifti.py
+++ b/nipype/interfaces/workbench/cifti.py
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 # emacs: -*- mode: python; py-indent-offset: 4; indent-tabs-mode: nil -*-
 # vi: set ft=python sts=4 ts=4 sw=4 et:
 """This module provides interfaces for workbench CIFTI commands"""
diff --git a/nipype/interfaces/workbench/metric.py b/nipype/interfaces/workbench/metric.py
index 6bbe7f98cf..21cdfa83e4 100644
--- a/nipype/interfaces/workbench/metric.py
+++ b/nipype/interfaces/workbench/metric.py
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 # emacs: -*- mode: python; py-indent-offset: 4; indent-tabs-mode: nil -*-
 # vi: set ft=python sts=4 ts=4 sw=4 et:
 """This module provides interfaces for workbench surface commands"""
@@ -167,10 +166,10 @@ def _format_arg(self, opt, spec, val):
             roi_out = self._gen_filename(self.inputs.in_file, suffix="_roi")
             iflogger.info("Setting roi output file as", roi_out)
             spec.argstr += " " + roi_out
-        return super(MetricResample, self)._format_arg(opt, spec, val)
+        return super()._format_arg(opt, spec, val)
 
     def _list_outputs(self):
-        outputs = super(MetricResample, self)._list_outputs()
+        outputs = super()._list_outputs()
         if self.inputs.valid_roi_out:
             roi_file = self._gen_filename(self.inputs.in_file, suffix="_roi")
             outputs["roi_file"] = os.path.abspath(roi_file)
diff --git a/nipype/pipeline/__init__.py b/nipype/pipeline/__init__.py
index 75b3b17c3a..63c5557f56 100644
--- a/nipype/pipeline/__init__.py
+++ b/nipype/pipeline/__init__.py
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 # emacs: -*- mode: python; py-indent-offset: 4; indent-tabs-mode: nil -*-
 # vi: set ft=python sts=4 ts=4 sw=4 et:
 """
diff --git a/nipype/pipeline/engine/__init__.py b/nipype/pipeline/engine/__init__.py
index b13ba968ac..20829e63a7 100644
--- a/nipype/pipeline/engine/__init__.py
+++ b/nipype/pipeline/engine/__init__.py
@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
 #!/usr/bin/env python
-# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 # emacs: -*- mode: python; py-indent-offset: 4; indent-tabs-mode: nil -*-
 # vi: set ft=python sts=4 ts=4 sw=4 et:
 """
diff --git a/nipype/pipeline/engine/base.py b/nipype/pipeline/engine/base.py
index a041fd12e0..633353943d 100644
--- a/nipype/pipeline/engine/base.py
+++ b/nipype/pipeline/engine/base.py
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 # emacs: -*- mode: python; py-indent-offset: 4; indent-tabs-mode: nil -*-
 # vi: set ft=python sts=4 ts=4 sw=4 et:
 """Defines functionality for pipelined execution of interfaces."""
@@ -11,7 +10,7 @@
 from ...utils.filemanip import loadpkl, savepkl
 
 
-class EngineBase(object):
+class EngineBase:
     """
     Defines common attributes and functions for workflows and nodes.
 
@@ -57,7 +56,7 @@ def name(self, name):
     def fullname(self):
         """Build the full name down the hierarchy."""
         if self._hierarchy:
-            return "%s.%s" % (self._hierarchy, self.name)
+            return f"{self._hierarchy}.{self.name}"
         return self.name
 
     @property
@@ -73,7 +72,7 @@ def itername(self):
         """Get the name of the expanded iterable."""
         itername = self._id
         if self._hierarchy:
-            itername = "%s.%s" % (self._hierarchy, self._id)
+            itername = f"{self._hierarchy}.{self._id}"
         return itername
 
     def clone(self, name):
diff --git a/nipype/pipeline/engine/nodes.py b/nipype/pipeline/engine/nodes.py
index b1f2a662b2..e2010b356b 100644
--- a/nipype/pipeline/engine/nodes.py
+++ b/nipype/pipeline/engine/nodes.py
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 # emacs: -*- mode: python; py-indent-offset: 4; indent-tabs-mode: nil -*-
 # vi: set ft=python sts=4 ts=4 sw=4 et:
 """Defines functionality for pipelined execution of interfaces
@@ -174,11 +173,11 @@ def __init__(
         """
         # Make sure an interface is set, and that it is an Interface
         if interface is None:
-            raise IOError("Interface must be provided")
+            raise OSError("Interface must be provided")
         if not isinstance(interface, Interface):
-            raise IOError("interface must be an instance of an Interface")
+            raise OSError("interface must be an instance of an Interface")
 
-        super(Node, self).__init__(name, kwargs.get("base_dir"))
+        super().__init__(name, kwargs.get("base_dir"))
 
         self._interface = interface
         self._hierarchy = None
@@ -872,7 +871,7 @@ def __init__(
 
         See Node docstring for additional keyword arguments.
         """
-        super(JoinNode, self).__init__(interface, name, **kwargs)
+        super().__init__(interface, name, **kwargs)
 
         self._joinsource = None  # The member should be defined
         self.joinsource = joinsource  # Let the setter do the job
@@ -938,9 +937,9 @@ def _add_join_item_fields(self):
         """
         # create the new join item fields
         idx = self._next_slot_index
-        newfields = dict(
-            [(field, self._add_join_item_field(field, idx)) for field in self.joinfield]
-        )
+        newfields = {
+            field: self._add_join_item_field(field, idx) for field in self.joinfield
+        }
         # increment the join slot index
         logger.debug("Added the %s join item fields %s.", self, newfields)
         self._next_slot_index += 1
@@ -1001,7 +1000,7 @@ def _override_join_traits(self, basetraits, fields):
     def _run_command(self, execute, copyfiles=True):
         """Collates the join inputs prior to delegating to the superclass."""
         self._collate_join_field_inputs()
-        return super(JoinNode, self)._run_command(execute, copyfiles)
+        return super()._run_command(execute, copyfiles)
 
     def _collate_join_field_inputs(self):
         """
@@ -1113,7 +1112,7 @@ def __init__(
         See Node docstring for additional keyword arguments.
         """
 
-        super(MapNode, self).__init__(interface, name, **kwargs)
+        super().__init__(interface, name, **kwargs)
         if isinstance(iterfield, (str, bytes)):
             iterfield = [iterfield]
         self.iterfield = iterfield
@@ -1291,7 +1290,7 @@ def _collate_results(self, nodes):
                     msg += ["Subnode %d failed" % i]
                     msg += ["Error: %s" % str(code)]
             raise NodeExecutionError(
-                "Subnodes of node: %s failed:\n%s" % (self.name, "\n".join(msg))
+                "Subnodes of node: {} failed:\n{}".format(self.name, "\n".join(msg))
             )
 
         return finalresult
@@ -1319,7 +1318,7 @@ def _get_inputs(self):
             self._interface.inputs, fields=self.iterfield
         )
         self._inputs.trait_set(**old_inputs)
-        super(MapNode, self)._get_inputs()
+        super()._get_inputs()
 
     def _check_iterfield(self):
         """Checks iterfield
diff --git a/nipype/pipeline/engine/tests/__init__.py b/nipype/pipeline/engine/tests/__init__.py
index 99fb243f19..349937997e 100644
--- a/nipype/pipeline/engine/tests/__init__.py
+++ b/nipype/pipeline/engine/tests/__init__.py
@@ -1,3 +1,2 @@
-# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 # emacs: -*- mode: python; py-indent-offset: 4; indent-tabs-mode: nil -*-
 # vi: set ft=python sts=4 ts=4 sw=4 et:
diff --git a/nipype/pipeline/engine/tests/test_base.py b/nipype/pipeline/engine/tests/test_base.py
index ab80c2f158..5562a3338c 100644
--- a/nipype/pipeline/engine/tests/test_base.py
+++ b/nipype/pipeline/engine/tests/test_base.py
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 # emacs: -*- mode: python; py-indent-offset: 4; indent-tabs-mode: nil -*-
 # vi: set ft=python sts=4 ts=4 sw=4 et:
 
diff --git a/nipype/pipeline/engine/tests/test_engine.py b/nipype/pipeline/engine/tests/test_engine.py
index 2df8f0b233..641a4837c4 100644
--- a/nipype/pipeline/engine/tests/test_engine.py
+++ b/nipype/pipeline/engine/tests/test_engine.py
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 # emacs: -*- mode: python; py-indent-offset: 4; indent-tabs-mode: nil -*-
 # vi: set ft=python sts=4 ts=4 sw=4 et:
 """Tests for the engine module
@@ -355,7 +354,7 @@ def func1(in1):
     assert len(outjson) == 1
 
     # check that multiple json's don't trigger rerun
-    with open(os.path.join(node.output_dir(), "test.json"), "wt") as fp:
+    with open(os.path.join(node.output_dir(), "test.json"), "w") as fp:
         fp.write("dummy file")
     w1.config["execution"].update(**{"stop_on_first_rerun": True})
 
@@ -458,7 +457,7 @@ def test_deep_nested_write_graph_runs(tmpdir):
             pipe = pe.Workflow(name="pipe")
             parent = pipe
             for depth in range(10):
-                sub = pe.Workflow(name="pipe_nest_{}".format(depth))
+                sub = pe.Workflow(name=f"pipe_nest_{depth}")
                 parent.add_nodes([sub])
                 parent = sub
             mod1 = pe.Node(interface=EngineTestInterface(), name="mod1")
diff --git a/nipype/pipeline/engine/tests/test_join.py b/nipype/pipeline/engine/tests/test_join.py
index 9606587c13..2fe5f70564 100644
--- a/nipype/pipeline/engine/tests/test_join.py
+++ b/nipype/pipeline/engine/tests/test_join.py
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 # emacs: -*- mode: python; py-indent-offset: 4; indent-tabs-mode: nil -*-
 # vi: set ft=python sts=4 ts=4 sw=4 et:
 """Tests for join expansion
@@ -406,7 +405,7 @@ def test_multifield_join_node(tmpdir):
     # node and 1 post-join node.
     assert len(result.nodes()) == 10, "The number of expanded nodes is incorrect."
     # the product inputs are [2, 4], [2, 5], [3, 4], [3, 5]
-    assert set(_products) == set([8, 10, 12, 15]), (
+    assert set(_products) == {8, 10, 12, 15}, (
         "The post-join products is incorrect: %s." % _products
     )
 
diff --git a/nipype/pipeline/engine/tests/test_nodes.py b/nipype/pipeline/engine/tests/test_nodes.py
index e0f55f096a..19ffd714c6 100644
--- a/nipype/pipeline/engine/tests/test_nodes.py
+++ b/nipype/pipeline/engine/tests/test_nodes.py
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 # emacs: -*- mode: python; py-indent-offset: 4; indent-tabs-mode: nil -*-
 # vi: set ft=python sts=4 ts=4 sw=4 et:
 import os
@@ -259,9 +258,9 @@ def test_function(arg1):
 
         file1 = os.path.join(os.getcwd(), "file1.txt")
         file2 = os.path.join(os.getcwd(), "file2.txt")
-        with open(file1, "wt") as fp:
+        with open(file1, "w") as fp:
             fp.write("%d" % arg1)
-        with open(file2, "wt") as fp:
+        with open(file2, "w") as fp:
             fp.write("%d" % arg1)
         return file1, file2
 
diff --git a/nipype/pipeline/engine/tests/test_utils.py b/nipype/pipeline/engine/tests/test_utils.py
index 07b01bd3ba..80865f7eee 100644
--- a/nipype/pipeline/engine/tests/test_utils.py
+++ b/nipype/pipeline/engine/tests/test_utils.py
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 # emacs: -*- mode: python; py-indent-offset: 4; indent-tabs-mode: nil -*-
 # vi: set ft=python sts=4 ts=4 sw=4 et:
 """Tests for the engine utils module
@@ -179,7 +178,7 @@ def test_mapnode_crash(tmpdir):
         iterfield=["WRONG"],
         name="myfunc",
     )
-    node.inputs.WRONG = ["string{}".format(i) for i in range(3)]
+    node.inputs.WRONG = [f"string{i}" for i in range(3)]
     node.config = deepcopy(config._sections)
     node.config["execution"]["stop_on_first_crash"] = True
     node.base_dir = tmpdir.strpath
@@ -198,7 +197,7 @@ def test_mapnode_crash2(tmpdir):
         iterfield=["WRONG"],
         name="myfunc",
     )
-    node.inputs.WRONG = ["string{}".format(i) for i in range(3)]
+    node.inputs.WRONG = [f"string{i}" for i in range(3)]
     node.base_dir = tmpdir.strpath
 
     with pytest.raises(Exception):
@@ -216,7 +215,7 @@ def test_mapnode_crash3(tmpdir):
         iterfield=["WRONG"],
         name="myfunc",
     )
-    node.inputs.WRONG = ["string{}".format(i) for i in range(3)]
+    node.inputs.WRONG = [f"string{i}" for i in range(3)]
     wf = pe.Workflow("testmapnodecrash")
     wf.add_nodes([node])
     wf.base_dir = tmpdir.strpath
diff --git a/nipype/pipeline/engine/tests/test_workflows.py b/nipype/pipeline/engine/tests/test_workflows.py
index ab6ad663fd..9b06eb56bb 100644
--- a/nipype/pipeline/engine/tests/test_workflows.py
+++ b/nipype/pipeline/engine/tests/test_workflows.py
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 # emacs: -*- mode: python; py-indent-offset: 4; indent-tabs-mode: nil -*-
 # vi: set ft=python sts=4 ts=4 sw=4 et:
 """Tests for the engine workflows module
@@ -134,7 +133,7 @@ def _test_function(arg1):
     file4 = os.path.join(os.getcwd(), "subdir", "file4.txt")
     os.mkdir("subdir")
     for filename in [file1, file2, file3, file4]:
-        with open(filename, "wt") as fp:
+        with open(filename, "w") as fp:
             fp.write("%d" % arg1)
     return file1, file2, os.path.join(os.getcwd(), "subdir")
 
@@ -142,7 +141,7 @@ def _test_function(arg1):
 def _test_function2(in_file, arg):
     import os
 
-    with open(in_file, "rt") as fp:
+    with open(in_file) as fp:
         in_arg = fp.read()
 
     file1 = os.path.join(os.getcwd(), "file1.txt")
@@ -150,7 +149,7 @@ def _test_function2(in_file, arg):
     file3 = os.path.join(os.getcwd(), "file3.txt")
     files = [file1, file2, file3]
     for filename in files:
-        with open(filename, "wt") as fp:
+        with open(filename, "w") as fp:
             fp.write("%d" % arg + in_arg)
     return file1, file2, 1
 
diff --git a/nipype/pipeline/engine/utils.py b/nipype/pipeline/engine/utils.py
index 94f9852268..53e2c49242 100644
--- a/nipype/pipeline/engine/utils.py
+++ b/nipype/pipeline/engine/utils.py
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 # emacs: -*- mode: python; py-indent-offset: 4; indent-tabs-mode: nil -*-
 # vi: set ft=python sts=4 ts=4 sw=4 et:
 """Utility routines for workflow graphs"""
@@ -67,13 +66,13 @@ def save_hashfile(hashfile, hashed_inputs):
     """Store a hashfile"""
     try:
         save_json(hashfile, hashed_inputs)
-    except (IOError, TypeError):
+    except (OSError, TypeError):
         err_type = sys.exc_info()[0]
         if err_type is TypeError:
             # XXX - SG current workaround is to just
             # create the hashed file and not put anything
             # in it
-            with open(hashfile, "wt") as fd:
+            with open(hashfile, "w") as fd:
                 fd.writelines(str(hashed_inputs))
 
             logger.debug("Unable to write a particular type to the json file")
@@ -333,7 +332,7 @@ def _write_inputs(node):
                 try:
                     func = create_function_from_source(val)
                 except RuntimeError:
-                    lines.append("%s.inputs.%s = '%s'" % (nodename, key, val))
+                    lines.append(f"{nodename}.inputs.{key} = '{val}'")
                 else:
                     funcname = [
                         name for name in func.__globals__ if name != "__builtins__"
@@ -345,11 +344,9 @@ def _write_inputs(node):
                         )
                         funcname = "%s_1" % funcname
                     lines.append("from nipype.utils.functions import getsource")
-                    lines.append(
-                        "%s.inputs.%s = getsource(%s)" % (nodename, key, funcname)
-                    )
+                    lines.append(f"{nodename}.inputs.{key} = getsource({funcname})")
             else:
-                lines.append("%s.inputs.%s = %s" % (nodename, key, val))
+                lines.append(f"{nodename}.inputs.{key} = {val}")
     return lines
 
 
@@ -361,7 +358,7 @@ def format_node(node, format="python", include_config=False):
     name = node.fullname.replace(".", "_")
     if format == "python":
         klass = node.interface
-        importline = "from %s import %s" % (klass.__module__, klass.__class__.__name__)
+        importline = f"from {klass.__module__} import {klass.__class__.__name__}"
         comment = "# Node: %s" % node.fullname
         spec = signature(node.interface.__init__)
         filled_args = []
@@ -372,7 +369,7 @@ def format_node(node, format="python", include_config=False):
         args = ", ".join(filled_args)
         klass_name = klass.__class__.__name__
         if isinstance(node, MapNode):
-            nodedef = '%s = MapNode(%s(%s), iterfield=%s, name="%s")' % (
+            nodedef = '{} = MapNode({}({}), iterfield={}, name="{}")'.format(
                 name,
                 klass_name,
                 args,
@@ -380,7 +377,7 @@ def format_node(node, format="python", include_config=False):
                 name,
             )
         else:
-            nodedef = '%s = Node(%s(%s), name="%s")' % (name, klass_name, args, name)
+            nodedef = f'{name} = Node({klass_name}({args}), name="{name}")'
         lines = [importline, comment, nodedef]
 
         if include_config:
@@ -390,10 +387,10 @@ def format_node(node, format="python", include_config=False):
                 comment,
                 nodedef,
             ]
-            lines.append("%s.config = %s" % (name, node.config))
+            lines.append(f"{name}.config = {node.config}")
 
         if node.iterables is not None:
-            lines.append("%s.iterables = %s" % (name, node.iterables))
+            lines.append(f"{name}.iterables = {node.iterables}")
         lines.extend(_write_inputs(node))
 
     return lines
@@ -437,11 +434,11 @@ def modify_paths(object, relative=True, basedir=None):
                 else:
                     out = os.path.abspath(os.path.join(basedir, object))
                 if not os.path.exists(out):
-                    raise IOError("File %s not found" % out)
+                    raise OSError("File %s not found" % out)
             else:
                 out = object
         else:
-            raise TypeError("Object {} is undefined".format(object))
+            raise TypeError(f"Object {object} is undefined")
     return out
 
 
@@ -536,7 +533,7 @@ def _write_detailed_dot(graph, dotfilename):
                     inports.append(inport)
         inputstr = (
             ["{IN"]
-            + ["|<in%s> %s" % (_replacefunk(ip), ip) for ip in sorted(inports)]
+            + [f"|<in{_replacefunk(ip)}> {ip}" for ip in sorted(inports)]
             + ["}"]
         )
         outports = []
@@ -550,10 +547,7 @@ def _write_detailed_dot(graph, dotfilename):
                     outports.append(outport)
         outputstr = (
             ["{OUT"]
-            + [
-                "|<out%s> %s" % (_replacefunk(oport), oport)
-                for oport in sorted(outports)
-            ]
+            + [f"|<out{_replacefunk(oport)}> {oport}" for oport in sorted(outports)]
             + ["}"]
         )
         srcpackage = ""
@@ -562,7 +556,7 @@ def _write_detailed_dot(graph, dotfilename):
             if len(pkglist) > 2:
                 srcpackage = pkglist[2]
         srchierarchy = ".".join(nodename.split(".")[1:-1])
-        nodenamestr = "{ %s | %s | %s }" % (
+        nodenamestr = "{{ {} | {} | {} }}".format(
             nodename.split(".")[-1],
             srcpackage,
             srchierarchy,
@@ -580,7 +574,7 @@ def _write_detailed_dot(graph, dotfilename):
     for edge in sorted(edges):
         text.append(edge)
     text.append("}")
-    with open(dotfilename, "wt") as filep:
+    with open(dotfilename, "w") as filep:
         filep.write("\n".join(text))
     return text
 
@@ -651,8 +645,7 @@ def walk(children, level=0, path=None, usename=True):
         else:
             path[level] = child
         # Recurse into the next level
-        for child_paths in walk(tail, level + 1, path, usename):
-            yield child_paths
+        yield from walk(tail, level + 1, path, usename)
 
 
 def synchronize_iterables(iterables):
@@ -758,10 +751,8 @@ def _merge_graphs(
         # used at the same level. The use of the template below for naming
         # updates to nodes is the general solution.
         raise Exception(
-            (
-                "Execution graph does not have a unique set of node "
-                "names. Please rerun the workflow"
-            )
+            "Execution graph does not have a unique set of node "
+            "names. Please rerun the workflow"
         )
     edgeinfo = {}
     for n in list(subgraph.nodes()):
@@ -1013,11 +1004,9 @@ def generate_expanded_graph(graph_in):
             # find the unique iterable source node in the graph
             try:
                 iter_src = next(
-                    (
-                        node
-                        for node in graph_in.nodes()
-                        if node.name == src_name and nx.has_path(graph_in, node, inode)
-                    )
+                    node
+                    for node in graph_in.nodes()
+                    if node.name == src_name and nx.has_path(graph_in, node, inode)
                 )
             except StopIteration:
                 raise ValueError(
@@ -1039,13 +1028,9 @@ def generate_expanded_graph(graph_in):
             # The itersource iterables is a {field: lookup} dictionary, where the
             # lookup is a {source key: iteration list} dictionary. Look up the
             # current iterable value using the predecessor itersource input values.
-            iter_dict = dict(
-                [
-                    (field, lookup[key])
-                    for field, lookup in inode.iterables
-                    if key in lookup
-                ]
-            )
+            iter_dict = {
+                field: lookup[key] for field, lookup in inode.iterables if key in lookup
+            }
 
             # convert the iterables to the standard {field: function} format
 
@@ -1235,9 +1220,7 @@ def _standardize_iterables(node):
     if node.synchronize:
         if len(iterables) == 2:
             first, last = iterables
-            if all(
-                (isinstance(item, (str, bytes)) and item in fields for item in first)
-            ):
+            if all(isinstance(item, (str, bytes)) and item in fields for item in first):
                 iterables = _transpose_iterables(first, last)
 
     # Convert a tuple to a list
@@ -1282,13 +1265,11 @@ def _validate_iterables(node, iterables, fields):
                     "The %s iterables is not a [(field, values)]" " list" % node.name
                 )
         except TypeError as e:
-            raise TypeError(
-                "A %s iterables member is not iterable: %s" % (node.name, e)
-            )
+            raise TypeError(f"A {node.name} iterables member is not iterable: {e}")
         field, _ = item
         if field not in fields:
             raise ValueError(
-                "The %s iterables field is unrecognized: %s" % (node.name, field)
+                f"The {node.name} iterables field is unrecognized: {field}"
             )
 
 
@@ -1303,7 +1284,7 @@ def _transpose_iterables(fields, values):
     Otherwise, the result is a list of (field: value list) pairs.
     """
     if isinstance(values, dict):
-        transposed = dict([(field, defaultdict(list)) for field in fields])
+        transposed = {field: defaultdict(list) for field in fields}
         for key, tuples in list(values.items()):
             for kvals in tuples:
                 for idx, val in enumerate(kvals):
@@ -1398,9 +1379,9 @@ def format_dot(dotfilename, format="png"):
     """Dump a directed graph (Linux only; install via `brew` on OSX)"""
     try:
         formatted_dot, _ = _run_dot(dotfilename, format_ext=format)
-    except IOError as ioe:
+    except OSError as ioe:
         if "could not be found" in str(ioe):
-            raise IOError("Cannot draw directed graph; executable 'dot' is unavailable")
+            raise OSError("Cannot draw directed graph; executable 'dot' is unavailable")
         else:
             raise ioe
     return formatted_dot
@@ -1411,8 +1392,8 @@ def _run_dot(dotfilename, format_ext):
         return dotfilename, None
 
     dot_base = os.path.splitext(dotfilename)[0]
-    formatted_dot = "{}.{}".format(dot_base, format_ext)
-    cmd = 'dot -T{} -o"{}" "{}"'.format(format_ext, formatted_dot, dotfilename)
+    formatted_dot = f"{dot_base}.{format_ext}"
+    cmd = f'dot -T{format_ext} -o"{formatted_dot}" "{dotfilename}"'
     res = CommandLine(cmd, terminal_output="allatonce", resource_monitor=False).run()
     return formatted_dot, res
 
@@ -1668,7 +1649,7 @@ def write_workflow_resources(graph, filename=None, append=None):
     # If we append different runs, then we will see different
     # "bursts" of timestamps corresponding to those executions.
     if append and os.path.isfile(filename):
-        with open(filename, "r") as rsf:
+        with open(filename) as rsf:
             big_dict = json.load(rsf)
 
     for _, node in enumerate(graph.nodes()):
@@ -1677,7 +1658,7 @@ def write_workflow_resources(graph, filename=None, append=None):
 
         params = ""
         if node.parameterization:
-            params = "_".join(["{}".format(p) for p in node.parameterization])
+            params = "_".join([f"{p}" for p in node.parameterization])
 
         try:
             rt_list = node.result.runtime
diff --git a/nipype/pipeline/engine/workflows.py b/nipype/pipeline/engine/workflows.py
index 5cff775284..72be5fb71a 100644
--- a/nipype/pipeline/engine/workflows.py
+++ b/nipype/pipeline/engine/workflows.py
@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
 #!/usr/bin/env python
-# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 # emacs: -*- mode: python; py-indent-offset: 4; indent-tabs-mode: nil -*-
 # vi: set ft=python sts=4 ts=4 sw=4 et:
 """Defines functionality for pipelined execution of interfaces
@@ -56,7 +55,7 @@ def __init__(self, name, base_dir=None):
         """
         import networkx as nx
 
-        super(Workflow, self).__init__(name, base_dir)
+        super().__init__(name, base_dir)
         self._graph = nx.DiGraph()
 
         self._nodes_cache = set()
@@ -78,7 +77,7 @@ def clone(self, name):
             unique name for the workflow
 
         """
-        clone = super(Workflow, self).clone(name)
+        clone = super().clone(name)
         clone._reset_hierarchy()
         return clone
 
@@ -152,7 +151,7 @@ def connect(self, *args, **kwargs):
                     " src[%s] dest[%s] workflow[%s]"
                 ) % (srcnode, destnode, self.name)
 
-                raise IOError(msg)
+                raise OSError(msg)
             if (srcnode not in newnodes) and not self._has_node(srcnode):
                 newnodes.add(srcnode)
             if (destnode not in newnodes) and not self._has_node(destnode):
@@ -232,9 +231,7 @@ def connect(self, *args, **kwargs):
                 connected_ports[destnode].add(dest)
         infostr = []
         for info in not_found:
-            infostr += [
-                "Module %s has no %sput called %s\n" % (info[1], info[0], info[2])
-            ]
+            infostr += [f"Module {info[1]} has no {info[0]}put called {info[2]}\n"]
         if not_found:
             raise Exception("\n".join(["Some connections were not found"] + infostr))
 
@@ -332,11 +329,11 @@ def add_nodes(self, nodes):
         all_nodes = self._get_all_nodes()
         for node in nodes:
             if node in all_nodes:
-                raise IOError("Node %s already exists in the workflow" % node)
+                raise OSError("Node %s already exists in the workflow" % node)
             if isinstance(node, Workflow):
                 for subnode in node._get_all_nodes():
                     if subnode in all_nodes:
-                        raise IOError(
+                        raise OSError(
                             ("Subnode %s of node %s already exists " "in the workflow")
                             % (subnode, node)
                         )
@@ -493,7 +490,7 @@ def write_hierarchical_dotfile(
         dotlist.append("}")
         dotstr = "\n".join(dotlist)
         if dotfilename:
-            fp = open(dotfilename, "wt")
+            fp = open(dotfilename, "w")
             fp.writelines(dotstr)
             fp.close()
         else:
@@ -531,10 +528,10 @@ def export(
         if format == "python":
             connect_template = '%s.connect(%%s, %%s, %%s, "%%s")' % self.name
             connect_template2 = '%s.connect(%%s, "%%s", %%s, "%%s")' % self.name
-            wfdef = '%s = Workflow("%s")' % (self.name, self.name)
+            wfdef = f'{self.name} = Workflow("{self.name}")'
             lines.append(wfdef)
             if include_config:
-                lines.append("%s.config = %s" % (self.name, self.config))
+                lines.append(f"{self.name}.config = {self.config}")
             for idx, node in enumerate(nodes):
                 nodename = node.fullname.replace(".", "_")
                 # write nodes
@@ -587,8 +584,8 @@ def export(
             all_lines = importlines + functionlines + lines
 
             if not filename:
-                filename = "%s%s.py" % (prefix, self.name)
-            with open(filename, "wt") as fp:
+                filename = f"{prefix}{self.name}.py"
+            with open(filename, "w") as fp:
                 fp.writelines("\n".join(all_lines))
         return all_lines
 
@@ -672,7 +669,7 @@ def _write_report_info(self, workingdir, name, graph):
             report_file = "%s/_report/report.rst" % node.output_dir().replace(
                 report_dir, ""
             )
-            result_file = "%s/result_%s.pklz" % (
+            result_file = "{}/result_{}.pklz".format(
                 node.output_dir().replace(report_dir, ""),
                 node.name,
             )
@@ -763,10 +760,10 @@ def _check_nodes(self, nodes):
                 try:
                     this_node_lineage = node_lineage[idx]
                 except IndexError:
-                    raise IOError('Duplicate node name "%s" found.' % node.name)
+                    raise OSError('Duplicate node name "%s" found.' % node.name)
                 else:
                     if this_node_lineage in [node._hierarchy, self.name]:
-                        raise IOError('Duplicate node name "%s" found.' % node.name)
+                        raise OSError('Duplicate node name "%s" found.' % node.name)
             else:
                 node_names.append(node.name)
 
@@ -1037,7 +1034,7 @@ def _get_dot(
         if level > len(colorset) - 2:
             level = 3  # Loop back to blue
 
-        dotlist = ['%slabel="%s";' % (prefix, self.name)]
+        dotlist = [f'{prefix}label="{self.name}";']
         for node in nx.topological_sort(self._graph):
             fullname = ".".join(hierarchy + [node.fullname])
             nodename = fullname.replace(".", "_")
@@ -1098,7 +1095,7 @@ def _get_dot(
                         nodename = nodefullname.replace(".", "_")
                         subnodename = subnodefullname.replace(".", "_")
                         for _ in self._graph.get_edge_data(node, subnode)["connect"]:
-                            dotlist.append("%s -> %s;" % (nodename, subnodename))
+                            dotlist.append(f"{nodename} -> {subnodename};")
                         logger.debug("connection: %s", dotlist[-1])
         # add between workflow connections
         for u, v, d in self._graph.edges(data=True):
diff --git a/nipype/pipeline/plugins/__init__.py b/nipype/pipeline/plugins/__init__.py
index 83f4869a41..0b1ba01637 100644
--- a/nipype/pipeline/plugins/__init__.py
+++ b/nipype/pipeline/plugins/__init__.py
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 # emacs: -*- mode: python; py-indent-offset: 4; indent-tabs-mode: nil -*-
 # vi: set ft=python sts=4 ts=4 sw=4 et:
 
diff --git a/nipype/pipeline/plugins/base.py b/nipype/pipeline/plugins/base.py
index 3d600dda55..607ebbe7ba 100644
--- a/nipype/pipeline/plugins/base.py
+++ b/nipype/pipeline/plugins/base.py
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 # emacs: -*- mode: python; py-indent-offset: 4; indent-tabs-mode: nil -*-
 # vi: set ft=python sts=4 ts=4 sw=4 et:
 """Common graph operations for execution."""
@@ -33,7 +32,7 @@ def _graph_to_lil_matrix(graph, nodelist):
     return ssp.lil_matrix(to_scipy_sparse_array(graph, nodelist=nodelist, format="lil"))
 
 
-class PluginBase(object):
+class PluginBase:
     """Base class for plugins."""
 
     def __init__(self, plugin_args=None):
@@ -103,7 +102,7 @@ def __init__(self, plugin_args=None):
         Initialize runtime attributes to none
 
         """
-        super(DistributedPluginBase, self).__init__(plugin_args=plugin_args)
+        super().__init__(plugin_args=plugin_args)
         self.procs = None
         self.depidx = None
         self.refidx = None
@@ -487,7 +486,7 @@ class SGELikeBatchManagerBase(DistributedPluginBase):
     """Execute workflow with SGE/OGE/PBS like batch system"""
 
     def __init__(self, template, plugin_args=None):
-        super(SGELikeBatchManagerBase, self).__init__(plugin_args=plugin_args)
+        super().__init__(plugin_args=plugin_args)
         self._template = template
         self._qsub_args = None
         if plugin_args:
@@ -535,14 +534,14 @@ def _get_result(self, taskid):
             results_file = None
             try:
                 error_message = (
-                    "Job id ({0}) finished or terminated, but "
-                    "results file does not exist after ({1}) "
+                    "Job id ({}) finished or terminated, but "
+                    "results file does not exist after ({}) "
                     "seconds. Batch dir contains crashdump file "
                     "if node raised an exception.\n"
-                    "Node working directory: ({2}) ".format(taskid, timeout, node_dir)
+                    "Node working directory: ({}) ".format(taskid, timeout, node_dir)
                 )
-                raise IOError(error_message)
-            except IOError as e:
+                raise OSError(error_message)
+            except OSError as e:
                 result_data["traceback"] = "\n".join(format_exception(*sys.exc_info()))
         else:
             results_file = glob(os.path.join(node_dir, "result_*.pklz"))[0]
@@ -565,10 +564,10 @@ def _submit_job(self, node, updatehash=False):
         batch_dir, name = os.path.split(pyscript)
         name = ".".join(name.split(".")[:-1])
         batchscript = "\n".join(
-            (self._template.rstrip("\n"), "%s %s" % (sys.executable, pyscript))
+            (self._template.rstrip("\n"), f"{sys.executable} {pyscript}")
         )
         batchscriptfile = os.path.join(batch_dir, "batchscript_%s.sh" % name)
-        with open(batchscriptfile, "wt") as fp:
+        with open(batchscriptfile, "w") as fp:
             fp.writelines(batchscript)
         return self._submit_batchtask(batchscriptfile, node)
 
@@ -584,7 +583,7 @@ def __init__(self, plugin_args=None):
             logger.warning(
                 "status_callback not supported for Graph submission" " plugins"
             )
-        super(GraphPluginBase, self).__init__(plugin_args=plugin_args)
+        super().__init__(plugin_args=plugin_args)
 
     def run(self, graph, config, updatehash=False):
         import networkx as nx
diff --git a/nipype/pipeline/plugins/condor.py b/nipype/pipeline/plugins/condor.py
index cd0ad985e2..59971f65f2 100644
--- a/nipype/pipeline/plugins/condor.py
+++ b/nipype/pipeline/plugins/condor.py
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 """Parallel workflow execution via Condor
 """
 
@@ -44,7 +43,7 @@ def __init__(self, **kwargs):
                 self._retry_timeout = kwargs["plugin_args"]["retry_timeout"]
             if "max_tries" in kwargs["plugin_args"]:
                 self._max_tries = kwargs["plugin_args"]["max_tries"]
-        super(CondorPlugin, self).__init__(template, **kwargs)
+        super().__init__(template, **kwargs)
 
     def _is_pending(self, taskid):
         cmd = CommandLine(
@@ -79,9 +78,9 @@ def _submit_batchtask(self, scriptfile, node):
         if self._qsub_args:
             qsubargs = self._qsub_args
         if "-o" not in qsubargs:
-            qsubargs = "%s -o %s" % (qsubargs, path)
+            qsubargs = f"{qsubargs} -o {path}"
         if "-e" not in qsubargs:
-            qsubargs = "%s -e %s" % (qsubargs, path)
+            qsubargs = f"{qsubargs} -e {path}"
         if node._hierarchy:
             jobname = ".".join((dict(os.environ)["LOGNAME"], node._hierarchy, node._id))
         else:
@@ -89,7 +88,7 @@ def _submit_batchtask(self, scriptfile, node):
         jobnameitems = jobname.split(".")
         jobnameitems.reverse()
         jobname = ".".join(jobnameitems)
-        cmd.inputs.args = "%s -N %s %s" % (qsubargs, jobname, scriptfile)
+        cmd.inputs.args = f"{qsubargs} -N {jobname} {scriptfile}"
         oldlevel = iflogger.level
         iflogger.setLevel(logging.getLevelName("CRITICAL"))
         tries = 0
diff --git a/nipype/pipeline/plugins/dagman.py b/nipype/pipeline/plugins/dagman.py
index 98b07eeb10..42a73f0d8d 100644
--- a/nipype/pipeline/plugins/dagman.py
+++ b/nipype/pipeline/plugins/dagman.py
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 """Parallel workflow execution via Condor DAGMan
 """
 import os
@@ -99,14 +98,14 @@ def __init__(self, **kwargs):
                 warn(
                     "the 'submit_specs' argument is deprecated, use 'override_specs' instead"
                 )
-        super(CondorDAGManPlugin, self).__init__(**kwargs)
+        super().__init__(**kwargs)
 
     def _submit_graph(self, pyfiles, dependencies, nodes):
         # location of all scripts, place dagman output in here too
         batch_dir, _ = os.path.split(pyfiles[0])
         # DAG description filename
         dagfilename = os.path.join(batch_dir, "workflow-%s.dag" % uuid.uuid4())
-        with open(dagfilename, "wt") as dagfileptr:
+        with open(dagfilename, "w") as dagfileptr:
             # loop over all scripts, create submit files, and define them
             # as jobs in the DAG
             for idx, pyscript in enumerate(pyfiles):
@@ -130,7 +129,7 @@ def _submit_graph(self, pyfiles, dependencies, nodes):
                     ],
                 )
                 # add required slots to the template
-                template = "%s\n%s\n%s\nqueue\n" % (
+                template = "{}\n{}\n{}\nqueue\n".format(
                     "%(initial_specs)s",
                     template,
                     "%(override_specs)s",
@@ -147,7 +146,7 @@ def _submit_graph(self, pyfiles, dependencies, nodes):
                 )
                 if wrapper_cmd is not None:
                     specs["executable"] = wrapper_cmd
-                    specs["nodescript"] = "%s %s %s" % (
+                    specs["nodescript"] = "{} {} {}".format(
                         wrapper_args % specs,  # give access to variables
                         sys.executable,
                         pyscript,
@@ -155,7 +154,7 @@ def _submit_graph(self, pyfiles, dependencies, nodes):
                 submitspec = template % specs
                 # write submit spec for this job
                 submitfile = os.path.join(batch_dir, "%s.submit" % name)
-                with open(submitfile, "wt") as submitfileprt:
+                with open(submitfile, "w") as submitfileprt:
                     submitfileprt.writelines(submitspec)
                     submitfileprt.close()
                 # define job in DAG
@@ -176,14 +175,14 @@ def _submit_graph(self, pyfiles, dependencies, nodes):
             terminal_output="allatonce",
         )
         # needs -update_submit or re-running a workflow will fail
-        cmd.inputs.args = "%s -update_submit %s" % (self._dagman_args, dagfilename)
+        cmd.inputs.args = f"{self._dagman_args} -update_submit {dagfilename}"
         cmd.run()
         logger.info("submitted all jobs to Condor DAGMan")
         if self._block:
             # wait for DAGMan to settle down, no time wasted it is already running
             time.sleep(10)
             if not os.path.exists("%s.condor.sub" % dagfilename):
-                raise EnvironmentError(
+                raise OSError(
                     "DAGMan did not create its submit file, please check the logs"
                 )
             # wait for completion
diff --git a/nipype/pipeline/plugins/debug.py b/nipype/pipeline/plugins/debug.py
index 31ce4e08e5..956d1b0694 100644
--- a/nipype/pipeline/plugins/debug.py
+++ b/nipype/pipeline/plugins/debug.py
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 # emacs: -*- mode: python; py-indent-offset: 4; indent-tabs-mode: nil -*-
 # vi: set ft=python sts=4 ts=4 sw=4 et:
 """Debug plugin
@@ -12,7 +11,7 @@ class DebugPlugin(PluginBase):
     """Execute workflow in series"""
 
     def __init__(self, plugin_args=None):
-        super(DebugPlugin, self).__init__(plugin_args=plugin_args)
+        super().__init__(plugin_args=plugin_args)
         if (
             plugin_args
             and "callable" in plugin_args
diff --git a/nipype/pipeline/plugins/ipython.py b/nipype/pipeline/plugins/ipython.py
index b22a5ea4e5..0ecabb2438 100644
--- a/nipype/pipeline/plugins/ipython.py
+++ b/nipype/pipeline/plugins/ipython.py
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 # emacs: -*- mode: python; py-indent-offset: 4; indent-tabs-mode: nil -*-
 # vi: set ft=python sts=4 ts=4 sw=4 et:
 """Parallel workflow execution via IPython controller
@@ -49,7 +48,7 @@ class IPythonPlugin(DistributedPluginBase):
     def __init__(self, plugin_args=None):
         if IPython_not_loaded:
             raise ImportError("Please install ipyparallel to use this plugin.")
-        super(IPythonPlugin, self).__init__(plugin_args=plugin_args)
+        super().__init__(plugin_args=plugin_args)
         valid_args = (
             "url_file",
             "profile",
@@ -96,7 +95,7 @@ def run(self, graph, config, updatehash=False):
                 raise Exception("Ipython kernel not installed") from e
             else:
                 raise e
-        return super(IPythonPlugin, self).run(graph, config, updatehash=updatehash)
+        return super().run(graph, config, updatehash=updatehash)
 
     def _get_result(self, taskid):
         if taskid not in self.taskmap:
diff --git a/nipype/pipeline/plugins/legacymultiproc.py b/nipype/pipeline/plugins/legacymultiproc.py
index 747ff00c16..9a0e5f7740 100644
--- a/nipype/pipeline/plugins/legacymultiproc.py
+++ b/nipype/pipeline/plugins/legacymultiproc.py
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 # emacs: -*- mode: python; py-indent-offset: 4; indent-tabs-mode: nil -*-
 # vi: set ft=python sts=4 ts=4 sw=4 et:
 """Parallel workflow execution via multiprocessing
@@ -76,7 +75,7 @@ def run_node(node, updatehash, taskid):
 # Pythons 2.7, 3.4-3.7.0, and 3.7.1 have three different implementations of
 # pool.Pool().Process(), and the type of the result varies based on the default
 # multiprocessing context, so we need to dynamically patch the daemon property
-class NonDaemonMixin(object):
+class NonDaemonMixin:
     @property
     def daemon(self):
         return False
@@ -135,7 +134,7 @@ def __init__(
             if context is None:
                 context = mp.get_context()
             context = _nondaemon_context_mapper[context._name]
-            super(NonDaemonPool, self).__init__(
+            super().__init__(
                 processes=processes,
                 initializer=initializer,
                 initargs=initargs,
@@ -194,7 +193,7 @@ class LegacyMultiProcPlugin(DistributedPluginBase):
 
     def __init__(self, plugin_args=None):
         # Init variables and instance attributes
-        super(LegacyMultiProcPlugin, self).__init__(plugin_args=plugin_args)
+        super().__init__(plugin_args=plugin_args)
         self._taskresult = {}
         self._task_obj = {}
         self._taskid = 0
diff --git a/nipype/pipeline/plugins/linear.py b/nipype/pipeline/plugins/linear.py
index 8449e34111..226a25dbd4 100644
--- a/nipype/pipeline/plugins/linear.py
+++ b/nipype/pipeline/plugins/linear.py
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 # emacs: -*- mode: python; py-indent-offset: 4; indent-tabs-mode: nil -*-
 # vi: set ft=python sts=4 ts=4 sw=4 et:
 """Local serial workflow execution
diff --git a/nipype/pipeline/plugins/lsf.py b/nipype/pipeline/plugins/lsf.py
index a88fbb6675..b4c50c96cb 100644
--- a/nipype/pipeline/plugins/lsf.py
+++ b/nipype/pipeline/plugins/lsf.py
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 """Parallel workflow execution via LSF
 """
 
@@ -39,7 +38,7 @@ def __init__(self, **kwargs):
                 self._max_tries = kwargs["plugin_args"]["max_tries"]
             if "bsub_args" in kwargs["plugin_args"]:
                 self._bsub_args = kwargs["plugin_args"]["bsub_args"]
-        super(LSFPlugin, self).__init__(template, **kwargs)
+        super().__init__(template, **kwargs)
 
     def _is_pending(self, taskid):
         """LSF lists a status of 'PEND' when a job has been submitted but is
@@ -76,10 +75,10 @@ def _submit_batchtask(self, scriptfile, node):
             else:
                 bsubargs += " " + node.plugin_args["bsub_args"]
         if "-o" not in bsubargs:  # -o outfile
-            bsubargs = "%s -o %s" % (bsubargs, scriptfile + ".log")
+            bsubargs = "{} -o {}".format(bsubargs, scriptfile + ".log")
         if "-e" not in bsubargs:
             # -e error file
-            bsubargs = "%s -e %s" % (bsubargs, scriptfile + ".log")
+            bsubargs = "{} -e {}".format(bsubargs, scriptfile + ".log")
         if node._hierarchy:
             jobname = ".".join((dict(os.environ)["LOGNAME"], node._hierarchy, node._id))
         else:
@@ -87,7 +86,7 @@ def _submit_batchtask(self, scriptfile, node):
         jobnameitems = jobname.split(".")
         jobnameitems.reverse()
         jobname = ".".join(jobnameitems)
-        cmd.inputs.args = "%s -J %s sh %s" % (
+        cmd.inputs.args = "{} -J {} sh {}".format(
             bsubargs,
             jobname,
             scriptfile,
@@ -121,7 +120,7 @@ def _submit_batchtask(self, scriptfile, node):
         if match:
             taskid = int(match.groups()[0])
         else:
-            raise IOError(
+            raise OSError(
                 "Can't parse submission job output id: %s" % result.runtime.stdout
             )
         self._pending[taskid] = node.output_dir()
diff --git a/nipype/pipeline/plugins/multiproc.py b/nipype/pipeline/plugins/multiproc.py
index 7df35cab9d..05d063b3b4 100644
--- a/nipype/pipeline/plugins/multiproc.py
+++ b/nipype/pipeline/plugins/multiproc.py
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 # emacs: -*- mode: python; py-indent-offset: 4; indent-tabs-mode: nil -*-
 # vi: set ft=python sts=4 ts=4 sw=4 et:
 """Parallel workflow execution via multiprocessing
@@ -114,7 +113,7 @@ class MultiProcPlugin(DistributedPluginBase):
 
     def __init__(self, plugin_args=None):
         # Init variables and instance attributes
-        super(MultiProcPlugin, self).__init__(plugin_args=plugin_args)
+        super().__init__(plugin_args=plugin_args)
         self._taskresult = {}
         self._task_obj = {}
         self._taskid = 0
diff --git a/nipype/pipeline/plugins/oar.py b/nipype/pipeline/plugins/oar.py
index bc7d2ba09d..b723dfd308 100644
--- a/nipype/pipeline/plugins/oar.py
+++ b/nipype/pipeline/plugins/oar.py
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 """Parallel workflow execution via OAR http://oar.imag.fr
 """
 import os
@@ -47,7 +46,7 @@ def __init__(self, **kwargs):
                 self._max_tries = kwargs["plugin_args"]["max_tries"]
             if "max_jobname_len" in kwargs["plugin_args"]:
                 self._max_jobname_len = kwargs["plugin_args"]["max_jobname_len"]
-        super(OARPlugin, self).__init__(template, **kwargs)
+        super().__init__(template, **kwargs)
 
     def _is_pending(self, taskid):
         #  subprocess.Popen requires taskid to be a string
@@ -90,12 +89,12 @@ def _submit_batchtask(self, scriptfile, node):
         jobname = jobname[0 : self._max_jobname_len]
 
         if "-O" not in oarsubargs:
-            oarsubargs = "%s -O %s" % (
+            oarsubargs = "{} -O {}".format(
                 oarsubargs,
                 os.path.join(path, jobname + ".stdout"),
             )
         if "-E" not in oarsubargs:
-            oarsubargs = "%s -E %s" % (
+            oarsubargs = "{} -E {}".format(
                 oarsubargs,
                 os.path.join(path, jobname + ".stderr"),
             )
@@ -103,7 +102,7 @@ def _submit_batchtask(self, scriptfile, node):
             oarsubargs = "%s -J" % (oarsubargs)
 
         os.chmod(scriptfile, stat.S_IEXEC | stat.S_IREAD | stat.S_IWRITE)
-        cmd.inputs.args = "%s -n %s -S %s" % (oarsubargs, jobname, scriptfile)
+        cmd.inputs.args = f"{oarsubargs} -n {jobname} -S {scriptfile}"
 
         oldlevel = iflogger.level
         iflogger.setLevel(logging.getLevelName("CRITICAL"))
@@ -142,5 +141,5 @@ def _submit_batchtask(self, scriptfile, node):
                 break
         taskid = json.loads(o)["job_id"]
         self._pending[taskid] = node.output_dir()
-        logger.debug("submitted OAR task: %s for node %s" % (taskid, node._id))
+        logger.debug(f"submitted OAR task: {taskid} for node {node._id}")
         return taskid
diff --git a/nipype/pipeline/plugins/pbs.py b/nipype/pipeline/plugins/pbs.py
index 4ff172a067..3106cc1122 100644
--- a/nipype/pipeline/plugins/pbs.py
+++ b/nipype/pipeline/plugins/pbs.py
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 """Parallel workflow execution via PBS/Torque
 """
 import os
@@ -41,11 +40,11 @@ def __init__(self, **kwargs):
                 self._max_tries = kwargs["plugin_args"]["max_tries"]
             if "max_jobname_len" in kwargs["plugin_args"]:
                 self._max_jobname_len = kwargs["plugin_args"]["max_jobname_len"]
-        super(PBSPlugin, self).__init__(template, **kwargs)
+        super().__init__(template, **kwargs)
 
     def _is_pending(self, taskid):
         result = CommandLine(
-            "qstat -f {}".format(taskid),
+            f"qstat -f {taskid}",
             environ=dict(os.environ),
             terminal_output="file_split",
             resource_monitor=False,
@@ -78,9 +77,9 @@ def _submit_batchtask(self, scriptfile, node):
             else:
                 qsubargs += " " + node.plugin_args["qsub_args"]
         if "-o" not in qsubargs:
-            qsubargs = "%s -o %s" % (qsubargs, path)
+            qsubargs = f"{qsubargs} -o {path}"
         if "-e" not in qsubargs:
-            qsubargs = "%s -e %s" % (qsubargs, path)
+            qsubargs = f"{qsubargs} -e {path}"
         if node._hierarchy:
             jobname = ".".join((dict(os.environ)["LOGNAME"], node._hierarchy, node._id))
         else:
@@ -89,7 +88,7 @@ def _submit_batchtask(self, scriptfile, node):
         jobnameitems.reverse()
         jobname = ".".join(jobnameitems)
         jobname = jobname[0 : self._max_jobname_len]
-        cmd.inputs.args = "%s -N %s %s" % (qsubargs, jobname, scriptfile)
+        cmd.inputs.args = f"{qsubargs} -N {jobname} {scriptfile}"
 
         oldlevel = iflogger.level
         iflogger.setLevel(logging.getLevelName("CRITICAL"))
@@ -105,7 +104,7 @@ def _submit_batchtask(self, scriptfile, node):
                 else:
                     iflogger.setLevel(oldlevel)
                     raise RuntimeError(
-                        "Could not submit pbs task for node {}\n{}".format(node._id, e)
+                        f"Could not submit pbs task for node {node._id}\n{e}"
                     )
             else:
                 break
@@ -113,6 +112,6 @@ def _submit_batchtask(self, scriptfile, node):
         # retrieve pbs taskid
         taskid = result.runtime.stdout.split(".")[0]
         self._pending[taskid] = node.output_dir()
-        logger.debug("submitted pbs task: {} for node {}".format(taskid, node._id))
+        logger.debug(f"submitted pbs task: {taskid} for node {node._id}")
 
         return taskid
diff --git a/nipype/pipeline/plugins/pbsgraph.py b/nipype/pipeline/plugins/pbsgraph.py
index 6304e715b7..17c6db2964 100644
--- a/nipype/pipeline/plugins/pbsgraph.py
+++ b/nipype/pipeline/plugins/pbsgraph.py
@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ class PBSGraphPlugin(SGEGraphPlugin):
     def _submit_graph(self, pyfiles, dependencies, nodes):
         batch_dir, _ = os.path.split(pyfiles[0])
         submitjobsfile = os.path.join(batch_dir, "submit_jobs.sh")
-        with open(submitjobsfile, "wt") as fp:
+        with open(submitjobsfile, "w") as fp:
             fp.writelines("#!/usr/bin/env sh\n")
             for idx, pyscript in enumerate(pyfiles):
                 node = nodes[idx]
@@ -35,11 +35,9 @@ def _submit_graph(self, pyfiles, dependencies, nodes):
 
                 batch_dir, name = os.path.split(pyscript)
                 name = ".".join(name.split(".")[:-1])
-                batchscript = "\n".join(
-                    (template, "%s %s" % (sys.executable, pyscript))
-                )
+                batchscript = "\n".join((template, f"{sys.executable} {pyscript}"))
                 batchscriptfile = os.path.join(batch_dir, "batchscript_%s.sh" % name)
-                with open(batchscriptfile, "wt") as batchfp:
+                with open(batchscriptfile, "w") as batchfp:
                     batchfp.writelines(batchscript)
                     batchfp.close()
                 deps = ""
diff --git a/nipype/pipeline/plugins/semaphore_singleton.py b/nipype/pipeline/plugins/semaphore_singleton.py
index 12fa7c7777..1ab42de2fc 100644
--- a/nipype/pipeline/plugins/semaphore_singleton.py
+++ b/nipype/pipeline/plugins/semaphore_singleton.py
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 import threading
 
 semaphore = threading.Semaphore(0)
diff --git a/nipype/pipeline/plugins/sge.py b/nipype/pipeline/plugins/sge.py
index d6512b9103..172fc6e852 100644
--- a/nipype/pipeline/plugins/sge.py
+++ b/nipype/pipeline/plugins/sge.py
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 """Parallel workflow execution via SGE
 """
 import os
@@ -25,7 +24,7 @@ def sge_debug_print(message):
     # print DEBUGGING_PREFIX + " " + "=!" * 3 + "  " + message
 
 
-class QJobInfo(object):
+class QJobInfo:
     """Information about a single job created by OGE/SGE or similar
     Each job is responsible for knowing it's own refresh state
     :author Hans J. Johnson
@@ -82,7 +81,7 @@ def is_job_state_pending(self):
         time_diff = time.time() - self._job_info_creation_time
         if self.is_zombie():
             sge_debug_print(
-                "DONE! QJobInfo.IsPending found in 'zombie' list, returning False so claiming done!\n{0}".format(
+                "DONE! QJobInfo.IsPending found in 'zombie' list, returning False so claiming done!\n{}".format(
                     self
                 )
             )
@@ -111,7 +110,7 @@ def set_state(self, new_state):
         self._job_queue_state = new_state
 
 
-class QstatSubstitute(object):
+class QstatSubstitute:
     """A wrapper for Qstat to avoid overloading the
     SGE/OGS server with rapid continuous qstat requests"""
 
@@ -158,7 +157,7 @@ def _qacct_verified_complete(taskid):
         sge_debug_print(
             "WARNING:  "
             "CONTACTING qacct for finished jobs, "
-            "{0}: {1}".format(time.time(), "Verifying Completion")
+            "{}: {}".format(time.time(), "Verifying Completion")
         )
 
         this_command = "qacct"
@@ -181,7 +180,7 @@ def _qacct_verified_complete(taskid):
                 qacct_result, _ = proc.communicate()
                 if qacct_result.find(str(taskid)):
                     is_complete = True
-                sge_debug_print("NOTE: qacct for jobs\n{0}".format(qacct_result))
+                sge_debug_print(f"NOTE: qacct for jobs\n{qacct_result}")
                 break
             except:
                 sge_debug_print("NOTE: qacct call failed")
@@ -235,9 +234,7 @@ def _parse_qstat_job_list(self, xml_job_list):
                 self._task_dictionary[task_id].update_info(
                     job_queue_state, job_time, job_queue_name, job_slots
                 )
-                sge_debug_print(
-                    "Updating job:  {0}".format(self._task_dictionary[task_id])
-                )
+                sge_debug_print(f"Updating job:  {self._task_dictionary[task_id]}")
                 current_jobs_parsed.append(task_id)
                 # Changed from job_num as "in" is used to check which does not cast
             else:
@@ -259,7 +256,7 @@ def _parse_qstat_job_list(self, xml_job_list):
                 else:
                     sge_debug_print(
                         "ERROR:  Job not in current parselist, "
-                        "and not in done list {0}: {1}".format(
+                        "and not in done list {}: {}".format(
                             dictionary_job, self._task_dictionary[dictionary_job]
                         )
                     )
@@ -271,7 +268,7 @@ def _parse_qstat_job_list(self, xml_job_list):
                 else:
                     sge_debug_print(
                         "ERROR:  Job not in still in initialization mode, "
-                        "and not in done list {0}: {1}".format(
+                        "and not in done list {}: {}".format(
                             dictionary_job, self._task_dictionary[dictionary_job]
                         )
                     )
@@ -287,7 +284,7 @@ def _run_qstat(self, reason_for_qstat, force_instant=True):
         """
         sge_debug_print(
             "WARNING:  CONTACTING qmaster for jobs, "
-            "{0}: {1}".format(time.time(), reason_for_qstat)
+            "{}: {}".format(time.time(), reason_for_qstat)
         )
         if force_instant:
             this_command = self._qstat_instant_executable
@@ -318,7 +315,7 @@ def _run_qstat(self, reason_for_qstat, force_instant=True):
                 self._parse_qstat_job_list(runjobs)
                 break
             except Exception as inst:
-                exception_message = "QstatParsingError:\n\t{0}\n\t{1}\n".format(
+                exception_message = "QstatParsingError:\n\t{}\n\t{}\n".format(
                     type(inst),  # the exception instance
                     inst,  # __str__ allows args to printed directly
                 )
@@ -339,32 +336,28 @@ def is_job_pending(self, task_id):
             job_is_pending = self._task_dictionary[task_id].is_job_state_pending()
             # Double check pending jobs in case of change (since we don't check at the beginning)
             if job_is_pending:
-                self._run_qstat(
-                    "checking job pending status {0}".format(task_id), False
-                )
+                self._run_qstat(f"checking job pending status {task_id}", False)
                 job_is_pending = self._task_dictionary[task_id].is_job_state_pending()
         else:
-            self._run_qstat("checking job pending status {0}".format(task_id), True)
+            self._run_qstat(f"checking job pending status {task_id}", True)
             if task_id in self._task_dictionary:
                 # Trust the cache, only False if state='zombie'
                 job_is_pending = self._task_dictionary[task_id].is_job_state_pending()
             else:
                 sge_debug_print(
-                    "ERROR: Job {0} not in task list, "
+                    "ERROR: Job {} not in task list, "
                     "even after forced qstat!".format(task_id)
                 )
                 job_is_pending = False
         if not job_is_pending:
-            sge_debug_print("DONE! Returning for {0} claiming done!".format(task_id))
+            sge_debug_print(f"DONE! Returning for {task_id} claiming done!")
             if task_id in self._task_dictionary:
-                sge_debug_print(
-                    "NOTE: Adding {0} to OutOfScopeJobs list!".format(task_id)
-                )
+                sge_debug_print(f"NOTE: Adding {task_id} to OutOfScopeJobs list!")
                 self._out_of_scope_jobs.append(int(task_id))
                 self._task_dictionary.pop(task_id)
             else:
                 sge_debug_print(
-                    "ERROR: Job {0} not in task list, "
+                    "ERROR: Job {} not in task list, "
                     "but attempted to be removed!".format(task_id)
                 )
         return job_is_pending
@@ -419,7 +412,7 @@ def __init__(self, **kwargs):
                 cached_qstat = kwargs["plugin_args"]["qstatCachedProgramPath"]
         self._refQstatSubstitute = QstatSubstitute(instant_qstat, cached_qstat)
 
-        super(SGEPlugin, self).__init__(template, **kwargs)
+        super().__init__(template, **kwargs)
 
     def _is_pending(self, taskid):
         return self._refQstatSubstitute.is_job_pending(int(taskid))
@@ -441,9 +434,9 @@ def _submit_batchtask(self, scriptfile, node):
             else:
                 qsubargs += " " + node.plugin_args["qsub_args"]
         if "-o" not in qsubargs:
-            qsubargs = "%s -o %s" % (qsubargs, path)
+            qsubargs = f"{qsubargs} -o {path}"
         if "-e" not in qsubargs:
-            qsubargs = "%s -e %s" % (qsubargs, path)
+            qsubargs = f"{qsubargs} -e {path}"
         if node._hierarchy:
             jobname = ".".join((dict(os.environ)["LOGNAME"], node._hierarchy, node._id))
         else:
@@ -452,7 +445,7 @@ def _submit_batchtask(self, scriptfile, node):
         jobnameitems.reverse()
         jobname = ".".join(jobnameitems)
         jobname = qsub_sanitize_job_name(jobname)
-        cmd.inputs.args = "%s -N %s %s" % (qsubargs, jobname, scriptfile)
+        cmd.inputs.args = f"{qsubargs} -N {jobname} {scriptfile}"
         oldlevel = iflogger.level
         iflogger.setLevel(logging.getLevelName("CRITICAL"))
         tries = 0
diff --git a/nipype/pipeline/plugins/sgegraph.py b/nipype/pipeline/plugins/sgegraph.py
index 48fc1ce132..182619bd98 100644
--- a/nipype/pipeline/plugins/sgegraph.py
+++ b/nipype/pipeline/plugins/sgegraph.py
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 """Parallel workflow execution via SGE
 """
 import os
@@ -59,7 +58,7 @@ def __init__(self, **kwargs):
                 self._dont_resubmit_completed_jobs = plugin_args[
                     "dont_resubmit_completed_jobs"
                 ]
-        super(SGEGraphPlugin, self).__init__(**kwargs)
+        super().__init__(**kwargs)
 
     def _submit_graph(self, pyfiles, dependencies, nodes):
         def make_job_name(jobnumber, nodeslist):
@@ -68,7 +67,7 @@ def make_job_name(jobnumber, nodeslist):
             - nodeslist: The name of the node being processed
             - return: A string representing this job to be displayed by SGE
             """
-            job_name = "j{0}_{1}".format(jobnumber, nodeslist[jobnumber]._id)
+            job_name = f"j{jobnumber}_{nodeslist[jobnumber]._id}"
             # Condition job_name to be a valid bash identifier (i.e. - is invalid)
             job_name = job_name.replace("-", "_").replace(".", "_").replace(":", "_")
             return job_name
@@ -96,7 +95,7 @@ def make_job_name(jobnumber, nodeslist):
 
                 cache_doneness_per_node[idx] = node_status_done
 
-        with open(submitjobsfile, "wt") as fp:
+        with open(submitjobsfile, "w") as fp:
             fp.writelines("#!/usr/bin/env bash\n")
             fp.writelines("# Condense format attempted\n")
             for idx, pyscript in enumerate(pyfiles):
@@ -110,9 +109,7 @@ def make_job_name(jobnumber, nodeslist):
 
                     batch_dir, name = os.path.split(pyscript)
                     name = ".".join(name.split(".")[:-1])
-                    batchscript = "\n".join(
-                        (template, "%s %s" % (sys.executable, pyscript))
-                    )
+                    batchscript = "\n".join((template, f"{sys.executable} {pyscript}"))
                     batchscriptfile = os.path.join(
                         batch_dir, "batchscript_%s.sh" % name
                     )
@@ -120,7 +117,7 @@ def make_job_name(jobnumber, nodeslist):
                     batchscriptoutfile = batchscriptfile + ".o"
                     batchscripterrfile = batchscriptfile + ".e"
 
-                    with open(batchscriptfile, "wt") as batchfp:
+                    with open(batchscriptfile, "w") as batchfp:
                         batchfp.writelines(batchscript)
                         batchfp.close()
                     deps = ""
@@ -144,10 +141,10 @@ def make_job_name(jobnumber, nodeslist):
                     # Do not use default output locations if they are set in self._qsub_args
                     stderrFile = ""
                     if self._qsub_args.count("-e ") == 0:
-                        stderrFile = "-e {errFile}".format(errFile=batchscripterrfile)
+                        stderrFile = f"-e {batchscripterrfile}"
                     stdoutFile = ""
                     if self._qsub_args.count("-o ") == 0:
-                        stdoutFile = "-o {outFile}".format(outFile=batchscriptoutfile)
+                        stdoutFile = f"-o {batchscriptoutfile}"
                     full_line = "{jobNm}=$(qsub {outFileOption} {errFileOption} {extraQSubArgs} {dependantIndex} -N {jobNm} {batchscript} | awk '/^Your job/{{print $3}}')\n".format(
                         jobNm=jobname,
                         outFileOption=stdoutFile,
diff --git a/nipype/pipeline/plugins/slurm.py b/nipype/pipeline/plugins/slurm.py
index c06444a02e..90cae8d9e2 100644
--- a/nipype/pipeline/plugins/slurm.py
+++ b/nipype/pipeline/plugins/slurm.py
@@ -54,7 +54,7 @@ def __init__(self, **kwargs):
             if "sbatch_args" in kwargs["plugin_args"]:
                 self._sbatch_args = kwargs["plugin_args"]["sbatch_args"]
         self._pending = {}
-        super(SLURMPlugin, self).__init__(self._template, **kwargs)
+        super().__init__(self._template, **kwargs)
 
     def _is_pending(self, taskid):
         try:
@@ -104,9 +104,13 @@ def _submit_batchtask(self, scriptfile, node):
             else:
                 sbatch_args += " " + node.plugin_args["sbatch_args"]
         if "-o" not in sbatch_args:
-            sbatch_args = "%s -o %s" % (sbatch_args, os.path.join(path, "slurm-%j.out"))
+            sbatch_args = "{} -o {}".format(
+                sbatch_args, os.path.join(path, "slurm-%j.out")
+            )
         if "-e" not in sbatch_args:
-            sbatch_args = "%s -e %s" % (sbatch_args, os.path.join(path, "slurm-%j.out"))
+            sbatch_args = "{} -e {}".format(
+                sbatch_args, os.path.join(path, "slurm-%j.out")
+            )
         if node._hierarchy:
             jobname = ".".join((dict(os.environ)["LOGNAME"], node._hierarchy, node._id))
         else:
@@ -114,7 +118,7 @@ def _submit_batchtask(self, scriptfile, node):
         jobnameitems = jobname.split(".")
         jobnameitems.reverse()
         jobname = ".".join(jobnameitems)
-        cmd.inputs.args = "%s -J %s %s" % (sbatch_args, jobname, scriptfile)
+        cmd.inputs.args = f"{sbatch_args} -J {jobname} {scriptfile}"
         oldlevel = iflogger.level
         iflogger.setLevel(logging.getLevelName("CRITICAL"))
         tries = 0
@@ -139,7 +143,7 @@ def _submit_batchtask(self, scriptfile, node):
                     )
             else:
                 break
-        logger.debug("Ran command ({0})".format(cmd.cmdline))
+        logger.debug(f"Ran command ({cmd.cmdline})")
         iflogger.setLevel(oldlevel)
         # retrieve taskid
         lines = [line for line in result.runtime.stdout.split("\n") if line]
diff --git a/nipype/pipeline/plugins/slurmgraph.py b/nipype/pipeline/plugins/slurmgraph.py
index e54c5f4291..901dc02a99 100644
--- a/nipype/pipeline/plugins/slurmgraph.py
+++ b/nipype/pipeline/plugins/slurmgraph.py
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 """Parallel workflow execution via SLURM
 """
 import os
@@ -59,7 +58,7 @@ def __init__(self, **kwargs):
                 ]
             else:
                 self._dont_resubmit_completed_jobs = False
-        super(SLURMGraphPlugin, self).__init__(**kwargs)
+        super().__init__(**kwargs)
 
     def _submit_graph(self, pyfiles, dependencies, nodes):
         def make_job_name(jobnumber, nodeslist):
@@ -68,7 +67,7 @@ def make_job_name(jobnumber, nodeslist):
             - nodeslist: The name of the node being processed
             - return: A string representing this job to be displayed by SLURM
             """
-            job_name = "j{0}_{1}".format(jobnumber, nodeslist[jobnumber]._id)
+            job_name = f"j{jobnumber}_{nodeslist[jobnumber]._id}"
             # Condition job_name to be a valid bash identifier (i.e. - is invalid)
             job_name = job_name.replace("-", "_").replace(".", "_").replace(":", "_")
             return job_name
@@ -96,7 +95,7 @@ def make_job_name(jobnumber, nodeslist):
 
                 cache_doneness_per_node[idx] = node_status_done
 
-        with open(submitjobsfile, "wt") as fp:
+        with open(submitjobsfile, "w") as fp:
             fp.writelines("#!/usr/bin/env bash\n")
             fp.writelines("# Condense format attempted\n")
             for idx, pyscript in enumerate(pyfiles):
@@ -110,9 +109,7 @@ def make_job_name(jobnumber, nodeslist):
 
                     batch_dir, name = os.path.split(pyscript)
                     name = ".".join(name.split(".")[:-1])
-                    batchscript = "\n".join(
-                        (template, "%s %s" % (sys.executable, pyscript))
-                    )
+                    batchscript = "\n".join((template, f"{sys.executable} {pyscript}"))
                     batchscriptfile = os.path.join(
                         batch_dir, "batchscript_%s.sh" % name
                     )
@@ -120,7 +117,7 @@ def make_job_name(jobnumber, nodeslist):
                     batchscriptoutfile = batchscriptfile + ".o"
                     batchscripterrfile = batchscriptfile + ".e"
 
-                    with open(batchscriptfile, "wt") as batchfp:
+                    with open(batchscriptfile, "w") as batchfp:
                         batchfp.writelines(batchscript)
                         batchfp.close()
                     deps = ""
@@ -144,10 +141,10 @@ def make_job_name(jobnumber, nodeslist):
                     # Do not use default output locations if they are set in self._sbatch_args
                     stderrFile = ""
                     if self._sbatch_args.count("-e ") == 0:
-                        stderrFile = "-e {errFile}".format(errFile=batchscripterrfile)
+                        stderrFile = f"-e {batchscripterrfile}"
                     stdoutFile = ""
                     if self._sbatch_args.count("-o ") == 0:
-                        stdoutFile = "-o {outFile}".format(outFile=batchscriptoutfile)
+                        stdoutFile = f"-o {batchscriptoutfile}"
                     full_line = "{jobNm}=$(sbatch {outFileOption} {errFileOption} {extraSBatchArgs} {dependantIndex} -J {jobNm} {batchscript} | awk '/^Submitted/ {{print $4}}')\n".format(
                         jobNm=jobname,
                         outFileOption=stdoutFile,
diff --git a/nipype/pipeline/plugins/somaflow.py b/nipype/pipeline/plugins/somaflow.py
index 62076d9f65..fe2a871a9f 100644
--- a/nipype/pipeline/plugins/somaflow.py
+++ b/nipype/pipeline/plugins/somaflow.py
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 """Parallel workflow execution via PBS/Torque
 """
 
@@ -20,7 +19,7 @@ class SomaFlowPlugin(GraphPluginBase):
     def __init__(self, plugin_args=None):
         if soma_not_loaded:
             raise ImportError("SomaFlow could not be imported")
-        super(SomaFlowPlugin, self).__init__(plugin_args=plugin_args)
+        super().__init__(plugin_args=plugin_args)
 
     def _submit_graph(self, pyfiles, dependencies, nodes):
         jobs = []
diff --git a/nipype/pipeline/plugins/tests/__init__.py b/nipype/pipeline/plugins/tests/__init__.py
index 99fb243f19..349937997e 100644
--- a/nipype/pipeline/plugins/tests/__init__.py
+++ b/nipype/pipeline/plugins/tests/__init__.py
@@ -1,3 +1,2 @@
-# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 # emacs: -*- mode: python; py-indent-offset: 4; indent-tabs-mode: nil -*-
 # vi: set ft=python sts=4 ts=4 sw=4 et:
diff --git a/nipype/pipeline/plugins/tests/test_base.py b/nipype/pipeline/plugins/tests/test_base.py
index fddcfa2368..43471a7d64 100644
--- a/nipype/pipeline/plugins/tests/test_base.py
+++ b/nipype/pipeline/plugins/tests/test_base.py
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 # emacs: -*- mode: python; py-indent-offset: 4; indent-tabs-mode: nil -*-
 # vi: set ft=python sts=4 ts=4 sw=4 et:
 """Tests for the engine module
diff --git a/nipype/pipeline/plugins/tests/test_callback.py b/nipype/pipeline/plugins/tests/test_callback.py
index 8baa356fdd..f7606708c7 100644
--- a/nipype/pipeline/plugins/tests/test_callback.py
+++ b/nipype/pipeline/plugins/tests/test_callback.py
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 # emacs: -*- mode: python; py-indent-offset: 4; indent-tabs-mode: nil -*-
 # vi: set ft=python sts=4 ts=4 sw=4 et:
 """Tests for workflow callbacks
@@ -17,7 +16,7 @@ def bad_func():
     raise Exception
 
 
-class Status(object):
+class Status:
     def __init__(self):
         self.statuses = []
 
diff --git a/nipype/pipeline/plugins/tests/test_debug.py b/nipype/pipeline/plugins/tests/test_debug.py
index 82361a0228..fafb6a276d 100644
--- a/nipype/pipeline/plugins/tests/test_debug.py
+++ b/nipype/pipeline/plugins/tests/test_debug.py
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 import os
 import nipype.interfaces.base as nib
 
diff --git a/nipype/pipeline/plugins/tests/test_legacymultiproc_nondaemon.py b/nipype/pipeline/plugins/tests/test_legacymultiproc_nondaemon.py
index 4e44c801ec..9d0d490a87 100644
--- a/nipype/pipeline/plugins/tests/test_legacymultiproc_nondaemon.py
+++ b/nipype/pipeline/plugins/tests/test_legacymultiproc_nondaemon.py
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 # emacs: -*- mode: python; py-indent-offset: 4; indent-tabs-mode: nil -*-
 # vi: set ft=python sts=4 ts=4 sw=4 et:
 """Testing module for functions and classes from multiproc.py
diff --git a/nipype/pipeline/plugins/tests/test_linear.py b/nipype/pipeline/plugins/tests/test_linear.py
index 9ccb5157fc..82ba752a01 100644
--- a/nipype/pipeline/plugins/tests/test_linear.py
+++ b/nipype/pipeline/plugins/tests/test_linear.py
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 import os
 import nipype.interfaces.base as nib
 
diff --git a/nipype/pipeline/plugins/tests/test_multiproc.py b/nipype/pipeline/plugins/tests/test_multiproc.py
index 142d108ebc..938e1aab9e 100644
--- a/nipype/pipeline/plugins/tests/test_multiproc.py
+++ b/nipype/pipeline/plugins/tests/test_multiproc.py
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 # emacs: -*- mode: python; py-indent-offset: 4; indent-tabs-mode: nil -*-
 # vi: set ft=python sts=4 ts=4 sw=4 et:
 """
diff --git a/nipype/pipeline/plugins/tests/test_oar.py b/nipype/pipeline/plugins/tests/test_oar.py
index 75cfddaa05..91622d4dd7 100644
--- a/nipype/pipeline/plugins/tests/test_oar.py
+++ b/nipype/pipeline/plugins/tests/test_oar.py
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 from shutil import which
 
 import nipype.interfaces.base as nib
diff --git a/nipype/pipeline/plugins/tests/test_pbs.py b/nipype/pipeline/plugins/tests/test_pbs.py
index 65662fd867..1151fb5ad2 100644
--- a/nipype/pipeline/plugins/tests/test_pbs.py
+++ b/nipype/pipeline/plugins/tests/test_pbs.py
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 from shutil import which
 
 import nipype.interfaces.base as nib
diff --git a/nipype/pipeline/plugins/tests/test_somaflow.py b/nipype/pipeline/plugins/tests/test_somaflow.py
index 5fe5935e1d..2eb9a966b6 100644
--- a/nipype/pipeline/plugins/tests/test_somaflow.py
+++ b/nipype/pipeline/plugins/tests/test_somaflow.py
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 import os
 from time import sleep
 
diff --git a/nipype/pipeline/plugins/tests/test_tools.py b/nipype/pipeline/plugins/tests/test_tools.py
index b1ff7e09ac..454621573e 100644
--- a/nipype/pipeline/plugins/tests/test_tools.py
+++ b/nipype/pipeline/plugins/tests/test_tools.py
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 # emacs: -*- mode: python; py-indent-offset: 4; indent-tabs-mode: nil -*-
 # vi: set ft=python sts=4 ts=4 sw=4 et:
 """Tests for the engine module
diff --git a/nipype/pipeline/plugins/tools.py b/nipype/pipeline/plugins/tools.py
index 86fdf67ac6..8c28f36246 100644
--- a/nipype/pipeline/plugins/tools.py
+++ b/nipype/pipeline/plugins/tools.py
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 # emacs: -*- mode: python; py-indent-offset: 4; indent-tabs-mode: nil -*-
 # vi: set ft=python sts=4 ts=4 sw=4 et:
 """Common graph operations for execution
@@ -55,8 +54,8 @@ def report_crash(node, traceback=None, hostname=None):
     try:
         login_name = getpass.getuser()
     except KeyError:
-        login_name = "UID{:d}".format(os.getuid())
-    crashfile = "crash-%s-%s-%s-%s" % (timeofcrash, login_name, name, str(uuid.uuid4()))
+        login_name = f"UID{os.getuid():d}"
+    crashfile = f"crash-{timeofcrash}-{login_name}-{name}-{str(uuid.uuid4())}"
     crashdir = node.config["execution"].get("crashdump_dir", os.getcwd())
 
     os.makedirs(crashdir, exist_ok=True)
@@ -99,10 +98,10 @@ def create_pyscript(node, updatehash=False, store_exception=True):
     # pickle node
     timestamp = strftime("%Y%m%d_%H%M%S")
     if node._hierarchy:
-        suffix = "%s_%s_%s" % (timestamp, node._hierarchy, node._id)
+        suffix = f"{timestamp}_{node._hierarchy}_{node._id}"
         batch_dir = os.path.join(node.base_dir, node._hierarchy.split(".")[0], "batch")
     else:
-        suffix = "%s_%s" % (timestamp, node._id)
+        suffix = f"{timestamp}_{node._id}"
         batch_dir = os.path.join(node.base_dir, "batch")
     if not os.path.exists(batch_dir):
         os.makedirs(batch_dir)
@@ -176,6 +175,6 @@ def create_pyscript(node, updatehash=False, store_exception=True):
 """
     cmdstr = cmdstr % (mpl_backend, pkl_file, batch_dir, node.config, suffix)
     pyscript = os.path.join(batch_dir, "pyscript_%s.py" % suffix)
-    with open(pyscript, "wt") as fp:
+    with open(pyscript, "w") as fp:
         fp.writelines(cmdstr)
     return pyscript
diff --git a/nipype/pkg_info.py b/nipype/pkg_info.py
index e80fde9d76..4370f495f8 100644
--- a/nipype/pkg_info.py
+++ b/nipype/pkg_info.py
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 import configparser
 
 import os
@@ -41,7 +40,7 @@ def pkg_commit_hash(pkg_path):
     # Try and get commit from written commit text file
     pth = os.path.join(pkg_path, COMMIT_INFO_FNAME)
     if not os.path.isfile(pth):
-        raise IOError("Missing commit info file %s" % pth)
+        raise OSError("Missing commit info file %s" % pth)
     cfg_parser = configparser.RawConfigParser()
     with open(pth, encoding="utf-8") as fp:
         cfg_parser.read_file(fp)
diff --git a/nipype/scripts/cli.py b/nipype/scripts/cli.py
index 284b9fbb96..9645db6a18 100644
--- a/nipype/scripts/cli.py
+++ b/nipype/scripts/cli.py
@@ -145,12 +145,12 @@ def run(ctx, module, interface, list, help):
         iface_names = list_interfaces(module)
         click.echo("Available Interfaces:")
         for if_name in iface_names:
-            click.echo("    {}".format(if_name))
+            click.echo(f"    {if_name}")
 
     # check the interface
     elif module_given and interface:
         # create the argument parser
-        description = "Run {}".format(interface)
+        description = f"Run {interface}"
         prog = " ".join([ctx.command_path, module.__name__, interface] + ctx.args)
         iface_parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(description=description, prog=prog)
 
diff --git a/nipype/scripts/instance.py b/nipype/scripts/instance.py
index 0d736de796..7bd2d7bf1b 100644
--- a/nipype/scripts/instance.py
+++ b/nipype/scripts/instance.py
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 """
 Import lib and class meta programming utilities.
 """
@@ -29,7 +28,7 @@ def import_module(module_path):
     try:
         mod = importlib.import_module(module_path)
     except:
-        raise ImportError("Error when importing object {}.".format(module_path))
+        raise ImportError(f"Error when importing object {module_path}.")
     else:
         return mod
 
diff --git a/nipype/scripts/utils.py b/nipype/scripts/utils.py
index 28e11cd8f6..00b0f8970e 100644
--- a/nipype/scripts/utils.py
+++ b/nipype/scripts/utils.py
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 """
 Utilities for the CLI functions.
 """
@@ -25,7 +24,7 @@
 # validators
 def check_not_none(ctx, param, value):
     if value is None:
-        raise click.BadParameter("got {}.".format(value))
+        raise click.BadParameter(f"got {value}.")
     return value
 
 
@@ -102,12 +101,10 @@ def add_args_options(arg_parser, interface):
 
             if has_multiple_inner_traits:
                 raise NotImplementedError(
-                    (
-                        "This interface cannot be used. via the"
-                        " command line as multiple inner traits"
-                        " are currently not supported for mandatory"
-                        " argument: {}.".format(name)
-                    )
+                    "This interface cannot be used. via the"
+                    " command line as multiple inner traits"
+                    " are currently not supported for mandatory"
+                    " argument: {}.".format(name)
                 )
             arg_parser.add_argument(name, help=desc, **args)
         else:
diff --git a/nipype/sphinxext/__init__.py b/nipype/sphinxext/__init__.py
index 7f877fb023..c30bc66036 100644
--- a/nipype/sphinxext/__init__.py
+++ b/nipype/sphinxext/__init__.py
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
 #!/usr/bin/env python
-# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 # emacs: -*- mode: python; py-indent-offset: 4; indent-tabs-mode: nil -*-
 # vi: set ft=python sts=4 ts=4 sw=4 et:
diff --git a/nipype/sphinxext/apidoc/docstring.py b/nipype/sphinxext/apidoc/docstring.py
index f1f27ef12a..8f56f96942 100644
--- a/nipype/sphinxext/apidoc/docstring.py
+++ b/nipype/sphinxext/apidoc/docstring.py
@@ -169,9 +169,7 @@ def _parse_spec(inputs, name, spec):
 
         desc_lines += ["(Nipype **default** value: ``%s``)" % str(default)]
 
-    out_rst = [
-        "{name} : {type}".format(name=name, type=spec.full_info(inputs, name, None))
-    ]
+    out_rst = [f"{name} : {spec.full_info(inputs, name, None)}"]
     out_rst += _indent(desc_lines, 4)
 
     return out_rst
diff --git a/nipype/sphinxext/documenter.py b/nipype/sphinxext/documenter.py
index 5300d81165..500c486927 100644
--- a/nipype/sphinxext/documenter.py
+++ b/nipype/sphinxext/documenter.py
@@ -46,9 +46,7 @@ def add_directive_header(self, sig: str) -> None:
             for line in lines.splitlines():
                 self.add_line(line, sourcename)
         else:
-            self.add_line(
-                ".. %s:%s:: %s%s" % (domain, directive, name, sig), sourcename
-            )
+            self.add_line(f".. {domain}:{directive}:: {name}{sig}", sourcename)
             if self.options.noindex:
                 self.add_line("   :noindex:", sourcename)
             if self.objpath:
@@ -73,9 +71,9 @@ def add_directive_header(self, sig: str) -> None:
                 if b.__module__ in ("__builtin__", "builtins"):
                     bases_links.append(":class:`%s`" % b.__name__)
                 elif based_interface:
-                    bases_links.append(":ref:`%s.%s`" % (b.__module__, b.__name__))
+                    bases_links.append(f":ref:`{b.__module__}.{b.__name__}`")
                 else:
-                    bases_links.append(":class:`%s.%s`" % (b.__module__, b.__name__))
+                    bases_links.append(f":class:`{b.__module__}.{b.__name__}`")
 
             self.add_line("   " + _("Bases: %s") % ", ".join(bases_links), sourcename)
 
diff --git a/nipype/sphinxext/gh.py b/nipype/sphinxext/gh.py
index 3d1f4a9f43..9339ddb48b 100644
--- a/nipype/sphinxext/gh.py
+++ b/nipype/sphinxext/gh.py
@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ def get_url(obj):
     revision = _get_git_revision()
     if revision is not None:
         shortfile = os.path.join("nipype", filename.split("nipype/")[-1])
-        uri = "http://github.com/nipy/nipype/blob/%s/%s" % (revision, shortfile)
+        uri = f"http://github.com/nipy/nipype/blob/{revision}/{shortfile}"
     lines, lstart = inspect.getsourcelines(obj)
     lend = len(lines) + lstart
     return "%s#L%d-L%d" % (uri, lstart, lend)
diff --git a/nipype/sphinxext/plot_workflow.py b/nipype/sphinxext/plot_workflow.py
index a61a29c5ad..69f2ba3aaf 100644
--- a/nipype/sphinxext/plot_workflow.py
+++ b/nipype/sphinxext/plot_workflow.py
@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
 #!/usr/bin/env python
-# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 # emacs: -*- mode: python; py-indent-offset: 4; indent-tabs-mode: nil -*-
 # vi: set ft=python sts=4 ts=4 sw=4 et:
 """
@@ -273,7 +272,7 @@ def run(self):
             else:
                 function_name = None
 
-            with open(source_file_name, "r", encoding="utf-8") as fd:
+            with open(source_file_name, encoding="utf-8") as fd:
                 code = fd.read()
             output_base = os.path.basename(source_file_name)
         else:
@@ -388,7 +387,7 @@ def run(self):
                 images = []
 
             opts = [
-                ":%s: %s" % (key, val)
+                f":{key}: {val}"
                 for key, val in list(self.options.items())
                 if key in ("alt", "height", "width", "scale", "align", "class")
             ]
@@ -585,14 +584,14 @@ def remove_coding(text):
 wf_context = dict()
 
 
-class ImageFile(object):
+class ImageFile:
     def __init__(self, basename, dirname):
         self.basename = basename
         self.dirname = dirname
         self.formats = []
 
     def filename(self, fmt):
-        return os.path.join(self.dirname, "%s.%s" % (self.basename, fmt))
+        return os.path.join(self.dirname, f"{self.basename}.{fmt}")
 
     def filenames(self):
         return [self.filename(fmt) for fmt in self.formats]
diff --git a/nipype/testing/__init__.py b/nipype/testing/__init__.py
index 4a0ab306f6..e3fbd80e6a 100644
--- a/nipype/testing/__init__.py
+++ b/nipype/testing/__init__.py
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 # emacs: -*- mode: python; py-indent-offset: 4; indent-tabs-mode: nil -*-
 # vi: set ft=python sts=4 ts=4 sw=4 et:
 """The testing directory contains a small set of imaging files to be
@@ -27,6 +26,6 @@ def example_data(infile="functional.nii"):
     basedir = os.path.dirname(filepath)
     outfile = os.path.join(basedir, "data", infile)
     if not os.path.exists(outfile):
-        raise IOError("%s empty data file does NOT exist" % outfile)
+        raise OSError("%s empty data file does NOT exist" % outfile)
 
     return outfile
diff --git a/nipype/testing/fixtures.py b/nipype/testing/fixtures.py
index 6f5b12495c..b28741b9d8 100644
--- a/nipype/testing/fixtures.py
+++ b/nipype/testing/fixtures.py
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 # emacs: -*- mode: python; py-indent-offset: 4; indent-tabs-mode: nil -*-
 # vi: set ft=python sts=4 ts=4 sw=4 et:
 """
diff --git a/nipype/testing/tests/test_utils.py b/nipype/testing/tests/test_utils.py
index b2c8a296d2..0055038392 100644
--- a/nipype/testing/tests/test_utils.py
+++ b/nipype/testing/tests/test_utils.py
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 # emacs: -*- mode: python; py-indent-offset: 4; indent-tabs-mode: nil -*-
 # vi: set ft=python sts=4 ts=4 sw=4 et:
 """Test testing utilities
@@ -15,7 +14,7 @@
 def test_tempfatfs():
     try:
         fatfs = TempFATFS()
-    except (IOError, OSError):
+    except OSError:
         raise SkipTest("Cannot mount FAT filesystems with FUSE")
     with fatfs as tmp_dir:
         assert os.path.exists(tmp_dir)
@@ -28,7 +27,7 @@ def test_tempfatfs():
 def test_tempfatfs_calledprocesserror():
     try:
         TempFATFS()
-    except IOError as e:
+    except OSError as e:
         assert isinstance(e, IOError)
         assert isinstance(e.__cause__, subprocess.CalledProcessError)
     else:
@@ -40,7 +39,7 @@ def test_tempfatfs_calledprocesserror():
 def test_tempfatfs_oserror():
     try:
         TempFATFS()
-    except IOError as e:
+    except OSError as e:
         assert isinstance(e, IOError)
         assert isinstance(e.__cause__, OSError)
     else:
diff --git a/nipype/testing/utils.py b/nipype/testing/utils.py
index e666a7586f..71a75a41c7 100644
--- a/nipype/testing/utils.py
+++ b/nipype/testing/utils.py
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 # emacs: -*- mode: python; py-indent-offset: 4; indent-tabs-mode: nil -*-
 # vi: set ft=python sts=4 ts=4 sw=4 et:
 """Additional handy utilities for testing
@@ -18,7 +17,7 @@
 import nibabel as nb
 
 
-class TempFATFS(object):
+class TempFATFS:
     def __init__(self, size_in_mbytes=8, delay=0.5):
         """Temporary filesystem for testing non-POSIX filesystems on a POSIX
         system.
@@ -55,19 +54,19 @@ def __init__(self, size_in_mbytes=8, delay=0.5):
                 args=mkfs_args, stdout=self.dev_null, stderr=self.dev_null
             )
         except CalledProcessError as e:
-            raise IOError("mkfs.vfat failed") from e
+            raise OSError("mkfs.vfat failed") from e
 
         try:
             self.fusefat = subprocess.Popen(
                 args=mount_args, stdout=self.dev_null, stderr=self.dev_null
             )
         except OSError as e:
-            raise IOError("fusefat is not installed") from e
+            raise OSError("fusefat is not installed") from e
 
         time.sleep(self.delay)
 
         if self.fusefat.poll() is not None:
-            raise IOError("fusefat terminated too soon")
+            raise OSError("fusefat terminated too soon")
 
         open(self.canary, "wb").close()
 
diff --git a/nipype/utils/__init__.py b/nipype/utils/__init__.py
index a8ee27f54d..56d7dfb2c7 100644
--- a/nipype/utils/__init__.py
+++ b/nipype/utils/__init__.py
@@ -1,4 +1,2 @@
-# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
-
 from .onetime import OneTimeProperty, setattr_on_read
 from .tmpdirs import TemporaryDirectory, InTemporaryDirectory
diff --git a/nipype/utils/config.py b/nipype/utils/config.py
index 98e1be31a9..bf29f81de8 100644
--- a/nipype/utils/config.py
+++ b/nipype/utils/config.py
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 # emacs: -*- mode: python; py-indent-offset: 4; indent-tabs-mode: nil -*-
 # vi: set ft=python sts=4 ts=4 sw=4 et:
 """
@@ -83,7 +82,7 @@ def mkdir_p(path):
             raise
 
 
-class NipypeConfig(object):
+class NipypeConfig:
     """Base nipype config class"""
 
     def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
@@ -207,7 +206,7 @@ def get_data(self, key):
         if not os.path.exists(self.data_file):
             return None
         with SoftFileLock("%s.lock" % self.data_file):
-            with open(self.data_file, "rt") as file:
+            with open(self.data_file) as file:
                 datadict = load(file)
         if key in datadict:
             return datadict[key]
@@ -218,14 +217,14 @@ def save_data(self, key, value):
         datadict = {}
         if os.path.exists(self.data_file):
             with SoftFileLock("%s.lock" % self.data_file):
-                with open(self.data_file, "rt") as file:
+                with open(self.data_file) as file:
                     datadict = load(file)
         else:
             dirname = os.path.dirname(self.data_file)
             if not os.path.exists(dirname):
                 mkdir_p(dirname)
         with SoftFileLock("%s.lock" % self.data_file):
-            with open(self.data_file, "wt") as file:
+            with open(self.data_file, "w") as file:
                 datadict[key] = value
                 dump(datadict, file)
 
diff --git a/nipype/utils/docparse.py b/nipype/utils/docparse.py
index 45fbca5df7..992d243956 100644
--- a/nipype/utils/docparse.py
+++ b/nipype/utils/docparse.py
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 # emacs: -*- mode: python; py-indent-offset: 4; indent-tabs-mode: nil -*-
 # vi: set ft=python sts=4 ts=4 sw=4 et:
 """Utilities to pull in documentation from command-line tools.
@@ -40,8 +39,8 @@ def grab_doc(cmd, trap_error=True):
     stdout, stderr = proc.communicate()
 
     if trap_error and proc.returncode:
-        msg = "Attempting to run %s. Returned Error: %s" % (cmd, stderr)
-        raise IOError(msg)
+        msg = f"Attempting to run {cmd}. Returned Error: {stderr}"
+        raise OSError(msg)
 
     if stderr:
         # A few programs, like fast and fnirt, send their help to
diff --git a/nipype/utils/draw_gantt_chart.py b/nipype/utils/draw_gantt_chart.py
index a13d596bf7..debce75970 100644
--- a/nipype/utils/draw_gantt_chart.py
+++ b/nipype/utils/draw_gantt_chart.py
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 # emacs: -*- mode: python; py-indent-offset: 4; indent-tabs-mode: nil -*-
 # vi: set ft=python sts=4 ts=4 sw=4 et:
 """
@@ -98,7 +97,7 @@ def log_to_dict(logfile):
     """
 
     # Init variables
-    with open(logfile, "r") as content:
+    with open(logfile) as content:
         # read file separating each line
         lines = content.readlines()
 
@@ -527,7 +526,7 @@ def generate_gantt_chart(
     html_string += (
         "<p>Finish: " + last_node["finish"].strftime("%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S") + "</p>"
     )
-    html_string += "<p>Duration: " + "{0:.2f}".format(duration / 60) + " minutes</p>"
+    html_string += "<p>Duration: " + f"{duration / 60:.2f}" + " minutes</p>"
     html_string += "<p>Nodes: " + str(len(nodes_list)) + "</p>"
     html_string += "<p>Cores: " + str(cores) + "</p>"
     html_string += close_header
diff --git a/nipype/utils/filemanip.py b/nipype/utils/filemanip.py
index a8947a3d0d..682813df86 100644
--- a/nipype/utils/filemanip.py
+++ b/nipype/utils/filemanip.py
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 # emacs: -*- mode: python; py-indent-offset: 4; indent-tabs-mode: nil -*-
 # vi: set ft=python sts=4 ts=4 sw=4 et:
 """Miscellaneous file manipulation functions
@@ -583,7 +582,7 @@ def load_json(filename):
 
     """
 
-    with open(filename, "r") as fp:
+    with open(filename) as fp:
         data = json.load(fp)
     return data
 
@@ -608,15 +607,15 @@ def loadpkl(infile):
         if infile.exists():
             timed_out = False
             break
-        fmlogger.debug("'{}' missing; waiting 2s".format(infile))
+        fmlogger.debug(f"'{infile}' missing; waiting 2s")
         sleep(2)
     if timed_out:
         error_message = (
-            "Result file {0} expected, but "
-            "does not exist after ({1}) "
+            "Result file {} expected, but "
+            "does not exist after ({}) "
             "seconds.".format(infile, timeout)
         )
-        raise IOError(error_message)
+        raise OSError(error_message)
 
     with pklopen(str(infile), "rb") as pkl_file:
         pkl_contents = pkl_file.read()
@@ -676,10 +675,10 @@ def crash2txt(filename, record):
     with open(filename, "w") as fp:
         if "node" in record:
             node = record["node"]
-            fp.write("Node: {}\n".format(node.fullname))
-            fp.write("Working directory: {}\n".format(node.output_dir()))
+            fp.write(f"Node: {node.fullname}\n")
+            fp.write(f"Working directory: {node.output_dir()}\n")
             fp.write("\n")
-            fp.write("Node inputs:\n{}\n".format(node.inputs))
+            fp.write(f"Node inputs:\n{node.inputs}\n")
         fp.write("".join(record["traceback"]))
 
 
@@ -710,7 +709,7 @@ def savepkl(filename, record, versioning=False):
         if versioning:
             metadata = json.dumps({"version": version})
             f.write(metadata.encode("utf-8"))
-            f.write("\n".encode("utf-8"))
+            f.write(b"\n")
         pickle.dump(record, f)
         content = f.getvalue()
 
@@ -739,14 +738,14 @@ def write_rst_header(header, level=0):
 def write_rst_list(items, prefix=""):
     out = []
     for item in ensure_list(items):
-        out.append("{} {}".format(prefix, str(item)))
+        out.append(f"{prefix} {str(item)}")
     return "\n".join(out) + "\n\n"
 
 
 def write_rst_dict(info, prefix=""):
     out = []
     for key, value in sorted(info.items()):
-        out.append("{}* {} : {}".format(prefix, key, str(value)))
+        out.append(f"{prefix}* {key} : {str(value)}")
     return "\n".join(out) + "\n\n"
 
 
@@ -934,7 +933,7 @@ def relpath(path, start=None):
             )
         else:
             raise ValueError(
-                "path is on drive %s, start on drive %s" % (path_list[0], start_list[0])
+                f"path is on drive {path_list[0]}, start on drive {start_list[0]}"
             )
     # Work out how much of the filepath is shared by start and path.
     for i in range(min(len(start_list), len(path_list))):
diff --git a/nipype/utils/functions.py b/nipype/utils/functions.py
index c53a221d48..1ef35b22b1 100644
--- a/nipype/utils/functions.py
+++ b/nipype/utils/functions.py
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 """
 Handles custom functions used in Function interface. Future imports
 are avoided to keep namespace as clear as possible.
@@ -34,7 +33,7 @@ def create_function_from_source(function_source, imports=None):
         exec(function_source, ns)
 
     except Exception as e:
-        msg = "Error executing function\n{}\n".format(function_source)
+        msg = f"Error executing function\n{function_source}\n"
         msg += (
             "Functions in connection strings have to be standalone. "
             "They cannot be declared either interactively or inside "
diff --git a/nipype/utils/logger.py b/nipype/utils/logger.py
index bfa23628a4..6ce7deafad 100644
--- a/nipype/utils/logger.py
+++ b/nipype/utils/logger.py
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 # emacs: -*- mode: python; py-indent-offset: 4; indent-tabs-mode: nil -*-
 # vi: set ft=python sts=4 ts=4 sw=4 et:
 
@@ -16,7 +15,7 @@
     from logging.handlers import RotatingFileHandler as RFHandler
 
 
-class Logging(object):
+class Logging:
     """Nipype logging class"""
 
     fmt = "%(asctime)s,%(msecs)d %(name)-2s " "%(levelname)-2s:\n\t %(message)s"
diff --git a/nipype/utils/matlabtools.py b/nipype/utils/matlabtools.py
index 4919c39c2b..fdde853b6e 100644
--- a/nipype/utils/matlabtools.py
+++ b/nipype/utils/matlabtools.py
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 # emacs: -*- mode: python; py-indent-offset: 4; indent-tabs-mode: nil -*-
 # vi: set ft=python sts=4 ts=4 sw=4 et:
 """ Useful Functions for working with matlab"""
diff --git a/nipype/utils/misc.py b/nipype/utils/misc.py
index 11aa9ea859..baafbf29d2 100644
--- a/nipype/utils/misc.py
+++ b/nipype/utils/misc.py
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 # emacs: -*- mode: python; py-indent-offset: 4; indent-tabs-mode: nil -*-
 # vi: set ft=python sts=4 ts=4 sw=4 et:
 """Miscellaneous utility functions
@@ -159,11 +158,11 @@ def package_check(
     """
 
     if app:
-        msg = "%s requires %s" % (app, pkg_name)
+        msg = f"{app} requires {pkg_name}"
     else:
         msg = "Nipype requires %s" % pkg_name
     if version:
-        msg += " with version >= %s" % (version,)
+        msg += f" with version >= {version}"
     try:
         mod = __import__(pkg_name)
     except ImportError as e:
@@ -340,7 +339,7 @@ def _uniformize(val):
         old = _uniformize(dold[k])
 
         if new != old:
-            diff += ["  * %s: %r != %r" % (k, _shorten(new), _shorten(old))]
+            diff += [f"  * {k}: {_shorten(new)!r} != {_shorten(old)!r}"]
 
     if len(diff) > diffkeys:
         diff.insert(diffkeys, "Some dictionary entries had differing values:")
diff --git a/nipype/utils/nipype2boutiques.py b/nipype/utils/nipype2boutiques.py
index 0a12e59f28..da8f716f41 100644
--- a/nipype/utils/nipype2boutiques.py
+++ b/nipype/utils/nipype2boutiques.py
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
-
 # This tool exports a Nipype interface in the Boutiques
 # (https://github.com/boutiques) JSON format. Boutiques tools
 # can be imported in CBRAIN (https://github.com/aces/cbrain)
diff --git a/nipype/utils/nipype_cmd.py b/nipype/utils/nipype_cmd.py
index 76717bf168..2adbd179de 100644
--- a/nipype/utils/nipype_cmd.py
+++ b/nipype/utils/nipype_cmd.py
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 import os
 import argparse
 import inspect
@@ -53,7 +52,7 @@ def run_instance(interface, options):
             try:
                 setattr(interface.inputs, input_name, value)
             except ValueError as e:
-                print("Error when setting the value of %s: '%s'" % (input_name, str(e)))
+                print(f"Error when setting the value of {input_name}: '{str(e)}'")
 
     print(interface.inputs)
     res = interface.run()
diff --git a/nipype/utils/onetime.py b/nipype/utils/onetime.py
index bb721dc7e8..188c8f9147 100644
--- a/nipype/utils/onetime.py
+++ b/nipype/utils/onetime.py
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 # emacs: -*- mode: python; py-indent-offset: 4; indent-tabs-mode: nil -*-
 # vi: set ft=python sts=4 ts=4 sw=4 et:
 """Descriptor support for NIPY.
@@ -19,7 +18,7 @@
 """
 
 
-class OneTimeProperty(object):
+class OneTimeProperty:
     """A descriptor to make special properties that become normal attributes."""
 
     def __init__(self, func):
diff --git a/nipype/utils/profiler.py b/nipype/utils/profiler.py
index d83b745df5..2ca93bf720 100644
--- a/nipype/utils/profiler.py
+++ b/nipype/utils/profiler.py
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 # emacs: -*- mode: python; py-indent-offset: 4; indent-tabs-mode: nil -*-
 # vi: set ft=python sts=4 ts=4 sw=4 et:
 """
@@ -132,7 +131,7 @@ def _sample(self, cpu_interval=None):
             except psutil.NoSuchProcess:
                 pass
 
-        print("%f,%f,%f,%f" % (time(), cpu, rss / _MB, vms / _MB), file=self._logfile)
+        print(f"{time():f},{cpu:f},{rss / _MB:f},{vms / _MB:f}", file=self._logfile)
         self._logfile.flush()
 
     def run(self):
@@ -203,7 +202,7 @@ def get_system_total_memory_gb():
 
     # Get memory
     if "linux" in sys.platform:
-        with open("/proc/meminfo", "r") as f_in:
+        with open("/proc/meminfo") as f_in:
             meminfo_lines = f_in.readlines()
             mem_total_line = [line for line in meminfo_lines if "MemTotal" in line][0]
             mem_total = float(mem_total_line.split()[1])
diff --git a/nipype/utils/provenance.py b/nipype/utils/provenance.py
index 5493f7c330..4ba3582616 100644
--- a/nipype/utils/provenance.py
+++ b/nipype/utils/provenance.py
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 from collections import OrderedDict
 
 from copy import deepcopy
@@ -121,7 +120,7 @@ def _get_sorteddict(object, dictwithhash=False):
             else:
                 out = hash
         elif isinstance(object, float):
-            out = "%.10f".format(object)
+            out = f"%.10f"
         else:
             out = object
     return out
@@ -144,7 +143,7 @@ def safe_encode(x, as_literal=True):
         if os.path.exists(x):
             if x[0] != os.pathsep:
                 x = os.path.abspath(x)
-            value = "file://{}{}".format(platform.node().lower(), x)
+            value = f"file://{platform.node().lower()}{x}"
             if not as_literal:
                 return value
             try:
@@ -181,7 +180,7 @@ def safe_encode(x, as_literal=True):
         try:
             jsonstr = json.dumps(outdict)
         except UnicodeDecodeError as excp:
-            jsonstr = "Could not encode dictionary. {}".format(excp)
+            jsonstr = f"Could not encode dictionary. {excp}"
             logger.warning("Prov: %s", jsonstr)
 
         if not as_literal:
@@ -211,7 +210,7 @@ def safe_encode(x, as_literal=True):
         try:
             jsonstr = json.dumps(x)
         except UnicodeDecodeError as excp:
-            jsonstr = "Could not encode list/tuple. {}".format(excp)
+            jsonstr = f"Could not encode list/tuple. {excp}"
             logger.warning("Prov: %s", jsonstr)
 
         if not as_literal:
@@ -237,7 +236,7 @@ def safe_encode(x, as_literal=True):
             jsonstr = dumps(x)
             ltype = nipype_ns["pickle"]
         except TypeError as excp:
-            jsonstr = "Could not encode object. {}".format(excp)
+            jsonstr = f"Could not encode object. {excp}"
 
     if not as_literal:
         return jsonstr
@@ -310,7 +309,7 @@ def write_provenance(results, filename="provenance", format="all"):
     return prov
 
 
-class ProvStore(object):
+class ProvStore:
     def __init__(self):
         self.g = pm.ProvDocument()
         self.g.add_namespace(foaf)
@@ -327,7 +326,7 @@ def add_results(self, results, keep_provenance=False):
         inputs = results.inputs
         outputs = results.outputs
         classname = interface.__name__
-        modulepath = "{0}.{1}".format(interface.__module__, interface.__name__)
+        modulepath = f"{interface.__module__}.{interface.__name__}"
         activitytype = "".join([i.capitalize() for i in modulepath.split(".")])
 
         a0_attrs = {
@@ -443,7 +442,7 @@ def add_results(self, results, keep_provenance=False):
 
     def write_provenance(self, filename="provenance", format="all"):
         if format in ["provn", "all"]:
-            with open(filename + ".provn", "wt") as fp:
+            with open(filename + ".provn", "w") as fp:
                 fp.writelines(self.g.get_provn())
         try:
             if format in ["rdf", "all"]:
diff --git a/nipype/utils/spm_docs.py b/nipype/utils/spm_docs.py
index 758d1fbb39..3702378d1f 100644
--- a/nipype/utils/spm_docs.py
+++ b/nipype/utils/spm_docs.py
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 # emacs: -*- mode: python; py-indent-offset: 4; indent-tabs-mode: nil -*-
 # vi: set ft=python sts=4 ts=4 sw=4 et:
 """Grab documentation from spm."""
@@ -28,7 +27,7 @@ def grab_doc(task_name):
     # We need to tell Matlab where to find our spm_get_doc.m file.
     cwd = os.path.dirname(__file__)
     # Build matlab command
-    mcmd = "addpath('%s');spm_get_doc('%s')" % (cwd, task_name)
+    mcmd = f"addpath('{cwd}');spm_get_doc('{task_name}')"
     cmd.inputs.script_lines = mcmd
     # Run the command and get the documentation out of the result.
     out = cmd.run()
@@ -48,7 +47,7 @@ def _strip_header(doc):
     try:
         index = doc.index(hdr)
     except ValueError as e:
-        raise IOError("This docstring was not generated by Nipype!\n") from e
+        raise OSError("This docstring was not generated by Nipype!\n") from e
 
     index += len(hdr)
     index += 1
diff --git a/nipype/utils/subprocess.py b/nipype/utils/subprocess.py
index ec00c8b198..16fb438f1f 100644
--- a/nipype/utils/subprocess.py
+++ b/nipype/utils/subprocess.py
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 # emacs: -*- mode: python; py-indent-offset: 4; indent-tabs-mode: nil -*-
 # vi: set ft=python sts=4 ts=4 sw=4 et:
 """Miscellaneous utility functions
@@ -19,7 +18,7 @@
 iflogger = logging.getLogger("nipype.interface")
 
 
-class Stream(object):
+class Stream:
     """Function to capture stdout and stderr streams with timestamps
 
     stackoverflow.com/questions/4984549/merge-and-sync-stdout-and-stderr/5188359
@@ -64,7 +63,7 @@ def _read(self, drain):
         self._buf = rest
         now = datetime.datetime.now().isoformat()
         rows = tmp.split("\n")
-        self._rows += [(now, "%s %s:%s" % (self._name, now, r), r) for r in rows]
+        self._rows += [(now, f"{self._name} {now}:{r}", r) for r in rows]
         for idx in range(self._lastidx, len(self._rows)):
             iflogger.info(self._rows[idx][1])
         self._lastidx = len(self._rows)
@@ -126,7 +125,7 @@ def run_command(runtime, output=None, timeout=0.01, write_cmdline=False):
         def _process(drain=0):
             try:
                 res = select.select(streams, [], [], timeout)
-            except select.error as e:
+            except OSError as e:
                 iflogger.info(e)
                 if e.errno == errno.EINTR:
                     return
diff --git a/nipype/utils/tests/__init__.py b/nipype/utils/tests/__init__.py
index 939910d6b6..00d7c65d5a 100644
--- a/nipype/utils/tests/__init__.py
+++ b/nipype/utils/tests/__init__.py
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 # emacs: -*- mode: python; py-indent-offset: 4; indent-tabs-mode: nil -*-
 # vi: set ft=python sts=4 ts=4 sw=4 et:
 """
diff --git a/nipype/utils/tests/test_config.py b/nipype/utils/tests/test_config.py
index 5d9b5d57df..f11908c3dd 100644
--- a/nipype/utils/tests/test_config.py
+++ b/nipype/utils/tests/test_config.py
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 # emacs: -*- mode: python; py-indent-offset: 4; indent-tabs-mode: nil -*-
 # vi: set ft=python sts=4 ts=4 sw=4 et:
 import os
diff --git a/nipype/utils/tests/test_docparse.py b/nipype/utils/tests/test_docparse.py
index 48812721b7..b6c8bbaaf3 100644
--- a/nipype/utils/tests/test_docparse.py
+++ b/nipype/utils/tests/test_docparse.py
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 # emacs: -*- mode: python; py-indent-offset: 4; indent-tabs-mode: nil -*-
 # vi: set ft=python sts=4 ts=4 sw=4 et:
 
diff --git a/nipype/utils/tests/test_filemanip.py b/nipype/utils/tests/test_filemanip.py
index 91f0e1f229..146a245841 100644
--- a/nipype/utils/tests/test_filemanip.py
+++ b/nipype/utils/tests/test_filemanip.py
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 # emacs: -*- mode: python; py-indent-offset: 4; indent-tabs-mode: nil -*-
 # vi: set ft=python sts=4 ts=4 sw=4 et:
 import os
@@ -238,7 +237,7 @@ def test_copyfallback(_temp_analyze_files):
     pth, hdrname = os.path.split(orig_hdr)
     try:
         fatfs = TempFATFS()
-    except (IOError, OSError):
+    except OSError:
         raise SkipTest("Fuse mount failed. copyfile fallback tests skipped.")
 
     with fatfs as fatdir:
diff --git a/nipype/utils/tests/test_functions.py b/nipype/utils/tests/test_functions.py
index 65d5867915..a55f3f3416 100644
--- a/nipype/utils/tests/test_functions.py
+++ b/nipype/utils/tests/test_functions.py
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 import pytest
 from nipype.utils.functions import getsource, create_function_from_source
 
diff --git a/nipype/utils/tests/test_misc.py b/nipype/utils/tests/test_misc.py
index 13ae3740d6..6e71e7c0ca 100644
--- a/nipype/utils/tests/test_misc.py
+++ b/nipype/utils/tests/test_misc.py
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 # emacs: -*- mode: python; py-indent-offset: 4; indent-tabs-mode: nil -*-
 # vi: set ft=python sts=4 ts=4 sw=4 et:
 import os
@@ -127,7 +126,7 @@ def test_dict_diff():
 
     diff = dict_diff({"a": complicated_val1}, {"a": complicated_val2})
     assert "Some dictionary entries had differing values:" in diff
-    assert "a: {!r} != {!r}".format(uniformized_val2, uniformized_val1) in diff
+    assert f"a: {uniformized_val2!r} != {uniformized_val1!r}" in diff
 
     # Trigger shortening
     diff = dict_diff({"a": "b" * 60}, {"a": "c" * 70})
diff --git a/nipype/utils/tests/test_nipype2boutiques.py b/nipype/utils/tests/test_nipype2boutiques.py
index 758f621202..2ea0abd687 100644
--- a/nipype/utils/tests/test_nipype2boutiques.py
+++ b/nipype/utils/tests/test_nipype2boutiques.py
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 # emacs: -*- mode: python; py-indent-offset: 4; indent-tabs-mode: nil -*-
 # vi: set ft=python sts=4 ts=4 sw=4 et:
 from ..nipype2boutiques import generate_boutiques_descriptor
@@ -20,7 +19,7 @@ def test_generate():
         author=("Oxford Centre for Functional" " MRI of the Brain (FMRIB)"),
     )
 
-    with open(example_data("nipype2boutiques_example.json"), "r") as desc_file:
+    with open(example_data("nipype2boutiques_example.json")) as desc_file:
         # Make sure that output descriptor matches the expected descriptor.
         output_desc = json.loads(desc)
         expected_desc = json.load(desc_file)
diff --git a/nipype/utils/tests/test_provenance.py b/nipype/utils/tests/test_provenance.py
index 8137c083f7..ffdabd6f83 100644
--- a/nipype/utils/tests/test_provenance.py
+++ b/nipype/utils/tests/test_provenance.py
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 # emacs: -*- mode: python; py-indent-offset: 4; indent-tabs-mode: nil -*-
 # vi: set ft=python sts=4 ts=4 sw=4 et:
 import os
diff --git a/nipype/utils/tmpdirs.py b/nipype/utils/tmpdirs.py
index 70709ae209..a399650c07 100644
--- a/nipype/utils/tmpdirs.py
+++ b/nipype/utils/tmpdirs.py
@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
-
-
 # emacs: -*- mode: python; py-indent-offset: 4; indent-tabs-mode: nil -*-
 # vi: set ft=python sts=4 ts=4 sw=4 et:
 import os
@@ -8,7 +5,7 @@
 from tempfile import template, mkdtemp
 
 
-class TemporaryDirectory(object):
+class TemporaryDirectory:
     """Create and return a temporary directory.  This has the same
     behavior as mkdtemp but can be used as a context manager.  For
     example:
@@ -41,8 +38,8 @@ class InTemporaryDirectory(TemporaryDirectory):
     def __enter__(self):
         self._pwd = os.getcwd()
         os.chdir(self.name)
-        return super(InTemporaryDirectory, self).__enter__()
+        return super().__enter__()
 
     def __exit__(self, exc, value, tb):
         os.chdir(self._pwd)
-        return super(InTemporaryDirectory, self).__exit__(exc, value, tb)
+        return super().__exit__(exc, value, tb)
diff --git a/nipype/workflows/__init__.py b/nipype/workflows/__init__.py
index 760ee9229a..5a3f04b56e 100644
--- a/nipype/workflows/__init__.py
+++ b/nipype/workflows/__init__.py
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 # emacs: -*- mode: python; py-indent-offset: 4; indent-tabs-mode: nil -*-
 # vi: set ft=python sts=4 ts=4 sw=4 et:
 
diff --git a/setup.py b/setup.py
index 046124fde8..f5d7787577 100755
--- a/setup.py
+++ b/setup.py
@@ -74,7 +74,7 @@ def run(self):
         cfg_parser.read(pjoin("nipype", "COMMIT_INFO.txt"))
         cfg_parser.set("commit hash", "install_hash", repo_commit.strip())
         out_pth = pjoin(self.build_lib, "nipype", "COMMIT_INFO.txt")
-        cfg_parser.write(open(out_pth, "wt"))
+        cfg_parser.write(open(out_pth, "w"))
 
 
 def main():
diff --git a/tools/checkspecs.py b/tools/checkspecs.py
index 7aaac0d107..5cceb49252 100644
--- a/tools/checkspecs.py
+++ b/tools/checkspecs.py
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@
 
 
 # Functions and classes
-class InterfaceChecker(object):
+class InterfaceChecker:
     """Class for checking all interface specifications"""
 
     def __init__(
@@ -124,7 +124,7 @@ def _parse_module(self, uri):
         if filename is None:
             # nothing that we could handle here.
             return ([], [])
-        f = open(filename, "rt")
+        f = open(filename)
         functions, classes = self._parse_lines(f, uri)
         f.close()
         return functions, classes
@@ -158,7 +158,7 @@ def _normalize_repr(cls, value):
             return "[{}]".format(", ".join(map(cls._normalize_repr, value)))
         if isinstance(value, tuple):
             if len(value) == 1:
-                return "({},)".format(cls._normalize_repr(value[0]))
+                return f"({cls._normalize_repr(value[0])},)"
             return "({})".format(", ".join(map(cls._normalize_repr, value)))
         if isinstance(value, (str, bytes)):
             value = repr(value)
@@ -247,7 +247,7 @@ def test_specs(self, uri):
             if not os.path.exists(nonautotest):
                 cmd = [
                     "# AUTO-GENERATED by tools/checkspecs.py - DO NOT EDIT",
-                    "from ..%s import %s" % (uri.split(".")[-1], c),
+                    "from ..{} import {}".format(uri.split(".")[-1], c),
                     "",
                 ]
                 cmd.append("\ndef test_%s_inputs():" % c)
@@ -259,7 +259,7 @@ def test_specs(self, uri):
                     for key, value in sorted(trait.__dict__.items()):
                         if key in in_built or key == "desc":
                             continue
-                        input_fields += "%s=%s,\n    " % (
+                        input_fields += "{}={},\n    ".format(
                             key,
                             self._normalize_repr(value),
                         )
@@ -274,7 +274,7 @@ def test_specs(self, uri):
                 ]
 
                 fmt_cmd = black.format_str("\n".join(cmd), mode=black.FileMode())
-                with open(testfile, "wt") as fp:
+                with open(testfile, "w") as fp:
                     fp.writelines(fmt_cmd)
             else:
                 print("%s has nonautotest" % c)
@@ -350,7 +350,7 @@ def test_specs(self, uri):
                     for key, value in sorted(trait.__dict__.items()):
                         if key in in_built or key == "desc":
                             continue
-                        input_fields += "%s=%s,\n    " % (
+                        input_fields += "{}={},\n    ".format(
                             key,
                             self._normalize_repr(value),
                         )
@@ -364,7 +364,7 @@ def test_specs(self, uri):
             assert getattr(outputs.traits()[key], metakey) == value"""
                 ]
                 fmt_cmd = black.format_str("\n".join(cmd), mode=black.FileMode())
-                with open(testfile, "at") as fp:
+                with open(testfile, "a") as fp:
                     fp.writelines("\n\n" + fmt_cmd)
 
             for traitname, trait in sorted(
@@ -484,26 +484,26 @@ def check_modules(self):
     ic = InterfaceChecker(package)
     # Packages that should not be included in generated API docs.
     ic.package_skip_patterns += [
-        "\.external$",
-        "\.fixes$",
-        "\.utils$",
-        "\.pipeline",
-        "\.testing",
-        "\.caching",
-        "\.workflows",
+        r"\.external$",
+        r"\.fixes$",
+        r"\.utils$",
+        r"\.pipeline",
+        r"\.testing",
+        r"\.caching",
+        r"\.workflows",
     ]
     """
     # Modules that should not be included in generated API docs.
-    ic.module_skip_patterns += ['\.version$',
-                                '\.interfaces\.base$',
-                                '\.interfaces\.matlab$',
-                                '\.interfaces\.rest$',
-                                '\.interfaces\.pymvpa$',
-                                '\.interfaces\.slicer\.generate_classes$',
-                                '\.interfaces\.spm\.base$',
-                                '\.interfaces\.traits',
-                                '\.pipeline\.alloy$',
-                                '\.pipeline\.s3_node_wrapper$',
+    ic.module_skip_patterns += ['\\.version$',
+                                '\\.interfaces\\.base$',
+                                '\\.interfaces\\.matlab$',
+                                '\\.interfaces\\.rest$',
+                                '\\.interfaces\\.pymvpa$',
+                                '\\.interfaces\\.slicer\\.generate_classes$',
+                                '\\.interfaces\\.spm\\.base$',
+                                '\\.interfaces\\.traits',
+                                '\\.pipeline\\.alloy$',
+                                '\\.pipeline\\.s3_node_wrapper$',
                                 '.\testing',
                                        ]
     ic.class_skip_patterns += ['AFNI',
diff --git a/tools/gitwash_dumper.py b/tools/gitwash_dumper.py
index 2c08547bac..f906d48f5f 100755
--- a/tools/gitwash_dumper.py
+++ b/tools/gitwash_dumper.py
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ def clone_repo(url, branch):
     cwd = os.getcwd()
     tmpdir = tempfile.mkdtemp()
     try:
-        cmd = "git clone %s %s" % (url, tmpdir)
+        cmd = f"git clone {url} {tmpdir}"
         call(cmd, shell=True)
         os.chdir(tmpdir)
         cmd = "git checkout %s" % branch
@@ -51,16 +51,16 @@ def cp_files(in_path, globs, out_path):
 
 def filename_search_replace(sr_pairs, filename, backup=False):
     """Search and replace for expressions in files"""
-    in_txt = open(filename, "rt").read(-1)
+    in_txt = open(filename).read(-1)
     out_txt = in_txt[:]
     for in_exp, out_exp in sr_pairs:
         in_exp = re.compile(in_exp)
         out_txt = in_exp.sub(out_exp, out_txt)
     if in_txt == out_txt:
         return False
-    open(filename, "wt").write(out_txt)
+    open(filename, "w").write(out_txt)
     if backup:
-        open(filename + ".bak", "wt").write(in_txt)
+        open(filename + ".bak", "w").write(in_txt)
     return True
 
 
@@ -110,7 +110,7 @@ def make_link_targets(
     .. _`proj_name`: url
     .. _`proj_name` mailing list: url
     """
-    link_contents = open(known_link_fname, "rt").readlines()
+    link_contents = open(known_link_fname).readlines()
     have_url = url is not None
     have_ml_url = ml_url is not None
     have_gh_url = None
@@ -133,18 +133,18 @@ def make_link_targets(
         )
     lines = []
     if url is not None:
-        lines.append(".. _%s: %s\n" % (proj_name, url))
+        lines.append(f".. _{proj_name}: {url}\n")
     if not have_gh_url:
-        gh_url = "http://github.com/%s/%s\n" % (user_name, repo_name)
-        lines.append(".. _`%s github`: %s\n" % (proj_name, gh_url))
+        gh_url = f"http://github.com/{user_name}/{repo_name}\n"
+        lines.append(f".. _`{proj_name} github`: {gh_url}\n")
     if ml_url is not None:
-        lines.append(".. _`%s mailing list`: %s\n" % (proj_name, ml_url))
+        lines.append(f".. _`{proj_name} mailing list`: {ml_url}\n")
     if len(lines) == 0:
         # Nothing to do
         return
     # A neat little header line
     lines = [".. %s\n" % proj_name] + lines
-    out_links = open(out_link_fname, "wt")
+    out_links = open(out_link_fname, "w")
     out_links.writelines(lines)
     out_links.close()
 
@@ -232,7 +232,7 @@ def main():
             out_path,
             cp_globs=(pjoin("gitwash", "*"),),
             rep_globs=("*.rst",),
-            renames=(("\.rst$", options.source_suffix),),
+            renames=((r"\.rst$", options.source_suffix),),
         )
         make_link_targets(
             project_name,
diff --git a/tools/run_examples.py b/tools/run_examples.py
index bd77f1a0a4..b52ba9613e 100644
--- a/tools/run_examples.py
+++ b/tools/run_examples.py
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 import sys
 from textwrap import dedent