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Android 中的设计模式 —— 单例模式 - 魅族内核团队
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<h1>Android 中的设计模式 —— 单例模式</h1>
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Posted by Zhang Xing on
2016-09-19
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<h2 id="设计模式简介"><a href="#设计模式简介" class="headerlink" title="设计模式简介"></a>设计模式简介</h2><p>当我们讨论设计模式的时候，其实我们在讨论面向对象的设计问题。</p>
<p>软件设计中很多问题都会一次又一次的重复出现，而经过一定的总结之后会有一些优秀的解法沉淀下来，可以用于以后出现的类似问题，我们把这些解法叫做设计模式。</p>
<p>软件的生命周期决定了其设计要尽可能地面对（需求）改变，所以在开发和维护过程中，面临的较大问题，除了解决问题的关键点，另一个就是解决需求变更和扩展所带来的代码结构变化问题。而设计模式刚好可以让我们的设计更加灵活，在解决问题的基础上，也使得后期的功能扩展对原有结构的影响尽可能小。</p>
<p><strong>推荐书籍：</strong></p>
<ol>
<li>[ 设计模式：可复用面向对象软件的基础 ] <a href="http://item.jd.com/10057319.html" title=" 设计模式：可复用面向对象软件的基础 "> 推荐书籍 1</a></li>
<li>[Head First 设计模式 ] <a href="http://item.jd.com/10100236.html" title="Head First 设计模式 "> 推荐书籍 2</a></li>
</ol>
<h2 id="面向对象软件设计原则"><a href="#面向对象软件设计原则" class="headerlink" title="面向对象软件设计原则"></a>面向对象软件设计原则</h2><p>[《Head First 设计模式》] <a href="http://item.jd.com/10100236.html" title="Head First 设计模式 "> 推荐书籍 2</a> 一书里面提炼了很多 OO 设计的原则，在这里分析其中的一些。</p>
<ol>
<li><strong>找出需求中“可能变化”之处，把它们独立出来。</strong> 这样，新需求对原架构的影响就会减小很多。这个是程序设计最基本的原则，也可以说成，让每次的变化，尽可能地影响最少的代码。</li>
<li><strong>针对接口编程，而不是针对实现编程。</strong> 这里的接口，可以是 Interface，也可以是 base class，最关键的是，当行为改变时，对使用该接口的地方来讲是透明的。也就是说，要有效利用多态的特性。</li>
<li><strong>多用组合、少用继承。</strong> 为什么要少用继承？个人的理解是，继承都需要用在能表现多态的地方。</li>
<li><strong>为了交互对象之间的松耦合设计而努力。</strong> 这个好像不用解释。</li>
<li><strong>要依赖抽象，不要依赖具体类。</strong> 一旦依赖了具体类，就没办法低耦合了。</li>
<li><strong>一个类只应该有一个引起变化的原因。</strong> 这是我们奋斗的目标，但是有时候需要综合其他的原则一起考虑。</li>
</ol>
<p>还有一些其他原则，有待在实践中不断深化，这里不一一列举了。</p>
<h2 id="设计模式举例"><a href="#设计模式举例" class="headerlink" title="设计模式举例"></a>设计模式举例</h2><h3 id="单例模式"><a href="#单例模式" class="headerlink" title="单例模式"></a>单例模式</h3><p>单例模式应该是最简单的一个模式，因为它不涉及和其他类交互的问题。但是写好单例模式并不容易，特别是在多线程环境下，单例模式有时候并不好写。</p>
<p>当确定系统只需要某个对象的唯一实例时，就需要使用单例模式。</p>
<p>先看看关系图如下：</p>
<p><img src="http://i.imgur.com/qAjcNLz.jpg" alt=" 单例模式 UML 类图 "></p>
<p>最简单的写法就是只提供一个 private 的构造方法，一个 static 的对象和获取这个对象的函数，如下所示：</p>
<figure class="highlight csharp"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="keyword">public</span> <span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="title">Singleton</span>{</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">private</span> <span class="keyword">static</span> Singleton singleton = <span class="literal">null</span>;</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="function"><span class="keyword">private</span> <span class="title">Singleton</span>()</span>{}</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="function"><span class="keyword">public</span> Singleton <span class="title">getInstance</span>()</span>{</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">if</span>(singleton == <span class="literal">null</span>){</span><br><span class="line"> singleton = <span class="keyword">new</span> Singleton();</span><br><span class="line"> }</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">return</span> singleton;</span><br><span class="line"> }</span><br><span class="line">}</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p>不过这种写法即使是在笔试的时候，也的不了多少分的。</p>
<h4 id="实际应用举例"><a href="#实际应用举例" class="headerlink" title="实际应用举例"></a>实际应用举例</h4><p>一个比较过关的写法是考虑多线程的情况下能够正常运行，并且尽可能推迟生成实例（在生成实例代价较大的情况下比较有用）。以下是一个具体的场景：要根据手机屏幕的亮灭来控制手机 LED 灯的亮灭，这样可以在无屏幕的状态下根据 LED 的情况判断手机是否处于开机状态。</p>
<p>因为 Framework 中 <code>DisplayPowerState</code> 这个类有在 <code>PowerManagerService</code> 里面更新屏幕的状态，如果不用单例模式，会出现生成多个控制 LED 灯的对象，导致 LED 在指定状态下是一闪一闪的状态，无法达到指定需求。所以考虑使用单例模式来写 LED 对象。</p>
<figure class="highlight java"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br><span class="line">16</span><br><span class="line">17</span><br><span class="line">18</span><br><span class="line">19</span><br><span class="line">20</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="keyword">private</span> <span class="keyword">static</span> <span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="title class_">LightHandler</span> <span class="keyword">extends</span> <span class="title class_">Handler</span>{</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">private</span> <span class="keyword">static</span> <span class="keyword">final</span> <span class="type">Object</span> <span class="variable">mLock</span> <span class="operator">=</span> <span class="keyword">new</span> <span class="title class_">Object</span>();</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">private</span> <span class="keyword">volatile</span> <span class="keyword">static</span> <span class="type">LightHandler</span> <span class="variable">mlightHandler</span> <span class="operator">=</span> <span class="literal">null</span>;</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">private</span> <span class="title function_">LightHandler</span><span class="params">()</span>{</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="built_in">super</span>();</span><br><span class="line"> }</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">private</span> <span class="title function_">LightHandler</span><span class="params">(Looper looper)</span>{</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="built_in">super</span>(looper);</span><br><span class="line"> }</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">public</span> <span class="keyword">static</span> LightHandler <span class="title function_">getInstance</span><span class="params">(Looper looper)</span>{</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">if</span>(mlightHandler == <span class="literal">null</span>){</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">synchronized</span>(mLock){</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">if</span>(mlightHandler == <span class="literal">null</span>)</span><br><span class="line"> mlightHandler = <span class="keyword">new</span> <span class="title class_">LightHandler</span>(looper);</span><br><span class="line"> }</span><br><span class="line"> }</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">return</span> mlightHandler;</span><br><span class="line"> }</span><br><span class="line"> ...</span><br><span class="line">}</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p>考虑目前的 Android 版本使用的 java 都在 1.6 以上，所以 <code>volatile</code> 关键字可以有效使用。实测该方法可以有效控制 LED 灯不再闪烁。</p>
<h4 id="Framework-层代码使用单例模式的例子"><a href="#Framework-层代码使用单例模式的例子" class="headerlink" title="Framework 层代码使用单例模式的例子"></a>Framework 层代码使用单例模式的例子</h4><p>github 上有一个很完整的例子：<a href="https://github.com/simple-Android-framework/android_design_patterns_analysis/tree/master/singleton/mr.simple" title="Framework 中的单例模式 ">Framework 中的单例模式</a></p>
<p>这个例子里面解释了 <code>LayoutInflater</code> 使用单例的情况，写得非常详细。里面也提到了 Framework 层的很多 Serivce 都是单例模式，那这里就去看看源代码吧。</p>
<p><code>.frameworks/base/core/java/com/Android/server/LocalServices.java</code> 这个文件就是典型的例子。</p>
<figure class="highlight typescript"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br><span class="line">16</span><br><span class="line">17</span><br><span class="line">18</span><br><span class="line">19</span><br><span class="line">20</span><br><span class="line">21</span><br><span class="line">22</span><br><span class="line">23</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="keyword">import</span> android.<span class="property">util</span>.<span class="property">ArrayMap</span>;</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">public</span> final <span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="title class_">LocalServices</span> {</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">private</span> <span class="title class_">LocalServices</span>() {}</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">private</span> <span class="keyword">static</span> final <span class="title class_">ArrayMap</span><<span class="title class_">Class</span><?>, <span class="title class_">Object</span>> sLocalServiceObjects =</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">new</span> <span class="title class_">ArrayMap</span><<span class="title class_">Class</span><?>, <span class="title class_">Object</span>>();</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"> <span class="meta">@SuppressWarnings</span>(<span class="string">"unchecked"</span>)</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">public</span> <span class="keyword">static</span> <T> T <span class="title function_">getService</span>(<span class="params"><span class="title class_">Class</span><T> <span class="keyword">type</span></span>) {</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="title function_">synchronized</span> (sLocalServiceObjects) {</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">return</span> (T) sLocalServiceObjects.<span class="title function_">get</span>(<span class="keyword">type</span>);</span><br><span class="line"> }</span><br><span class="line"> }</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">public</span> <span class="keyword">static</span> <T> <span class="built_in">void</span> <span class="title function_">addService</span>(<span class="params"><span class="title class_">Class</span><T> <span class="keyword">type</span>, T service</span>) {</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="title function_">synchronized</span> (sLocalServiceObjects) {</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">if</span> (sLocalServiceObjects.<span class="title function_">containsKey</span>(<span class="keyword">type</span>)) {</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">throw</span> <span class="keyword">new</span> <span class="title class_">IllegalStateException</span>(<span class="string">"Overriding service registration"</span>);</span><br><span class="line"> }</span><br><span class="line"> sLocalServiceObjects.<span class="title function_">put</span>(<span class="keyword">type</span>, service);</span><br><span class="line"> }</span><br><span class="line"> }</span><br><span class="line">}</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p>每次添加 Service 的时候，都是往 <code>ArrayMap</code> 里面添加一个 <code>key-value</code> 对，通过控制这个数据结构来达到单例的要求。所有的 <code>LoacalServices</code> 在系统中都保持只有一个实例，需要用到的时候，使用 <code>getService()</code> 函数获取即可。可以看到以下一些使用的例子：</p>
<figure class="highlight gradle"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">.<span class="regexp">/services/</span>core<span class="regexp">/java/</span>com<span class="regexp">/android/</span>server/VibratorService.java:<span class="number">230</span>: mPowerManagerInternal = LocalServices.getService(PowerManagerInternal.<span class="keyword">class</span>);</span><br><span class="line">.<span class="regexp">/services/</span>core<span class="regexp">/java/</span>com<span class="regexp">/android/</span>server<span class="regexp">/power/</span>Notifier.java:<span class="number">141</span>: mActivityManagerInternal = LocalServices.getService(ActivityManagerInternal.<span class="keyword">class</span>);</span><br><span class="line">.<span class="regexp">/services/</span>core<span class="regexp">/java/</span>com<span class="regexp">/android/</span>server/SystemService.java:<span class="number">197</span>: <span class="keyword">return</span> LocalServices.getService(SystemServiceManager.<span class="keyword">class</span>);</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p>这些都是需要使用 <code>LoacalServices</code> 的例子。</p>
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